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单词 subsume
释义

subsumev.

Brit. /səbˈsjuːm/, U.S. /səbˈs(j)um/, Scottish English /səbˈs(j)um/
Forms: 1600s– subsume; Scottish pre-1700 subsome, pre-1700 1700s– subsume.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin subsumere.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin subsumere (a1360, a1535 in British sources) < classical Latin sub- sub- prefix + sūmere to take (see sumpsimus n.).
Originally Scottish.
1. transitive. To put (a statement, opinion, etc.) under another; to subjoin, add; (also) to state (something) as a fact. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > [verb (transitive)] > attach as writing > bring one statement under, subjoin
subsume1535
subjoin1543
subnect1583
subnex1603
suffix1604
1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. 183 Neir be this tyme that ȝe heir me subsume.
1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. 443 The ȝeir of God ane thousand and thre hunder And nyntie als syne for to subsume wnder.
a1660 H. Hammond Serm. (1664) viii. 130 St. Paul..cannot name that word, sinners, but must straight subsume in a parenthesis, of whom I am the chief.
2. transitive. To assume; to infer. Frequently with that clause as object. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > supposition, surmise > taking for granted, presumption > assume, presuppose [verb (transitive)]
supposec1350
presumec1390
take1429
presupposec1443
takec1449
presupponec1475
supponea1513
subsume1562
foreprise1577
to take for granted1615
to give for granted1637
assume1660
foretake1674
premisea1706
predicate1718
dare say1749
pre-assume1789
1562–3 Linlithgow Sheriff Court 20 Feb. in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) Quhilk pretendit conclusioun can na wayis be inferrit releuantlie vpone the premisis subsumand alanerlie vptaking of males & concludand withhalding of landis.
1606 in Lett. Eccl. Affairs Scotl. (1851) I. 362 Quho dar..vpoun this so shameleslie and vntrewlie subsome, as yf by these wordis We did also include [etc.].
1649 H. Hammond Christians Obligations vii. 163 A piece of the Philosopher there hath..had a great stroke in debauching the Divine, that the Understanding doth necessarily and irresistibly move the Will..From whence the Divine subsumes that where Faith is once entred..there Works must..follow.
1678 Hist. Indulgence To Chr. Rdrs. 5 They must give me leave to assert and subsume..That..I beleeve the Right that Christ hath bought, to be sole and supreme.
1694 S. Johnson Notes Pastoral Let. 13 His Axiom or Postulatum is in the first Sentence, which I will allow..at present... But what he subsumes in the next Sentence is begging the Question.
1715 E. Barlow Meteorol. Ess. i. iii. 75 As those Clouds of Vapours sometime grow to Overcast the Heavens; 'tis reasonable to subsume, that these Bodies of Exhalations become Co-extensive with 'em.
1747 Scots Mag. Aug. 371/1 From all which, that I had said, I may (I think) fairly subsume, that if K. Edward of England had no other ground for his decision, than that it was according to the laws and customs of both nations, it had truly no ground at all.
1890 Unitarian Dec. 561/2 I do not intend to imply that the Unitarian pulpit should be a city of refuge for malcontents and theological anarchists. I subsume common sense in the transaction that has settled a minister.
3.
a. transitive. Logic. To state as a minor premise. Frequently with that clause or the words of the premise as object. Also intransitive: to state a minor premise. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > argue by syllogisms [verb (intransitive)] > state a minor premise
subsume1581
1581 N. Burne Disput. Headdis of Relig. i. f. 4v Ze subsume that the iustice of Christ is not treulie communicat vnto vs, bot onlie be imputation, sua necessarlie it follouis that the syn of Adam is onlie impute to vs.
?1591 R. Bruce Serm. Sacrament iv. sig. O5v There is not a law that ever was..deuised; but of all the lawes that euer was made, it is leisom to vs, to haue a care of our health... Now subsume: but the helth of thy saull, stands in the health of thy conscience... Therefore be al laws, thou aught to attend to thy conscience.
1624 Bp. F. White Replie to Iesuit Fishers Answere 323 Now then I subsume, no religious worship..is due to Saints... Inuocation of Saints is religious worship... Ergo, Inuocation is not due to Saints.
1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. ii. 371 If any body..take this proposition rigorously and peremptorily, that what wise men affirme is true; and should there vpon subsume with euidence, that wise men say such a particular thing[etc.].
1670 Comenius' Janua Ling. 156 The Major proposeth the basis or ground of the reasoning thus;..the Minor subsumeth,..the conclusion follows.
1734 W. Crawford Short Man. against Infidelity vii. 94 God..may unmake again what he has already made... But then I add, much more may he..annihilate an Offender... But I further subsume, if God can eternally annihilate even an innocent Being, he may do more eternally to the Guilty.
1858 Rambler Sept. 176 You subsume that,..such is the immensity, the grandeur, the admirable structure of the universe, that it carries you necessarily beyond itself.
1874 Catholic World Oct. 83/2 If you subsume, 'Temperance is a virtue', you will immediately obtain the good conclusion that 'Temperance is a rational good'.
b. transitive. Scots Law. To state or allege (details relating to a case, crime, etc.). Frequently with that clause as object. Cf. subsumption n. 1b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > charge, accuse, or indict [verb (transitive)] > bring (a charge or accusation)
bringc1000
presenta1325
pretend1398
labour1439
pursue1530–1
subsume1601
1601 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) II. 362 It is subsumit, that diuerse of the ministeris..wes boistit and manassit the day lybellit.
1672 G. Mackenzie Pleadings iv. 63 They subsume, that these Guns were lost casu fortuito, in so far as the Defenders endeavour'd to carry them to Dundee.
1683 J. Dalrymple Decisions Lords of Council & Session I. 119 If the Pursuer insist upon a personal obligation, he ought to subsume, that the Defender borrowed the Watch, or took the custody thereof, and thereby is Personally oblidged to keep and restore.
1747 H. Home Ess. Several Subj. iii. Suppl. Note An Act of the 7th Parliament,..bearing, That the Lands of Doun, &c. were feued by Queen Mary to Sir James Stewart..subsuming, that the said Sir James being descended of the Royal Blood [etc.].
1791 Decisions Court of Session 1778–81 194 When a landlord can subsume, that one year's arrear of rent has been incurred, both the words and spirit of the act of sederunt support him in the requisition therein prescribed.
1818 J. Ivory Form of Process II. 252 The petition..then subsumes the special circumstances of the case, and concludes, that these, or part thereof being proven, a punishment ought to follow, suitable to the offence.
1863 Sc. Law Mag. 2 Index 191/1 A summons subsumed that A. or B. had stolen certain funds from the pursuer, but concluded for decree against A. only.
4. transitive. Logic. To state as a minor proposition or concept under another.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > [verb (transitive)] > state as a minor proposition
subsume1626
1626 J. Fisher Answer Nine Points Controv. (new ed.) 122 Vnder this your Censure I subsume a knowne and vndeniable truth.
1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 427 It will not follow, from the Equal Application of it, by the respective Minors, to this or that Particular, Subsum'd under them, that the Assent to the two Conclusions,..will be Equal.
1828 T. De Quincey Elements Rhetoric in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 894/1 To judge, that is to subsume one proposition under another.
1858 W. Fleming Vocab. Philos. (ed. 2) 495 In the judgment, ‘all horses are animals’, the conception ‘horses’ is subsumed under that of ‘animals’.
1887 J. Adam Platonis Apol. Socratis (1889) Introd. p. xvi No sooner has it [sc. induction] been attained than we ought (as in the practical syllogism) to subsume under it the special case.
1906 D. Macleane Reason, Thought, & Lang. xxii. 327 A notion can be subsumed under a universal proposition. E. g. 'All gold is valuable'. Then the idea of a golden egg is the idea of a valuable egg.
1989 E. Stump Dialectic & Devel. of Medieval Logic viii. 159 This syllogistic mood has a universal affirmative proposition for its major premiss ('Every B is C'), and the minor premiss ('Every A is B') in effect indicates that a certain group is to be subsumed under the subject of the major premiss.
2007 P. Destrée in Akrasia in Greek Philos. 143 The result of the intemperate person's syllogism is easy to see: he subsumes the minor under the major and arrives at the conclusion.
5. transitive. To summarize. Also with direct speech as object. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > narration > description or act of describing > describe [verb (transitive)] > sum up
comprehendc1369
concludec1405
resume?a1425
recapitle?a1439
recapitule1489
comprisea1533
recapitulate1556
compendiate1614
anacephalize1654
subsumea1677
summarize1808
sum-totalize1837
recap1911
a1677 I. Barrow Serm. Several Occasions (1678) 349 The Apostle, after the proposing divers enforcements of this Duty, subsumeth in the 8. verse, I will therefore, that men pray every-where [etc.].
1678 R. Barclay Apol. True Christian Divinity iii. §2. 72 The Sum whereof I shall subsume in one Argument.
1749 Universal Mag. Mar. 100/2 I will subsume the thread of his Phœnician history, where we left off.
1762 Brit. Mag. Sept. 375/1 The advocate for a breach of faith subsumes, and says farther : ‘The engagement with P——a was contracted in a former reign, in consequence of a plan, which perhaps his present Majesty does not approve, and therefor is not bound to pursue.’
6.
a. transitive. To take up or absorb (a concept, thing, person, etc.) into another, esp. one which is larger or higher; to include in.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > include [verb (transitive)] > in something larger or higher
subsume1818
1818 S. T. Coleridge Friend (new ed.) III. 255 Man in his idea, and as subsumed in the divine humanity, in whom alone God loved the world.
1839 Penny Cycl. XIII. 176/1 As sensation only receives matter upon the affection of the senses, it is a mere receptivity, whereas the understanding, which subsumes the given multiple into unity, is a spontaneity.
1871 St. G. Mivart On Genesis of Species 23 ‘Natural Selection’ itself must be capable of being subsumed into some higher law.
1906 G. Saintsbury Hist. Eng. Prosody I. 288 The literature of the fifteenth century, with that first quarter of the sixteenth which is by pretty common consent to be subsumed in it for Southern England.
1966 New Statesman 4 Mar. 299/2 The unmarried children and the employed persons in the household were subsumed in the personality of their fathers or masters.
1991 Jrnl. Hist. of Coll. 3 133/1 His policy was vindicated in 1859 when the Institution's collection (including the Lomellini Family) was subsumed in the new National Gallery of Scotland.
2004 Q Sept. 137/1 Electroclash did not die, it has merely been subsumed into the much broader..electro-disco-punk landscape.
b. transitive. To bring (an idea, principle, etc.) under another; to instance or include (a case, term, etc.) under a rule, category, etc.
ΚΠ
1825 S. T. Coleridge Aids Refl. 219 Under some one or other of these Forms, the Resemblances and Differences must be subsumed in order to be conceivable.
1846 T. De Quincey On Christianity in Tait's Edinb. Mag. June 348/2 In subsuming the given case proposed under the Scriptural principle.
1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant i. 138 To subsume the complexities of knowledge under its simplest principles.
1884 tr. H. Lotze Logic 247 We must know beforehand that μ and ν can be subsumed under the species m and n of which the equation has been proved to be true.
1885 W. Pater Marius the Epicurean xv A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness.
1887 W. T. Martin Evol. Hypoth. 42 A law may be subsumed under a higher law.
1899 J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris II. 197 Every form of decorative art could be subsumed under the single head of architecture.
1910 Edinb. Rev. Apr. 461 Perhaps the wider term Aegean will come into general use; under it Minoan and Mycenean may be subsumed to describe successive stages in European developement.
1989 E. Hoffman Lost in Transl. (1991) i. 84 America—Canada in our minds is automatically subsumed under that category—has for us the old fabulous associations: streets paved with gold, the goose that laid the golden egg.
2007 Jrnl. Human Evol. 53 41/1 In the 1950s, researchers began to recognize that taxa such as Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus, Telanthropus, and Atlanthropus could be subsumed under one species: Homo erectus.
c. transitive. With simple object: to include, absorb, incorporate.In quot. 1896 intransitive: to absorb or incorporate something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > incorporation or inclusion > incorporate or include [verb (transitive)] > as a subordinate element
includec1425
subsume1863
1863 J. Austin's Provinc. Jurispr. Determined (ed. 2) II. xxvi. 180 I must correctly subsume the specific case as falling within the law.
1871 T. H. Huxley Wks. (1893) II. 182 These forces..operate according to definite laws..in accordance with some general law which subsumes them all.
1896 Fortn. Rev. July 146 Why continue to subsume when the only result will be to produce a formula which..may utterly fail?
1906 Hibbert Jrnl. Apr. 553 [Idealism] has shown how Spirit subsumes the world as its own.
1951 M. I. Findlay Stud. in Land & Credit in Anc. Athens vi. 75 The right to sell subsumes the right to borrow on one's property and to risk forfeit.
1997 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Aug. 9/2 As a single civilization consumes what is left of others, it also subsumes them—though in a much shallower way than enthusiastic globalists naively suppose.

Derivatives

subˈsuming n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > [noun] > inclusion > under something larger or higher
subsuming1652
subsumption1652
1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 277 The pregnancy of the State, whose intuitive spirits can..discerne the strength of manifold conclusions (without the labour of subsuming) in the very bowels and chaos of their principles.
1672 R. Barclay W. Michel Unmasqued 5 I charge him with Dis-ingenuity in wrong Subsuming of our words.
1761 J. Lauder Decisions Lords of Council & Session 1678–1712 II. 205 The next heir of tailzie has a sufficient interest to quarrel this bond;..and there is no need of subsuming on levity and weakness.
1828 tr. L. Holberg Journey to World under Ground iii. 41 He..laid about him so forcibly with syllogisms..and sophistry, that the bellowing noise of his distinguishing, subsuming, and limiting, had the wonderful effect of making all his Opponents as silent as stock-fish.
1897 A. Kroeger tr. J. G. Fichte Sci. Ethics 116 In the first mode of proceeding, our judgment is what Kant calls subsuming, and in the latter work, what he calls reflecting.
1924 Calif. Law Rev. 12 394 For Roman law the subsuming of its spirit under a single phrase has not after all been successful.
1997 Z. S. Harris Transformation of Capitalist Society vii. 163 The networking does not necessarily involve outside control, or the subsuming of local decisions under central bodies.
subˈsumed adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > [adjective] > included > in something larger or higher
subsumed1835
1835 J. Knowles Pronouncing & Explanatory Dict. Eng. Lang. Subsumed... Assumed as a position.
1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason i. 290 The real judgment which declares the assertion of the rule to the subsumed case [Ger. in dem subsumirten Falle], is the conclusion.
1902 J. N. B. Hewitt in Amer. Anthropologist 4 37 This subsumed magic power is called..manitowi by the Algonquian.
1990 N.Y. Times 7 Jan. iv. 25/4 For the citizens of a subsumed state, there would be nothing left of their hard-earned identity.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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