substitutionn.
/ˌsʌbstᵻˈtjuːʃn/, /ˌsʌbstᵻˈtʃuːʃn/, U.S. /ˌsəbstəˈt(j)uʃən/ a. The appointment of a deputy or delegate; delegation; (occasionally) the appointment of a successor. Also: an instance of this. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > investing with delegated authority > [noun] > appointment of deputy or substitute
substitutiona1393
surrogating1679
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 2769 Maximin..whanne he made a governour Be weie of substitucion Of Province or of region, He wolde ferst enquere his name.
c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 79 Be-side þe myracle do in substitucion of his successour, þer fell many oþir grete..whech wer cured.
1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius ii. f. 48 Osorius sticketh fast to his substitution and mainteineth earnestly, that the Apostles were assigned to be Christes Uicares on earth.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 103 He did beleeue He was indeed the Duke, out o' th' Substitution . View more context for this quotation
1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts i. 498 Those substitutions..shall be of a mis-tempered mixture, some of them strong..others weake.
1692 H. Wharton Def. Pluralities ii. 122 The chief design..being satisfied by substitution of Curates, the original power which the Bishops had of dispensing in this case, was continued to them.
b. Scots Law. A writ or deed appointing a deputy. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > investing with delegated authority > [noun] > appointment of deputy or substitute > by writ
substitution1711
1711 in C. A. Malcolm Minutes Justices of Peace Lanarkshire (1931) 121 A substitution made and granted.., nominating and apointing the said William Lockhart, his substitute for the bounds of the overward of the shyre.
1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. I. i. iv. 37 Sheriffs and Stewarts depute have a power to name a substitute or substitutes..within such a particular district as shall be mentioned in the substitution.
2. Law.† b. The nomination of one or more people by a testator to execute his or her will in the event that the named executor dies, refuses to take the office, etc. Obsolete.
a. The nomination of a person (esp. the child of a beneficiary) as being entitled to claim an inheritance in the event that the previously named beneficiary dies before the testator, or fails to meet some other expressed condition. Also: an instance of this. Cf. pupillary substitution n. at pupillary adj.1 Compounds.In quot. 1567: the right to inherit should the testator die childless.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > transfer of property > testamentary disposition > [noun] > substitution of heir(s)
substitution1567
1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello Certaine Tragicall Disc. f. 35 Salymbyno,..adopting at thinstant the Montanyn as his brother in lawe and assured frende, with generall substitution to all his goodes, if he chaunced to dye without heire of his bodye.
1606 R. Knolles tr. J. Bodin Six Bks. Common-weale vi. v. 739 If the father substitute an heire vnto his sonne, that substitution ceaseth if the sonne beget children.
1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. ii. xxvi. 100 Where there are severall Substitutions of certain Persons, or Lines,..they are Specially called Heirs of Tailzie.
1750 T. Nugent tr. C.-L. de S. de Montesquieu Spirit of Laws I. xix. xxiv. 437 The testator..may leave the vulgar substitution open, and put the pupillar into a part of the testament.
a1768 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. (1773) II. iii. viii. §21. 553 Heirs pointed out in marriage-contracts, or in bonds containing clauses of substitution, are more commonly called heirs of provision.
1826 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 78 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 Notwithstanding the above substitution in favor of Margaret Harriet Stewart in the event of the decease of my wife it is my intention that if the fee of my property should devolve..thro' the predecease of my son she shall have the absolute disposal thereof.
1838 Rep. Supreme Courts Scotl. 10 264/1 Such substitution takes effect only where the legatee or institute deceasing leaves no children.
1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. v. 196 A thing may be given inter vivos or by will to A, subject to a condition that he should on the happening of a specified event..hand it over to B. In this case a substitution is created in favour of B.
1959 Earl Jowitt & C. Walsh Dict. Eng. Law II. 1694 In Scots law, substitution is the enumeration or designation of the heirs in a settlement of property.
1996 J. Finch et al. Wills, Inheritance, & Families vi. 149 In the case of composite wills, the residue..would be the bequest which, if not covered by substitution, clearly would leave the will-maker intestate.
ΚΠ
1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes iv. f. 177 There bee diuers kindes of substitutions or sortes of placing of executors one after another.
1757 G. Horseman Precedents in Conveyancing (ed. 2) II. 1133 Appointing a Wife to be Executrix..: With Substitution of others in Case of her Death.
1798 F. Vesey Rep. Cases High Court of Chancery III. 416 In the provisions of that testamentary agreement they had made, which is not very common, a substitution of executors. The survivor was to be the executor; and upon the death of the survivor there is a nomination of three persons to come in as a substitution of executors.
1883 J. Schouler Treat. Law Executors & Admin. ii. i. 52 Some proviso by way of succession or the substitution of one executor or set of executors for another.
c. The action of putting one creditor in place of another, transferring any associated rights and duties. Cf. subrogation n. 3.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal obligation > [noun] > transfer or replacement of obligation
novation1543
transcription1677
subrogation1704
substitution1803
innovation1861
expensilation1875
1803 F. Vesey Rep. Cases in Chancery VI. 760 Will it not then become a case of substitution for the lien, instead of a credit given because of the lien?
1839 J. Bouvier Law Dict. U.S.A. II. 418/2 The latter [creditor] is entitled, by way of substitution, to have the prior lien assigned to him for his benefit.
1882 H. N. Sheldon Law Subrogation 188 It was held that the creditor had no longer any right of substitution to the merged security.
1904 Amer. & Eng. Encycl. Law (ed. 2) XXVII. 227/2 Where one joint tenant discharges a vendor's lien for a balance of purchase money due on the land, after that lien has become barred by lapse of time, he will have no recourse against the other tenant by substitution to the rights of the vendor.
1982 Real Prop., Probate & Trust Jrnl. 17 685 This right of substitution arises when the surety has discharged, pursuant to its bond obligations, obligation of the contractor to the owner.
3.
a. gen. The action or an act of putting one person or thing in place of another; the fact of being put in another's place. Frequently with for (also †to), or with adverbial phrase.
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the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [noun]
changec1325
substitution1572
shift1573
quid pro quo1580
counterchange1589
supposing1591
subrogation1596
commutation1597
suffection1612
surrogationa1638
supplying1643
changeover1918
1572 J. Bridges tr. R. Gwalther Hundred, Threescore & Fiftene Homelyes vppon Actes Apostles vii. 49 This was the substitution of Matthye, in the place of Iudas the traytour and reprobate.
1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion viii. Illustr. 129 S. Peters own command, to make substitution of Arch-bishops or Patriarches to Arch-Flamins, and Bishops to Flamins.
1671 R. Boyle Some Considerations Vsefvlnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. II. ii. 18 By a substitution of burnt Allom for Vitriol,..we made Solvents for Silver, as good as theirs.
1686 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. II II. vii. 579 I shall explain his subordination and substitution to Christ in this part of his Mediation.
1710 tr. P. Dionis Course Chirurg. Operations i. 40 'Tis also ridiculous to believe, that 'tis possible to repair the Loss of a Nose, by the immediate Substitution of a Bit of Flesh, cut out of the Thigh or Arm.
1757 E. Burke Philos. Enq. Sublime & Beautiful v. §6. 180 Descriptive poetry operates chiefly by substitution; by the means of sounds, which by custom have the effect of realities.
1778 A. Ferguson Let. 7 Feb. in H. Mackenzie Acct. Life & Writings J. Home (1822) 117 I can conceive that the substitution of a love-interest for an interest of state..may have baulked them.
1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. IV. 284 A substitution of a new use, in the place of a former one.
1818 J. Bentham Church-of-Englandism Pref. p. li The substitution of the perfectly innoxious..ceremony, to the unfaithful imitation of a scene in private life.
1872 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 61 An improvement has been made..by the substitution, at several mills, of coarse screens..instead of the one-eighth-inch screens heretofore in use.
1876 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 46 42 The substitution of a yellow-stained belt for a plain uncoloured one.
1912 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 41 210 The code should abolish the fee system..and permit the substitution of adequate salaries in its place.
1951 Spokane (Washington) Daily Chron. 2 Oct. 3/7 One factor in holding firm on butter prices has been increased substitution of margarine.
1973 S. W. Baron Social & Relig. Hist. Jews (ed. 2) XV. 401 The not infrequent substitutions of inferior for high-quality merchandise.
2005 H. Silverstone & H. R. Davia Fraud 101 (ed. 2) vii. 98 This fraud involves the substitution of less-qualified laborers than specified and invoiced.
b. Sport. The replacement of one player with another, (now) esp. during the course of a match; an instance of this.
ΚΠ
1828 Bell's Life in London 19 Oct. 4/1 I..correct an error into which you seem to have fallen with respect to the substitution of one man for another, whether in the field or otherwise.
1837 New Sporting Mag. Oct. 256 The All England eleven were picked by Mr. Aislabie, and the only alteration was the substitution of Mr. Ward for Barker, who did not come to time.
1896 Lafayette (Easton, Pa.) 2 Oct. 12/2 After ten minutes the two teams lined up for the second half, with the following substitutions.
1926 Crisis (N.Y.) Mar. 221/1 Substitutions in all positions are frequently called for, and that team stands best chance to win which can replace any player when substitution becomes necessary.
1966 Times 12 May 5/6 The batsmen proceeded cheerfully, and the substitution of Shepherd for I. J. Jones had no effect.
1989 D. Okrent & S. Wulf Baseball Anecd. i. 16 As the substitution rules were fairly liberal at the time, he yelled out, ‘Kelly now catching for Murphy’ and caught the ball.
2001 GTA Today 12 Jan. 13/6 Beach soccer is played on sand with five players per side, unlimited substitutions and three periods of 12 minutes each.
c. With by, with. The replacement of a person or thing with another; an instance of this.This use has sometimes been criticized: see note at substitute v. 3a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > supplanting or replacement > [noun]
supplantingc1350
supplanta1393
supplantariea1393
supplantation1563
displantinga1616
succeeding1644
replacement1743
supplantment1756
supersedure1758
supersedence1772
supersession1796
substitution1829
displacement1869
supplantal1891
1829 Reg. Deb. Congr. (U.S.) 3 943 The substitution of foreign importations by domestic supply.
1840 Trans. Geol. Soc. 5 432 This apparent fault is occasioned by the gradual, but complete substitution of the coal by clay, shale, or sandstone.
1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 23 Mar. 5/1 The substitution of irrigation by gravitation instead of by pumps.
1938 R. D. Charques Footnotes to Theatre ii. 89 Some..went even so far as to recommend the substitution of the living actors by two-dimensional puppets.
1969 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Res. 12 653 Substitution of whole milk with proprietary high-fat milk replacers..could further reduce costs.
2000 N. Fairclough New Labour, New Lang. i. 46 The meaning of ‘social justice’ has also shifted through the omission of ‘equality’.., and its substitutions by ‘fairness’ and ‘inclusion’.
2004 Billboard 17 Jan. 62/3 You have two issues: substitution of physical sales with digital sales and substitution of illegal digital downloads with legal digital downloads.
d. The selling of an inferior or cheaper product (originally a medicine) in place of the one desired by the purchaser, increasing the profit to the seller; esp. the practice of passing off one manufacturer's goods as another's.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > illegal or immoral trading > [noun] > other illegal or immoral trading practices
substitution1856
skim1972
gazundering1988
1856 Pharmaceut. Jrnl. & Trans. Sept. 154 The Committee very properly recognize the distinction between fraudulent adulteration or substitution, and the conventional mixture of substances..with the knowledge and consent of the purchaser.
1897 Proc. Nebraska State Pharmaceut. Assoc. June 7 16 The patent medicine men..have not only accused us of substitution and fraud but are trying to rob us of the right to sell our own preparations.
1902 Pharmaceut. Jrnl. 6 Sept. 268/2 Several manufacturing firms which live on substitution.
1932 Pop. Mech. Aug. 191/1 When accused of substitution, the dealer confessed. The cheaper gasoline had cost one cent per gallon less than that which he was advertising.
2002 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 30 July 5 The city's trading standards team swooped in a series of raids on publicans... Those found guilty of substitution can face fines of up to £20,000.
4. The use of a religious sacrifice to represent or take the place of a person or group, esp. so as to expiate sin; the punishment of an innocent on account of the sins of another; (Theology) the punishment suffered by Jesus to atone for the sins of man; (occasionally) the Eucharist as a representation of the self-sacrifice of Jesus. Also: an instance or example of this.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > sacrifice or a sacrifice > kinds of sacrifice > [noun] > of replacing one kind of victim with another
substitution1669
society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > sin > atonement > doctrines of atonement > [noun]
substitution1669
satisfaction theory?c1845
Grotianism1920
1669 E. Stillingfleet Disc. True Reason Sufferings Christ iv, in Six Serm. 421 In the Expiatory Sacrifices under the Law, there was a Substitution of them in the place of the Offenders.
1721 A. Campbell Doctr. Middle State 141 The Holy Eucharist..ought to be daily offered..as a Substitution representing, that one Great Sacrifice.
1784 T. Jones in Authentic Narr. Primary Ordination 40 Its precious doctrines..—His everlasting and unalterable covenant—the substitution of Christ.
1829 R. Watson Theol. Inst. II. ii. xx. 293 These passages..prove a substitution, a suffering in our stead.
1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. ii. 71 What else but substitution can be understood by the innocent [i.e. Christ] suffering for the guilty?
1873 J. B. Mozley Univ. Serm. (1876) viii. 173 This..is the principle upon which the sacrifice of love acts, as distinguished from the sacrifice of mere substitution.
1932 Jrnl. Royal Asiatic Soc. 1 234 The whole operation was an interesting example of the sacrificial substitution of the animal for the man.
1963 R. L. Thompson Penitence & Sacrifice Early Israel i. 29 The Babylonian puhu ceremony in which a kid was sacrificed..as a substitute for a sick man. Hooke found similar ideas of substitution to be a present at many points in the Old Testament.
2003 M. P. Vischer in P. J. Nas et al. Framing Indonesian Realities 53 (heading) Substitution, expiation and the idiom and of blood in Ko'a sacrificing.
5. Mathematics.
a. The procedure of replacing a term in an expression by another which is known to have the same value or to be equivalent; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > [noun] > correspondence > replacing quantities
conversion1570
composition1660
substitution1694
inversion1843
reciprocation1852
1694 R. Sault New Treat. Algebra 43 in W. Leybourn Pleasure with Profit 2x is equal to z, and by equivalent Substitution y = √p − ¼zz.
1730 Philos. Trans. 1729–30 (Royal Soc.) 36 85 By substituting successively a, b, c, d for e in that Equation of y, one of the Values of y will vanish in every Substitution.
1813 J. Bonnycastle Treat. Plane & Spherical Trigonom. (ed. 2) 364 By substitution, we shall have, for the 2d case, r sin b′ = cot a′ tan a′ .
1880 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 34/2 The method of integration by substitution corresponds to a change of the independent variable.
1922 F. S. Woods & F. H. Bailey Elem. Calculus ix. 208 The substitution of some power of z for a + bx is usually desirable.
2008 J. Stewart Single Variable Calculus (ed. 6) II. v. 402 Finding the right substitution is a bit of an art. It's not unusual to guess wrong; if your first guess doesn't work, try another substitution.
b. The operation of passing from a serial arrangement of items to a different serial arrangement of the same items; such an arrangement; = permutation n. 3b. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > [noun] > correspondence > preserving relations or elements > changing order
permutation1645
transposition1664
alternation1685
transmutationa1690
variation1710
commutation1852
substitution1854
logical shift1946
1854 A. Cayley in London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 7 46 The group 1, α, β, γ, δ, ε may represent a group of substitutions as follows:—abc, cab, bca, [etc.].
1892 F. N. Cole tr. E. Netto Theory Substitutions 12 If an integral function of the elements x1, x2,..xn is not symmetric, it will be changed in form, and consequently, if the xλ's are entirely independent, also in value, by some of the possible interchanges of the xλ's. The process of effecting such an interchange we shall call a substitution.
1893 A. R. Forsyth Theory Functions Complex Variable 625 Functions which are unaltered for the dihedral group of substitutions.
1999 M. R. Adhikari & A. Adhikari Groups, Rings & Modules with Applic. 294 He [sc. Cauchy] made a distinction between permutations and substitutions. The n variables written in any order was called a permutation but a passage from one permutation to another written by 2-row notation called a substitution was introduced by him. We now call a substitution a permutation.
2008 T. Gowers Princeton Compan. Math. 102/1 The idea of analyzing the internal structure of this new, enlarged field via an analysis of the (finite) group of substitutions.
6. † a. Grammar. = syllepsis n. 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of structure or thought > [noun] > a single word performing dual function
zeugmac1450
syllepsis1577
substitution1700
1700 A. Lane Key to Art of Lett. 107 Substitution is the using of one word for another, or one accident of a word for another, as one Case for another, one Tense for another, one Person for another, [etc.].
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Substitution,..the using of one Word for another; or a Mode, State, Manner, Person or Number of a Word for that of another.
1819 A. Rees Cycl. XXXIV. at Syllepsis Some authors call the syllepsis, synthesis; others, substitution.
b. Linguistics. = sound-substitution n. at sound n.3 Compounds 2a.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [noun] > phoneme, allophone, etc. > replacement of one phoneme by another
substitution1845
sound-substitution1898
1845 E. B. Eastwick tr. F. Bopp Compar. Gram. I. 73 The Germanic tongues exhibit, in respect of consonants, a remarkable law of displacement... We give here Grimm's table, illustrating the law of these substitutions [Ger. Wir geben hier die von Grimm zur Verdeutlichung des Lautverschiebungsgesetzes entworfene Tafel].
1876 T. Le M. Douse Grimm's Law 25 Instead of the Differentiating Impulse, he here invokes Reciprocal Compensation as the operative cause of the later substitutions.
1966 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 32 117 Substitution..is the replacement of one vowel phoneme by another vowel phoneme in sets of morphemes.
2010 D. G. Miller Lang. Change & Ling. Theory I. ii. 47 Although the substitutions began as allophonic (phonetic), they became distinctive through other changes..(e.g. the unconditional change of Latin v /w/ to /v/).
7. Music. In a chord progression: the replacement of a chord with a related one, usually with the aim of adding colour, or arresting the listener's attention; an instance of this. chord of substitution: a chord which may be easily substituted for a related one.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > chord > [noun] > other chords
seventh1591
fourth1597
sixth1597
fifth1631
tierce1696
septime1725
repercussion1728
octave1749
substitution1784
triad1786
German sixth1812
French sixth1813
nintha1830
Neapolitan sixth1871
six-four1873
Italian sixth1875
tetrad1881
added sixth1888
leading seventh1889
ninth chord1889
under-chord1890
diminished seventh1926
1784 T. Robertson Inq. Fine Arts i. 117 The Chord of Sixth greater is also capable of different Inversions; and so also are Chords by Substitution.
1838 G. F. Graham Ess. Theory & Pract. Musical Composition 29/1 Passing notes, notes of grace, anticipations, substitutions, altered or chromatic notes, and so on.
1845 J. Gwilt Music in Encycl. Metrop. V. 777/1 Substitution, Chords of, names given to the two chords of the ninth major and minor.
1982 H. Morgen Concepts: Arranging for Fingerstyle Guitar 72 Successful substitutions will generate interest and perhaps even an element of surprise.
1988 E. S. D'Amante All about Chords iv. iii. 58 Be sure to analyze each expression and be able to hear the difference between selected chords of substitution.
2002 C. Christiansen Chord Substitutions 16 A number of chord progressions in many keys have been provided for guitars to add embellishments, alterations, and substitutions.
8. Biology. The assumption by one organ of the function of another; the replacement of one organ or structure by another, esp. in the course of evolution; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [noun] > processes or types of evolution
transmutation1626
substitution1822
subspeciation1826
metamorphosis1835
phytogenesis1847
phytogeny1850
anamorphosis1852
correlation1859
advergence1861
convergence1861
phylogeny1869
ontogeny1872
recapitulation1874
ontogenesis1875
phylogenesis1875
biogenesis1876
abiogenesis1884
anagenesis1889
tachygenesis1893
orthogenesis1895
adaptive radiation1898
speciation1906
microevolution1911
subspeciation1921
raciation1934
orthogenetics1937
encephalization1938
proterogenesis1938
allomorphosis1941
cladogenesis1953
Wallace effect1966
metachromism1968
punctuation1976
speciational evolution1988
tachygen-
1822 J. Fleming Philos. Zool. I. ii. 36 The second kind of monstrosity, and undoubtedly the most remarkable, consists in the substitution of function, which sometimes takes place among the organs.
1870 A. Henfrey & M. T. Masters Elem. Course Bot. (ed. 2) 97 The modifications..dependent on the substitution of one organ for another, as in many double flowers where the stamens are replaced by petals.
1878 tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 706 The law of substitution undergoes much limitation, and this alone can be granted, viz., that in the infracortical cerebral regions sensory elements can act for sensory, and motor for motor.
1902 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Sci. 631 The two post-Darwinian principles known as ‘Substitution’ and Isomorphism or ‘Convergence’. The former may be exemplified by..the case of the Rays and Skates, in which..the tail, free to modify, becomes in one species a lengthy whiplash, in another, a vestigial stump.
2002 R. Mathias in D. S. Ingram et al. Sci. & Garden iii. 65/1 Other flowers have different organ substitutions, for example, in the viridiflora rose..all the floral organs are replaced by sepals.
9. Chemistry. The replacement of an element or radical in a compound by another; esp. a reaction in which an atom or group in a molecule is directly replaced by another. Frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > substitution
substitution1831
1831 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 7) II. i. 42 But hyposulphurous acid differs from the bisulphuretted hydrogen of Berthollet merely by the substitution of an atom of oxygen for the atom of hydrogen which the bisulphuretted hydrogen contains.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. iv. §2. 288 Strychnia, when pure, is turned yellow by concentrated nitric acid, and yields a nitrate of a new substitution base, nitrostrychnia.
1903 S. Rideal Disinfection & Preservation Food viii. 201 They [sc. phenols] are..readily dissolved by alkalies and alkaline earths (not carbonates), forming substitution compounds usually called carbolates.
1966 C. S. G. Phillips & R. J. P. Williams Inorg. Chem. II. xxvii. 331 Grignard reagents are also of quite general applicability in substitution reactions of metal halides.
2006 Environmental Health Perspectives 114 779/1 The degree of substitution of hydrogen atoms on the biphenyl ring by larger and negatively charged chlorine ions creates structurally distinct compounds.
10. Genetics. The replacement of one nucleotide or amino acid for another in a DNA or protein molecule; an instance of this. Frequently attributive, esp. in substitution mutation. Cf. point mutation n. at point n.1 Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1957 V. M. Ingram in Nature 17 Aug. 328/1 A substitution in the nucleic acids leads to a substitution in the poly-peptide.
1980 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77 6491/1 Viruses with substitution mutations in one of the T antigen binding sites were shown to have reduced rates of DNA synthesis at low temperatures.
1990 Science 31 Aug. 1025/1 This single amino acid substitution changes the hydropathy profile of the flanking peptide segment.
2004 J. Adds et al. Genetics, Evol. & Biodiversity (rev. ed.) vi. 93 Sickle-cell anaemia arises because of a substitution mutation in a single codon, which specifies valine instead of glutamic acid.
Phrases
by substitution: by or through a substitute; by proxy.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > action or function of a delegate or deputy > as deputy or representative [phrase] > by agency of another
by proxy1548
by substitute1607
by substitution1758
per procurationem1809
1758 S. Johnson Idler 19 Aug. 153 Whoever is engaged in multiplicity of business must transact much by substitution.
1808 Monthly Mag. Aug. 23/2 In Spain..the ecclesiastical functions are so seldom performed by substitution, that the term vicar is scarcely understood.
1850 J. S. Blackie in tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas II. 319 The idea of vicarious sacrifice, or punishment by substitution,..does not seem to have been very familiar to the Greek mind.
1911 N.Y. Legislative Index 251/1 An order for service by substitution upon a domestic corporation may be made by the court where personal service of summons cannot be made.
1989 P. S. Clarke Managing Probl. Loans vi. 226 If the defendant cannot be located, it may be legal to serve by substitution or via a newspaper notice.
Compounds
substitution frame n. Linguistics a structural environment, such as a short phrase or sentence featuring a blank element instead of a word, within which a number of words or other linguistic units of a particular class can be correctly used; cf. frame n. 18d.
ΚΠ
1938 K. L. Pike in R. M. Brend Stud. in Tone & Intonation (1975) 4 The test of contrast in analogous position can be used for prosodic features by making a substitution frame.
1996 Afr. Lang. & Cultures Suppl. No. 3. 22 Owens makes good use of syntactic substitution frames in his tonal analysis.
2009 H. J. Ottenheimer Anthropol. Lang. (ed. 2) iv. 93 In..the cat in the hat/chair/basket, we were using a substitution frame (the cat in the——), where hat, chair, and basket were three related words that could all go into the same slot.
substitution group n. Mathematics = permutation group n. at permutation n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > set > in abstract algebra > groups
syntheme1844
group1854
substitution group1861
quaternion group1881
subgroup1881
Abelian group1892
permutation group1893
quotient group1893
factor group1895
order1897
symmetric group1897
point group1903
Sylow subgroup1905
module1927
Lie group1939
symmetry group1956
Weyl group1961
stabilizer1965
1861 J. J. Sylvester in London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 21 519 We shall obtain new families remaining unaltered by any substitution of any of the nine elements inter se, and consequently indicating the existence of substitution-groups containing..36 and 324 substitutions respectively.
1916 G. A. Miller et al. Theory & Applic. Finite Groups i. 10 It will be proved..that every finite group can be represented as a substitution group.
2008 M. S. Dresselhaus et al. Group Theory ii. 23 The matrices form a substitution group.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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