substituten.
/ˈsʌbstᵻtjuːt/, /ˈsʌbstᵻtʃuːt/, U.S. /ˈsəbstəˌt(j)ut/ 1.
a. A person endowed with the authority to act on behalf of a superior in his or her absence; a deputy, a delegate; a proxy.In quot. 1667 with reference to the children of Satan.Some later examples may be understood as contextual uses of sense 4a.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > one having delegated or derived authority > [noun]
ministerc1300
substitute1391
vicarc1400
vicary?14..
deputyc1425
vicegerent1549
vicarian1598
mandatary1607
mandatar1681
mandatee1774
mandatory1862
1391 in W. Fraser Lennox (1874) II. 44 The said erle..salbe substitute and depute to the said Erle of Fife of the justery of the schirefdomez of Striuelyne and Dunbertan.
1406 in J. Slater Early Scots Texts (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinb.) (1952) No. 63 We hafe made..our lufit squyer Alexander of Home our substitute & kepare vndir vs of the forsaide landis & rentis.
1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iv. xxx. f. lxxviijv Though a reame haue a noble kynge..he ne suffiseth nought hym selue to gouerne..his reame withouten other substitutes sett in diuerse places.
a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxl. f. lxxiiiv He therefore puruayed vnder hym a Substitute named Nordobert whyle he retornyd into Austracy or Lorayne.
1575 G. Gascoigne Glasse of Gouernem. ii. i. sig. Ciiii These Magistrates must also bee..honored because they are ye substituts of ye king.
1609 W. Shakespeare Pericles xxii. 73 When I did flie from Tyre, I left behind an ancient substitute . View more context for this quotation
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 274 The Power..was given to the..Apostles, and their Substitutes [etc.].
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 403 My Substitutes I send ye, and Create Plenipotent on Earth. View more context for this quotation
a1721 J. Sheffield Wks. (1753) I. 291 Here I [sc. Brutus] stand the substitute of Rome.
1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. i. viii. 287 They belong to the king or his substitute without redemption.
1839 J. Bouvier Law Dict. U.S.A. II. 418/1 In letters of attorney, power is generally given to the attorney to nominate and appoint a substitute.
1934 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 54 48 The king's substitute in Babylon used the royal wives as his own.
1992 J. Kott tr. J. Kosicka & M. Rosenzweig Gender of Rosalind 42 The ruler..goes abroad and leaves a substitute to rule in his place.
2002 R. Palmer Training with Midas Touch vii. 100 Have the employee attend a meeting as your substitute.
b. spec. A member of the clergy employed to carry out the duties of another (typically more senior) one in the latter's absence; a layperson employed to perform a similar role. Also: a clergyman (or clergywoman) considered as a symbol of Christ.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > vicar > [noun]
vicary1303
vicarc1325
substitute1555
ficker1589
flicker1598
altarist1753
1555 E. Bonner Profitable & Necessarye Doctryne sig. J.ivv This catholike militaunte church..hath..one pryncipal head,..beynge the chief vycar, and substitute of Christe.
1567 W. Allen Treat. Def. Priesthod 386 Excommunication..may be exercised by the Bishops Legates or Substituts being no priestes.
1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 66 Reuerend Ecclesiasticall Fathers, and other speciall-titled Church substitutes.
1684 J. Goodman Old Relig. ii. iv. 276 Undoubtedly the solemn Prayer and Benediction of Christs immediate Substitute [sc. a bishop], and the prime Officer of his Church is not inconsiderable.
1790 Gen. Regulations Inspection Prisons 20 Ordered..That the chaplain, (or his occasional substitute) be the only minister of the church of England, permitted to visit any prisoner.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. I. v. v. 258 Poor Bishop Pompignan withdraws; having got Lafayette for helper or substitute.
1846 Lowe's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 43/1 Rome..had long been regarded as the ‘head of the world’, her popes as the successors of Peter, the substitute of Christ, and as God on earth.
1873 E. E. Hale In his Name viii. 69 The dean of the chapter..acted as the archbishop's substitute.
1933 Times 16 Sept. 10/2 It is the High Almoner's privilege..to nominate a substitute, on Christmas Day, Easter Day, and Whit Sunday.
2000 F. Pedersen Marriage Disputes Medieval Eng. i. 8 A member of the bishop's household, the bishop's official..was intended to act as the bishop's substitute in his absence.
2.
a. A medicine or remedy that may be used in place of another that is unavailable, performing an almost identical function. Later more generally: a medicine used in place of another, so as to avoid undesired side effects, reduce costs, etc. Frequently with for.Later examples may be understood as contextual uses of sense 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > a medicine or medicament > substitute medicine
quid pro quo?1535
substitute1580
succedaneuma1648
succedany1657
1580 T. Bright Treat. Sufficiencie Eng. Med. (new ed.) 13 The substitute medicines, as I may cal them, were not appointed, being in great part as harde to come by, as the medicines whose substitutes they are.
1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. ccxlv. 608 Mathiolus..doth not affirme that the rootes heereof in medicines are substitutes, or quid pro quo.
1676 W. Harris tr. N. de Blégny New & Curious Observ. Venereal Dis. iii. iv. 152 They have told us that no Drug in all the Medicinal matter is fit to serve for a Substitute in its [sc. mercury's] place.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Root of the great Centaureum, and sometimes Monk's Rhubarb, are used as Substitutes to Rhapontic.
1785 London Med. Jrnl. 5 129 The author of these observations begins with recommending the leaves of the Eupherbia Cyparissias, dried and powdered, as a substitute for jalap.
1804 B. S. Barton Elements Bot. (new ed.) 260 Several species of Cornus, especially..the Cornus sericea, called Red willow, and Red rod, have been found useful substitutes for the Peruvian bark in the treatments of intermittent and other fevers.
1875 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics 56 Bebeeria..as a substitute for quinia in malarial diseases.
1918 Spatula June 334/1 It [sc. novocaine] is used as a substitute for Cocaine, being less toxic than Cocaine.
1951 A. Grollman Pharmacol. & Therapeutics xiv. 271 Homatropine methylbromide..was introduced as a substitute for atropine in the treatment of gastro-intestinal spasm.
2002 M. L. Harvey & G. M. Mead in J. Waxman Treatm. Options Urological Cancer xix. 319 This agent was..shown to be a highly effective substitute for vinblastine.
b. A foodstuff or other substance used as an alternative to that which is normally used, esp. on account of being cheaper or more abundant; an artificial substance produced as an alternative for a natural one. Frequently with for, or with distinguishing word indicating the substance being replaced.butter, meat, plasma substitute: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > substitute food or ingredient
substitute1626
surrogate1887
analogue1966
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [noun] > a substitute > poor or temporary
Jack at a pinch1622
stopgap1691
apology1754
makeshift1822
warming-pan1846
ersatz1875
substitute1878
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §620 Cassia, which is now the substitute of Cinnamon.
1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters iii. 165 Such as can not afford wine may have recourse to it's substitute, beer.
1778 J. Trusler Descriptive Acct. Islands Discov. South-Seas 201 As a substitute for bread, they eat fern-roots.
1832 Trans. Med. Soc. State of Pennsylvania 14 178 I think we may pass this..like we did the sugar substitute, as not of serious injury.
1849 Mechanics' Mag. 21 Apr. 382/2 The patentee proposes to manufacture a substitute for gold, which he terms ‘British Gold’.
1878 Med. Examiner 27 June 543/1 Sometimes it [sc. magarine] has been passed off as real ewes' butter. We need hardly say that the surreptitious introduction of the substitute does not meet with our approbation.
1879 Buck's Treat. Hygiene I. 119 (heading) Vegetable Substitutes for Breast-milk.
1903 Lancet 8 Aug. 417/1 Bees exhibit a preference for genuine cane sugar and unless starving they will not touch the beet substitute at all.
1921 Sugar Aug. 422/1 Of all substances heretofore investigated as a petrol substitute, alcohol gives the most promise.
1944 J. B. Parry in R. Greenhalgh Pract. Builder viii. 286/2 All traces of which must be washed off afterwards with turpentine substitute.
1985 E. Wilson Adorned in Dreams (1987) iv. 71 The nineteenth-century search for a synthetic substitute for natural raw materials centred mainly on silk.
2010 Herald & Rev. (Decatur, Illinois) (Nexis) 24 June The recipe could easily be turned vegetarian by using vegetarian baked beans and bacon substitute.
3. gen. An object, practice, action, etc., which takes the place of another; a replacement. Frequently with for (also of, †to).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [noun] > a substitute
changec1460
supplier1491
quid pro quo?1535
supply1567
vicegerent1583
substitute1589
vice1597
succedane1601
surrogate1644
succedaneum1651
succedaneum1662
vicar1676
superseder?1774
supersessor1810
locum tenens1814
supplial1837
remplaçant1850
fill-in1918
Stepney1928
stand-in1933
substituter1956
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xii. 138 Then is it called by the Greekes Hypozeuxis, we call him the substitute after his originall, and is a supplie with iteration.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια x. xxxi. 790 In Munkeyes..this Muscle is not found, yet Vesalius describeth a Substitute for it.
a1677 I. Barrow Wks. (1686) III. 513 Substitutes, and shadows of things more high in substance, and efficacy.
1765 J. Elphinston Princ. Eng. Lang. Digested I. vi. §5. 128 That quiescence may be ascertained to the eye as well as the ear, in languages ancient and modern has a substitute been employed, named by the english as by the greeks apostrophe.
1780 W. Cowper Table Talk 542 Manner is all in all, whatever is writ, The substitute for genius, sense, and wit.
1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. ix. 158 In every part of anatomy, description is a poor substitute for inspection.
1822 C. Babbage Let. to Sir Humphry Davy 5 The machines themselves shall..place them [sc. numbers] side by side; thus becoming at the same time a substitute for the compositor and the computer.
1870 F. R. Wilson Archit. Surv. Churches Lindisfarne 23 This is a miserable substitute for the old Norman chapel.
1871 L. Stephen Playground of Europe iii. 88 Till lately the natives used holes in their tables as a substitute for plates.
1907 A. J. Parker Suppl. N.Y. Annotated Codes 169 Money when deposited in lieu of ball is a substitute of bail and is subject to the same obligation.
1944 Living off Land: Man. Bushcraft ii. 31 Professional beekeepers use a small smoke bellows, but the best substitute is to light a smudge fire and let the smoke drift past the entrance to the hive.
1988 J. B. Weisner in J. M. Moran & P. T. P. Ho Interstellar Matter 360 I was conditioned to be upset when the computer became a substitute for man as the observer.
2008 Wire Feb. 51/2 For those who missed the spectacle, this sonic seaside postcard of the group's performance..is a worthy substitute.
4.
a. A person taking the place or filling the role of another; a replacement. Frequently with for.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > one having delegated or derived authority > [noun] > deputy or substitute
depute1405
deputy1405
suffragana1450
steads bearingc1460
excuser1461
debity1467
stead-holdingc1480
debite1482
stead holderc1485
placeholder1560
surrogate1604
substitute1650
steadsman1876
understudy1882
1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 343 Hereupon a substitute or surrogate was provided for him to bear his Cross.
1789 T. Holcroft tr. Voltaire Let. in Posthumous Wks. Frederic II VIII. 238 Thiriot..is dead. I fear it will be difficult to find a substitute for him.
1796 M. G. Lewis Monk II. iv. 111 You will find in my father a substitute for the parent of whom I shall deprive you.
1804 Times 24 Jan. 2/6 Bolla, who proved on Saturday a most able substitute for Viganoni, is re-engaged for the Comic Opera.
1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. iv. 166 We maintain..that some substitute to discharge the office of personal remorse must be demanded.
1873 H. Spencer Study Sociol. i. 15 In China where a criminal can buy a substitute to be executed in his stead.
1886 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 136/1 The worshippers as a whole bear the guilt until they or the guilty man himself find a substitute.
1910 ‘F. Danby’ Let Roof fall In ix. 92 He was full of pity for her that she had to accept him as substitute.
1944 D. Cooper Diary 17 Aug. (2005) 318 He [sc. de Gaulle] said that he..would accept a Fortress if it bore French cockades and the whole of the crew were doubled with French substitutes.
1968 Boys' Life Mar. 31/1 He seemed a poor substitute for Magendie, and his first words hardly reassured his students.
2008 Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 7 Sept. 18 Former Free singer Paul Rodgers acts as Freddie Mercury's incongruously butch substitute.
b. Military. A person who serves in the military in place of another who has been conscripted, esp. for a payment. Cf. quot. 1685 at Phrases 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by type of service > [noun] > militiaman > substitute
substitute1758
relief1795
1758 R. Burn Justice of Peace (ed. 5) II. 488 If any person..shall refuse or neglect to..serve in the said militia, or to provide such substitute; he shall forfeit 10l.
1777 Jrnls. Continental Congr. 1774–89 (Libr. of Congr.) (1907) IX. 1002 The laws which have been enacted in the State of Pennsylvania, permitting the furnishing of substitutes to perform militia duty.
1779 J. Woodforde Diary 30 Sept. (1924) I. 266 I let my man Ben have my little Mare to go to Norwich this morning to try to get a Substitute to serve for him in the Militia.
1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. Substitutes may be provided for quakers.
1811 Gen. Regul. Army 201 No Soldier is to receive a Furlough on the plea of assisting to provide Substitutes for himself.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) III. 138 The proved inferiority in all respects of the substitutes provided.
1901 Polit. Sci. Q. 16 301 A promissory note given in consideration that the payee serve as a substitute for its maker in the military forces of Mississippi was held to be illegal and void.
1956 U.S. Statutes at Large 70 a xxxi. §514 191/1 No person may be enlisted or appointed in an armed force as a substitute for another person.
2006 M. S. Neiberg 19th Cent. i. 18 In 1800 an average substitute purchased in the southern city of Avignon cost 416 francs.
c. = substitute teacher n.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > teaching > teacher > schoolteacher or schoolmaster > [noun] > supply teacher
substitute1758
substitute teacher1817
supply teacher1874
relieving teacher1885
supply1893
sub1902
1758 J. Witherspoon Absolute Necessity of Salvation through Christ 69 They [sc. schoolmasters] are not allowed to serve by a substitute; nor their schools to vaik more than twenty days.
1798 M. Edgeworth & R. L. Edgeworth Pract. Educ. II. xiii. 404 If absence, business, illness, or any other cause, prevent the attendance of the teacher, a substitute must be appointed.
1848 By-laws School Comm. & Regulations Public Schools City of Providence 14 All substitutes must be employed at the expense of the absent Teacher, and none without the approbation of the Superintendent.
1891 W. Catton Grasby Teaching in Three Continents x. 256 In St. Louis, when the absence is only for a few days, the substitute is sent from the Normal School; but if it is expected to exceed five days a regular substitute is employed.
1920 H. E. Waits Pract. Probl. of School (1921) iv. 67 Discuss the influence of the substitute on the problem of discipline.
1982 H. J. Rosta In Blood 104 Nina sometimes taught as a substitute at the local school.
2002 D. Barlin & J. Hallgarten in M. Johnson & J. Hallgarten From Victims Change to Agents Change iv. 77 In all but one state, substitutes need no teaching certification whatsoever to take over a classroom.
d. Sport. A player who replaces another in a team, esp. during the course of a match; each of the players nominated to be available for this purpose. Abbreviated sub n.5 2b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [noun] > a substitute > in work or sport
relief1709
substitute1826
sub1864
alternate1898
pinch-hitter1899
society > leisure > sport > player or sportsperson > [noun] > team or group > member of > reserve or substitute
substitute1826
sub1864
reserve1885
walk-on1965
1826 F. Reynolds Life & Times II. xiv. 177 Elected as a substitute for a very indifferent player, suddenly taken ill, I, for the first and last time, played against the celebrated formidable, Harris.
1897 Lafayette (Easton, Pa.) 19 Nov. 72/1 This season's football team and substitutes were photographed Wednesday afternoon on the south steps of Pardee Hall.
1900 Toynbee Rec. Jan. 56 Linecar scored from a fine centre by Wood, who proved himself a most efficient substitute for P. Smith (unfortunately prevented from playing in this match).
1916 Spalding's Baseball Guide 316 All players and substitutes of the side at bat must be seated on their team's bench.
1951 Sport 30 Mar. 6/1 Of course, the idea of substitutes in both Association and Rugby football is not new.
1976 Southern Evening Echo (Southampton) 17 Nov. 23/4 When Saints beat Wolves 6–2 in the Second Division last month, the appearance..of Martin Patching as substitute was lost into obscurity because of the emphatic margin of victory.
2006 Daily Mail (Nexis) 18 May 96 Henrik Larsson was the difference when he came on as a substitute.
e. North American. Printing. = sub n.5 2a. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printer > [noun] > compositor > temporary
grass hand1850
grass cutter1853
sub1854
substitute1855
1855 J. Parton Life Horace Greeley xxviii. 407 The compositors..seldom feel able to work more than four nights a week, filling their places on other nights from the list of substitutes, or in printer's language ‘subs’.
1894 Amer. Dict. Printing Substitute, one who works at case instead of another... In England a substitute is called a grass hand.
1916 Bull. National Soc. Promotion Industr. Educ. No. 21. x. 304 Under the present arrangement each compositor obtains his own substitute.
2003 R. Mendel ‘Broad & Ennobling Spirit’ iii. 55 The number of regulars had declined from 1327 to 823 and substitutes (better known among printers as ‘subs’) fell from 400 to 240.
f. A person who or thing which becomes the object of love (or some other emotion) which is deprived of its natural outlet. Cf. surrogate n. 2a.father-, mother-substitute: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > emotional attitude > [noun] > that to which emotion is directed > in place of something else
substitute1917
1917 C. R. Payne tr. O. Pfister Psychoanalytic Method x. 197 Love often diminishes where in the substitute for the parents [Ger. Elternsurrogat], traits appear which do not correspond to those of the parents.
1957 L. Durrell Justine i. 78 For her we, her lovers, had become only mental substitutes for this first childish act—so that love, as a sort of masturbation, took on all the colours of neurasthenia.
1973 E. Caldwell Annette (1974) ii. iv. 50 I'd say that enormous teddy bear is a substitute till some boy comes along with the real thing she's after.
2005 J. Hoerr Harry, Tom, & Father Rice ix. 130 In his political views, union work, friendships, and loyalty to the UE, Quinn had found a substitute for the father he had never had as a child.
5. Law. A person (esp. the child of a beneficiary) who is to inherit something in the event that the previous beneficiary dies before the testator, or fails to meet some other expressed condition. In Scots Law also: a person nominated below the institute (institute n.2) in the succession of heirs in an entail (now historical).
ΘΚΠ
society > law > transfer of property > testamentary disposition > [noun] > legatee > to whom a remainder is bequeathed
remaindermana1642
substitute1652
1652 R. Zouche Cases & Questions resolved in Civil-law v. ii. 124 Not only his brother, but also his brothers children should be preferred in the inheriting the estate before his Substitutes.
1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. iii. viii. §18 If he or his should be extinct who was institute the heretage..falls not to the substitute..but to the heirs of the institute.
1713 J. Don Esq. Appellant's Case (single sheet) In case of Contravention, the Estate of the Person contravening, is declared Void, and..the next Substitute or Person in Remainder should succeed.
1758 J. Dalrymple Ess. Hist. Feudal Prop. (ed. 2) 135 That if any of the substitutes or their issue should alienate, then their right in the estate should cease.
a1768 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. (1773) II. iii. viii. §21. 553 The person first called by the entail is the institute;..the rest get the name of the heirs of entail, or substitutes.
1838 W. Bell Dict. Law Scotl. 950 Substitutes in an entail, are those heirs who are called failing the institute, whether disponee or grantee.
1869 R. Campbell in J. Austin Lect. Jurispr. (ed. 3) II. 864 In English law, in rights of..limited duration, the party entitled cannot alienate so as to defeat the reversioners or substitutes.
1902 Law Rep.: Appeal Cases 345 They conveyed the lands to Edward William Sprot and to the substitutes of entail by disposition and deed of entail.
1996 J. Finch et al. Wills, Inheritance, & Families vi. 146 In the case of professionally drafted wills it would be deemed neglectful of the solicitor to fail to ensure that there was a substitute for the residue.
2006 Stair Memorial Encycl. Reissue Public Reg. & Rec. §22 An entail or tailzie ensured that a heritable estate could descend to a series of heirs or substitutes specified.
6. Grammar. A word that can be used to signify one or more others; esp. a pronoun.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > other parts of speech > [noun] > pro-form
substitute1807
prop-word1892
substituend1939
pro-form1959
1807 N. Webster Philos. & Pract. Gram. Eng. Lang. 15 Substitutes, words which are used in the place of other words or of sentences.
1846 J. Goldsbury New Theories Gram. 34 ‘Substitutes’ are pronouns and whatever represent nouns.
1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. ix. 146 In every language we find certain forms, substitutes... In English, the pronouns are the largest group of substitutes.
1958 C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics xxx. 253 The substitutes in this sentence are the morpheme he (in the word his) and the morpheme do (in the word did). He refers to John: it is John's hat which John puts on.
1984 F. B. Agard Course in Romance Linguistics I. iv. 51 Sp[anish] ellos..is a substitute for any..masc. nominal such as los cuatro generales.
2010 C. Cortès in I. Bril Clause Linking & Clause Hierarchy 426 The demonstrative markers das, den, dem, which can be used either as pronouns (substitutes), as articles heading a noun phrase or as correlative markers.
7. Chemistry. With modifying word. A new compound in which an atom or group has been replaced by a different atom or group.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > substitution > substitution product
substitute1852
1852 H. B. Jones & A. W. Hoffman Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 4) 599 Salicylamide..is converted by fuming nitric acid into the nitro-substitute, nitro-salicylamide.
1902 Insurance Engin. 3 358 A strong oxidizing agent, usually of the nitrate class, is mixed with the nitro-substitute.
1981 Jrnl. Inorg. & Nucl. Chem. 43 1250/2 According to conformational analysis for cycloheptane and its methyl substitutes, there are four basic conformations for alicyclic sevenmembered rings.
1998 Drug & Alcohol Dependence 50 127/2 Newman and colleagues identified a unique profile for the 4'-chloro substitute of benztropine as a potent..inhibitor.
8. Mechanics. In well-boring: a short section of pipe, tube, or drill collar that is threaded on both ends, used as an adaptor to connect two sections of a drill string with different threads. Also with distinguishing word denoting a particular function or characteristic. Abbreviated sub.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > piercing or boring tools > [noun] > drill > other drill parts or attachments
tache1683
temper-screw1865
sub1875
substitute1875
stem1880
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2433/2 Sub (Well-boring), a short name for substitute. A short section of rod for connecting tools or bars of different sizes.
1890 C. G. W. Lock Mining & Ore-dressing Machinery 68 For the purpose of keeping the hole straight, the ‘winged’ substitute is often used.
1906 B. Redwood Treat. Petroleum (ed. 2) I. 307 Fig 53. represents a ‘rod-guide’ for ‘stiffening’ a string of tools, fig. 54 a ‘substitute’ for uniting tool and tools of different threads.
1986 New Yorker 20 Jan. 58/3 We call bent subs—‘subs’ for ‘substitutes’—or lengths of pipe with angles built into them, like a dog's leg.
2005 B. A. Gow Roughnecks, Rock Bits & Rigs 176 By the 1940s the drill pipe was being screwed into a fitting known as a kelly sub saver, short for ‘substitute’.
Phrases
P1. by substitute.† a. By a process of substitution; in replacement. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [adverb]
in his steadc1230
in one's room1489
in the steada1525
by substitute1597
in lieu1599
instead1667
vicariously1868
rather1967
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iii. vii. 171 First he was contract to lady Lucy,..And afterward by substitute betrothed To Bena. View more context for this quotation
b. By the agency of another; through a replacement; by proxy; (of military service) carried out by a substitute (sense 4b) on behalf of a person who has been conscripted.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > action or function of a delegate or deputy > as deputy or representative [phrase] > by agency of another
by proxy1548
by substitute1607
by substitution1758
per procurationem1809
1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster Famous Hist. Thomas Wyat sig. D The Prince..desires noe fortrises nor townes, Nor to beare any office, rule or state, Either by person or by Substitute.
1685 R. Brady Compl. Hist. Eng. 165 So was the Usage of our antient English Kings.., to grant to such as had personally, or by substitute or fine, performed their Service in the Army.
1757 Gentleman's Mag. Sept. 391/1 The peers of the realm..are neither compellable to serve in person, nor by substitute.
1840 T. Hood Up Rhine 240 Every Prussian subject must be a soldier, consequently there can be no serving by substitute as in our militia.
1857 C. Dickens Little Dorrit ii. xxxii. 605 You're..a screwer by deputy, a wringer, and squeezer, and a shaver by substitute.
1921 Man 21 25 Punishment of an offender by substitute is called Harina.
2000 J. C. Ward in A. J. Duggan Nobles & Nobility Medieval Europe xiii. 246 It was accepted that women could hold fiefs, and carry out the obligations either in person or by substitute.
P2.
a. to be no substitute for: to be inferior to as an alternative; to be a poor replacement for.
ΚΠ
1785 E. K. Mathews Constance I. xxiv. 220 A pretty face is no substitute for good sense.
1846 Times 30 Mar. 5/6 Of course Botelli is no substitute for Lablache, yet the Prefetto is a character of minor importance.
1932 Boys' Life Jan. 55/2 They entered the tunnel, and darkness swallowed them... Pierre's flashlight was no substitute for the good old sun.
2011 Daily Tel. 11 July 3/2 She said that Kindles and other devices to which you can download novels are no substitute for real books.
b. there is no substitute for ——: denoting something irreplaceable or unique.
ΚΠ
1807 P. Stockdale Lect. Truly Eminent Eng. Poets II. xiv. 291 There is no substitute for genius; it is a rare, and incommunicable species; eminently raised above the common sphere of the human kind.
1895 Teachers' Inst. Feb. 138/1 There is no substitute for the dictionary; it is an essential tool to a learner.
1989 A. C. Amor William Holman Hunt (1990) vi. 95 Hunt told him that there was no substitute for painting direct from nature.
2005 Stuff Aug. 155/3 When it comes to making big decisions about what to buy, there's no substitute for actually road-testing your prospective purchases.
Compounds
substitute bench n. (also substitute's bench) = substitutes' bench n.
ΚΠ
1900 Alumni Reg. (Univ. Pennsylvania) Nov. 60/2 Hodge, an erratic man who has been on the substitute bench for two years, played a game that offered little chance for adverse criticism.
1940 Boston Daily Globe 25 Jan. 14/1 There is no Vice Presidential spokesman, for the Vice President has nothing to say... His is a substitute's bench all to himself.
2012 Gloucestershire Echo (Nexis) 10 Feb. 35 So far the England Under-21 regular has only made the substitute bench for the Blues as former Wales international Boaz Myhill and Irish stopper Colin Doyle share the first-team duties.
substitute broker n. Military (now historical) an agent employed to procure a substitute (sense 4b) on behalf of a person who has been conscripted.Chiefly with reference to the American Civil War (1861–5).
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > others concerned with military affairs > [noun] > one who supplies soldiers > one who procures substitutes
substitute broker1862
1862 N.Y. Herald 14 Aug. 2/2 (heading) Summary measures on substitute brokers.
1898 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Sentinel 25 Mar. 4/4 The substitute broker..may never be seen again in this country—although in '63, '64 and '65 these gentlemen were held in high esteem.
1997 S. D. Brandes Warhogs iv. 98 Substitute brokers were charged with encouraging bounty jumping, overcharging for the service, and furnishing defective recruits.
substitute brokerage n. Military (now historical) the business of acting as a substitute broker.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military organization > enlistment or recruitment > [noun] > procuring substitute for balloted soldier
substitute brokerage1862
1862 N.Y. Herald 14 Aug. 2/1 (heading) Summary disposal of the rebel substitute brokerage.
1886 Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago) 26 June 13/1 You laid the foundation of your fortunes in a thrifty ‘substitute brokerage’.
1905 E. S. Riley Hist. Gen. Assembly Maryland lxxiv. 390 During the war between the States, he engaged in the substitute brokerage business.
1973 M. Rickards Public Notice 67/1 In the North, there was..a substitute system (with a highly profitable business of substitute-brokerage as a sideshow).
substitute feeding n. the process of feeding an infant with a substitute for breast milk (sense 2b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [noun] > feeding > feeding offspring
substitute feeding1893
the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [noun] > feeding > feeding offspring > feeding with bottle
bottle-feeding1855
substitute feeding1893
1893 Med. Rec. (N.Y.) 28 Oct. 553/2 It is desirable to try and ascertain what the quality of the breast milk is and order the substitute feeding to correspond.
1935 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 5 Oct. 616/1 The energy value of the substitute feeding (supplementary feeding) should be somewhat greater than that of the natural feeding it replaces.
2004 N. Nattrass Moral Econ. AIDS iii. 74 The risk of infant deaths associated with the use of substitute feeding can be substantially reduced through improved counselling about the proper preparation of formula milk.
substitute fibre n. [after German Ersatzfasern, plural noun (C. Sanio 1863, in Bot. Zeitung 21 99)] Botany (now rare) a type of xylem fibre found in woody tissue, which consists of elongated, aseptate, partially lignified cells and is thought to form an intermediate between parenchyma (soft tissue) and tracheids; cf. prosenchyma n.
ΚΠ
1885 G. L. Goodale in A. Gray & G. L. Goodale Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) II. 80 The cells figured in Nos. 10 and 16, termed by Sanio substitute fibres (German, Ersatzfasern), answer well to the type of prosenchyma.
1912 S. J. Record Identification of Econ. Woods of U.S. i. 21 Between wood fibres and wood-parenchyma fibres are intermediate forms without septa—substitute fibres or intermediate wood fibres.
1963 New Phytologist 62 97 The living libriform fibres and fibre-tracheids in addition to the substitute fibres and septate fibres may represent a further link between parenchyma cells and tracheids.
substitutes' bench n. (also substitutes bench) a seat at the side of a sports field for a team's substitutes; (also) a team's roster of substitute players; also in extended use; cf. subs bench n. at sub n.5 Compounds.
ΚΠ
1899 Daily Whig & Courier 13 Dec. 7/2 To play a hard line smashing game these men would have to be relegated to the substitutes' bench forever.
1924 Boston Sunday Globe 8 June 2/1 In 136 years, the Presidency has been filled by Vice Presidents for a total of 20 years. All the rest of the time they have been condemned to warm the substitutes' bench.
2010 A. K. Ayres Football aims for Stars i. 29 He came off the substitutes' bench..to make his senior debut at the Goldstone Ground.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
substituteadj.
/ˈsʌbstᵻtjuːt/, /ˈsʌbstᵻtʃuːt/, U.S. /ˈsəbstəˌt(j)ut/ 1. Substituted. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [adjective] > substituted
substitute?a1425
substituted1574
succenturiate1641
surrogateda1680
?a1425 Three Kings Cologne (Lamb. 491) (2000) 156 Þere shold be ordeynid .xij. wise astronomers..so that aftir the dethe of one anoþir shold be substitute in his place durying þat tyme.
a1460 Knyghthode & Bataile (Pembr. Cambr. 243) l. 857 (MED) In stede of whom illustres [L. inlustres] Lordes, Peerys, Be substitute, Maistrys of Chiualerys.
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1872) IV. 29 Elidurus..was substitute in to the kynge.
1533 T. More Let. to T. Cromwell in Wks. (1577) II. 1427/2 It may well happen, that this pope may be deposed, & a nother substitute in his rome.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde ii. i. f. 55v A hundreth and fyftie fresshe men whiche were substitute in the place of suche as were deade.
1587 R. Holinshed et al. Hist. Scotl. (new ed.) 385/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II He was iudged..meet..to be chosen or substitute deputie and chancellor.
1620 J. Ford Line of Life 114 This King of men is substitute to his King.
1680 ‘Philalethes’ tr. G. Buchanan De Jure Regni apud Scotos 84 Robert the first was substitute in his stead.
1709 in J. Lauder Decisions Lords of Council (1761) II. 505 The wife being vassal, and unfit to perform the military services,..the husband was substitute in her place.
1781 T. Bennet Serm. Forty-fifth Psalm 581 The sacrifices under the law had a relation to..those who brought them to the priest, being substitute in the room of the offerers.
II. As adjective.
2. Of a person: endowed with the authority to act on a superior's behalf; permitted to act as a deputy. Frequently as postmodifier. Now historical except in sheriff substitute at sheriff n. 2b.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > [adjective] > authorized
authorized1484
auctorizate1558
substitute1564
society > authority > delegated authority > action or function of a delegate or deputy > [adjective]
substitute1564
deputate1575
deputary1581
representative1609
surrogatea1638
deputative1646
deputed1651
agential1843
repping1976
1564 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 308 Supplicatioun..be Barnard Byre..procuratour substitute to Henry Byre his bruther.
1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. vi. 469 Dauid heere being his Fathers shephearde, did appoint a substitute shepheard in his absence.
1612–13 in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1852) V. 93 Walter Robertson, substitut clerk.
1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. xii. 42 Who send from thence their substitute Vicars to rule.
1685 R. Baxter Paraphr. New Test. Acts xv. 6 Had not Apostolick Testimony..proved the abrogation, it would more hardly have been believed..than the substitute Canons of Bishops.
1737 Common Sense 5 Nov. 277 By appointing a substitute Minister, or Favourite, to speak in his Tone of Voice behind the Curtain, the People may think they are happy in his Presence.
1853 J. Shaw Rep. Cases High & Circuit Courts Scotl., 1848–52 224 On advising the whole case, the Stewart-substitute ordained the clothes to be delivered up.
1890 Longman's Mag. Feb. 437 His place on these lamentable occasions was supplied by the clerk-substitute.
1912 C. K. Gaines New Cushing's Man. Parl. Law & Pract. (rev. ed.) 21 If, at any meeting, neither the president nor any substitute officer is present, the secretary should call the meeting to order.
1997 D. A. Symonds Weep not for Me iii. 76 She was committed to the jail by Stewart Substitute Dalyell.
3. gen. That is used instead of another; that is put in place of something; that is a replacement, or an alternative.
ΚΠ
1580 T. Bright Treat. Sufficiencie Eng. Med. (new ed.) 13 The substitute medicines, as I may cal them, were not appointed, being in great part as harde to come by, as the medicines whose substitutes they are.
1615 J. Loiseau de Tourval tr. H. de Feynes Exact Surv. E. Indies Pref. B 2 My second and substitute Country.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. v. 252/2 Pronoun, is a substitute word, set in the place of some Integral or Principal word.
1738 J. Bancks Misc. Wks. I. 248 (heading) The Substitute Father: a tale.
1747 S. Hales Acct. Some Exper. & Observ. on Tar-water (ed. 2) 28 The impregnating Water with, Petroleum, for the like Purposes, as a substitute Remedy.
1848 Daily News 16 Oct. That they [sc. ministers] may not come before the public, like the substitute players, asking leave to road their part, instead of acting it.
1899 Westm. Gaz. 4 Oct. 7/1 A substitute resolution was submitted.
1952 G. H. Dury Map Interpr. xi. 100 ‘Navigation Canals’ were often intended as a substitute waterway for rivers on which..navigation was difficult.
1965 Pella (Iowa) Chron. 1 July 3/1 At one crucial point in the game, Nick Branderhorst was sent in as a substitute hitter.
2005 Permaculture Mag. Winter 21/3 Roots that can be roasted and ground to make a substitute coffee.
4. Scots Law. Of an heir: nominated below the institute (institute n.2) in the succession of heirs in an entail; (also more generally) nominated as a substitute (substitute n. 5). Frequently as postmodifier. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > transfer of property > testamentary disposition > [adjective] > nominated in remainder
substitute1681
1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. ii. xxvi. 100 Different Lines Substitute in these Tailzies.
1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. ii. xxvi. 101 The Children are but Heirs Substitute.
1714 A. Bruce Tutor's Guide ii. ii. 196 If Creditors and Heirs substitute were jealous of a supposititious Child, a Person..was nominate by the Judge.
1816 W. Scott Antiquary III. i. 22 No string of substitute heirs of entail.
1868 Notes & Queries June 584/2 Elisabeth was a substitute heir to the Earldom of Angus, by an entail executed by her elder sister Margaret.
1912 Session Cases 730 An unqualified charter..must have been granted, if all the heirs substitute had been persons within the general body of heirs of the old investiture.
1933 Encycl. Laws Scotl. VII. 534 It is usual to call classes of substitute heirs by their relation to individuals called nominatim as the head of stirpes.
5. Designating a person or thing that becomes an object of love (or some other emotion or impulse) which is deprived of its usual or natural outlet; that functions as a substitute (substitute n. 4f).
ΚΠ
1920 W. Lay Man's Unconscious Passion iii. 78 He will feel only unconscious passion for his wife, because she is only a substitute mother for him.
1932 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 160 190 (margin) Child finds substitute love object [after death of mother].
1969 Child Devel. 40 1008 Like the principal attachment figure, the substitute object—pacifier, thumb, cuddly toy—is most likely to be sought when the child is tired, ill, or distressed.
2006 Vibe May 105/2 Among members, many of whom..were raised in poor households, the gang quickly became a substitute family.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
substitutev.
/ˈsʌbstᵻtjuːt/, /ˈsʌbstᵻtʃuːt/, U.S. /ˈsəbstəˌt(j)ut/ I. General uses.
1. † b. transitive. To endow (a person) with the authority to act on a superior's behalf; to appoint as a deputy or delegate. Frequently with to or with complement. Obsolete.† c. transitive. To delegate (authority). Obsolete. rare.
a. transitive. To appoint to a role or position in place of another; spec. to install in place of the incumbent ruler.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > appointment to office > appoint a person to an office [verb (transitive)] > appoint in place of another
substitute1447
subrogate?a1475
subroge1591
subordain1600
1447 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1447 §19. m. 2 Suche scole maistre so bi him sette..[he] may in his owne parich or place remove, and an other in his place substitute and sette.
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1876) VI. 123 In the stedde of whom Theodorus did substitute Winfridus, the diacon of Seynte Chadde, whom he deposide soone..and substitute in his place Sexwulphus.
1533 T. More Apologye xxii. f. 134 Determyne your pleasure of theyre persons, and substytute therwyth theyr successours.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde ii. ii. f. 59v They contended whether it were beste to substitute Nicuesa in his place [L. an accersendus esset eius loco Nicuesa].
1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue xcii. sig. M2v Ioue..substituted Ganimedes into her [sc. Hebe's] office and place.
a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) i. xiii. §3. 138 The people should substitute him into his stead.
1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. xxv. 156 The Pope substituted John de Columna, a Cardinall, Legate in the place of Pelagius.
1783 Crit. Rev. Apr. 294 The transition from monarchy to republic in so small a state, by substituting elective and temporary magistrates in place of the king, was easy.
1831 W. Scott Count Robert ix, in Tales of my Landlord 4th Ser. II. 227 Who shall assure me that vows which were made to the Saxon Bertha, will be binding if a French Agatha be substituted in her stead?
1886 W. W. Rand Dict. Holy Bible (rev. ed.) at Ta'beal A Syrian whose son..Rezin king of Syria and Pekah king of Israel proposed..to substitute for Ahaz as king of Judah.
1901 Pacific Reporter 63 1056/1 A formal order substituting him [sc. the county attorney] in place of his predecessor in office.
2005 T. O'Toole tr. P. Kalck Hist. Dict. Central Afr. Republic 37 His descendant, Kobur, was attacked by Rabih, who substituted for him his own nephew.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > investing with delegated authority > vest authority in a person [verb (transitive)] > depute or delegate authority > appoint as delegate, deputy, or substitute
subrogate?a1475
substitute1484
surrogate1533
depute1552
suffragate1602
deputy1606
deputize1736
1484 in W. Fraser Lennox (1874) II. 124 With power to substitute and depute vndir him constablis wachmen portaris [etc.].
1500 in G. Neilson & H. Paton Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1918) II. 474 With full power ane or maa procuratouris or prelocutoris in thare stedis to make and substitut.
1564 N. Haward tr. Eutropius Briefe Chron. x. sig. Q.viiiv They substituted vnder them .ii. Cesars.
1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. K4 These graue fathers..do substitute vnder them in euerie particular church a minister.
1583 T. Stocker tr. Tragicall Hist. Ciuile Warres Lowe Countries iv. 28 b Those..whom his Maiestie had substituted, to the generall Gouernement of the Countreis.
1594 T. Nashe Vnfortunate Traveller sig. K3v When death substitutes one frend his special bayly to arrest another by infection.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 i. iii. 84 But who is substituted against the French I haue no certaine notice. View more context for this quotation
1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 183 A man of..authority..was substituted to the Guardianship of her children.
a1665 K. Digby Jrnl. Voy. to Mediterranean (1868) 4 Substituting him Commander in chiefe in case of my death.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 509. ⁋4 If a Man of a great Genius could..substitute slower Men of Fidelity to transact the methodical part of his Affairs.
1843 J. Stephens Incidents Trav. Yucatan iii. 74 He was at that time settled in the government of Chiapas, to which place he summoned his son, and by a formal act substituted him in all the powers given to himself by the king.
1862 H. Bruce Warehouse Man. App. 173 Forms. Power of Attorney to transact Custom House Business... And we do further authorize our said attorney, an attorney, or attorneys under him for that purpose, to make and substitute, with full power to do all that he might or could.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > investing with delegated authority > vest authority in a person [verb (transitive)] > depute or delegate authority
commit1419
depute1495
delegate1530
devolve1633
demandate1641
substitute1700
devolute1891
1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician II. 13 Necessity obliging a Prince to substitute his Power to several Ministers.
2. gen. To put (a person or thing) in place of another.† c. transitive. With to, indicating the person or thing being replaced. Obsolete.
a. transitive. Without construction.
ΚΠ
1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel (v.) f. 67 As they be praised which the ydle bely burdens remoued, substitute apt and lerned labourers.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique f. 29 It must nedes be thought right good and godly, to labour earnestly for children gettyng, and to substitute youthe from tyme to tyme, for the maintenaunce of warre.
1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 300 Afterward hee substituteth the properties or powers thereof.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 114 Reject him, lest he darken all the Flock, And substitute another from thy Stock. View more context for this quotation
1731 R. Acherley Free Parl. 218 To make that Repeal palatable, another Clause was substituted.
1793 R. Burns Let. Sept. (1985) II. 240 Jamie Dawson is a beautiful ballad, but it is a great length: cannot you..substitute a shorter one?
1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 84 Chilperic had simply erased the word ‘theft’ from the parchment, and substituted that of ‘murder’.
1870 W. S. Jevons Elem. Lessons Logic xxii. 186 The reader by substituting various terms can easily make propositions.
1909 ‘O. Henry’ Roads of Destiny ix. 128 This name was immediately overruled by the band, and ‘Piggy’ substituted.
1979 D. Murphy Wheels within Wheels vii. 90 I had a compulsive secret vice—crossing out the author's name on the title page and substituting my own.
2003 3D World Christmas 16/4 KromA's artists then either composited Martin's head onto the extras, or substituted a CG version.
b. transitive. With prepositional or adverbial phrase indicating the person or thing replaced, as in the place of, in one's stead, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > substitute [verb (transitive)]
changec1225
shifta1325
puta1400
underputc1400
put1483
put1535
subrogate1548
substitute1548
surrogate1586
counterchange1604
supplya1618
suffect1620
commute1667
succeed1667
to be in (another person's) shoes1842
sub1919
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xxiv. f. clxxxviiv Christe beeyng a newe reforger of the old law, in stede of burnt offreing, did substitute charitie.
1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus iv. ii. 158 And how..their childe shall be aduaunst,..And substituted in the place of mine. View more context for this quotation
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. i. 38 When the Golden Shields of King Solomon were taken away, Rehoboam substituted Shields of Brasse in their room.
1694 F. Bragge Pract. Disc. Parables iv. 138 By..substituting Him in our stead, to suffer, as the Representative of mankind, the punishment due to their iniquities.
1722 W. Wollaston Relig. of Nature vi. 140 Let a man substitute himself into the room of some poor creature dejected with invincible poverty.
1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music I. 342 Martianus Capella, who..was the first that substituted the term Tones in the room of Modes.
1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. i. 8 The expression,..may sound strange..to a philosophic ear, but it seems quite as justifiable as some others..when it is substituted into the place of these.
1843 A. Bethune Sc. Peasant's Fire-side 21 She could not at the time substitute any thing better in its stead.
1913 R. C. Minor Notes on Sci. of Govt. i. 9 Its members, upon the death of their first ruler, would the more readily substitute in his room one who, because of his kinship, age and experience, might appear most likely to supply his place.
2002 F. Spufford Child that Bks. Built (2003) ii. 58 The first collections of feminist fairy tales..simply substituted ideally assertive heroines in place of ideally submissive ones.
ΚΠ
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man f. 95v These arteries, which thus we substitute to animall contemplation, betwene the head and first Vertebre, do make ingresse into the posteriour part of the Scull.
1636 D. Calderwood Re-exam. Five Articles enacted at Perth 169 The first day of the weeke was substituted to the sabbath by the Apostles.
1681 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Reformation ii. i. 107 Christ substituting the Eucharist to the Paschal Lamb, used such an Expression, calling it his Body.
1769 O. Goldsmith Rom. Hist. II. 148 His own life was very opportunely substituted to that against which he aimed.
1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 409 Substitute mild, cooling, subacid applications..to his tonics and stimulants.
1830 W. Taylor Hist. Surv. German Poetry I. 112 In a few generations, the court of France had substituted the French to the Frankish tongue.
d. transitive. With for, indicating the person or thing being replaced.Use of this construction has become increasingly common in the semantically opposed sense 3b.
ΚΠ
1638 H. Peacham Valley of Varietie xii. 104 Xylobalsamum is the Wood of the body, or of the branch, which the Shops sometimes substituted for the liquor.
1674 Govt. Tongue ii. 7 Tis sure he can substitute none for them that can equally conduce, either to his honor or interest.
1759 O. Goldsmith Bee 6 Oct. 2 For real wit he is obliged to substitute vivacity.
1798 J. Ferriar Illustr. Sterne ii. 51 For the mean and disgusting turn which this story receives in the Roman Comique, Sterne has substituted a rich and beautiful chain of incidents.
1848 C. Dickens Dombey & Son lxi. 615 Jackson..used to mention that in training for the ring they substituted rum for sherry.
1878 W. E. Gladstone Homer 104 Sacrifice could not be substituted for duty, nor could prayer.
1910 Encycl. Brit. IX. 51/2 The local priesthoods, who substituted their own favourite god for Re.
1937 J. B. Priestley Two Time Plays p. xi It was not until I substituted for him an honest-to-goodness exiled German professor that the play began to look right.
1943 M. Malleson & De W. Bodeen Yellow Canary (film script) Last night, under the cover of the fog, Number Four of the convoy, manned by Fifth Columnists was substituted for an identical ship manned by a German crew.
2005 Chile Pepper Oct. 23/2 If you substitute apple cider for the white wine, these stewed apples double as a delicious brunch compote.
3.
a. To take the place of; to become a replacement for; to supplant; = replace v. 3.This use was often criticized in the early 20th cent., and replace preferred; N.E.D. (1914) comments: ‘Now regarded as incorrect.’ However this use of substitute (particularly in the passive voice) remains common.
(a) transitive. In passive, with by.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > be a substitute [verb (intransitive)]
to stand for ——OE
to stand in a person's stead?a1515
to be in any one's coat1530
walk1558
to serve the turn of1565
succenturiate1647
commute1653
to hand the saw1654
substitute1675
surrogate1681
to be in (another person's) shoes1767
substitute1888
pinch-hit1911
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > supplanting or replacement > supplant, replace [verb (transitive)]
fulfila1200
underplantc1200
supplanta1398
subplanta1425
recompense?a1439
supply1567
bestead1596
second1600
reimplace1611
transplace1621
displant1630
succenturiate1650
supersede1657
substitute1675
recruit1711
replace1753
displace1774
substitute1775
supplace1777
outplace1928
1675 W. Temple Let. to Sir J. Williamson in Wks. (1731) II. 350 I hear Don Emanuel de Lyra is like to be..one of the Plenipotentiaries, and come in as substituted by the Duke de Villa Hermosa.
1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. ii. 30 Double Pica..[was] substituted by a new letter.
1863 Life in South II. 198 Good brandy being substituted by vile whiskey.
1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. ii. v. 529 The diagram may..be substituted..by a formula composed of letters and numbers.
1900 Arch. Surg. 11 275 The medicine was continued a few days longer, and then substituted by the iodide of potassium.
1939 C. H. L. Needham Aircraft Design II. xiii. 208 A float seaplane..differs essentially from a land aeroplane only in that the landing chassis is substituted by a pair of floats.
2003 D. Brown Da Vinci Code (2004) lxxii. 404 In Atbash, the first letter was substituted by the last letter, the second letter by the next to last letter, and so on.
(b) transitive. In active use, with simple object.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > supplanting or replacement > supplant, replace [verb (transitive)]
fulfila1200
underplantc1200
supplanta1398
subplanta1425
recompense?a1439
supply1567
bestead1596
second1600
reimplace1611
transplace1621
displant1630
succenturiate1650
supersede1657
substitute1675
recruit1711
replace1753
displace1774
substitute1775
supplace1777
outplace1928
1775 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. 13 Sept. (1778) sig. O2v Let straw substitute this, if possible.
1855 A. Bain Senses & Intellect i. ii. 194 A means of judging how far touch can substitute sight.
1867 Athenæum No. 2084. 442/1 Miss Hughes substituted Miss Oliver.
1899 Arch. Surg. 10 138 That ‘varioloid’ substituted in Bath the ‘varicella’ which was common in Bristol.
1919 tr. V. Lenin State & Revol. 50 The Commune substitutes institutions in which freedom of opinion and discussion does not become a mere delusion.
1999 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 2 June 4 Refined sal oil is rapidly substituting cocoa butter in making chocolates.
b. transitive. With with (also by, later for). To fill the place of (a person or thing) with a replacement; = replace v. 2b.Use in this sense has been sometimes criticized (as with sense 3a), but is now generally regarded as part of normal standard English.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > supplanting or replacement > supplant, replace [verb (transitive)] > with a substitute
changec1300
supplant1534
replace1765
substitute1839
displace1849
1839 tr. C. P. de Kock Barber of Paris I. iv. 92 I carried off a rabbit from the spit, and substituted it with the cat of my old aunt.
1877 L. Davis Strange Occurr. 166 Engelhardt had discharged the boy Franz,..but had substituted him by a larger and more intelligent young man.
1916 Southern Hardware July 39/1 He [sc. man] was a long time getting beyond the pointed stick, and arriving at the point where he substituted it with a crooked limb which he used as a plow.
1961 A. Steyermark Quantitative Org. Microanal. (ed. 2) i. 2 The terms gamma (γ), and lambda (λ) are to be substituted with microgram (μg.) and microliter (μl.) respectively.
1978 Pop. Mech. Oct. 174/1 (advt.) Corvette winner may substitute automobile for $14,000 cash.
1980 Coal: Energy for Future (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 3 OECD coal demand is likely to..grow much more rapidly as national actions to substitute oil by coal begin to take effect.
2008 N.Y. Mag. 29 Sept. 14/2 I tried to take off the Dover sole, which is $65, and substitute it with gray sole or lemon sole for $24.
4. intransitive. To take the place of something; to act as a replacement for.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > action or function of a delegate or deputy > act as delegate or deputy [verb (intransitive)]
to keep (a person's) steadc1450
vicariate1827
deputize1869
substitute1888
to stand in1904
rep1922
the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > be a substitute [verb (intransitive)]
to stand for ——OE
to stand in a person's stead?a1515
to be in any one's coat1530
walk1558
to serve the turn of1565
succenturiate1647
commute1653
to hand the saw1654
substitute1675
surrogate1681
to be in (another person's) shoes1767
substitute1888
pinch-hit1911
1888 Advance (Chicago) 15 Nov. It was plain that the idea of substituting for Gertrude now thoroughly possessed her.
1913 Cavalier 23 Aug. 212/1 She is too busy now to look out for them, so I substitute.
1965 Language 41 239 A construction..which may substitute for a word..is a phrase.
1975 Sci. Amer. Feb. 36/1 An ion of ferrous iron..can easily substitute for a magnesium ion.
2010 Wall St. Jrnl. 4 Nov. a10/2 Targeted tax credits and loopholes..often substitute for spending.
II. Specialized and technical uses.
5. transitive. Law. To nominate (a person) as being entitled to claim an inheritance in the event that the previous beneficiary dies before the testator, or fails to meet some other expressed condition. Also intransitive. Cf. substitution n. 2a. Now rare.Most modern uses in legal contexts are merely contextual examples of sense 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > transfer of property > testamentary disposition > bequeath by will [verb (transitive)] > bequeath by will to > nominate in remainder
substitute1560
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cclxxvijv He [sc. Henry VIII] had by legacie made his son Edward of .ix. yeres his heire, & after him had substituted his daughter Mary.
1606 R. Knolles tr. J. Bodin Six Bks. Common-weale vi. v. 739 If the father substitute an heire vnto his sonne, that substitution ceaseth if the sonne beget children.
1726 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 34 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 The next heir descending of my own body which faillieing my other heirs substituted.
a1768 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. (1773) II. iii. viii. §21. 553 In the case of a land-estate which is settled in a long series of heirs, substituted one after another.
1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 317 If there are no such persons, it shall not suspend the right of others, but they shall take as if no such persons were substituted.
1831 Law Jrnl. 9 226/2 Had the daughter lived, she would have taken an estate in fee; and the testator intended to substitute Elizabeth Jopling, and for an estate to the same extent.
1895 Atlantic Reporter 32 11/1 The expression of an intention to substitute a child in the place of a deceased parent..must be some expression of the testator.
1903 Eng. Rep. 30 1247 Upon all these instruments an intention to substitute appears.
6. transitive. Mathematics. To put (a quantity) into an equation, formula, etc., in the place of an existing quantity wherever the latter occurs. Frequently with for (cf. sense 2d). Cf. substitution n. 5a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] > with correspondence between quantities > in specific way
substitute1645
revert1737
transpose1810
permute1878
adjoin1888
orthogonalize1920
orthonormalize1935
perm1959
Fourier-transform1970
1645 T. Urquhart Trissotetras 28 The subtracting of Logarithms may be avoyded, by substituting the Arithmeticall complement thereof, to be added to the Logarithms of the two middle proportionals.
1737 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 675/1 Whose Value being substituted in the aforesaid Equation.
?1768–9 Encycl. Brit. (1771) I. 112/1 If you substitute 2 for x, the result will be 24.
a1832 A. De Morgan Theory Probab. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) II. 378/1 If in ψx we substitute αx for x.
1885 H. W. Watson & S. H. Burbury Math. Theory Electr. & Magn. I. 132 Before inversion we substitute for the charges at C1 and O2 their equivalent distributions on the plane XEX′.
1901 W. J. Milne Acad. Algebra 104 If a rational integral expression containing x reduces to zero when a is substituted for x, it is exactly divisible by x − a.
1928 Amer. Math. Monthly 35 324 Substitute these values of p, q, r, and s in the like-producing quadrinomial.
2006 K. F. Riley et al. Math. Methods Physics & Engin. (ed. 3) xv. 504 It may be solved in a similar manner to the above by substituting x = et.
7. Sport.
a. transitive. To bring on or introduce (a player) as a substitute for another. Frequently with for. Cf. sense 2.
ΚΠ
1833 Bell's Life in London 25 Aug. England..had also selected an excellent eleven, and, in addition to Pilch and Wenman, Marsden was substituted for Mr. Jenner.
1871 Hist. Class 1871 (Princeton Univ.) 122 Owing to a weakness in his back, Darst was unable to play for us this Session, and Boughner was substituted.
1902 Badminton Mag. Sept. 299 A bold experiment was made when young Mr. Carter was substituted for the experienced wicket-keeper of long-standing.
1967 Encycl. Brit. III. 232/1 Pinch hitter.—a player who is substituted for a man going to bat or already in the batter's box with his turn at bat still unfinished.
2009 Kalgoorlie (W. Austral.) Miner (Nexis) 9 June 21 McCormack also impressed when he was substituted for Steve Innerd early in the second half.
b. transitive. To take the place of (another player) as a substitute; usually in passive. Now also: (of a coach, team, etc.) to replace (a player) with a substitute. Frequently with by. Cf. sense 3.
ΚΠ
1878 Boston Daily Globe 25 June 4/6 The regular pitcher and catcher of the Manchesters were substituted by Snigg and Rowen.
1887 Titusville (Pa.) Morning Herald 22 Aug. The Titusville boys having done heavy batting, Gray's arm gave out, and he was substituted by Bierball, an Erie player.
1920 San Antonio (Texas) Evening News 5 Feb. 9/6 Rodriguez..was substituted by Henry Mosalvo in the first half on account of injuries.
1957 Times 3 Oct. 15/6 The Italians finished the fresher side possibly because they substituted the goalkeeper and two wing half-backs at half-time.
1995 Lewiston (Idaho) Morning Tribune (Nexis) 6 Sept. (Sports section) 1 She's played every point of those games... She has never been substituted out.
2001 Sun 27 Jan. (Football section) 3/6 The Villa boss decided enough was enough after just 45 minutes..and substituted him at half-time.
c. intransitive. With for: to replace a player as a substitute. Also: (of a coach, team, etc.) to make a substitution.
ΚΠ
1886 Syracuse (N.Y.) Daily Standard 25 June 1/4 Quinton took his place behind the bat and Warner substituted for Quinton at left field.
1900 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 7 Nov. 2/1 Many of the players were laid out and Princeton substituted frequently, especially in the second half.
1945 Boys' Life Apr. 20/3 That pitcher, substituting for Shrimp, wasn't bad at all..and Peeps cheered him on.
1979 Washington Post (Nexis) 22 Nov. (Sports section) g1 We started substituting a lot in preseason... At that point, it was just a way to get a look at more players.
2004 Daily Star (Nexis) 26 July 49 Spector was joined on the pitch by O'Shea and yet another youngster, David Jones. O'Shea replaced the limping Eagles and Jones substituted for Djordic.
8. Chemistry.
a. transitive. To put (an atom or group) in the place of an existing atom or group in a molecule. With for (cf. sense 2d).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > subject to chemical reactions or processes [verb (transitive)] > subject to named chemical reaction or process > substitute
substitute1840
1840 C. G. B. Daubeny Suppl. Introd. Atomic Theory 28 By merely substituting an atom of oxygen for one of hydrogen, you convert the former organic compound into the latter.
1892 E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter Chem. Carbon Compounds (ed. 2) 365 The imides result by substituting the divalent acid radicals for two of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia.
2009 Jrnl. Chem. Engin. Data 54 3017/1 The structures of the sulphonamide derivatives are formed when a heterocyclic molecule is substituted for hydrogen of the sulfamine group.
b. transitive. To replace (an existing atom or group in a molecule) with a different one. Frequently with by (cf. sense 3).
ΚΠ
1864 Chem. News 26 Nov. 260/1 A body in which two of the typical hydrogen atoms in a typical alcohol are substituted by two atoms of some other alcohol radicals.
1897 R. P. Williams Elem. Chem. xxii. 178 In substituting hydrogen by chlorine in methane, the essential character of the latter is preserved.
1922 J. J. Sudborough Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. (new ed.) xxvi. 471 The amido-hydrogen of benzamide may be substituted by alkyl radicals.
1968 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 4) II. 556 Only when the hydrogen atom is substituted is the isoalloxazine form retained.
2010 S. V. Gaponenko Introd. Nanophotonics iv. 94 The same impurity atom may be either a donor or an acceptor depending on which element it substitutes.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1391
adj.?a1425v.1447