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单词 summary
释义

summaryn.

Brit. /ˈsʌməri/, U.S. /ˈsəməri/
Forms: 1500s–1600s sommarie, 1500s–1600s sommary, 1500s–1600s summarie, 1500s–1600s summarye, 1500s– summary.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin summārium.
Etymology: < classical Latin summārium summary account or statement < summa sum n.1 + -ārium -ary suffix1. Compare summary adj.Compare Anglo-Norman summarie , summayre , Middle French, French sommaire (late 13th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman, early 15th cent. in continental French), Spanish sumario (late 14th cent.), Italian sommario (a1580), and also Middle Low German summāria , summārium , all in the sense ‘digest, synopsis’. Specific senses. In sense 3 apparently influenced by summary adj. 3; compare also earlier summit n.
1. A shortened statement or account which gives only the main or essential points of something, not the details; an abridgement, digest, synopsis. Also: the action or fact of summarizing something.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > summarizing > summary
sum1340
conclusionc1405
capitlea1425
docketa1483
chapiter1483
summary1509
summar1565
collection1579
continent1590
epilogue1646
summing up1795
sum-up1848
sum totalization1855
run-through1946
society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > non-fiction > summary or epitome > [noun]
abbreviationa1464
summary1509
breve1523
bridgement1523
abbreviate1531
summulary1533
breviary1547
extract1549
digest1555
brief1563
promptuary1577
abbreviature1578
institute1578
breviation1580
breviate1581
compendiary1589
symbol1594
ramass1596
compendium1608
abridgement1609
digestment1610
digestion1613
epitome1623
abridge1634
comprisal1640
comprisurea1641
syntome1641
medulla1644
multum in parvo1653
contracta1657
landscape1656
comprehension1659
sylloge1686
contraction1697
résumé1782
compend1796
sum-up1848
roundup1884
wrap-up1960
1509 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1903) I. 200 To make a breuiat wodurwise called a summary of al his charteris.
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. ii. 130 Heeres the scroule, the continent and summarie of my fortune. View more context for this quotation
1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. iv. §26 205 The Apostles Creed is the Summary and Abridgment of that faith which is necessary for a Christian.
1724 D. Waterland Crit. Hist. Athanasian Creed iv. 63 Closing This Chapter..with a Table representing a Summary, or short Sketch of what hath been done in it.
1791 W. Enfield Brucker's Hist. Philos. II. iii. ii. 108 Notes, paraphrases, arguments, summaries, and dissertations, piled up, century after century, under the general name of Commentaries upon Aristotle.
1807 Naval Chron. 17 29 We shall subjoin, by way of summary of what we have advanced, the following.
1877 R. W. Dale Nine Lect. Preaching viii. 231 Sometimes when I have finished a book I have given a summary of the whole of it.
1929 Jrnl. Ecol. 17 112 The object of this paper is to provide a summary of the chief results.
2000 K. Kilby in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 591/2 Rahner dealt with an immense range of themes, and his theology defies summary.
2008 Times 24 May 40/1 All the proposals set out on the opposite page are summaries..of papers.
2. The essence or essential part of something; the real or essential meaning. Chiefly in summary and substance; cf. sum and substance at sum n.1 Phrases 4.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun]
pitheOE
i-cundeeOE
roota1325
substancec1330
juicec1380
marrowa1382
formc1385
acta1398
quidditya1398
substantial forma1398
inward1398
savourc1400
inwardc1450
allaya1456
essencya1475
being1521
bottom1531
spirit?1534
summary1548
ecceity1549
core1556
flower1568
formality1570
sum and substance1572
alloy1594
soul1598
inwardness1605
quid1606
fibre1607
selfness1611
whatness1611
essentialityc1616
propera1626
the whole shot1628
substantiala1631
esse1642
entity1643
virtuality1646
ingeny1647
quoddity1647
intimacy1648
ens1649
inbeing1661
essence1667
interiority1701
intrinsic1716
stamen1758
character1761
quidditas1782
hyparxis1792
rasa1800
bone1829
what1861
isness1865
inscape1868
as-suchness1909
Wesen1959
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xi The summarye of their commyssion was to conclude a truce for a tyme.
1621 T. W. tr. S. Goulart Wise Vieillard 126 An aduise to wise old men, conteining the summarie and substance of their dutie.
1685 P. Rycaut Continuation 98 in tr. Platina Lives Popes They should first present and make known to the President the Summary of their Commission.
1886 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 19 Apr. 3/6 That is the summary and substance of the matter.
1905 Scotsman 6 June 4/1 Today there are published the summary and substance of an exhaustive inquiry.
2004 Indian Lit. 48 173 My Bhagat Singh Martyr: Natak Tikri is the summary and substance of all my works.
3. The highest attainable point of achievement, success, etc.; (also) the ultimate outcome. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > lake > [noun] > outfall into river
summary1831
the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [noun] > outcome or that which results
issuea1325
outcominga1382
conclusionc1384
endc1385
fruita1400
finec1405
termination?a1425
sumc1430
succession1514
sequel1524
game1530
success1537
event1539
pass1542
increase1560
outgate1568
exit1570
cropc1575
utmosta1586
upshoot1598
sequence1600
upshot1604
resultance1616
upshut1620
succedenta1633
apotelesm1636
come-off1640
conclude1643
prosult1647
offcome1666
resultant1692
outlet1710
period1713
outcome1788
outrun1801
outcome1808
upset1821
overcome1822
upping1828
summary1831
outgo1870
upcomec1874
out-turn1881
end-product1923
pay-off1926
wash-up1961
the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [noun] > state of or advanced condition > highest point
prickOE
heighta1050
full1340
higha1398
pointc1400
roofa1500
top-castle1548
ruff1549
acmea1568
tip1567
noontide1578
high tide1579
superlative1583
summity1588
spring tide1593
meridian1594
period1595
apogee1600
punctilio1601
high-water mark1602
noon1609
zenith1610
auge1611
apex1624
culmination1633
cumble1640
culmen1646
climax1647
topc1650
cumulus1659
summit1661
perigeum1670
highest1688
consummation1698
stretch1741
high point1787
perihelion1804
summary1831
comble1832
heading up1857
climacteric1870
flashpoint1878
tip-end1885
peak1902
noontime1903
Omega point1981
1831 D. Wilson Divine Authority of Lord's Day (ed. 2) ii. 48 Let the solemn promulgation of it in ‘The Ten Commandments’ be the summary of all our arguments.
1866 T. Carlyle Inaug. Addr. Edinb. 176 Valour..the crown and summary of all that is ennobling for a man.
1918 G. Hodges How to know Bible xxi. 333 St. John agrees with St. Paul in making brotherly love the summit and summary of all ethical excellence.

Phrases

in summary: (used as a parenthetical phrase, introducing or accompanying a summarizing statement) to sum up, to conclude in a few words; (also) in brief, in short.
ΚΠ
1863 Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. 1863–4 73 In summary, I may report, that..Dr. Bell attempts to define..his religious position.
1905 Amer. Naturalist 39 254 In summary: the significance of the nuclear fusions in the ascus seems very much of a mystery.
1961 Educ. of Children with Handicaps (16th Yearbk. Ontario School Inspectors' Assoc.) 183 In summary, negativism may be mere attention-seeking, or it may be a pathological symptom of serious proportion.
2001 C. Freeland But is it Art? i. 14 In summary, for Kant the aesthetic is experienced when a sensuous object stimulates our emotions, intellect, and imagination.

Compounds

summary writer n. the writer of a summary; a person employed to write summaries.
ΚΠ
1783 J. Rayner Cases at Large conc. Tithes I. p. cxiii This summary writer considers the above case, as one of ‘the shameful disputes that have arisen between the clergy and laity of late years, to the eternal disgrace of the former’.
1884 E. Yates Recoll. & Experiences II. iv. 144 The important office of summary-writer in the House of Commons.
2011 Reading Res. Q. 46 361/2 The summary writer reduces these complexities still further.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

summaryadj.

Brit. /ˈsʌməri/, U.S. /ˈsəməri/
Forms: late Middle English– summary, 1500s sommarie, 1500s sommarye, 1500s summarye, 1500s–1600s sommary, 1500s–1600s summarie.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin summarius.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin summarius comprising the chief points or substance of a matter (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources; also in continental sources), in e.g. cognitio summaria (Grosseteste), inquisitio summaria (Bracton) < classical Latin summa sum n.1 + -ārius -ary suffix1; compare classical Latin summārium , neuter noun (see summary n.). Compare the Scots equivalent summar adj.Compare Anglo-Norman somer , sommier , Old French, Middle French sommer , Middle French, French sommaire , the chief senses of which are: that is carried out rapidly or without delay (late 13th cent., earliest in somerement , sommierement summarily adv.), succinct, concise (1538). Compare also Old Occitan sommari , Catalan sumari (1507), Spanish sumario , Portuguese sumário , Italian sommario (all 14th cent.). Specific senses. Sense 3 reflects association with classical Latin summus (see sum n.1). In sense 4 after sum n.1
1.
a. Of a text or account: that gives only the main or essential points of something, not the details; concise, succinct.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > narration > [adjective] > summarizing or summarized
summary?a1475
summar1555
conclusive1590
summeda1657
resumptive1765
summarizing1808
potted1873
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 29 xv. chapitres bene contexte, not as summary [L. summariam], but as conteynenge necessarily the knowlege of the yle of Bryteyne.
a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) i. xx. sig. E.viiv A Summary commendacion of tribulacion.
1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 321 Most of his summary Aphorisms, I have answered before.
1736 tr. Polit. Dialogues Pasquin & Marforio 64 I perceive, Pasquin, thy Impatience to know the Nature of this first Plan, and therefore shall gratify thee with a summary Description of it, before I proceed further.
1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. i. i. 9 A summary sketch of what he had done and suffered.
1920 Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Nov. 766/3 We strongly recommend [the book] for serious study. It contains summary and reflective chapters of high value.
1974 E. F. Denison Accounting for United States Econ. Growth 263 This completes the summary description of procedures. I next provide a detailed description.
2004 N. C. Stenseth et al. Marine Ecosystems & Climate Variation (2005) 1/1 As part of this introductory chapter, we also provide a summary account of how climate may affect ecological processes.
b. Characterized by or involving conciseness and brevity. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > conciseness > [adjective]
compendious1388
briefc1430
short1487
short and sweet1545
curted1568
summarc1575
laconical1576
summary1582
succinct1585
totala1586
laconic1589
concisec1590
compendiary1609
press?1611
curt1631
Spartan1644
nutshell1647
severe1680
Lacedaemonian1780
straightforward1806
uncircumlocutory1808
shorthand1822
Spartanlike1838
unwordy1841
nutshelly1843
tight1870
Spartanic1882
unfarced1890
serried1899
taut1916
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis i. 10 Chief poyncts I purpose too touche with summarye shortnesse.
1602 T. North tr. S. Goulart Lives Epaminondas, Philip of Macedon 98 Pouertie is a kind of temperance, and need may be called a summarie obseruation of the lawes.
1783 E. Burke Rep. Affairs India in Wks. (1808) II. 133 The matter which appears before them, is, in a summary manner, this: The Decca merchants [etc.].
a1817 T. Dwight Theol. explained & Defended (1819) V. cxlix. 150 Whatever is said must be said in a summary manner.
2. General; not detailed or specific.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > not specified > general or not detailed
universal?c1425
gross1433
summary1529
general1538
generalized1768
broad1860
slumpy1864
light-touch1949
1529 T. More Supplyc. Soulys i. f. xix The summary effecte of hys boke.
1658 R. Baxter Of Justif. 62 Its common to express our meaning of a whole in a summary notion taken from a chief part.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 166 A Man..having nothing but a summary Notion of Religion himself.
1830 Times 10 May 3/1 I had better give you a summary idea of these things, in order than you may be in a condition to appreciate the dispute.
1905 G. Rosadi Trial of Jesus xxi. 288 It is sufficient to have a summary notion of what Roman criminal trials were.
1976 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. 27 350 I will merely outline my position on these three issues here in the most summary of fashions.
2009 Early Music Hist. 28 109 For a summary idea of Luzzaschi's style, see the ‘Introductions’ to any one of the volumes of my edition.
3. Highest; supreme. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > surpassing excellence > [adjective]
sunderlyOE
noblec1330
precellentc1384
passantc1385
especialc1386
passinga1387
surmountingc1407
superlative?a1430
precelling?1435
pre-eminenta1460
outrepassed1477
divine1488
pre-excellenta1500
superexcellent1508
transcending1528
pre-ordinate1543
exceeding1552
superexcelling1554
exquisite1578
surpassingc1580
summary1587
paragon1593
transcendent1598
overmatchful1609
termless1609
overtoppinga1615
paramounta1626
overtowering1639
surpassant1654
transcendental1701
superior1711
towery1731
prize1739
supernala1817
tiptopsome1819
tip-topping1826
par excellence1839
superfine1850
towering1894
1587 R. Greene Euphues sig. E4v Sith Nestor..had..attayned to the summary perfection of wisedome.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. B1v Hee doth insinuate that the supreame or summarie law of Nature..is not possible to be found out by Man. View more context for this quotation
1733 P. Shaw tr. F. Bacon De Sapientia Veterum i, in Philos. Wks. I. 569 There is one summary or capital Law in which Nature meets, subordinate to God.
1895 Leeds Mercury 27 May 8/4 Never were roses dashed in by trails and dabs with such summary perfection.
1990 Personalist Forum 6 175 This law is the summary law of the entire moral law system... The fullest, most concrete of all the laws.
4.
a. Consisting of, involving, or relating to the calculation of a sum. Cf. summatory adj. 2. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [adjective] > of sets > of sequences > series > sum of
summary1588
1588 T. Kyd tr. T. Tasso Housholders Philos. f. 25 Materiall number, is a summarie collection of things numbred [It. la ragunanza delle cose numerate].
1634 F. Hickes tr. Lucian Icaromenippus in tr. Lucian Certaine Sel. Dialogues 9 I am making a summarie computation to my selfe of my late peregrination.
1793 S. Whyte Theatre (new ed.) p. vi. The Shamrock (540 quarto pages) on a summary calculation contains nearly 16,000 lines.
b. Cumulative.
ΚΠ
1816 F. Accum Pract. Ess. Chem. Re-agents 5 The united effects, produced by the summary action of several tests.
1990 Stars & Stripes 23 Jan. 16/2 We now have the first approach of combining risk factors and seeing what summary effect they have on an individual's risk.
2005 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 331 436/2 The figure shows that the addition of cognitive behaviour therapy..had a beneficial summary effect over one year on the symptom severity scale.
5. Of a legal or judicial process: carried out quickly, without the customary formalities or procedures; esp. conducted without a jury, or without a trial. Also: designating a legal judgment or sentence given in this way.In quot. 1726 in figurative context.See also Compounds 1.
ΚΠ
1614 J. Budden in tr. P. Ayrault Disc. Parents Honour 45 There was no such summary proceeding, as when father and son were parties, where the issue was soone tried.
1694 P. Falle Acct. Isle of Jersey i. 14 An Army being ready to execute the Summary Sentence; and the King's hands so full of other business at home, that he was forced to sit still, and see those fair Provinces torn from him.
1726 J. Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 36 The Judge..Directed them to mind their Brief; Nor spend their Time to shew their Breeding, She'd have a summary Proceeding.
1765–8 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. iv. i. §9 Bills of complaint..may be all tried by a summary action.
1867 Chambers's Encycl. IX. 206/1 Summary Diligence, in the practice of the law of Scotland, means issuing execution without the formality of an action.
?1881 Suppl. Voyle's Mil. Dict. 37/1 When a person subject to military law and being on active service with any body of force is charged with an offence, a summary court-martial may be convened.
1931 Times 19 Dec. 10/5 The report has been published of the inquiry into the regulations which governed the summary trial and punishment of the Frontier.
1991 Constr. Weekly 14 Aug. 13/1 An application for summary judgment will fail unless the court is satisfied that there is no triable issue.
2010 Gleaner (Kingston) 24 Aug. a4/3 Summary conviction offences are punishable by a fine.
6. That does not involve (unnecessary) formality or delay; characterized by a lack of hesitation or deliberation; hasty. Cf. summarily adv. 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > immediacy > [adjective]
ferlyc893
cofc1000
swiftc1000
smarta1325
suddenc1390
undelayed1439
wightlaykec1450
short1480
present1489
indelayed1523
on or upon a (or the) sudden1558
immediate1569
instant1598
momentaneous1657
abrupt1725
presto1767
summary1771
momentary1799
pistolgraph1859
fast1863
1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. lxiv. 299 The mode of trial..and kind of evidence necessary to convict..are..too summary.
1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) xiii. 177 He cleared the table by the summary process of tilting everything upon it into the fire-place.
1880 Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago) 12 May 4/2 The Curtin-Yocum contested election case was yesterday disposed of by the House in somewhat summary fashion.
1925 Proc. Acad. Polit. Sci. N.Y. 11 165 In the summary way in which the paper was presented, its..conclusions may be considerably overdrawn.
1974 R. M. O'Neil in W. T. Furniss & P. A. Graham Women in Higher Educ. vi. 313 A vital difference exists between the summary dismissal of a faculty member..and the thorough process of..investigation.
2005 Economist 11 June 52 Its summary rejection by the social movements was a dismissal of..democratic institutions as well.

Compounds

C1.
summary application n. Law an application to a court or a judge without the formality of a summons or full procedure.
ΚΠ
1736 Answers for Annuitants upon Estates 3 Mr. Grant could not surely expect that we would give Way to his Tack, without a regular Process; nor do we see how he could call upon us to do it by such a summary Application.
1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) xv. 220 A member arrested for debt was liberated by a summary application to the Crown.
1922 L. B. Evans Leading Cases Internat. Law (ed. 2) 215 This..is as much as could reasonably be asked on a summary application to the Court.
2014 Irish Times (Nexis) 17 Nov. 7 The Court of Criminal Appeal quashes a Circuit Court decision to dismiss a misuse of drugs prosecution on a summary application prior to trial.
summary execution n. the infliction of capital punishment without the accused person having a (full or fair) trial; an instance of this.
ΚΠ
1737 Life & Death Capt. John Porteous 38 If a man was taken Red Hand in a Murder..he might have been hanged within three Suns. This Power of Summary Execution was invested not only in Sheriffs and Bailies of large Regalities, but in every petty Laird who held a Regality.
1835 Times 11 Apr. Summary executions of prisoners appear to have become a regular mode of proceeding on the part of the military chiefs acting under the orders of the Government.
1962 Virginia Law Rev. 48 1226 To surrender political criminals would surely amount to delivering them to their summary execution.
2019 Scotsman (Nexis) 21 Mar. Men are more likely to face detention without trial, or summary execution; whereas the persecution of women more typically involves sexual violence.
summary jurisdiction n. Law (now historical) the legal authority of a court to use a summary procedure, esp. to proceed without involving a jury.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > [adjective] > methods of proceeding
summar1555
plenary1726
summary jurisdictiona1754
accusatory1770
adversary1785
accusatorial1823
inquisitorial1823
ore tenus1831
adversarial1914
a1754 J. Strange Rep. Cases (1755) 1 67 Where the justices have a summary jurisdiction, and no appeal lies..we must keep them up strictly to the law.
1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation ii. vi. 233 Little objection could be made..because of the summary jurisdiction exercised by the commissioners and justices.
1931 Calif. Law Rev. 19 488 In the metropolis of London, courts of summary jurisdiction are presided over by..police magistrates.
2012 S. Petrow in D. Kirkby Past Law, Present Hist. ii. 68 Offenders who were found guilty of such offences could be fined up to £10 in a court of summary jurisdiction.
summary justice n. (a) Law speedy administration of the law, esp. by means of not observing the customary formalities or procedures; (b) law enforcement undertaken without authority by members of the public; vigilantism.
ΚΠ
1647 J. Cook Union of Hearts 24 It were happy for the Kingdom, if the Parliament would device some expedient for summary justice.
1683 J. Turner Pallas Armata iii. ix. 208 Many times he is commanded to use Summary Justice and execution on the offenders, in the place where they are taken, but for most part only to apprehend them, and deliver them over to the Marshal General.
1774 Ann. Reg. 1773 vii. 84* The Caribbs retained a power of summary justice in their own hands, by burning the houses and plantations of those from whom they had received any injury.
1853 Trans. Kilkenny Archæol. Soc. 2 227 The offended civic dignitary caused the author of the lampoon to be forthwith arrested, and had summary justice inflicted by whipping him at the Market Cross.
1954 Economist 27 Feb. 596/2 The six MPs also roundly condemn the demands for ‘summary justice’ and the disrespect shown by some sections of the European population for the due processes of law.
2004 D. Smiedt Are we there Yet? (2007) xv. 294 Workers on six-month or one-year contracts were strip-searched daily and subjected to summary justice.
summary offence n. Law a lesser offence which is deemed suitable for trial by summary procedure, esp. by a judge or magistrate without a jury.
ΚΠ
1834 Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian 4 Oct. The Bridewell at Odiham..is now opened..for the reception of prisoners for summary offences.
1917 Irish Times 26 Feb. 5/8 That person is guilty of a summary offence against the Defence of the Realm Regulations.
2017 Queensland Times (Nexis) 11 Aug. 3 The man pleaded guilty to stalking and a string of summary offences.
C2.
summary statistic n. (a) an item of data used to provide a summary of an account or state of affairs; (b) (Statistics) any of several statistical measures, such as the mean or standard deviation, commonly used to summarize and provide information about sample data.
ΚΠ
?1850 Rule Soc. Dutch Mettray on Estate of Rijsselt 8 This meeting being terminated, they send..a printed account respecting the state of the Society with a summary statistic of the receipts and expenses.
1942 Educ. & Psychol. Measurem. 2 306 (footnote) It makes no essential difference in the results whether a per cent is obtained in each analysis and the mean of the series obtained, or whether the sums of squares and degrees of freedom are totaled and one per cent computed from these ‘summary statistics’.
1997 Financial Times 27 May (Mastering Finance Suppl.) 4/2 Certification demand is partly market driven because it reduces the cost of writing contracts by providing a convenient summary statistic (the bond rating, akin to a restaurant's rating in the Michelin Guide).
2011 C. Dytham Choosing & Using Statistics (ed. 3) ii. 5 Simple summary statistics are easy to understand but should not be overlooked.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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n.1509adj.?a1475
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