单词 | summary |
释义 | summaryn. 1. A shortened statement or account which gives only the main or essential points of something, not the details; an abridgement, digest, synopsis. Also: the action or fact of summarizing something. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > summarizing > summary sum1340 conclusionc1405 capitlea1425 docketa1483 chapiter1483 summary1509 summar1565 collection1579 continent1590 epilogue1646 summing up1795 sum-up1848 sum totalization1855 run-through1946 society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > non-fiction > summary or epitome > [noun] abbreviationa1464 summary1509 breve1523 bridgement1523 abbreviate1531 summulary1533 breviary1547 extract1549 digest1555 brief1563 promptuary1577 abbreviature1578 institute1578 breviation1580 breviate1581 compendiary1589 symbol1594 ramass1596 compendium1608 abridgement1609 digestment1610 digestion1613 epitome1623 abridge1634 comprisal1640 comprisurea1641 syntome1641 medulla1644 multum in parvo1653 contracta1657 landscape1656 comprehension1659 sylloge1686 contraction1697 résumé1782 compend1796 sum-up1848 roundup1884 wrap-up1960 1509 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1903) I. 200 To make a breuiat wodurwise called a summary of al his charteris. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. ii. 130 Heeres the scroule, the continent and summarie of my fortune. View more context for this quotation 1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. iv. §26 205 The Apostles Creed is the Summary and Abridgment of that faith which is necessary for a Christian. 1724 D. Waterland Crit. Hist. Athanasian Creed iv. 63 Closing This Chapter..with a Table representing a Summary, or short Sketch of what hath been done in it. 1791 W. Enfield Brucker's Hist. Philos. II. iii. ii. 108 Notes, paraphrases, arguments, summaries, and dissertations, piled up, century after century, under the general name of Commentaries upon Aristotle. 1807 Naval Chron. 17 29 We shall subjoin, by way of summary of what we have advanced, the following. 1877 R. W. Dale Nine Lect. Preaching viii. 231 Sometimes when I have finished a book I have given a summary of the whole of it. 1929 Jrnl. Ecol. 17 112 The object of this paper is to provide a summary of the chief results. 2000 K. Kilby in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 591/2 Rahner dealt with an immense range of themes, and his theology defies summary. 2008 Times 24 May 40/1 All the proposals set out on the opposite page are summaries..of papers. 2. The essence or essential part of something; the real or essential meaning. Chiefly in summary and substance; cf. sum and substance at sum n.1 Phrases 4. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] pitheOE i-cundeeOE roota1325 substancec1330 juicec1380 marrowa1382 formc1385 acta1398 quidditya1398 substantial forma1398 inward1398 savourc1400 inwardc1450 allaya1456 essencya1475 being1521 bottom1531 spirit?1534 summary1548 ecceity1549 core1556 flower1568 formality1570 sum and substance1572 alloy1594 soul1598 inwardness1605 quid1606 fibre1607 selfness1611 whatness1611 essentialityc1616 propera1626 the whole shot1628 substantiala1631 esse1642 entity1643 virtuality1646 ingeny1647 quoddity1647 intimacy1648 ens1649 inbeing1661 essence1667 interiority1701 intrinsic1716 stamen1758 character1761 quidditas1782 hyparxis1792 rasa1800 bone1829 what1861 isness1865 inscape1868 as-suchness1909 Wesen1959 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xi The summarye of their commyssion was to conclude a truce for a tyme. 1621 T. W. tr. S. Goulart Wise Vieillard 126 An aduise to wise old men, conteining the summarie and substance of their dutie. 1685 P. Rycaut Continuation 98 in tr. Platina Lives Popes They should first present and make known to the President the Summary of their Commission. 1886 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 19 Apr. 3/6 That is the summary and substance of the matter. 1905 Scotsman 6 June 4/1 Today there are published the summary and substance of an exhaustive inquiry. 2004 Indian Lit. 48 173 My Bhagat Singh Martyr: Natak Tikri is the summary and substance of all my works. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > lake > [noun] > outfall into river summary1831 the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [noun] > outcome or that which results issuea1325 outcominga1382 conclusionc1384 endc1385 fruita1400 finec1405 termination?a1425 sumc1430 succession1514 sequel1524 game1530 success1537 event1539 pass1542 increase1560 outgate1568 exit1570 cropc1575 utmosta1586 upshoot1598 sequence1600 upshot1604 resultance1616 upshut1620 succedenta1633 apotelesm1636 come-off1640 conclude1643 prosult1647 offcome1666 resultant1692 outlet1710 period1713 outcome1788 outrun1801 outcome1808 upset1821 overcome1822 upping1828 summary1831 outgo1870 upcomec1874 out-turn1881 end-product1923 pay-off1926 wash-up1961 the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [noun] > state of or advanced condition > highest point prickOE heighta1050 full1340 higha1398 pointc1400 roofa1500 top-castle1548 ruff1549 acmea1568 tip1567 noontide1578 high tide1579 superlative1583 summity1588 spring tide1593 meridian1594 period1595 apogee1600 punctilio1601 high-water mark1602 noon1609 zenith1610 auge1611 apex1624 culmination1633 cumble1640 culmen1646 climax1647 topc1650 cumulus1659 summit1661 perigeum1670 highest1688 consummation1698 stretch1741 high point1787 perihelion1804 summary1831 comble1832 heading up1857 climacteric1870 flashpoint1878 tip-end1885 peak1902 noontime1903 Omega point1981 1831 D. Wilson Divine Authority of Lord's Day (ed. 2) ii. 48 Let the solemn promulgation of it in ‘The Ten Commandments’ be the summary of all our arguments. 1866 T. Carlyle Inaug. Addr. Edinb. 176 Valour..the crown and summary of all that is ennobling for a man. 1918 G. Hodges How to know Bible xxi. 333 St. John agrees with St. Paul in making brotherly love the summit and summary of all ethical excellence. Phrases in summary: (used as a parenthetical phrase, introducing or accompanying a summarizing statement) to sum up, to conclude in a few words; (also) in brief, in short. ΚΠ 1863 Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. 1863–4 73 In summary, I may report, that..Dr. Bell attempts to define..his religious position. 1905 Amer. Naturalist 39 254 In summary: the significance of the nuclear fusions in the ascus seems very much of a mystery. 1961 Educ. of Children with Handicaps (16th Yearbk. Ontario School Inspectors' Assoc.) 183 In summary, negativism may be mere attention-seeking, or it may be a pathological symptom of serious proportion. 2001 C. Freeland But is it Art? i. 14 In summary, for Kant the aesthetic is experienced when a sensuous object stimulates our emotions, intellect, and imagination. Compounds summary writer n. the writer of a summary; a person employed to write summaries. ΚΠ 1783 J. Rayner Cases at Large conc. Tithes I. p. cxiii This summary writer considers the above case, as one of ‘the shameful disputes that have arisen between the clergy and laity of late years, to the eternal disgrace of the former’. 1884 E. Yates Recoll. & Experiences II. iv. 144 The important office of summary-writer in the House of Commons. 2011 Reading Res. Q. 46 361/2 The summary writer reduces these complexities still further. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). summaryadj. 1. a. Of a text or account: that gives only the main or essential points of something, not the details; concise, succinct. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > narration > [adjective] > summarizing or summarized summary?a1475 summar1555 conclusive1590 summeda1657 resumptive1765 summarizing1808 potted1873 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 29 xv. chapitres bene contexte, not as summary [L. summariam], but as conteynenge necessarily the knowlege of the yle of Bryteyne. a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) i. xx. sig. E.viiv A Summary commendacion of tribulacion. 1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 321 Most of his summary Aphorisms, I have answered before. 1736 tr. Polit. Dialogues Pasquin & Marforio 64 I perceive, Pasquin, thy Impatience to know the Nature of this first Plan, and therefore shall gratify thee with a summary Description of it, before I proceed further. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. i. i. 9 A summary sketch of what he had done and suffered. 1920 Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Nov. 766/3 We strongly recommend [the book] for serious study. It contains summary and reflective chapters of high value. 1974 E. F. Denison Accounting for United States Econ. Growth 263 This completes the summary description of procedures. I next provide a detailed description. 2004 N. C. Stenseth et al. Marine Ecosystems & Climate Variation (2005) 1/1 As part of this introductory chapter, we also provide a summary account of how climate may affect ecological processes. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > conciseness > [adjective] compendious1388 briefc1430 short1487 short and sweet1545 curted1568 summarc1575 laconical1576 summary1582 succinct1585 totala1586 laconic1589 concisec1590 compendiary1609 press?1611 curt1631 Spartan1644 nutshell1647 severe1680 Lacedaemonian1780 straightforward1806 uncircumlocutory1808 shorthand1822 Spartanlike1838 unwordy1841 nutshelly1843 tight1870 Spartanic1882 unfarced1890 serried1899 taut1916 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis i. 10 Chief poyncts I purpose too touche with summarye shortnesse. 1602 T. North tr. S. Goulart Lives Epaminondas, Philip of Macedon 98 Pouertie is a kind of temperance, and need may be called a summarie obseruation of the lawes. 1783 E. Burke Rep. Affairs India in Wks. (1808) II. 133 The matter which appears before them, is, in a summary manner, this: The Decca merchants [etc.]. a1817 T. Dwight Theol. explained & Defended (1819) V. cxlix. 150 Whatever is said must be said in a summary manner. 2. General; not detailed or specific. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > not specified > general or not detailed universal?c1425 gross1433 summary1529 general1538 generalized1768 broad1860 slumpy1864 light-touch1949 1529 T. More Supplyc. Soulys i. f. xix The summary effecte of hys boke. 1658 R. Baxter Of Justif. 62 Its common to express our meaning of a whole in a summary notion taken from a chief part. 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 166 A Man..having nothing but a summary Notion of Religion himself. 1830 Times 10 May 3/1 I had better give you a summary idea of these things, in order than you may be in a condition to appreciate the dispute. 1905 G. Rosadi Trial of Jesus xxi. 288 It is sufficient to have a summary notion of what Roman criminal trials were. 1976 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. 27 350 I will merely outline my position on these three issues here in the most summary of fashions. 2009 Early Music Hist. 28 109 For a summary idea of Luzzaschi's style, see the ‘Introductions’ to any one of the volumes of my edition. 3. Highest; supreme. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > surpassing excellence > [adjective] sunderlyOE noblec1330 precellentc1384 passantc1385 especialc1386 passinga1387 surmountingc1407 superlative?a1430 precelling?1435 pre-eminenta1460 outrepassed1477 divine1488 pre-excellenta1500 superexcellent1508 transcending1528 pre-ordinate1543 exceeding1552 superexcelling1554 exquisite1578 surpassingc1580 summary1587 paragon1593 transcendent1598 overmatchful1609 termless1609 overtoppinga1615 paramounta1626 overtowering1639 surpassant1654 transcendental1701 superior1711 towery1731 prize1739 supernala1817 tiptopsome1819 tip-topping1826 par excellence1839 superfine1850 towering1894 1587 R. Greene Euphues sig. E4v Sith Nestor..had..attayned to the summary perfection of wisedome. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. B1v Hee doth insinuate that the supreame or summarie law of Nature..is not possible to be found out by Man. View more context for this quotation 1733 P. Shaw tr. F. Bacon De Sapientia Veterum i, in Philos. Wks. I. 569 There is one summary or capital Law in which Nature meets, subordinate to God. 1895 Leeds Mercury 27 May 8/4 Never were roses dashed in by trails and dabs with such summary perfection. 1990 Personalist Forum 6 175 This law is the summary law of the entire moral law system... The fullest, most concrete of all the laws. 4. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [adjective] > of sets > of sequences > series > sum of summary1588 1588 T. Kyd tr. T. Tasso Housholders Philos. f. 25 Materiall number, is a summarie collection of things numbred [It. la ragunanza delle cose numerate]. 1634 F. Hickes tr. Lucian Icaromenippus in tr. Lucian Certaine Sel. Dialogues 9 I am making a summarie computation to my selfe of my late peregrination. 1793 S. Whyte Theatre (new ed.) p. vi. The Shamrock (540 quarto pages) on a summary calculation contains nearly 16,000 lines. b. Cumulative. ΚΠ 1816 F. Accum Pract. Ess. Chem. Re-agents 5 The united effects, produced by the summary action of several tests. 1990 Stars & Stripes 23 Jan. 16/2 We now have the first approach of combining risk factors and seeing what summary effect they have on an individual's risk. 2005 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 331 436/2 The figure shows that the addition of cognitive behaviour therapy..had a beneficial summary effect over one year on the symptom severity scale. 5. Of a legal or judicial process: carried out quickly, without the customary formalities or procedures; esp. conducted without a jury, or without a trial. Also: designating a legal judgment or sentence given in this way.In quot. 1726 in figurative context.See also Compounds 1. ΚΠ 1614 J. Budden in tr. P. Ayrault Disc. Parents Honour 45 There was no such summary proceeding, as when father and son were parties, where the issue was soone tried. 1694 P. Falle Acct. Isle of Jersey i. 14 An Army being ready to execute the Summary Sentence; and the King's hands so full of other business at home, that he was forced to sit still, and see those fair Provinces torn from him. 1726 J. Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 36 The Judge..Directed them to mind their Brief; Nor spend their Time to shew their Breeding, She'd have a summary Proceeding. 1765–8 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. iv. i. §9 Bills of complaint..may be all tried by a summary action. 1867 Chambers's Encycl. IX. 206/1 Summary Diligence, in the practice of the law of Scotland, means issuing execution without the formality of an action. ?1881 Suppl. Voyle's Mil. Dict. 37/1 When a person subject to military law and being on active service with any body of force is charged with an offence, a summary court-martial may be convened. 1931 Times 19 Dec. 10/5 The report has been published of the inquiry into the regulations which governed the summary trial and punishment of the Frontier. 1991 Constr. Weekly 14 Aug. 13/1 An application for summary judgment will fail unless the court is satisfied that there is no triable issue. 2010 Gleaner (Kingston) 24 Aug. a4/3 Summary conviction offences are punishable by a fine. 6. That does not involve (unnecessary) formality or delay; characterized by a lack of hesitation or deliberation; hasty. Cf. summarily adv. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > immediacy > [adjective] ferlyc893 cofc1000 swiftc1000 smarta1325 suddenc1390 undelayed1439 wightlaykec1450 short1480 present1489 indelayed1523 on or upon a (or the) sudden1558 immediate1569 instant1598 momentaneous1657 abrupt1725 presto1767 summary1771 momentary1799 pistolgraph1859 fast1863 1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. lxiv. 299 The mode of trial..and kind of evidence necessary to convict..are..too summary. 1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) xiii. 177 He cleared the table by the summary process of tilting everything upon it into the fire-place. 1880 Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago) 12 May 4/2 The Curtin-Yocum contested election case was yesterday disposed of by the House in somewhat summary fashion. 1925 Proc. Acad. Polit. Sci. N.Y. 11 165 In the summary way in which the paper was presented, its..conclusions may be considerably overdrawn. 1974 R. M. O'Neil in W. T. Furniss & P. A. Graham Women in Higher Educ. vi. 313 A vital difference exists between the summary dismissal of a faculty member..and the thorough process of..investigation. 2005 Economist 11 June 52 Its summary rejection by the social movements was a dismissal of..democratic institutions as well. Compounds C1. summary application n. Law an application to a court or a judge without the formality of a summons or full procedure. ΚΠ 1736 Answers for Annuitants upon Estates 3 Mr. Grant could not surely expect that we would give Way to his Tack, without a regular Process; nor do we see how he could call upon us to do it by such a summary Application. 1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) xv. 220 A member arrested for debt was liberated by a summary application to the Crown. 1922 L. B. Evans Leading Cases Internat. Law (ed. 2) 215 This..is as much as could reasonably be asked on a summary application to the Court. 2014 Irish Times (Nexis) 17 Nov. 7 The Court of Criminal Appeal quashes a Circuit Court decision to dismiss a misuse of drugs prosecution on a summary application prior to trial. summary execution n. the infliction of capital punishment without the accused person having a (full or fair) trial; an instance of this. ΚΠ 1737 Life & Death Capt. John Porteous 38 If a man was taken Red Hand in a Murder..he might have been hanged within three Suns. This Power of Summary Execution was invested not only in Sheriffs and Bailies of large Regalities, but in every petty Laird who held a Regality. 1835 Times 11 Apr. Summary executions of prisoners appear to have become a regular mode of proceeding on the part of the military chiefs acting under the orders of the Government. 1962 Virginia Law Rev. 48 1226 To surrender political criminals would surely amount to delivering them to their summary execution. 2019 Scotsman (Nexis) 21 Mar. Men are more likely to face detention without trial, or summary execution; whereas the persecution of women more typically involves sexual violence. summary jurisdiction n. Law (now historical) the legal authority of a court to use a summary procedure, esp. to proceed without involving a jury. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > [adjective] > methods of proceeding summar1555 plenary1726 summary jurisdictiona1754 accusatory1770 adversary1785 accusatorial1823 inquisitorial1823 ore tenus1831 adversarial1914 a1754 J. Strange Rep. Cases (1755) 1 67 Where the justices have a summary jurisdiction, and no appeal lies..we must keep them up strictly to the law. 1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation ii. vi. 233 Little objection could be made..because of the summary jurisdiction exercised by the commissioners and justices. 1931 Calif. Law Rev. 19 488 In the metropolis of London, courts of summary jurisdiction are presided over by..police magistrates. 2012 S. Petrow in D. Kirkby Past Law, Present Hist. ii. 68 Offenders who were found guilty of such offences could be fined up to £10 in a court of summary jurisdiction. summary justice n. (a) Law speedy administration of the law, esp. by means of not observing the customary formalities or procedures; (b) law enforcement undertaken without authority by members of the public; vigilantism. ΚΠ 1647 J. Cook Union of Hearts 24 It were happy for the Kingdom, if the Parliament would device some expedient for summary justice. 1683 J. Turner Pallas Armata iii. ix. 208 Many times he is commanded to use Summary Justice and execution on the offenders, in the place where they are taken, but for most part only to apprehend them, and deliver them over to the Marshal General. 1774 Ann. Reg. 1773 vii. 84* The Caribbs retained a power of summary justice in their own hands, by burning the houses and plantations of those from whom they had received any injury. 1853 Trans. Kilkenny Archæol. Soc. 2 227 The offended civic dignitary caused the author of the lampoon to be forthwith arrested, and had summary justice inflicted by whipping him at the Market Cross. 1954 Economist 27 Feb. 596/2 The six MPs also roundly condemn the demands for ‘summary justice’ and the disrespect shown by some sections of the European population for the due processes of law. 2004 D. Smiedt Are we there Yet? (2007) xv. 294 Workers on six-month or one-year contracts were strip-searched daily and subjected to summary justice. summary offence n. Law a lesser offence which is deemed suitable for trial by summary procedure, esp. by a judge or magistrate without a jury. ΚΠ 1834 Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian 4 Oct. The Bridewell at Odiham..is now opened..for the reception of prisoners for summary offences. 1917 Irish Times 26 Feb. 5/8 That person is guilty of a summary offence against the Defence of the Realm Regulations. 2017 Queensland Times (Nexis) 11 Aug. 3 The man pleaded guilty to stalking and a string of summary offences. C2. summary statistic n. (a) an item of data used to provide a summary of an account or state of affairs; (b) (Statistics) any of several statistical measures, such as the mean or standard deviation, commonly used to summarize and provide information about sample data. ΚΠ ?1850 Rule Soc. Dutch Mettray on Estate of Rijsselt 8 This meeting being terminated, they send..a printed account respecting the state of the Society with a summary statistic of the receipts and expenses. 1942 Educ. & Psychol. Measurem. 2 306 (footnote) It makes no essential difference in the results whether a per cent is obtained in each analysis and the mean of the series obtained, or whether the sums of squares and degrees of freedom are totaled and one per cent computed from these ‘summary statistics’. 1997 Financial Times 27 May (Mastering Finance Suppl.) 4/2 Certification demand is partly market driven because it reduces the cost of writing contracts by providing a convenient summary statistic (the bond rating, akin to a restaurant's rating in the Michelin Guide). 2011 C. Dytham Choosing & Using Statistics (ed. 3) ii. 5 Simple summary statistics are easy to understand but should not be overlooked. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1509adj.?a1475 |
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