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单词 sty
释义

† styn.1

Forms: Old English stíg ( stiig), Middle English stiȝ, Orm. stiȝhe, stih, Middle English sti, stighe ( steghe, stieghe, stighte), styȝe, stie, stye, Middle English–1500s sty, (1500s dialect stee).
Etymology: Old English stíg (feminine) = Middle Dutch stîge (early modern Dutch stijghe ), Old High German stîga (Middle High German stîge ) < Germanic *stīgō ; a parallel masculine form *stīgo-z is represented by Middle Low German stîch , stîg- , Old High German, Middle High German stîc , stîg- (modern German steig ), Old Norse stíg-r (Middle Swedish stîgher , modern Swedish stig , Danish sti ). From Germanic root *stῑg- to go, climb: see sty v.1Synonymous words from other grades of the root are Gothic staiga, Old High German steiga (Middle High German steige) < Germanic *staigō; Middle Low German stech, steg- (Low German steg); Middle Dutch stege (modern Dutch steeg (feminine), path, steg (masculine), narrow bridge) < Germanic *stigu-z.
Obsolete.
a. A path or narrow way.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > track, trail, or path > [noun]
styc725
patheOE
stighta1340
trod-gatea1400
tread14..
pathwaya1450
terry1563
trod1570
trade way1589
track1643
trod-way1660
drifta1711
roadie1768
loke1787
trace1807
trail1807
trackway1818
mud pike1851
dirt track1902
c725 Corpus Gloss 651 Devia callis, horweg [= orweg] stig.
c875 Erfurt Gloss 340 Devia callis, horuaeg stiig.]
OE Beowulf 320 Stræt wæs stanfah, stig wisode gumum ætgædere.
c1000 Ags. Ps. (1835) cxviii [cxix]. 105 Þæt ys þæt strange leoht stige minre.
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 7 Þe witeȝa het þet we sculde makien his stiges [rihte]; þenne make we ham rihte ȝef we haldet his beode.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6208 Tatt narrwe stih. Þatt ledeþþ ȝunnc till heoffne.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3958 Balaam..bet and wente it to ðe sti Bi-twen two walles of ston.
c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14191 To Souþhaumptone he tok þe sty.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job xix. 8 My sty he heggide aboute, and I mai not gon ouer.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 4575 I folud siþen, me-thoght, a sti Vntil a feild.
a1430 Seven Sages (Cott. Galba) 3621 Þan sho toke þe preue sty Into þe toure ful hastily.
b. Alliterative phrase, by sty and street.
ΚΠ
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 8167 Ten þusend Scottes he sende bi-halues. þe hæðene to imete bi stiȝen [c1300 Otho weies] & bi straten.
c1425 Cast. Persev. 364 Leue hym nowth, but cum with me, be stye & strete!
a1600 Floddan Field (1664) ii. 18 He brought them on by stee and street.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

styn.2

Forms: Middle English sti, Middle English stegh, stiȝe, Middle English–1600s stye, Middle English, 1500s, 1800s stie, 1700s steeigh, sty, 1800s stey, Middle English– stee.
Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymon: Norse stige.
Etymology: < Old Norse stige, stege weak masculine (Middle Swedish stighi , modern Swedish stege , Danish stige ), < Germanic root *stῑg- : see sty v.1 Compare Old English stige strong masculine, ‘ascension’, Middle Low German stege feminine step, staircase, Old High German stega (feminine) (Middle High German stege) step, staircase, ladder. The English word has always been confined to northern dialects showing strong Scandinavian influence. The form stee shows that the original form had a short i.
northern dialect.
a. A ladder.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > ladder > [noun]
ladder971
staira1400
stya1400
scale1412
Jacob1708
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 3779 In slepe he sagh stand vp a sti, Fra his heued right to þe ski.
a1400–50 Wars Alex. 1437 Sum stepis vp on sties to þe stane wallis.
c1440 Alphabet of Tales 309 Sho..gatt a stye & clam vp at a hy wall to a wyndow of þe prison.
c1440 York Myst. xxxiv. 90 And sties also are ordande þore, With stalworthe steeles as mystir wore. Bothe some schorte and some lang.
1567–8 in J. Raine Fabric Rolls York Minster (1859) 114 To Mr. Watson for a great long stie, 8s.
a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 143 Our longe styes lye allsoe under this helme all winter.
1674 J. Ray N. Country Words A Stee: a ladder.
?1748 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. (ed. 2) 6 We reeart th' Steeigh sawfly ogen th' Wough under th' Eawl-hoyle.
1804 J. Hodgson in Raine Mem. J. Hodgson (1857) I. 25 I could always frighten them well by going a few steps up the stee and showing my black head.
1881 Cornhill Mag. Jan. 126 Our Nancy's husband's brother fell off the stee.
b. attributive.
ΚΠ
1483 Cath. Angl. 360/2 A Stee staffe, scalare.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

styn.3

Brit. /stʌɪ/, U.S. /staɪ/
Forms: Plural sties /staɪz/. Forms: Middle English sti, 1500s, 1600s, 1800s stie, Middle English– sty, stye.
Etymology: Old English stí (in combination stí-fearh ‘sty-pig’), probably identical with stig (g < j ), ? hall (compare stig-weard steward n.); corresponding to Old Norse stí neuter, once (A'grip 26, 12th cent.) in combination svín-stí ‘swine-sty’ (Danish sti , svinsti ; Norwegian sti flock of sheep or goats, also ‘household work, esp. with regard to the feeding of the animals’; representing Germanic type *stijo-m , < root *stῑ- : *stai- ). A parallel formation, Germanic *stijōn- weak feminine, is represented by Old Norse stía pen, fold, Middle Swedish stía in svína stia (modern Swedish svinstiga ) and stíogalder ‘sty-pig’, Middle Low German stege , sty, Middle Dutch stije , swijn-stije (modern Dutch stijg ). Compare also Old High German stîga (Middle High German stîge , but also stîje ) cattle-stall, which is perhaps cognate, but influenced in form by derivatives of the root *stῑg- : see sty n.1, sty v.1
1. An enclosed place where swine are kept, usually a low shed with an uncovered forecourt, a pigsty.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [noun] > placing in sty > pigsty or pen
sty?c1225
hoghouse1350
hog cote1414
swine sty1414
swine cote?c1430
swine housea1450
swine garth1459
swine house garth1466
hogsty?a1500
swine hulka1500
swine cruive1501
swine hull1566
cruivec1575
pigsty1580
swine's-steada1599
pigscote1599
hog pen1640
hoggery1642
crawl1661
swine crew1673
pigscot1679
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 103 Naut ase swin ipunt isti. forto uattin.
c1386 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 121 He groneth lyk oure boor lith in oure sty.
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxxiv. 154 Þai..liffez in lust and lyking of þe flesch, as a swyne fedd in stye.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 13 There is also a thirde stie..for the fatting of my Porkes.
1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 14 Put bore in stie, For Hallontide nie.
?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) xiv. 21 Euery Sty Had roome and vse, for fifty Swine to lye.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iv. xv. 64 Shall I abide In this dull world, which in thy absence is No better then a Stye ? View more context for this quotation
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 181/2 A Stie is the out-courts, or limits of the Swine coat in which they walk and eat their Meat; but generally we call both the Cote and its outlet a Stie.
1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey III. x. 459 She..hast'ning to the styes set wide the door, Urg'd forth, and drove the bristly herd before.
1864 S. P. Fox Kingsbridge viii. 91 His wife went as usual to feed her pig... For some cause she entered the stye.
1882 A. Jessopp Arcady (1887) ii. 33 The tottering old crone..can give the alarm if the pig is in danger of breaking out of the sty.
2. transferred and figurative in opprobrious uses.
a. A human habitation (or sleeping-place) no better than a pigsty.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > other types of dwelling > [noun] > vile or miserable
hell-holec1400
dogholec1450
cabin1594
sty1605
hole1616
hogsty1688
gourbi1738
rathole1770
pigsty1798
hell's kitchen1827
den1836
kennel1837
pigpen1872
rural slum1886
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 369 Some others yet more grose Their homely Sties in stead of walls inclose.
1684 T. Otway Atheist i. 1 A foul-feeding Witch, that liv'd in a thatch't Sty upon the neighb'ring Common.
a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 14 Local Wealth I understand to be the building of 168,000 small Stone-wall Houses..instead of the lamentable Sties now in use.
1712 P. Motteux Don Quixote (1749) I. iii. ii. 115 By this time Sancho..was crept into his sty, where he did all he could to sleep.
1826 Renton in Trans. Med.-Chirur. Soc. Edinb. II. 376 The lower orders of the inhabitants, its principal victims, live huddled together in close and crowded sties.
b. An abode of bestial lust, or of moral pollution generally; a place inhabited or frequented by the morally degraded.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > [noun] > place
stya1400
patholopolis1927
a1400 Fest. Church 142 in Leg. Rood App. 215 Þenk on hellestynkyng stye, Where goostis brenin bynde.
1599 E. Sandys Europæ Speculum (1632) 36 On the one side of the Street a Cloyster of Virgins: on the other a stie of Courtizans.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. iv. 84 Making loue Ouer the nasty stie . View more context for this quotation
1641 H. Grimston Speech Impeachm. W. Laud 2 The Arch-Bishop of Canterbury..is the stye of all Pestilent filth, that hath infected the State, and Government of the Church and Common-wealth.
1645 J. Milton Tetrachordon 11 What is this but to abuse the sacred and misterious bed of mariage to be the compulsive stie of an ingratefull and malignant lust.
1648 W. Jenkyn Ὁδηγος Τυϕλος i. 5 Could more be said for the removall of any stewes or stie of sin?
1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 238 The painted booths and sordid sties of vice and luxury. View more context for this quotation
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 403 But whatever our dramatists touched they tainted. In their imitations the houses of Calderon's stately and highspirited Castilian gentlemen became sties of vice.
1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic Hist. Introd. xiii. 89 A people which had neither sunk to sleep in the lap of material prosperity nor abased itself in the sty of ignorance and political servitude.
3. In combinations.
ΚΠ
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Bacquier..a stye-fed hog.
1864 G. O. Trevelyan Competition Wallah ii. 38 No pork appears on a Calcutta table except such as has been sty-fed.
1917 Times 22 Mar. 7/2 French fields revive and the defilers flee Sty-ward driven back.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† styv.1

Forms: 1. Present stem. a. Old English stígan, Old English stíge (northern), Middle English ste, Middle English steȝe, Middle English stegh, Middle English stei, Middle English steich (northern), Middle English steie, Middle English sten, Middle English steo, Middle English steye, Middle English steyȝ, Middle English steyȝe, Middle English steyyn, Middle English stiȝe, Middle English stiȝen, Middle English stighe, Middle English stiȝhenn ( Ormulum), Middle English stihe, Middle English stihen, Middle English stiyhe, Middle English styȝe, Middle English–1500s stey, Middle English–1600s stie, Middle English–1600s sty, Middle English–1600s stye, Middle English–1600s stygh, 1500s stee. c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xx. 18 Heonu we stiges vel we scilon stige [L. ecce ascendimus].c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 111 Siððen he is buuen alle heȝnesse hwider sholde he stiȝe.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 145 Ure drihten wolde..deð þolien and arisen of deaðe and to heuene stie.a1240 Ureisun in Old Eng. Hom. I. 201 Ne wene nomon to stihen wið este to þe steorren.a1250 Five Joys in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 49 [Þou] iseie him in to heuene sten.c1250 Long Life 38 in Old Eng. Misc. 158 Weilawei deþ þe schal adun þrowe þer þu wenest heȝest to steo.13.. Bonaventura's Medit. 208 He ros fro deþ to heuene to stye.c1315 Shoreham Poems v. 252 Hi seȝ ihesus..Op in-to heuene steȝe.a1325 Prose Psalter cxxxviii. 7 [cxxxix. 8] Ȝif ich steiȝe to heuen þou art þer.a1340 R. Rolle Psalter xxiii. 3 Who sall stegh in þe hill of lord.c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1886) iii. met. ix. 69 O fadyr yiue thow to the thowht to styen vp in to the streyte sete.c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 473/1 Steyyn vp, scando, ascendo.c1450 Mirk's Festial 153 When þay seen hym..bodyly stey vp wyth soo gret multitude of angeles.1460–70 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 229 Take þi crosse to þee, and folewe me, If þou wolt to my blis up stiȝe.?a1500 Chester Pl., Ascension 96 You shall haue here my Blessinge for to heaven I must stye.1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 149 Lightest phantasies; that sty abooue the highest region of the cloudes.1605 R. B. in R. Verstegan Restit. Decayed Intelligence , Commend. Verses Industrious then Verstiegan, forwards stygh, Raise vp thy nations ancient woorthy fame. b. 3rd singular indicative Old English stígeþ, Old English stíhþ, Old English stígþ, Middle English stegth, Middle English steþ, Middle English stiheð, Middle English stihð, Middle English styeþ, Middle English styhð, 1500s stithe, 1600s sties. c888 [see sense 1]. a1000 Boeth. Metr. xiii. 61 His [sc. the sun] ofer moncyn stihð á upweardes.?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 161 Stenh stiȝeð upwart.c1320 Cast. Love 1490 Þat from heuene com, to heuene he steþ.a1400 Seuyn Sages (W.) 2288 Up to the halle rof he stegth.?c1400 Erthe upon Erthe App. i. 42 Wanne eorthe ouer eorthe þorw prude styeþ.a1535 T. More Fortune 111 in R. Hill Songs, Carol (1908) 75 He holdeth faste, but vpward as he stithe, She whippeth her whele abowt, & þer he lieth.1613 J. Davies Muses-teares E 2 b And, (as a Flame) she still, by Nature, sties Where her Originall reposed lies. 2. Past tense. a. Strong. (i). 1st and 3rd singular Old English stág, Old English stáh, Middle English stah, Middle English stawe, Middle English steaȝ (Kent), Middle English steah, Middle English steeȝ, Middle English steegh, Middle English steȝ, Middle English stegh, Middle English steȝh, Middle English steghe, Middle English steh, Middle English stehe, Middle English steiȝ, Middle English steiȝe, Middle English steigh, Middle English steihe, Middle English stey, Middle English steye, Middle English steyȝ, Middle English steyȝe, Middle English sti, Middle English stigh, Middle English stih, Middle English sty, Middle English stygh, Middle English styh. c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) xix. 4 He stah up on an treow.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5987 He stah upp till heffne.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 3 Seðen ure louerd ihesu crist steh to heuene.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 23 Þo he steah to heuene.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 165 Þreo siðes steȝh þis holie maiden.?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 183 Þoa he stech into heouene.c1275 Five Joys 26 in Old Eng. Misc. 88 Þo þi sone to heouene steyh.a1300 Fall & Pass. 107 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 15 An after he steiȝ to heuen aboue.a1300 Cursor Mundi 22723 Til heuin he stehe.c1315 Shoreham Poems i. 50 Heron ihesus stawe vppe bi-fore.a1325 Prose Psalter xlvi[i]. 5 God steȝ up in swete songe.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 13 He..steaȝ into heuene.c1375 Lay-Folks Mass-bk. (MS. B.) 225 He stegh til heuen. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 113 Out of þat mount Crist steihe vp into heuene.1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 273 He styh up to his fader.c1394 P. Pl. Crede 810 He steiȝ vp to heuene.a1400 K. Alis. 5827 The Kyng..steegh [Laud MS. steeȝ] on the wal.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 19009 Til heuin he steich.a1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. 4 He steye in till Heuen.a1400 Minor Poems from Vernon MS xxiv. 219 Þi sone in to heuene stih.a1400–50 Wars Alex. 3467 He þat stiȝe to þe sternes.1400 J. Gower Addr. Henry IV in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 9 Er Crist..stigh to hevene.c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) viii. 96 Fro that Mount, steighe..Jesu Crist to Hevene.c1430 T. Hoccleve New Ploughman's Tale 114 Shee vp to heuene ascendid up and sty.c1440 Floriz & Bl. (Trentham) 892 Vp in to þe Toure he steyȝ.a1450 J. Myrc Instr. to Par. Priests 518 Cryst..Stegh in-to heuene. (ii). 2nd singular Middle English stehe, Middle English stei, Middle English stey, Middle English stiȝ, Middle English stihe, Middle English stuhe. a1225 Juliana 62 Þu..stihe [Bodl. MS. stuhe] abuuen þe steorren to þe heste heouene.a1300 Cursor Mundi 25580 Þat ilk time til heuen stei [Fairf. MS. stey] þou,..suete iesu!a1350 in K. Böddeker Altengl. Dichtungen (1878) 199 Iesu, for loue þou stehe on rode.c1430 Hymns Virg. (1867) 102 Þou stiȝ to heuen in þi manhede. (iii). Plural Old English steogun, Old English stigon, Old English stigun, Middle English stiȝen, Middle English stowe, Middle English stowen, Middle English styȝe. OE Genesis 1375 Sæs up stigon ofer stæðweallas.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12979 Ouer þan watere heo comen..& stiȝen up þan hulle.13.. King Alis. 1209 They into the walles stowe.c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 389 Summe styȝe to a stud & stared to þe heuen. b. Weak. (i). Singular.

α. Old English stigade (northern), Middle English steȝede, Middle English steiede, Middle English steiȝed, Middle English steiȝide, Middle English steyt, Middle English steyvd, Middle English steyvud, Middle English sticht (Scottish), Middle English stide, Middle English stiede, Middle English stiȝede, Middle English stighede, Middle English styede, Middle English styȝede, Middle English–1500s steyde, Middle English–1500s steyyid, Middle English–1500s stied, Middle English–1500s styed, 1500s steyed. c950 Lindisf. Gosp. John v. 4 Of dune stagade [? for stigade].c1275 Laȝamon Brut 10737 Þe eorl..letten louke þe ȝates and stide to walle. ▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. xxi. 22 The wise man steȝede vp. ▸ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xiv. 23 He steiȝide [a1425 L.V. stiede] vp in to an hill aloone for to preye. ▸ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke xix. 4 And he rennynge bifore, stiȝede in to a sycamoure tree.c1436 Libel Engl. Policy in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 204 He that..came frome hevyne, and stiede up with our nature.c1450 Mirk's Festial 152 He..steȝt vp ynto Heuen.c1450 Mirk's Festial 154 Þus..Crist steyd ynto Heuen.c1450 Godstow Reg. 7 He stied to heuen.c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 1592 A marynere..Styed in-to the topcastell.c1460 Play Sacram. 423 How he styed by hys own powre.c1480 (a1400) St. Katherine 759 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 464 Sayand þis, he sticht in hewyn with mekill Ioy & angelis stewyne.c1485 Digby Myst. (1882) iii. 1341 He steyyd to hevyn.1492 J. Ryman Poems xlvi, in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1892) 89 213 He..rose ayene..and to blis steyde.a1500 Adrian & Epotys 342 in Brome Bk. 36 He steyed to heuyn.a1500 Adrian & Epotys 446 in Brome Bk. 40 And yn to heuyn he steyyud [printed steyynd].1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos v. sig. O.iij He spake, and thynne from sight as smoke, in skyes disperst he styed.

β. Middle English steut. c1450 Mirk's Festial 232 Yn to þe tyme þat he steut ynto Heuen.

(ii). Plural Middle English steiden, Middle English steyden, Middle English stiden, Middle English stieden, Middle English stiȝeden, Middle English styeden. From 1500s as singular.1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Exod. xiii. 18 And armed steyden vp [a1425 L.V. stieden] the sones of Yrael. ▸ c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 259 The vij. kijn thynne and leene, whiche stieden up after tho.?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. hh.iiv To heuen we styed a place moost gloryous.c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 4948 Two chere men..Stiden vpon stithe horse. 3. Past participle. a. Strong Old English stiȝen, Middle English i-stihe, Middle English i-stihen, Middle English stei, Middle English steich (northern), Middle English steie, Middle English stiȝe, Middle English stiȝhenn ( Ormulum), Middle English stoȝen. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 107 For he mai findan fele þe beoð bet iþoȝen and istoȝen þene he.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8488 Affterr þatt daȝȝ þatt crist himm sellf Wass stiȝhenn upp till heoffne.c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 5027 By þat were stoȝen vp wyþ vygour An hundred Sarsyns oppon þe tour. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 227 Oo Kyng of bliss, Lord of vertues, þat..art þis day i-steie up above alle hevenes.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 20908 [Sei]x and xxx winter euin [Fr]a ihesu criste was steich [Vesp. stei] till heuin. b. Weak Middle English steȝid, Middle English steied, Middle English steiede, Middle English steuet, Middle English steyed, Middle English steyid, Middle English steyt, Middle English steyut, Middle English stiȝed, Middle English styet, Middle English styȝed, Middle English–1500s stied, Middle English–1500s styed. c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 25 Aftir þat Crist was steied to hevene.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 20831 Ofter [sic] hir sone til heiuen was steyed.c1400 Three Kings Cologne (1886) 31 Aftir tyme þat oure lord was styed vp into heuene.c1450 Mirk's Festial 27 Whan Cryst was styet vp into Heuen.c1450 Mirk's Festial 159 When our Lord Crist was steyut ynto Heuen, his dyscyples wern in care and mornyng.c1450 Mirk's Festial 232 Aftyr þat hur sonne was steuet ynto Heuen.c1450 Mirk's Festial 262 Tyll he was steyt vp ynto Heuen.1583 B. Melbancke Philotimus (new ed.) sig. Rii When thou haste..stied to the seate of my dignitie.1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. i. 5 As from the Earth wee haue styed up too the Ayre.Also with prefix Old English ge-, Middle English i-.
Etymology: Old English stígan (stáh, stigun, stigen), a Common Germanic strong verb corresponding to Old Frisian stîga, Old Saxon stîgan, Middle Dutch stîghen (modern Dutch stîjgen), Old High German stîgan (Middle High German stîgen, modern German steigen), Old Norse stíga (Middle Swedish stîgha, modern Swedish stiga, Danish stige), Gothic steigan < Germanic *stῑg- (: *staig-) < Indogermanic *steigh- (: *stoigh-*stigh-) to go, represented by Sanskrit *stigh to step, stride, Greek στείχειν to go, στοῖχος, στίχος a row, line, Latin ve-stīgium footstep, trace. Of the weak inflection a doubtful trace appears in Old Northumbrian; otherwise it has not been found earlier than the 13th cent.
Obsolete.
1. intransitive. To ascend, mount up, rise or climb to a higher level. Said of persons and things. Also figurative. Often with up, upwards.Often used of the ascension of Christ or of Elijah (for examples see Forms). In the last quarter of the 16th cent. the verb survived only as a literary archaism, and in the 17th cent. it became wholly obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > rise or go up [verb (intransitive)]
styc825
astyc950
ariseOE
upstyOE
to step upOE
upcomec1000
to come upOE
to go upOE
upwendc1200
runge?c1225
amountc1275
upgoa1325
heavec1325
uparise1340
ascend1382
higha1393
lifta1400
risea1400
skilla1400
uprisea1400
raisec1400
rearc1400
surmount1430
to get upc1450
transcenda1513
springa1525
upmounta1560
assurge?1567
hove1590
surgea1591
tower1618
hoist1647
upheave1649
to draw up1672
spire1680
insurrect1694
soar1697
upsoar1726
uprear1828
higher1889
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > ascend (something) [verb (transitive)]
styc825
staira1400
ascendc1400
mountc1500
conscenda1552
breast1718
c825 Vesp. Psalter lxvii. 19 Stigende in heanisse [L. ascendens in altum].
c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxv Eft heo [sc. the sun] secð hire gecynde & stigð on þa dæglan wegas wið hire uprynæs.
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 5 Heo stiȝen uppeon þe godes cunnes treowe & nomen þa twigga.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11827 Ȝiff aniȝ mann uss læreþþ. To stiȝhenn upp till haliȝ lif. & upp till heȝhe mahhtess.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 10673 & forrþ rihht alls he fullhtnedd wass He stah upp o þe strande.
c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 217 An ȝerd sal spruten of iesse more and an blosme stien of þare more.
a1225 St. Marher. 13 Þe stench þæt of þi muð stiheð.
c1250 Owl & Night. 1405 Þe gost..styhþ on heyh þur modynesse.
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6579 It [sc. the tide] watte is brech al aboute & euere vpward it stey.
a1300 Fall & Pass. 9 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 13 Þo lucifer steiȝ in pride.
13.. Bonaventura's Medit. 635 Cryst Ihesu hys body vpp stey, By þat short ladder, þat cros an hy.
c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 8341 Þe lowe was mikel, & vp-ward stey, So þat hit in to þe castel fley, & vp in to þe tour hit went.
c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iv. pr. vi. 143 Whan þou art wel refresshed..þou shalt ben more stedfast to stye in to heyere questiouns.
c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 191 But mannus foly & pride stieþ vp euere more & more in þis veyn nouelrie.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 227 Oo Kyng of bliss,..þat..art þis day i-steie [MS. γ ystowe] up above alle hevenes.
c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 73 Moistures styen vp to þe croppys of trees and to þe heuedys of braunches.
c1450 Godstow Reg. 4 That we may stye and glorified be Where crist is kyng þat dyed on tre.
?1527 Iudycyall of Vryns ii. xiv. 45 b Coler..styeth vp & puttet hym selfe in to the vterest partis of the body.
1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 172 And oute of the rowte therof shal stye vp a flowre.
1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxvi Steyers to steye on is none.
1545 T. Raynald in tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. sig. E.iiiv The womb passage..takith his begynnyng at the passage port: and from thense styeth..right vpward vnder ye share bone.
1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) v. f. 60v Till now that she [Pallas] did stie From Seriph in a hollow cloud.
1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie xxiii. 135 Their wit styeth not high.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. xi. sig. L2v The beast..Thought with his winges to stye aboue the ground.
1590 E. Spenser Muiopotmos 42 From this lower tract he dar'd to stie Up to the clowdes.
a1596 G. Peele Loue King Dauid & Fair Bethsabe (1599) sig. Hiijv The Eagle..is emboldened With eies intentiue to bedare the sun, And stieth close vnto his stately sphere.
1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. Q4v These great men,..had seperately contended to outstrip Pindarus in his Olympicis, and sty aloft to the highest pitch.
1601 R. Verstegan Odes 92 And as her feet did trauaile on the ground, Her inward mynde did vp to heauen stie.
1621 R. Montagu Diatribæ Hist. Tithes 382 Led along, as some Creatures are, by the Noses, and voluntarily hood-winked: or like seeled Doues, stye vp, you know not whither, nor how farre.
1652 E. Benlowes Theophila vi. xviii. 83 That She might stye to th' Seat of Beatifick Mirth!
2. To climb over something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > rise or go up [verb (intransitive)] > climb
climba1000
clavera1250
clive1340
styc1380
speel1513
ramp1523
scalea1547
climber1573
stem1577
upclimb1845
grimp1893
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2388 ‘Maubyn,’ saide þe Amyral ‘wolt þou hit vndertake, To steȝe out ouer þe castel wal.’
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Sam. xiii. 23 Forsothe the stacioun of Philistym went out, for to stye ouer into aspijs to fiȝt.
3. With down adv., or other contextual indication: To descend. Also gen. to ascend or descend.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > move downwards [verb (intransitive)]
styc825
astyc975
alightOE
to fall adownOE
hieldc1275
downcomea1300
sink?a1300
avalec1374
to go downa1375
to come downc1380
dipc1390
descenda1393
clinea1400
declinea1400
downc1400
inclinec1400
vailc1400
fallc1440
devall1477
condescendc1485
to get down1567
lower1575
dismount1579
to fall down1632
down?1701
demount1837
c825 Vesp. Hymns iii. 21 Ða ofdune steogun in seað [L. qui descendunt in lacum].
c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xiii. 15 Se þe is ofer þecone ne stige he on his hus.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16700 Wiþþ utenn himm þatt stah forr menn. Off heffne dun till erþe.
c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 111 Erest he steȝ neoðer and siðen on hegh.
a1300 E.E. Psalter xxi. 30 In his sight sal be falland Alle þat doune stighen in land [L. qui descendunt in terram].
4. transitive.
a. To ascend, climb up (a hill).
ΚΠ
a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. cxvi. f. cxxix/1 Wherof some wold haue styed the mountayn.
b. To convey up hill.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > [verb (transitive)] > to a higher place
sty1511
to take up1576
1511 Pylgrymage Richarde Guylforde (Pynson) f. lvijv At the sayd Noualassa we toke moyles to stey vs vp the Mountayne.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

styv.2

Brit. /stʌɪ/, U.S. /staɪ/
Forms: Also stye.
Etymology: Old English stigian , < stig, stí sty n.3 Compare Old Norse stía.
1.
a. transitive. To place or confine (swine) in a sty. Also with up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [verb (transitive)] > put in sty
stya1100
a1100 Gerefa in Anglia (1886) 9 262 Swyn stigian.
1570 T. Tusser Hundreth Good Pointes Husbandry (new ed.) f. 9v At Mighelmas safely, go stye vp thy Bore.
1614 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husbandry v. xvi. 96 First, you shall stie vp those Swine which you intend to feede.
1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. viii. 67 As for the common way of brawning Bores, by stying them up in so close a room that they cannot turn themselves round about.
1674 T. Flatman Belly God 76 The Hampshire Hog with Pease and Whey that's fed Sti'd up, is neither good alive nor dead.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Swine In Champain Countries they must sty up thin Hogs.
1886 R. L. Stevenson Kidnapped xvi. 150 The inn..was the most beggarly vile place that ever pigs were styed in.
1899 J. Lumsden Edinb. Poems & Songs 108 The times wad be amiss When I styed here my soo.
b. transferred. To confine as in a sty; to place in narrow and uncomfortable quarters; to pen up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > enclose or confine [verb (transitive)] > as in specific place
box1551
encagea1586
bung1592
cell1592
oven1596
pew1609
enfold?1611
stya1616
incabinate1672
web1864
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 344 And here you sty-me In this hard Rocke, whiles you doe keepe from me The rest o'th'Island. View more context for this quotation
1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir v. sig. K3v Bandogs (kept three dayes hungry) worried 1000. Brittish Rascals, styed vp, fat Of purpose.
1646 J. Trapp Brief Comm. John xxi. 2, 144 God dwels in the Assembly of Saints: shall we, like Stoicks stie up our selves, and not daily runne into their company?
2. intransitive. To share a sty with; to dwell as in a sty.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting a type of place > inhabit type of place [verb (intransitive)] > dwell in or as in other buildings
cabin1586
den1610
stable1651
hut1691
templea1711
bog-trota1734
sty1748
village1819
shanty1840
shack1895
flat1966
1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VII. lxxviii. 267 What woman..did she know what miry wallowers the generality of men of our class are in themselves, and constantly trough and sty with, but would [etc.].
1829 A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under Seven Admin. (1837) I. 283 See in your public estate too the havoc the pigs make,..who..devour your cabbages,..stye in your house, and grunt in your Parliament.
1894 H. Nisbet Bush Girl's Romance 145 A nice piggery for successful squatters to sty in, I must say.

Derivatives

styed adj. set in a sty.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [adjective] > enclosed > in or as in other specific enclosure or receptacle
chamberedc1540
housed1569
bagged1572
celled1586
arboured1606
closeteda1649
vesselled1660
cabineted1680
encysted1705
caverned1734
mounded1807
castled1821
casketed1822
styed1829
tree-embowered1866
tunnelled1901
1829 E. Elliott Village Patriarch iii. 49 Yet unlike thee Is minion'd Erin's sty'd and root-fed clown.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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