subjunctiveadj.n.

Brit.

/səbˈdʒʌŋ(k)tɪv/, U.S.

/səbˈdʒəŋ(k)tɪv/

Forms: 1500s subiunctyf, 1500s subiunctyve, 1500s–1600s subiunctiue, 1500s– subjunctive.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin subiunctivus.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin subiunctivus (3rd cent. designating a grammatical mood, 4th cent. designating letters or words that came after (other specified letters or words) in a word or sentence) < classical Latin subiunct- , past participial stem of subiungere subjoin v. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Middle French, French subjonctif, †subjunctif (15th cent. with reference to grammatical dependency, 1550 as noun denoting a verbal mood, 1660 as adjective designating a verbal mood), Spanish subjuntivo (late 15th cent.), Italian soggiuntivo (1561).Post-classical Latin subiunctivus is a translation equivalent of Hellenistic Greek ὑποτακτικός , which as a grammatical term was used variously with the meaning ‘subjoined’. With subjunctive mood (see sense A. 1a; compare sense B. 1) compare post-classical Latin modus subiunctivus (3rd cent.), Hellenistic Greek ὑποτακτικὴ ἔγκλισις . The subjunctive mood was so called because it was regarded as specially appropriate to ‘subjoined’ or subordinate clauses. In the Latin grammarians the more common term for subjunctive was post-classical Latin coniunctivus conjunctive adj.; subiunctivus is the term favoured by Priscian (5th-6th cent.). Compare the following early use of the post-classical Latin word (in senses A. 1a, A. 2, and B. 1) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 98 Is se ys svbivncti[v]vm, þæt ys, underðeodendlic, oþðæ [read oþðe] relativvm, þæt ys, edlesendlic, forðan ðe he ne mæg beon æfter rihte gecweden, buton þæt andgyt beo ær fore sæd.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 126 Þæt feorðe gemet ys svbivnctivvs oþþe conivnctivvs, þæt ys, understandendlic [other MSS underðeodendlic], forðam ðe hyt is under þam foresædum gemetum and behofað oþres wordes him to fultume.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 132 svbivnctivo modo underðeodendlicum gemete tempore praesenti cum amem þonne ic nu lufige.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 200 Ealswa on svbivnctivo: praesens cum uelim on anum elle.

A. adj.

a. Grammar. Designating or relating to a verbal mood that refers to an action or state as conceived (rather than as a fact) and is therefore used chiefly to express a wish, command, exhortation, or a contingent, hypothetical, or prospective event. Also: (of a verb or form) belonging to this mood. Also in extended use. Frequently as postmodifier. Cf. conjunctive adj. 3c.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adjective] > subjunctive

subjunctivea1504

deliberative1840

a1504 J. Holt Lac Puerorum (1508) i. sig. C The subiunctyf mode. The present. quum amem whan I loue.

a1504 J. Holt Lac Puerorum (1508) iii. sig. G.iiii Eyther by y^e nowne verbale..or by the present subiunctyf.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 84 The subjunctive mode whiche they ever use folowyng an other verbe, and addyng this worde que before hym.

1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 16 Why is it called the Subiunctiue Moode? A. Because it dependeth vpon some other Verbe in the same sentence, either going before or comming after it.

1669 J. Milton Accedence 17 There be four Moods, which express the manner of doing; the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential or Subjunctive, and the Infinitive.

1711 J. Greenwood Ess. Pract. Eng. Gram. 152 It is called the Subjunctive Mood because it is subjoin'd or added to the first Sentence by some Cople or Tye.

1751 J. Harris Hermes i. viii. 143 This Mode, as often as it is in this manner subjoined, is called by Grammarians not the Potential, but the Subjunctive.

1809 Monthly Rev. Mar. 257 There would be no impropriety in saying, ‘you ask me what may be the reason of my sadness,’ which approaches much more nearly to the force of the subjunctive or contingent form used in the latin.

1839 T. Mitchell in Aristophanes Frogs 589 (note) Examples of a subjunctive interrogative in the present tense..are not wanting in the Greek writings.

1858 F. M. Müller in East & West May 553/1 No subjunctive mood existed in the common Sanscrit.

1861 F. A. Paley Æschylus' Persians (ed. 2) 120 To combine an aorist subjunctive with a future indicative.

1904 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 25 443 As a past-future, or, more precisely, a past-future-perfect, it is necessarily subjunctive.

1961 R. B. Long Sentence & its Parts 495 Five modes are recognized here: common (or ‘indicative’), subjunctive, infinitival, gerundial, participial.

1991 R. M. W. Dixon New Approach to Eng. Gram. vii. 246 ‘Wish’ may have a wishful sense..and then takes THAT complement (usually with past tense, perfect aspect or a ‘subjunctive’ modal such as ‘would’ or ‘could’).

b. Characteristic of what is expressed by the subjunctive mood; contingent, hypothetical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > speculation > hypothesis > [adjective] > based on hypothesis

hypothetical1665

putationary1669

hypothetica1680

subjunctive1834

1834 D. Fosdick tr. A. J. Sylvestre de Sacy Princ. Gen. Gram. ii. viii. 90 In Latin, Propositions simply complementary are ordinarily denoted by the Infinitive; but this Mode is frequently employed to express Propositions whose sense is really subjunctive.

1866 R. Chambers Ess. 2nd Ser. 214 One of the subjunctive heroes of literature and science.

1893 Hansard's Parl. Deb. 4th Ser. 8 1589 To make a subjunctive or contingent apology.

1903 W. H. Stapleton Compar. Handbk. Congo Lang. 282 Bangi uses the Simple and Continuative tenses of the Indicative Mood in a Subjunctive sense.

1969 J. R. Wilch Time & Event iii. 37 The comparison is made between the present situation and either a theoretical occasion in a subjunctive sense..or a past historical occasion.

1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 345 A very Rubbish-Tip for subjunctive Hopes, for all that may yet be true.

2. Grammar. That is subjoined or dependent; (of a part of speech) that introduces a subordinate clause; (of a vowel letter): that supports or completes another vowel (cf. subjunctive vowel n. (a) at Compounds 1). Now rare. subjunctive article n. [after Hellenistic Greek ἄρθρον ὑποτακτικόν] now rare the ancient Greek relative pronoun ὅς (ἥ, ὅ), as opposed to the ‘prepositive article’ ὁ (ἡ, τό). subjunctive pronoun n. a relative pronoun. subjunctive adverb n. a relative adverb.

ΚΠ

1578 J. Florio Firste Fruites f. 127^v They are ioyned with Subiunctiue articles, or els Pronounes.

1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. 46 It is a com[m]on thing in the Greeke tongue, that the article præpositiue is taken for the subiunctiue.

1678 J. Wallis Def. Royal Soc. 18 So the English Vowel i, in Bite, Smile, &c..was a Compound, of the Feminine e, with the Subjunctive i or y.

1693 J. Owen Two Disc. Holy Spirit 93 It is not unusual in Scripture that the Subjunctive Article and Relative should agree in Gender with the following Substantive.

1700 A. Lane Key Art Lett. (1705) 10 E Subjunctive is written at the end of a word, after a single Consonant to make the single Vowel before it long.

1751 J. Harris Hermes i. v. 79 We may with just reason..call this Pronoun the Subjunctive, because it cannot..introduce an original Sentence.

1774 Ld. Monboddo Of Origin & Progress of Lang. II. i. vi. 57 The article used in this way..comes very near to the relative pronoun, or subjunctive article, as it is called by the Greek grammarians.

1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. ii. ix. 177 When we read the first chapter of Genesis, we perceive, that this subjunctive pronoun, as it may be called, occurs but seldom.

1814 Brit. Critic Apr. 405 The subjunctive article ὅς is indeed used indefinitely.

a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 43/1 The principal subjunctive pronouns in English are who and which, and sometimes that.

1900 Course of Study for Teachers (Iowa Dept. Public Instruction) 37 Show the difference between the subjunctive adverb and the relative adverb.

1903 W. Stokes & J. Strachan Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus 205 ὅστις seems to have a subjunctive article by its sense of interpretation.

1977 Zeitschrift f. Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft u. Kommunikationsforschung 3 381 The subjunctive adverb denotes the sentential relationship to be held in a wishful (optative) or hypothetical manner, and causes the modification of tense, inversion of subject and verb.

†3. In general use: that is supportive to something; that is additional to. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [adjective]

sustaining?c1425

affirmative?1504

supportable1531

upholding1553

supportive1593

supportful1610

underpropping1614

subjunctive1656

buttressing1672

supportative1803

upholdatory1829

sustenant1874

hand-holding1920

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Subjunctive, that under-sets, or joyns underneath.

a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 87 A few things more, subjunctive to the former, were thought meet to be Castigated in Preachers at that time.

1839 S. G. Goodrich Fourth Reader at Jungo Subjunctive, joined under, or added to.

B. n. Grammar.

1. The subjunctive mood; a form of a verb belonging to the subjunctive mood. Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [noun] > subjunctive

subjunctive1575

subjunctivity1848

1575 N. Udall & J. Higgins Flowers Lat. Speech sig. Sij And it is..the future of the subiunctiue, set for the future of the indicatiue.

1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Gram. sig. C2 By changing e of the future of the Indicatiue into ia, you make the third voice of the preterimperfect tense of the Subiunctiue.

1622 J. W. tr. C. Oudin Gram. Spanish 4 Cogér..maketh in the Optatiue and Subiunctiue Cója.

1671 H. M. tr. Erasmus Colloquies 85 Now we will vary them by Subjunctives or conditionals.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Mood Men might have invented a particular Inflection... But they han't done it; and in lieu thereof, make use of the Subjunctive.

1790 J. Beattie Elem. Moral Sci. I. i. iii. 55 If we affirm..relatively, conditionally, or dependently on something else, it is the Subjunctive.

1835 T. Mitchell in tr. Aristophanes Acharnians 253 (note) The subjunctive thus used without ἂν has an interrogative and future signification.

1860 G. P. Marsh Lect. Eng. Lang. xiv. 317 The subjunctive is evidently passing out of use, and there is good reason to suppose that it will soon become obsolete altogether.

1875 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) i. 36 The edicts and interdicts of the praetor are couched in the subjunctive (Exhibeas, Restituas, &c.), a milder form of imperative.

1901 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 32 p. xc The bewildering variety of names which are given to the subjunctives that occur in different connections..: Volitive,..causal, and many more in -ive and -al, together with numerous polyonymic designations.

1957 R. W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. (new ed.) i. vi. 86 The subjunctive may be used in nominal sub-clauses depending on a main clause expressing will or wish.

1980 Verbatim Spring 10/2 They have to deal with the real world as it is while their opponents can indulge themselves in the subjunctive.

†2. A relative. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun] > relative pronoun

relativec1400

subjunctivea1831

relative pronoun1872

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > other parts of speech > [noun] > relative or connective

referent1635

connective1751

subjunctivea1831

link-word1871

relational1895

relation word1909

relator1933

relativizer1941

a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 83/2 Where, whence, and whither..serve indifferently for interrogatives and subjunctives.

Compounds

C1. Compounds of the adjective.

subjunctive proposition n. †(a) a subordinate clause (obsolete); (b) a proposition containing a verb in the subjunctive; a conditional proposition.

ΚΠ

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1355 This particle or Conjunction Eι, that is to say, If, and..what Subjunctive proposition soever following after it [Gk. τοῦ μετ' αὐτοῦ ταχθέντος ἀξιώματος].

1834 D. Fosdick tr. A. J. Sylvestre de Sacy Princ. Gen. Gram. iii. v. 129 ‘Whether’, an adverbial expression: it has the import and effect upon the following Verb of a Subjunctive Proposition.

1987 Mod. Lang. Jrnl. 71 53/2 The data are presented in descending order in relation to the number of subjunctive propositions identified out of nine instances of subjunctive use.__

2001 H.-N. Castañeda in A. Brook & R. C. DeVidi Self-ref. & Self-awareness iv. 65 The subjunctive proposition ‘If X were to say “I am H” he would express a true proposition’ is true if X is a truth-telling person.

subjunctive vowel n. [after post-classical Latin vocalis subiunctiva (5th or 6th cent. in Priscian), Hellenistic Greek ϕωνῆεν ὑποτακτικόν] (a) the second vowel of a diphthong; (b) the vowel by which the subjunctive is distinguished from the indicative.

ΚΠ

1746 T. Nugent tr. C. Lancelot et al. New Method of learning Greek Tongue II. v. vii. 31 It is formed according to the Æolic Fashion, which is to change the subjunctive Vowel into a Consonant.

1803 J. Smith Gram. Greek Lang. ii. 40 When ο precedes a diphthong, the prepositive is rejected, and a new diphthong is made by ο and the subjunctive vowel.

1892 S. Ramsey Eng. Lang. & Eng. Gram. ii. vii. 446 The reader will not fail to notice the lengthening of the subjunctive vowels in Gothic, a feature common to that language, Greek, and Sanskrit.

1921 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 42 184 The argument on subjunctive vowels is askew.

1966 Language 42 756 We then use this vowel to represent the subjunctive, in order to distinguish the subjunctive vowel from the first-conjugation vowel.

2010 M. Weiss in E. J. Bakker Compan. Anc. Greek Lang. 122 When the subjunctive vowel was added to the thematic stem the thematic vowel contracted with the subjunctive vowel creating the long vowel subjunctive.

C2. Compounds of the noun.

subjunctive-equivalent n. an expression which conveys the subjunctive mood by a construction involving an auxiliary verb and an infinitive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [noun] > subjunctive > expression which conveys

subjunctive-equivalent1889

1889 J. Hall & E. A. Sonnenschein Eng. Gram. for Schools i. 55 Auxiliaries of Mood, forming subjunctive-equivalents.

1927 E. A. Sonnenschein Soul of Gram. ii. 87 Modern English makes a large use of ‘subjunctive-equivalents’, e.g. expressions formed by combining a tense..of the verbs ‘shall’, ‘will’, ‘may’, ‘let’, with an infinitive.

2001 R. T. Lakoff in D. Schiffirin et al. Handbk. Disc. Anal. 206 One might note the tendency of speakers to distance themselves from both the making of the apology itself, and the actions for which it offers redress, through indirect forms—either subjunctive equivalents like I want to apologize..or the placement of the speaker/wrongdoer in other than subject position.

Derivatives

subˈjunctively adv. [compare post-classical Latin subiunctive (16th cent.)] in the subjunctive mood, as a subjunctive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adverb] > other spec.

imperatively1586

indicativelya1603

optatively1626

potentially1650

subjunctively1651

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan i. vi. 29 Deliberation is expressed Subjunctively; which is a speech proper to signifie suppositions.

a1695 J. Scott Pract. Disc. (1698) II. 331 The Greek Word..here may as well be rendered subjunctively, to signify what we ought to do.

1776 London Rev. Eng. & Foreign Lit. Feb. 84 The first indicative is, had been more elegantly written subjunctively, be.

1871 B. H. Kennedy Public School Lat. Gram. §67. 167 Examples of the Conjunctive Mood used Subjunctively accidit ut aegrotem.

1982 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 27 Nov. a23/5 Just before Thanksgiving, the 185 children of the Manhattan Country School..were asked by their teachers to write down what they are thankful for or, subjunctively, ‘would be’ thankful for if they could make such things happen.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	subjunctive
释义	subjunctiveadj.n. Brit. /səbˈdʒʌŋ(k)tɪv/, U.S. /səbˈdʒəŋ(k)tɪv/ Forms: 1500s subiunctyf, 1500s subiunctyve, 1500s–1600s subiunctiue, 1500s– subjunctive. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin subiunctivus. Etymology: < post-classical Latin subiunctivus (3rd cent. designating a grammatical mood, 4th cent. designating letters or words that came after (other specified letters or words) in a word or sentence) < classical Latin subiunct- , past participial stem of subiungere subjoin v. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Middle French, French subjonctif, †subjunctif (15th cent. with reference to grammatical dependency, 1550 as noun denoting a verbal mood, 1660 as adjective designating a verbal mood), Spanish subjuntivo (late 15th cent.), Italian soggiuntivo (1561).Post-classical Latin subiunctivus is a translation equivalent of Hellenistic Greek ὑποτακτικός , which as a grammatical term was used variously with the meaning ‘subjoined’. With subjunctive mood (see sense A. 1a; compare sense B. 1) compare post-classical Latin modus subiunctivus (3rd cent.), Hellenistic Greek ὑποτακτικὴ ἔγκλισις . The subjunctive mood was so called because it was regarded as specially appropriate to ‘subjoined’ or subordinate clauses. In the Latin grammarians the more common term for subjunctive was post-classical Latin coniunctivus conjunctive adj.; subiunctivus is the term favoured by Priscian (5th-6th cent.). Compare the following early use of the post-classical Latin word (in senses A. 1a, A. 2, and B. 1) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 98 Is se ys svbivncti[v]vm, þæt ys, underðeodendlic, oþðæ [read oþðe] relativvm, þæt ys, edlesendlic, forðan ðe he ne mæg beon æfter rihte gecweden, buton þæt andgyt beo ær fore sæd.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 126 Þæt feorðe gemet ys svbivnctivvs oþþe conivnctivvs, þæt ys, understandendlic [other MSS underðeodendlic], forðam ðe hyt is under þam foresædum gemetum and behofað oþres wordes him to fultume.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 132 svbivnctivo modo underðeodendlicum gemete tempore praesenti cum amem þonne ic nu lufige.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 200 Ealswa on svbivnctivo: praesens cum uelim on anum elle. A. adj. 1. a. Grammar. Designating or relating to a verbal mood that refers to an action or state as conceived (rather than as a fact) and is therefore used chiefly to express a wish, command, exhortation, or a contingent, hypothetical, or prospective event. Also: (of a verb or form) belonging to this mood. Also in extended use. Frequently as postmodifier. Cf. conjunctive adj. 3c. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adjective] > subjunctive subjunctivea1504 deliberative1840 a1504 J. Holt Lac Puerorum (1508) i. sig. C The subiunctyf mode. The present. quum amem whan I loue. a1504 J. Holt Lac Puerorum (1508) iii. sig. G.iiii Eyther by y^e nowne verbale..or by the present subiunctyf. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 84 The subjunctive mode whiche they ever use folowyng an other verbe, and addyng this worde que before hym. 1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 16 Why is it called the Subiunctiue Moode? A. Because it dependeth vpon some other Verbe in the same sentence, either going before or comming after it. 1669 J. Milton Accedence 17 There be four Moods, which express the manner of doing; the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential or Subjunctive, and the Infinitive. 1711 J. Greenwood Ess. Pract. Eng. Gram. 152 It is called the Subjunctive Mood because it is subjoin'd or added to the first Sentence by some Cople or Tye. 1751 J. Harris Hermes i. viii. 143 This Mode, as often as it is in this manner subjoined, is called by Grammarians not the Potential, but the Subjunctive. 1809 Monthly Rev. Mar. 257 There would be no impropriety in saying, ‘you ask me what may be the reason of my sadness,’ which approaches much more nearly to the force of the subjunctive or contingent form used in the latin. 1839 T. Mitchell in Aristophanes Frogs 589 (note) Examples of a subjunctive interrogative in the present tense..are not wanting in the Greek writings. 1858 F. M. Müller in East & West May 553/1 No subjunctive mood existed in the common Sanscrit. 1861 F. A. Paley Æschylus' Persians (ed. 2) 120 To combine an aorist subjunctive with a future indicative. 1904 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 25 443 As a past-future, or, more precisely, a past-future-perfect, it is necessarily subjunctive. 1961 R. B. Long Sentence & its Parts 495 Five modes are recognized here: common (or ‘indicative’), subjunctive, infinitival, gerundial, participial. 1991 R. M. W. Dixon New Approach to Eng. Gram. vii. 246 ‘Wish’ may have a wishful sense..and then takes THAT complement (usually with past tense, perfect aspect or a ‘subjunctive’ modal such as ‘would’ or ‘could’). b. Characteristic of what is expressed by the subjunctive mood; contingent, hypothetical. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > speculation > hypothesis > [adjective] > based on hypothesis hypothetical1665 putationary1669 hypothetica1680 subjunctive1834 1834 D. Fosdick tr. A. J. Sylvestre de Sacy Princ. Gen. Gram. ii. viii. 90 In Latin, Propositions simply complementary are ordinarily denoted by the Infinitive; but this Mode is frequently employed to express Propositions whose sense is really subjunctive. 1866 R. Chambers Ess. 2nd Ser. 214 One of the subjunctive heroes of literature and science. 1893 Hansard's Parl. Deb. 4th Ser. 8 1589 To make a subjunctive or contingent apology. 1903 W. H. Stapleton Compar. Handbk. Congo Lang. 282 Bangi uses the Simple and Continuative tenses of the Indicative Mood in a Subjunctive sense. 1969 J. R. Wilch Time & Event iii. 37 The comparison is made between the present situation and either a theoretical occasion in a subjunctive sense..or a past historical occasion. 1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 345 A very Rubbish-Tip for subjunctive Hopes, for all that may yet be true. 2. Grammar. That is subjoined or dependent; (of a part of speech) that introduces a subordinate clause; (of a vowel letter): that supports or completes another vowel (cf. subjunctive vowel n. (a) at Compounds 1). Now rare. subjunctive article n. [after Hellenistic Greek ἄρθρον ὑποτακτικόν] now rare the ancient Greek relative pronoun ὅς (ἥ, ὅ), as opposed to the ‘prepositive article’ ὁ (ἡ, τό). subjunctive pronoun n. a relative pronoun. subjunctive adverb n. a relative adverb. ΚΠ 1578 J. Florio Firste Fruites f. 127^v They are ioyned with Subiunctiue articles, or els Pronounes. 1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. 46 It is a com[m]on thing in the Greeke tongue, that the article præpositiue is taken for the subiunctiue. 1678 J. Wallis Def. Royal Soc. 18 So the English Vowel i, in Bite, Smile, &c..was a Compound, of the Feminine e, with the Subjunctive i or y. 1693 J. Owen Two Disc. Holy Spirit 93 It is not unusual in Scripture that the Subjunctive Article and Relative should agree in Gender with the following Substantive. 1700 A. Lane Key Art Lett. (1705) 10 E Subjunctive is written at the end of a word, after a single Consonant to make the single Vowel before it long. 1751 J. Harris Hermes i. v. 79 We may with just reason..call this Pronoun the Subjunctive, because it cannot..introduce an original Sentence. 1774 Ld. Monboddo Of Origin & Progress of Lang. II. i. vi. 57 The article used in this way..comes very near to the relative pronoun, or subjunctive article, as it is called by the Greek grammarians. 1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. ii. ix. 177 When we read the first chapter of Genesis, we perceive, that this subjunctive pronoun, as it may be called, occurs but seldom. 1814 Brit. Critic Apr. 405 The subjunctive article ὅς is indeed used indefinitely. a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 43/1 The principal subjunctive pronouns in English are who and which, and sometimes that. 1900 Course of Study for Teachers (Iowa Dept. Public Instruction) 37 Show the difference between the subjunctive adverb and the relative adverb. 1903 W. Stokes & J. Strachan Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus 205 ὅστις seems to have a subjunctive article by its sense of interpretation. 1977 Zeitschrift f. Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft u. Kommunikationsforschung 3 381 The subjunctive adverb denotes the sentential relationship to be held in a wishful (optative) or hypothetical manner, and causes the modification of tense, inversion of subject and verb. †3. In general use: that is supportive to something; that is additional to. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [adjective] sustaining?c1425 affirmative?1504 supportable1531 upholding1553 supportive1593 supportful1610 underpropping1614 subjunctive1656 buttressing1672 supportative1803 upholdatory1829 sustenant1874 hand-holding1920 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Subjunctive, that under-sets, or joyns underneath. a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 87 A few things more, subjunctive to the former, were thought meet to be Castigated in Preachers at that time. 1839 S. G. Goodrich Fourth Reader at Jungo Subjunctive, joined under, or added to. B. n. Grammar. 1. The subjunctive mood; a form of a verb belonging to the subjunctive mood. Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [noun] > subjunctive subjunctive1575 subjunctivity1848 1575 N. Udall & J. Higgins Flowers Lat. Speech sig. Sij And it is..the future of the subiunctiue, set for the future of the indicatiue. 1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Gram. sig. C2 By changing e of the future of the Indicatiue into ia, you make the third voice of the preterimperfect tense of the Subiunctiue. 1622 J. W. tr. C. Oudin Gram. Spanish 4 Cogér..maketh in the Optatiue and Subiunctiue Cója. 1671 H. M. tr. Erasmus Colloquies 85 Now we will vary them by Subjunctives or conditionals. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Mood Men might have invented a particular Inflection... But they han't done it; and in lieu thereof, make use of the Subjunctive. 1790 J. Beattie Elem. Moral Sci. I. i. iii. 55 If we affirm..relatively, conditionally, or dependently on something else, it is the Subjunctive. 1835 T. Mitchell in tr. Aristophanes Acharnians 253 (note) The subjunctive thus used without ἂν has an interrogative and future signification. 1860 G. P. Marsh Lect. Eng. Lang. xiv. 317 The subjunctive is evidently passing out of use, and there is good reason to suppose that it will soon become obsolete altogether. 1875 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) i. 36 The edicts and interdicts of the praetor are couched in the subjunctive (Exhibeas, Restituas, &c.), a milder form of imperative. 1901 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 32 p. xc The bewildering variety of names which are given to the subjunctives that occur in different connections..: Volitive,..causal, and many more in -ive and -al, together with numerous polyonymic designations. 1957 R. W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. (new ed.) i. vi. 86 The subjunctive may be used in nominal sub-clauses depending on a main clause expressing will or wish. 1980 Verbatim Spring 10/2 They have to deal with the real world as it is while their opponents can indulge themselves in the subjunctive. †2. A relative. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun] > relative pronoun relativec1400 subjunctivea1831 relative pronoun1872 the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > other parts of speech > [noun] > relative or connective referent1635 connective1751 subjunctivea1831 link-word1871 relational1895 relation word1909 relator1933 relativizer1941 a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 83/2 Where, whence, and whither..serve indifferently for interrogatives and subjunctives. Compounds C1. Compounds of the adjective. subjunctive proposition n. †(a) a subordinate clause (obsolete); (b) a proposition containing a verb in the subjunctive; a conditional proposition. ΚΠ 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1355 This particle or Conjunction Eι, that is to say, If, and..what Subjunctive proposition soever following after it [Gk. τοῦ μετ' αὐτοῦ ταχθέντος ἀξιώματος]. 1834 D. Fosdick tr. A. J. Sylvestre de Sacy Princ. Gen. Gram. iii. v. 129 ‘Whether’, an adverbial expression: it has the import and effect upon the following Verb of a Subjunctive Proposition. 1987 Mod. Lang. Jrnl. 71 53/2 The data are presented in descending order in relation to the number of subjunctive propositions identified out of nine instances of subjunctive use.__ 2001 H.-N. Castañeda in A. Brook & R. C. DeVidi Self-ref. & Self-awareness iv. 65 The subjunctive proposition ‘If X were to say “I am H” he would express a true proposition’ is true if X is a truth-telling person. subjunctive vowel n. [after post-classical Latin vocalis subiunctiva (5th or 6th cent. in Priscian), Hellenistic Greek ϕωνῆεν ὑποτακτικόν] (a) the second vowel of a diphthong; (b) the vowel by which the subjunctive is distinguished from the indicative. ΚΠ 1746 T. Nugent tr. C. Lancelot et al. New Method of learning Greek Tongue II. v. vii. 31 It is formed according to the Æolic Fashion, which is to change the subjunctive Vowel into a Consonant. 1803 J. Smith Gram. Greek Lang. ii. 40 When ο precedes a diphthong, the prepositive is rejected, and a new diphthong is made by ο and the subjunctive vowel. 1892 S. Ramsey Eng. Lang. & Eng. Gram. ii. vii. 446 The reader will not fail to notice the lengthening of the subjunctive vowels in Gothic, a feature common to that language, Greek, and Sanskrit. 1921 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 42 184 The argument on subjunctive vowels is askew. 1966 Language 42 756 We then use this vowel to represent the subjunctive, in order to distinguish the subjunctive vowel from the first-conjugation vowel. 2010 M. Weiss in E. J. Bakker Compan. Anc. Greek Lang. 122 When the subjunctive vowel was added to the thematic stem the thematic vowel contracted with the subjunctive vowel creating the long vowel subjunctive. C2. Compounds of the noun. subjunctive-equivalent n. an expression which conveys the subjunctive mood by a construction involving an auxiliary verb and an infinitive. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [noun] > subjunctive > expression which conveys subjunctive-equivalent1889 1889 J. Hall & E. A. Sonnenschein Eng. Gram. for Schools i. 55 Auxiliaries of Mood, forming subjunctive-equivalents. 1927 E. A. Sonnenschein Soul of Gram. ii. 87 Modern English makes a large use of ‘subjunctive-equivalents’, e.g. expressions formed by combining a tense..of the verbs ‘shall’, ‘will’, ‘may’, ‘let’, with an infinitive. 2001 R. T. Lakoff in D. Schiffirin et al. Handbk. Disc. Anal. 206 One might note the tendency of speakers to distance themselves from both the making of the apology itself, and the actions for which it offers redress, through indirect forms—either subjunctive equivalents like I want to apologize..or the placement of the speaker/wrongdoer in other than subject position. Derivatives subˈjunctively adv. [compare post-classical Latin subiunctive (16th cent.)] in the subjunctive mood, as a subjunctive. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adverb] > other spec. imperatively1586 indicativelya1603 optatively1626 potentially1650 subjunctively1651 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan i. vi. 29 Deliberation is expressed Subjunctively; which is a speech proper to signifie suppositions. a1695 J. Scott Pract. Disc. (1698) II. 331 The Greek Word..here may as well be rendered subjunctively, to signify what we ought to do. 1776 London Rev. Eng. & Foreign Lit. Feb. 84 The first indicative is, had been more elegantly written subjunctively, be. 1871 B. H. Kennedy Public School Lat. Gram. §67. 167 Examples of the Conjunctive Mood used Subjunctively accidit ut aegrotem. 1982 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 27 Nov. a23/5 Just before Thanksgiving, the 185 children of the Manhattan Country School..were asked by their teachers to write down what they are thankful for or, subjunctively, ‘would be’ thankful for if they could make such things happen. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1504
随便看	leishmanial leishmanian leishmanias leishmaniases leishmaniasis leishmanioses leishmaniosis leishmanoid leishman–donovan body leisler leisler's bat leister leister grain leister-shaped leistered leisterer leistering leisters leucaethiop leucaethiopia leucaethiopic leucaniline leucanthous leucate leucaugite