单词 | structuralist |
释义 | structuralistn.adj. A. n. 1. A person, typically a natural or social scientist, who places emphasis on structure (esp. as opposed to function); a person who studies structure. Cf. structurist n. 1. ΚΠ 1870 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, Country Gentleman 3 Mar. 173/1 The attitude of the structuralist is, in point of fact, apologetic; admitting the sacrifice of plumage, he pleads as a set-off ‘compensation’ in structure. 1891 G. Kamensky & A. J. Greenaway tr. D. I. Mendeléeff Princ. Chem. II. App. 423 The ‘structuralists’ seek to justify the tetrahedric, plane, or prismatic disposition of the atoms of carbon in benzene. 1900 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 160 327 Science demands a terminology and a nomenclature, and whatever may be said of the superficial character of all systematic work..it must always be a need, that the systematist precede the structuralist and provide him with a language and a framework for his finer researches. 1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form viii. 103 One man is interested in city-structure, and another is interested in the description of cities... If a city is built in the form of a square, this is not more likely to escape the eye of the descriptionist than that of the structuralist. 2006 North Shore News (British Columbia) (Nexis) 7 Sept. 33 I guess I'm kind of a structuralist and I like the idea of things having underlying structures to them. 2. Psychology. An advocate or adherent of the structuralist theory of consciousness associated esp. with the American psychologist E. B. Titchener (1867–1927). Cf. structuralism n. 2. Now historical. ΚΠ 1900 Psychol. Rev. 7 391 The controversy between those who call themselves the structuralists and functionalists in psychology. 1907 J. R. Angell in Psychol. Rev. 14 67 Dwelling as the structuralist is supposed to do upon the problem of determining the irreducible elements of consciousness and their characteristic modes of combination. 1930 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 42 135 It [sc. configuration] flatly rejects the structuralist's plurality of elements and regards askance the whole program of the structuralist's analytical approach. 1961 J. E. Royce Man & his Nature iii. 44 The materialistic bias of the structuralists under Tichener led them to absurd interpretations in their attempt to reduce thought processes to sensory experiences. 2009 J. S. Nevid Psychology (ed. 3) i. 6 The structuralists sought to work out a periodic table of the elements of consciousness. 3. Chiefly Linguistics, Cultural Anthropology, and Literary Theory. An advocate or adherent of structuralism (structuralism n. 3), or of a structural analytic approach. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > one who follows or uses Tolstoyist1894 functionalist1900 Tolstoyan1901 social Darwinist1903 participant observer1924 Paretian1932 mass observer1937 symbolic interactionist1937 structuralist1947 action researcher1950 structural functionalist1953 cliometrician1966 Paretan1969 critical theorist1970 Lévi-Straussian1980 1947 Language 23 76 Recent structuralists have discarded this transcription in favor of a phonemic one. 1949 Archivum Linguisticum 1 184 A survey of post-neogrammarian views on language, viz. those of Saussure..and the Danish ‘structuralists’. 1975 G. Steiner After Babel ii. 83 More than a century before the modern structuralists, Humboldt notes the distinctive binary character of the linguistic process. 1982 Listener 18 Nov. 17/2 Structuralists and post-Structuralists maintain that the notion of the author as the creator of his works is merely a modern consolation prize. 2002 S. J. Gould Struct. Evolutionary Theory viii. 598 Levi-Strauss and the French structuralists may well be correct in holding that human brains work best as dichotomizing machines at single levels. 4. Economics. A person who places emphasis on the reform of political and social structures as a means of achieving economic development, esp. one who considers imbalances in these structures as the main cause of inflation. Cf. monetarist n.The structuralist school of thought emerged in Latin America in the late 1950s in opposition to the tight fiscal monetary policies followed by governments in the region, under pressure from the International Monetary Fund, to curb inflation. Structuralists advocated government intervention in the economy so as to correct perceived deficiencies in the market, and were chiefly associated with the political left in Latin America. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > specific theories or doctrines > supporters of physiocrat1798 Ricardian1825 protectionist1834 marginalist1907 cameralist1909 Keynesian1938 rationalist1958 monetarist1961 structuralist1962 Paretan1969 Veblenian1973 market fundamentalist1993 1962 Oxf. Econ. Papers 14 192 The Latin American school of ‘structuralists’ is very little known in the United Kingdom. 1965 Economist 25 Sept. p. xxvi/2 Some extreme structuralists argue that demand deflation is actually likely to increase cost inflation. 1985 Guardian (Nexis) 23 Apr. The very fact that he was asked to activate the programme has changed the balance of power between the monetarists and the structuralists. 2008 T. L. Edwards Brazil ii. 127 The structuralists tend to identify political causes of inflation. B. adj. 1. Concerned with or focusing on structure. In later use chiefly Linguistics, Cultural Anthropology, and Literary Theory: of, relating to, or designating any theory or method which investigates the structure of a system as constituted by the interrelation of its various elements (cf. structuralism n. 3). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [adjective] > structuralism structurated1880 structuralist1895 structuralistic1911 Saussurean1937 Bloomfieldian1947 structural linguistic1947 structural1948 post-Bloomfieldian1961 1895 B. Berenson Lorenzo Lotto ii. 102 Expressivist and linealist, rather than structuralist, by nature, Alvise's development lay chiefly along the line of expression and lineal effect. 1948 Slavonic & East European Rev. 26 438 We except the recent structuralist formulae of the Prague-Copenhagen schools. 1955 Jrnl. Royal Anthropol. Inst. 85 1 The air of enchantment which for the last two decades has surrounded the ‘structuralist’ point of view. 1955 Times 11 June 5/5 In contrast to much of to-day's painting..which is considered finished when it has reached the stage which, in any other epochs, would have been called the sketch, Structuralist painting is carried to completion in strict obedience to the scientific laws of colour-form structure. 1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 67 Such a system is apparently what is implicit in modern taxonomic (‘structuralist’) grammars. 1970 Sunday Times 15 Nov. 32/2 Today when we go to Paris, we can read structuralist novels, look at structuralist paintings and hear structuralist music. Even newspaper cartoons and gourmet meals are subjected to structuralist interpretations. 1979 A. R. Peacocke Creation & World of Sci. i. 29 This more narrowly functionalist account of myth has given way, following the lead of Lévi-Strauss, to a ‘structuralist’ account. 1996 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 18 Oct. 30 The young rabbinists..examine parts of Talmudic literature from the perspective of French structuralist and poststructuralist thought. 2010 Sci. Fiction Stud. 37 145 On one side is scholarship on the fantastic, primarily structuralist in methodology, rooted in Tzvetan Todorov's..The Fantastic. 2. Psychology. Of or relating to the theory or school of structuralism (structuralism n. 2) associated esp. with the American psychologist E. B. Titchener (1867–1927). ΚΠ 1907 J. R. Angell in Psychol. Rev. 14 62 The most lucid exposition of the structuralist position still remains, so far as I know, Titchener's paper, ‘The Postulates of a Structural Psychology’. 1929 W. B. Pillsbury Hist. Psychol. xvi. 271 The structuralist school..holds that consciousness is directly observable and is composed of simple, definitely describable elements. 1982 Erkenntnis 18 6 Titchener's view was structuralist, Baldwin was developing an early kind of functionalism. 2005 D. B. King & M. Wertheimer Max Wertheimer & Gestalt Theory vii. 154 He satirized the structuralist procedure of categorization of hues and brightnesses of visual images. 3. Economics. Of or relating to a school of thought that places emphasis on the reform of political and social structures as a means of achieving economic development; designating this school of thought.See note at sense A. 4. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [adjective] > of or relating to specific theories or doctrines physiocratical1789 Smithian1801 physiocratic1804 protective1822 Ricardian1824 cameralistic1831 Marshallian1894 monetarist1914 Paretian1916 neoclassical1926 marginalist1929 Keynesian1931 underconsumptionist1936 pre-Keynesian1939 Walrasian1942 trickle-down1944 neo-Keynesian1947 Schumpeterian1950 structuralist1962 monetaristic1972 market fundamentalist1997 1962 Oxf. Econ. Papers 14 194 The profession in the region has been involved in a major debate between ‘structuralist’ and ‘monetarist’ positions. 1976 C. H. Kirkpatrick & F. I. Nixson in M. Parkin & G. Zis Inflation in Open Economies (1978) vi. 131 The ‘structuralist’ argument..is that inflation is inevitable in an economy that is attempting rapid growth in the presence of structural bottlenecks. 1982 Financial Times 6 Jan. 4/1 The ‘structuralist’ school of economists in Latin-America. 1995 A. Hossain & A. Chowdhury Monetary & Financial Policies in Developing Countries iii. 54 There is..some evidence in favour of the ‘structuralist’ view that inflation is a necessary evil caused by growth. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1870 |
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