structuralismn.

Brit.

/ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rl̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈstrək(t)ʃ(ə)rəˌlɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: structural adj., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < structural adj. + -ism suffix. Compare structuralist n., structuralist adj.With sense 3 compare French structuralisme (1932 in general sense ‘any theory or method which deals with the structures of, and relations between the elements of, a system, especially as distinguished from function or essence’, 1945 in linguistics).

1. Architecture. A design principle or practice that emphasizes the importance of structure. rare.

ΚΠ

1869 Sessional Papers (Royal Inst. Brit. Architects) 94 If we are ever to recover the life and spirit of design it can only be in one way—namely, by structuralism supplanting superficialism.

1935 H. Morrison Louis Sullivan vi. 199 The form in each case is an aesthetic choice, based to be sure on practical considerations, but far removed from literal structuralism.

2. Psychology. A method, associated esp. with the American psychologist E. B. Titchener (1867–1927), of investigating the structure of consciousness through the introspective analysis of simple forms of sensation, thought, images, etc., and their combination.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > psychological study of oneself > [noun] > introspective analysis into elements

structural psychology1898

structuralism1907

existentialism1922

1907 J. R. Angell in Psychol. Rev. 14 64 If you adopt as your material for psychological analysis the isolated ‘moment of consciousness’, it is very easy to become so absorbed in determining its constitution as to be rendered..oblivious to its artificial character. The most essential quarrel which the functionalist has with structuralism..arises from this fact.

1927 M. Bentley in C. Murchison Psychologies of 1925 390 However important or trivial we shall find the accomplishments of structuralism to be, we must recognize the gain in clear thinking which accrued to Titchener's sharply drawn distinction between the analytical psychology of structure and the descriptive psychology of mental operation and functional performance.

1930 Times Lit. Suppl. 19 Jan. 508/3 Modern schools of psychology, Structuralism, and Functionalism.

1968 Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. XV. 610 The movement called ‘structuralism’ which was founded in Germany by Wilhelm Wundt and transplanted to the United States by Edward B. Titchener of Cornell University.

2005 Psychol. Sci. 16 631/1 Whereas structuralism..emphasizes atomism in that every sensory whole is built up from elementary sensations, Gestaltism..emphasizes the primacy of whole units and organization in perception.

3. Any theory or method in which a discipline or field of study is envisaged as comprising elements interrelated in systems and structures at various levels, the structures and the interrelations of their elements being regarded as more significant than the elements considered in isolation.

a. spec.

(a) Linguistics. Any theory or mode of analysis in which language is considered as a system or structure comprising elements at various phonological, grammatical, and semantic levels, the interrelation of these elements rather than the elements themselves producing meaning.Structuralism in linguistics is considered to begin with the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). It was further developed (most notably) by the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), and remained the dominant school of thought in linguistics in Europe and the United States until the second half of the twentieth cent.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [noun] > structuralism

structural linguistics1940

structuralism1945

Saussureanism1954

1945 E. A. Cassirer in Word 1 99 (title) Structuralism in modern linguistics.

1953 A. Martinet in A. L. Kroeber Anthropol. Today 577/1 It would seem that the teaching of Ferdinand de Saussure has, directly or indirectly, influenced most of linguistic structuralism.

1968 J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics x. 443 It is one of the cardinal principles of ‘structuralism’, as developed by de Saussure and his followers, that every linguistic item has its ‘place’ in a system and its function, or value, derives from the relations which it contracts with other units in the system.

1976 Archivum Linguisticum 7 152 With the rise of structuralism, linguistics turned back upon itself, so to say, and tended to abstract away from the social matrix of language.

1992 Rev. Eng. Stud. 43 90 A major thread running through the book, and fully realized in Saussure's structuralism, is the primacy of form over substance.

2009 H. G. Widdowson in K. Knapp & B. Seidlhofer Handbk. Foreign Lang. Communication & Learning viii. 198 Chomsky's formalism was even more abstract than the structuralism of his predecessors.

(b) Cultural Anthropology and Sociology. Any theory or mode of analysis which deals with the structure or form of human society and social relationships, esp. (following the work of the French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009)) one concerned with the networks of communication and thought underlying all human social and cultural behaviour.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis

reflexivity1662

social statics1843

social causation1848

sociography1881

functionalism1904

class analysis1919

culturalism1919

mass observation1920

survey1927

participant observation1933

participant observing1933

Verstehen1934

panel technique1938

MO1939

ahistoricism1940

historicism1940

technologism1940

action research1945

metasociology1950

pattern variable1951

structural functionalism1951

structuralism1951

panel analysis1955

cliometrics1960

unilinearism1964

technology assessment1966

symbolic interactionism1969

modernization theory1972

processualism1972

postcolonialism1974

decontextualization1976

decontextualizing1980

structurism1989

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > specific

socialism1801

Darwinism1875

social Darwinism1877

Webbism1893

Tolstoyism1894

Paretanism1949

structuralism1951

Parsonianism1963

critical race theory1989

1951 Amer. Sociolog. Rev. 16 877/2 Its theoretical orientation does indicate that the solid front of social structuralism that has marked recent English anthropology is beginning to break.

1965 Man 65 89/2 What Lévi-Strauss stresses..is that the notion of structuralism is not a return to a naturalistic kind of analysis, but essentially an attempt to solve the problem of symbolic representations and interpretations.

1973 J. Rex Discovering Sociol. ix. 118 French structuralism has to be sharply distinguished from the structuralism of Radcliffe-Brown with which it compares itself, and the structuralism of Simmel and Weber, of which it remains largely ignorant.

1990 L. Arbuthnot & G. Seneca in P. Erens Issues in Feminist Film Crit. ii. 124 In sociology, the demonstration of competence in Marxism, structuralism, semiotics, or psychoanalysis, is a feminist's best chance of gaining legitimacy from male colleagues.

2006 Western Hist. Q. 37 378/2 If you want to understand the relationship between Lévi-Straussian structuralism and Boasian anthropology..then Coming to Shore is for you.

b. gen. Structuralist theories and methods as applied to any discipline or field of study; (also) structuralist theories and methods as a mode of intellectual inquiry or analysis.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > epistemology > [noun] > structuralism

structuralization1887

structuring1890

structuralizing1935

structuralism1946

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > aesthetics > [noun] > structuralism

structuring1890

structuralism1946

1946 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 12 48/2 The French social anthropologist Lévi-Strauss points out that structuralism (a scientific approach long ago in use in geometry, physics, biology, and psychology) which studies—in contrast to the earlier method of mere description of a simple combination of isolated elements—the unified system in its totality, was formulated and applied, among the social sciences, in linguistics first of all.

1951 Mind 50 270 Braithwaite evidently believes that the whole philosophy of structuralism breaks down over the question of a combining relation.

1968 Sunday Times 10 Mar. 52 Structuralism is a technique for analysing any kind of symbolic system. Its break with the past consists in refusing to take note of the appropriateness of symbols for the things they symbolise.

1973 Film Comment May–June 52/1 In recent years, structuralism and semiology have received much attention as methods for analyzing and interpreting film... Structuralism..attempts to analyze comparatively the deep structures, thus locating those distinctive features common to all of man's cultural and social expressions.

1980 London Rev. Bks. 15 May 3/2 Structuralism is the philosophy of those in the universities and thereabouts who are not philosophers.

1997 Australian (Nexis) 28 Nov. 40 Canberra's..first and possibly only true architectural example of ‘Structuralism’, where buildings are integral and contributing elements of an overall urban order, rather than separate and individual elements.

2013 Irish Times (Nexis) 23 Feb. 15 Maybe, after all, there is still something to be said for structuralism, in gender and elsewhere.

4. Economics. A school of economic thought, originating in Latin America, which interprets the world economy as consisting of a centre of developed nations and a heterogeneous periphery of developing nations, focusing analysis upon their interrelation and the structural differences between the two.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > specific theories or doctrines

Ricardianism1827

protectionism1846

physiocracy1856

Smithianism1880

quantity theory1885

physiocratism1890

fiscalism1892

tariffism1903

cameralism1909

marginalism1912

rationalism1915

consumerism1921

Kondratieff1935

Keynesian economics1940

Keynesianism1942

Walras' law1942

Chicago school1949

Paretanism1949

neo-Keynesianism1961

Okun's Law1962

structuralism1962

monetarism1967

market fundamentalism1984

1962 Oxf. Econ. Papers 14 193 ‘Structuralism’ has other affinities with Keynesian economics. It is essentially anti-monetarist, and it is on the whole more easily accepted by the Left than the Right.

1987 J. Sheahan Patterns of Devel. in Lat. Amer. i. 11 Early postwar structuralism introduced by Raúl Prebisch and the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) offered a stimulating new interpretation of the requirements of active industrialization.

2005 Lat. Amer. Res. Rev. 40 98 The historiography of Latin American economic development has recently experienced such a paradigm shift—from structuralism to the New Institutional Economics.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	structuralism
释义	structuralismn. Brit. /ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rl̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈstrək(t)ʃ(ə)rəˌlɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: structural adj., -ism suffix. Etymology: < structural adj. + -ism suffix. Compare structuralist n., structuralist adj.With sense 3 compare French structuralisme (1932 in general sense ‘any theory or method which deals with the structures of, and relations between the elements of, a system, especially as distinguished from function or essence’, 1945 in linguistics). 1. Architecture. A design principle or practice that emphasizes the importance of structure. rare. ΚΠ 1869 Sessional Papers (Royal Inst. Brit. Architects) 94 If we are ever to recover the life and spirit of design it can only be in one way—namely, by structuralism supplanting superficialism. 1935 H. Morrison Louis Sullivan vi. 199 The form in each case is an aesthetic choice, based to be sure on practical considerations, but far removed from literal structuralism. 2. Psychology. A method, associated esp. with the American psychologist E. B. Titchener (1867–1927), of investigating the structure of consciousness through the introspective analysis of simple forms of sensation, thought, images, etc., and their combination. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > psychological study of oneself > [noun] > introspective analysis into elements structural psychology1898 structuralism1907 existentialism1922 1907 J. R. Angell in Psychol. Rev. 14 64 If you adopt as your material for psychological analysis the isolated ‘moment of consciousness’, it is very easy to become so absorbed in determining its constitution as to be rendered..oblivious to its artificial character. The most essential quarrel which the functionalist has with structuralism..arises from this fact. 1927 M. Bentley in C. Murchison Psychologies of 1925 390 However important or trivial we shall find the accomplishments of structuralism to be, we must recognize the gain in clear thinking which accrued to Titchener's sharply drawn distinction between the analytical psychology of structure and the descriptive psychology of mental operation and functional performance. 1930 Times Lit. Suppl. 19 Jan. 508/3 Modern schools of psychology, Structuralism, and Functionalism. 1968 Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. XV. 610 The movement called ‘structuralism’ which was founded in Germany by Wilhelm Wundt and transplanted to the United States by Edward B. Titchener of Cornell University. 2005 Psychol. Sci. 16 631/1 Whereas structuralism..emphasizes atomism in that every sensory whole is built up from elementary sensations, Gestaltism..emphasizes the primacy of whole units and organization in perception. 3. Any theory or method in which a discipline or field of study is envisaged as comprising elements interrelated in systems and structures at various levels, the structures and the interrelations of their elements being regarded as more significant than the elements considered in isolation. a. spec. (a) Linguistics. Any theory or mode of analysis in which language is considered as a system or structure comprising elements at various phonological, grammatical, and semantic levels, the interrelation of these elements rather than the elements themselves producing meaning.Structuralism in linguistics is considered to begin with the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). It was further developed (most notably) by the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), and remained the dominant school of thought in linguistics in Europe and the United States until the second half of the twentieth cent. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [noun] > structuralism structural linguistics1940 structuralism1945 Saussureanism1954 1945 E. A. Cassirer in Word 1 99 (title) Structuralism in modern linguistics. 1953 A. Martinet in A. L. Kroeber Anthropol. Today 577/1 It would seem that the teaching of Ferdinand de Saussure has, directly or indirectly, influenced most of linguistic structuralism. 1968 J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics x. 443 It is one of the cardinal principles of ‘structuralism’, as developed by de Saussure and his followers, that every linguistic item has its ‘place’ in a system and its function, or value, derives from the relations which it contracts with other units in the system. 1976 Archivum Linguisticum 7 152 With the rise of structuralism, linguistics turned back upon itself, so to say, and tended to abstract away from the social matrix of language. 1992 Rev. Eng. Stud. 43 90 A major thread running through the book, and fully realized in Saussure's structuralism, is the primacy of form over substance. 2009 H. G. Widdowson in K. Knapp & B. Seidlhofer Handbk. Foreign Lang. Communication & Learning viii. 198 Chomsky's formalism was even more abstract than the structuralism of his predecessors. (b) Cultural Anthropology and Sociology. Any theory or mode of analysis which deals with the structure or form of human society and social relationships, esp. (following the work of the French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009)) one concerned with the networks of communication and thought underlying all human social and cultural behaviour. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis reflexivity1662 social statics1843 social causation1848 sociography1881 functionalism1904 class analysis1919 culturalism1919 mass observation1920 survey1927 participant observation1933 participant observing1933 Verstehen1934 panel technique1938 MO1939 ahistoricism1940 historicism1940 technologism1940 action research1945 metasociology1950 pattern variable1951 structural functionalism1951 structuralism1951 panel analysis1955 cliometrics1960 unilinearism1964 technology assessment1966 symbolic interactionism1969 modernization theory1972 processualism1972 postcolonialism1974 decontextualization1976 decontextualizing1980 structurism1989 society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > specific socialism1801 Darwinism1875 social Darwinism1877 Webbism1893 Tolstoyism1894 Paretanism1949 structuralism1951 Parsonianism1963 critical race theory1989 1951 Amer. Sociolog. Rev. 16 877/2 Its theoretical orientation does indicate that the solid front of social structuralism that has marked recent English anthropology is beginning to break. 1965 Man 65 89/2 What Lévi-Strauss stresses..is that the notion of structuralism is not a return to a naturalistic kind of analysis, but essentially an attempt to solve the problem of symbolic representations and interpretations. 1973 J. Rex Discovering Sociol. ix. 118 French structuralism has to be sharply distinguished from the structuralism of Radcliffe-Brown with which it compares itself, and the structuralism of Simmel and Weber, of which it remains largely ignorant. 1990 L. Arbuthnot & G. Seneca in P. Erens Issues in Feminist Film Crit. ii. 124 In sociology, the demonstration of competence in Marxism, structuralism, semiotics, or psychoanalysis, is a feminist's best chance of gaining legitimacy from male colleagues. 2006 Western Hist. Q. 37 378/2 If you want to understand the relationship between Lévi-Straussian structuralism and Boasian anthropology..then Coming to Shore is for you. b. gen. Structuralist theories and methods as applied to any discipline or field of study; (also) structuralist theories and methods as a mode of intellectual inquiry or analysis. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > epistemology > [noun] > structuralism structuralization1887 structuring1890 structuralizing1935 structuralism1946 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > aesthetics > [noun] > structuralism structuring1890 structuralism1946 1946 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 12 48/2 The French social anthropologist Lévi-Strauss points out that structuralism (a scientific approach long ago in use in geometry, physics, biology, and psychology) which studies—in contrast to the earlier method of mere description of a simple combination of isolated elements—the unified system in its totality, was formulated and applied, among the social sciences, in linguistics first of all. 1951 Mind 50 270 Braithwaite evidently believes that the whole philosophy of structuralism breaks down over the question of a combining relation. 1968 Sunday Times 10 Mar. 52 Structuralism is a technique for analysing any kind of symbolic system. Its break with the past consists in refusing to take note of the appropriateness of symbols for the things they symbolise. 1973 Film Comment May–June 52/1 In recent years, structuralism and semiology have received much attention as methods for analyzing and interpreting film... Structuralism..attempts to analyze comparatively the deep structures, thus locating those distinctive features common to all of man's cultural and social expressions. 1980 London Rev. Bks. 15 May 3/2 Structuralism is the philosophy of those in the universities and thereabouts who are not philosophers. 1997 Australian (Nexis) 28 Nov. 40 Canberra's..first and possibly only true architectural example of ‘Structuralism’, where buildings are integral and contributing elements of an overall urban order, rather than separate and individual elements. 2013 Irish Times (Nexis) 23 Feb. 15 Maybe, after all, there is still something to be said for structuralism, in gender and elsewhere. 4. Economics. A school of economic thought, originating in Latin America, which interprets the world economy as consisting of a centre of developed nations and a heterogeneous periphery of developing nations, focusing analysis upon their interrelation and the structural differences between the two. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > specific theories or doctrines Ricardianism1827 protectionism1846 physiocracy1856 Smithianism1880 quantity theory1885 physiocratism1890 fiscalism1892 tariffism1903 cameralism1909 marginalism1912 rationalism1915 consumerism1921 Kondratieff1935 Keynesian economics1940 Keynesianism1942 Walras' law1942 Chicago school1949 Paretanism1949 neo-Keynesianism1961 Okun's Law1962 structuralism1962 monetarism1967 market fundamentalism1984 1962 Oxf. Econ. Papers 14 193 ‘Structuralism’ has other affinities with Keynesian economics. It is essentially anti-monetarist, and it is on the whole more easily accepted by the Left than the Right. 1987 J. Sheahan Patterns of Devel. in Lat. Amer. i. 11 Early postwar structuralism introduced by Raúl Prebisch and the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) offered a stimulating new interpretation of the requirements of active industrialization. 2005 Lat. Amer. Res. Rev. 40 98 The historiography of Latin American economic development has recently experienced such a paradigm shift—from structuralism to the New Institutional Economics. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1869
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