structuraladj.

Brit.

/ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rəl/,

/ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rl̩/, U.S.

/ˈstrək(t)ʃ(ə)rəl/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: structure n., -al suffix¹.

Etymology: < structure n. + -al suffix¹.

I. General uses.

a. Of or relating to the art or practice of building; (of a material) suitable for use in building or construction. Now frequently in structural steel.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [adjective]

architectonical1608

architective1611

tectonic1656

architectonic1678

edificial1794

structural1801

constructive1817

constructional1870

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > steel > [noun] > steel for specific use

tool steel1868

structural steel1895

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > type of iron > other types of iron

landiron1428

wood-iron1536

bullate1591

bullet-iron1686

tough-iron1686

Russia iron1751

Russian iron1758

sable1785

Russia1805

stub-iron1820

bushel-iron1831

Russia sheet-iron1835

stub-nail iron1839

stub Damascus1845

Berlin iron1854

charcoal-iron1858

Bessemer iron1864

tank-iron1864

ship-plate1873

ingot iron1877

tank-plate1892

structural1895

Armco1914

1801 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 910/1 As different from our antient structural embellishments as Indagator's veneration for England's architectural fame is from that professional awe.

1823 Congregational Mag. Nov. 568/2 The ‘pillar’ which Jacob is said to have set up..was of uncertain form. The original word is applicable to almost any mode of structural elevation, and may have been used in designation of a single stone, a cairn, [etc.].

1867 J. H. Burton Hist. Scotl. to 1688 I. ii. 52 The rise of structural skill in Scotland.

1895 Cycl. Rev. Current Hist. (U.S.) 5 608 The great demand was for structural iron and steel.

1925 H. P. Douglass Suburban Trend vii. 201 The community [of East Orange, New Jersey] is continuous with several other Oranges so that no logical line can be drawn between them in structural design.

1938 Amer. Home June 32/1 Walls and ceiling may be covered with structural glass which is manufactured in pleasant, standard colors and is secured by mastic cement.

1983 Buck & Hickman Catal. 1983–5 834/2 Will bore rapidly into structural concrete, engineering brick, and other hard masonry.

2010 D. Blockley Bridges ii. 57 Cast iron is brittle and therefore limited as a structural material.

b. figurative. Of or relating to literary construction.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [adjective] > relating to literary structure

structural1871

1871 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 254 Chaucer..had a structural faculty which distinguishes him from all other English poets, his contemporaries.

1932 M. C. Bradbrook Elizabethan Stage Conditions vi. 103 Webster..encountered the same difficulties as Shakespeare, but had less structural ability.

1973 Eng. Stud. 54 447 The success is in large measure the result of Shakespeare's structural skill.

1989 Mod. Judaism 9 322 Grossman's major artistic problem is that he often gets carried away by his stylistic and structural talent.

2. Forming a necessary part of the structure of a building or other construction, as distinct from its decoration or fittings; of or relating to this structure. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [adjective]

structural1831

constructional1859

constructive1865

1831 Amer. Jurist & Law Mag. Oct. 454 There were structural principles concerned in the building of bridges, far different from the mere shaping of stones.

1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) I. 183 Carpenters' work is structural, and connected with the carcase, whilst that of a joiner comprehends the finishings of the outside and inside of a building.

1886 C. R. Conder Syrian Stone-lore ii. 103 By careful examination I found that the arches near the great reservoir were not structural but false.

1904 S. H. Butcher Harvard Lect. 200 The subject-matter of poetry is the universal—that which is abiding and structural in humanity.

1912 T. D. Atkinson Eng. & Welsh Cathedrals 180 The great structural supports..Wykeham retained.

1972 Guardian 14 Oct. 3/2 The Eiffel Tower..is quite a piece of Meccano: there are more than 18,000 structural components in the 985 ft high tower.

2010 Oxoniensia 74 6 Structural features (beam-slots and postholes) and lime or chalk surfaces were present at the bases of some.

3. Of or relating to the arrangement and mutual relation of the parts or elements of a complex unity.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [adjective]

anatomical1627

organical1648

compositional1815

organic1817

structural1848

1848 W. Kebbell Pop. Lect. Dis. of Towns iv. 193 Such a structural arrangement of the town as would best facilitate the currents of air through it.

1853 New Amer. Mag. July 8/2 There always must be more or less structural uniformity in the literature of nations which speak the same language.

1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 7 All raw substances contain within them structural evidences of the conditions under which they were developed.

1874 Hartwig's Aerial World ii. 24 Having obtained a knowledge of the various gaseous substances which compose the atmosphere, we will now cast a glimpse on their structural arrangement.

1874 W. Spottiswoode Polarisation of Light vi. 76 The mechanical strain has imparted to portions of the glass a structural character analogous..to that of a crystal.

1907 14th Ann. May Festival Univ. Mich. 15 To fully comprehend the structural characteristics of the sonata form, [etc.].

1946 W. Wolff Personality of Preschool Child x. 265 No mutual understanding can develop if the child's structural needs are neglected, ridiculed, or suppressed.

1974 Acad. Managem. Jrnl. 17 693 A study of 19 manufacturing organizations revealed structural differences between relatively high and low performing organizations.

2012 S. Sidlauskas in T. Dolan Perspectives on Manet ii. 32 The portrait is rife with structural discontinuities.

4. Of or relating to social, mental, or linguistic organization or its analysis.

a. Social Sciences. Of, relating to, involving, or resulting from those aspects of a system concerned with the formal laws and relations of its structure, as distinguished from function or phenomenon. Frequently contrasted with functional adj. 3c.In Linguistics sometimes spec. with reference to deep structures and surface structures (see deep structure n. at deep adj. Compounds 2, surface structure n. at surface n. Compounds 3).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > [adjective] > structural

structural1861

structuralistic1911

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [adjective] > relating to social structure

structural1861

social structural1902

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [adjective] > relating to deep or surface structure

structural1861

underlying1933

surface1967

1861 H. Spencer Prospectus Syst. Philos. in Educ. p. iv General facts, structural and functional, as gathered from a survey of Societies and their changes.

1884 W. James in Mind 9 19 The contrast is really between two aspects, in which all mental facts without exception may be taken; their structural aspect, as being subjective, and their functional aspect, as being cognitions.

1898 E. B. Titchener in Philos. Rev. 7 465 I believe..that the best hope for psychology lies today in a continuance of structural analysis.

1908 Philos. Rev. 17 651 The book is a very pronounced example of the structural type of psychology.

1932 M. Fortes tr. B. Petermann Gestalt Theory ii. 33 The concept leads to a theory of reactions..which is characterized by Köhler's key-word ‘structural reaction’.

1952 A. R. Radcliffe-Brown Structure & Function in Primitive Society 11 When we are dealing with a structural system we are concerned with a system of social positions.

1962 R. Jakobson Sel. Writings I. 654 An analysis of the structural laws which underlie language and its evolution necessarily leads us to ascertain a limited set of actually given structural types.

1974 I. Rossi Unconscious in Culture 70 The same structural code is at work in mind, society, and physical reality.

1981 S. Rummel Ras Shamra Parallels III. iii. 225 The surface or syntagmatic level..is but one of the structural levels at which texts should be investigated.

2003 R. Firth in C. Jenks Culture I. iv. 85 Many modern social anthropologists..have found it preferable to approach the classification of types of social action through study of the structural aspects of behaviour.

b. Linguistics, Cultural Anthropology, and Literary Theory. Based on, relating to, or designating any theory or method which investigates the structure of a system, as constituted by the interrelationship of its various elements. Cf. structuralist adj. 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [adjective] > theories or methods of analysis

functional1884

Webbite1890

neo-critical1894

structural-functional1898

Tolstoyan1898

functionalist1907

Webbian1913

Paretian1916

situational1916

Paretan1932

verstehende1933

reflexive1934

same-level1934

sociographic1934

idealistic1937

ideational1937

Parsonian1945

social Darwinist1945

culturalist1948

structural1948

contextualized1951

metasociological1953

structural functionalist1953

meta-sociologistic1964

Lévi-Straussian1967

postcolonial1970

decontextualized1971

cliometric1974

postcolonialist1981

intersectional1989

the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [adjective] > structuralism

structurated1880

structuralist1895

structuralistic1911

Saussurean1937

Bloomfieldian1947

structural linguistic1947

structural1948

post-Bloomfieldian1961

1948 Language 24 323 He [sc. Roman Jakobson] combines the best in philological textual criticism with recent methods of structural linguistic and literary comparison.

1953 College Composition & Communication 4 iv. 124 The structural objection to the traditional use of language is that the account of the mechanisms becomes distorted beyond reason.

1959 Word 15 176 The newly established chair of General Linguistics and Phonetics (which was, incidentally, the first structural academic position to be established anywhere).

1963 C. Jacobson tr. C. Lévi-Strauss Struct. Anthropol. p. viii Two papers..are published here for the first time in conjunction with fifteen others that seem to me to elucidate the structural method in anthropology.

1981 P. Brooks in R. Howard tr. T. Todorov Introd. Poetics p. xviii He has forcefully shown the necessary place of structural poetics within our contemporary literary theorizing and interpretation.

2001 R. Emig in C. Knellwolf & C. Norris Cambr. Hist. Literary Crit. IX. 182 His [sc. Jung's] endeavour to outline ever-recurring patterns in literature..shares common ground with structural critics of myth such as Claude Levi-Strauss.

II. Scientific uses.

5. Of or relating to structures in various scientific disciplines.

a. Biology and Medicine. Of or relating to the structure or morphology of an organism, or of a constituent organ, tissue, or cell.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > [adjective] > relating to

organical1643

organic1796

structural1804

enorganic1846

organismal1861

organistic1910

1804 R. Kinglake Diss. Gout ii. 21 The importance of assigning to gout its structural character and local position, derives additional weight from the consideration, that the prevailing practice of tolerating it as a critical deposit, exposes the temperament to the worst effects of associative irritation.

1863 T. H. Huxley Evid. Man's Place Nature ii. 103 The structural differences which separate Man from the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee.

1877 J. A. Allen Amer. Bisons 488 In the structural character of the teeth themselves there is nothing that positively settles the question of their identity.

1929 C. E. McClung Handbk. Microsc. Technique i. 7 Fixing is the process of preserving, by means of coagulation, the normal structural characters of organs, tissues and cells.

1981 Methods Cell Biol. 22 218 At the present time it is not possible to observe in whole-mount preparations the internal structural features of those cells fixed in situ.

2004 Discover Oct. 35/1 Radiographs can reveal the structural integrity of the spinal cord.

b. Geology. Of or relating to the structure of the earth's crust, or to that of a region, feature, rock formation, etc.See also structural basin n., structural contour n. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > [adjective]

structural1837

geotectonical1881

tectonic1894

palaeostructural1966

1837 Lit. Gaz. 11 Feb. 96/2 The manner in which I approached the subject was to study the structural limitation of the alluvial basin.

1855 D. T. Ansted in Orr's Circle Sci.: Inorg. Nature 57 The phenomena just described are called structural, as affecting the intimate structure of the mass, and not merely its external form.

1893 B. Willis in 13th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 1891–2: Pt. 2 224 In the Appalachian province there are four districts, each of which is distinguished from the others by a prevailing structural type.

1935 Geol. Nat. Gas (Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists) 664 Seismic surveys isolated a relatively small area with structural closure on the upthrown side of the fault.

1970 R. J. Small Study of Landforms iii. 94 The strong tensional forces arising from uparching produce structural weaknesses..at the crest of an anticline.

2011 Independent on Sunday 24 Apr. 15/5 Their burrowed homes weaken the structural integrity of riverbanks, threatening other semi-aquatic species.

c. Chemistry and Biochemistry. Of or relating to the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical structure or stereochemistry > [adjective] > of or relating to atomic framework or arrangement

structural1866

steric1898

transoid1959

1866 E. Frankland in Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 19 376 I have devised a modified notation, by which the same structural ideas can be expressed.

1912 P. G. Stiles Nutritional Physiol. x. 97 The resolution of proteins into the simple structural units from which their molecules are built is carried out under the influence of trypsin.

1981 R. N. Hardy Endocrine Physiol. iv. 28 Structural similarities between the molecules of certain pancreatic (glucagon) and intestinal hormones (enteroglucagon, secretin).

2005 V. N. Potaman & R. R. Sinden in T. Ohyama DNA Conformation & Transcription i. 3 Local structural transitions from the common B-DNA conformation into other DNA forms can be functionally important.

6. Of a branch of a science: concerned with the study of physical structures and the arrangement of their component parts.See also structural botany n., structural chemistry n., structural geology n. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [adjective] > of a branch of a science

structural1831

1831 Monthly Rev. Dec. 485 Its application and use were indicated yesterday, when treating of what is termed General Anatomy, but which ought rather to be called Analytical or Structural Anatomy.

1863 Amer. Presbyterian Rev. July 400 The question now occurs how..an intelligent naturalist can sanction, in the general, the structural zoölogy of Cuvier.

1938 E. B. Knopf in E. B. Knopf & E. Ingerson Struct. Petrol. i. i. 13 Structural petrology..means the study of rocks with special reference to their internal and external structure rather than to their chemical or mineral composition.

1997 Nature 1 May 6/3 The report points out that access to a synchrotron radiation facility is essential for structural biology.

2005 M. Livio Equation that couldn't be Solved ii. 34 Leeuwenberg and his collaborators developed a theory of shape representation generally known as structural information theory.

7. Of a colour: arising from the diffraction or scattering of light by the structure of a surface layer, rather than from the presence of a pigment. Also: relating to or involving such colours (found particularly in birds and insects).

ΚΠ

1882 Proc. Zool. Soc. 2 May 409 Subjective, physical, or structural colours. They are the result of reflected or broken light.

1947 A. D. Imms Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) iv. 138 Structural colours being due to the physical nature of the cuticle itself are consequently permanent and fadeless.

1993 R. L. H. Dennis Butterflies & Climate Change iii. 88 Most whites, blues and greens in butterflies and all iridescent (metallic) colours are structural.

2013 S. Yoshioka in S. Kinoshita Pattern Formations & Oscillatory Phenomena vi. 201 Research in this field is progressing rapidly in attempts to apply structural color in the textile, car-painting, and cosmetic industries.

Compounds

structural ambiguity n. Linguistics ambiguity arising from uncertainty about the grammatical relationships of elements in a sentence; an instance of this; cf. lexical ambiguity n. at lexical adj. Additions.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] > structural ambiguity

structural ambiguity1915

1915 A. E. Davies Text-bk. Logic xviii. 515 Among the fallacies due to verbal ambiguity we may include equivocation, accent, composition..; and among those due to structural ambiguity, amphibole and false parenthesis.

1952 C. C. Fries Struct. of Eng. iv. 62 Some type of structural ambiguity always results in English whenever the form-classes of the words are not clearly marked.

2010 M. L. Murphy & A. Koskela Key Terms in Semantics 12 Structural ambiguities arise because there is more than one possible constituent structure for a complex expression.

structural basin n. Geology a basin (basin n. 13) resulting from the downwarping of previously level strata.

ΚΠ

1886 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1885–6 14 652 The exceedingly gentle slope from Lake Erie to Pittsburgh represents the northwestern side of a structural basin, the great Sixth bituminous coal-basin.

1952 W. J. Miller Introd. Hist. Geol. (ed. 6) xxiii. 366 The Wasatch, Green River, and Bridge formations were laid down in structural basins which developed during the Rocky Mountain Revolution.

2004 Oil & Gas Jrnl. (Nexis) 9 Feb. 29 Trenton and Black River reservoirs have produced more than 146 million bbl of oil and 275 bcf of gas..on the southern flank of the Michigan structural basin.

structural botany n. the branch of botany concerned with the structure and organization of plants and their parts and tissues; plant anatomy and morphology.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > botany > [noun] > specific branches or aspects of botany

phytognomy1643

topology1659

vegetable statics1691

cryptogamy1783

fossil botany1822

nomology1825

structural botany1835

phytochemistry1837

phytochimy1847

phytogeography1847

astrobotany1851

phytonomy1851

phytophysiology1854

palaeophytology1857

phytobiology1860

phytopathology1864

plant physiology1870

palaeobotany1872

plant geography1878

phytopalaeontology1879

plant pathology1891

ethnobotany1896

floristic1898

phyteconomy1898

phytoteratology1898

phytoecology1899

geobotany1904

phytosociology1917

archaeobotany1954

palaeoethnobotany1959

1835 J. Lindley (title) A key to structural, physiological, and systematic botany.

1849 J. H. Balfour Man. Bot. 1 Structural Botany, or Organography,..has reference to the textures of which plants are composed, and to the forms of the various organs.

1879 Pop. Sci. Monthly Dec. 278/1 The present volume is specially devoted to structural botany, and leaves out physiology as far as possible.

1989 C. A. Stace Plant Taxon. & Biosystematics (ed. 2) iii. 69 There is no logic in the artificial separation of discussions of different aspects of structural botany for taxonomic purposes.

structural change n. Linguistics (in early theories of transformational generative grammar) a change in syntactic structure resulting from the application of a transformational rule (see transformational adj.); (also) the part of the transformational rule stating the form of this change.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specifically in transformational grammar

transformation1955

structural change1959

SC1964

1959 College Composition & Comm. 10 174/2 Structural change: 1, 2, 3, 4 → 4, 2 + be + en, 3, by + 1.

1973 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 39 85/2 Notice that we could have just as well have written a Structural Change of 1 ∅ 3 4, or 1/'i/4.

2007 Jrnl. Linguistics 43 718 A rule, very much like a (generalised) transformation in early TGG, consists of a structural description and a structural change.

structural chemistry n. the branch of chemistry concerned with the arrangement or order of attachment of atoms in molecules and ions, and with the bonding between constituent atoms.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemistry as a science > branches of chemistry > [noun]

physical chemistry1743

zymology1753

pneumatic chemistry1788

stoicheiometry1807

electrochemistry1811

phytochemistry1837

thermochemistry1844

actinochemistry1845

inorganic chemistry1847

phytochimy1847

biochemistry1848

microchemistry1853

palaeochemistry1854

actinology1855

photochemistry1860

physico-chemistry1860

zymotechny1860

anorganology1876

kinetics1884

structural chemistry1884

stereochemistry1890

spectrochemistry1893

cytochemistry1900

radiochemistry1904

immunochemistry1907

magnetochemistry1914

leptonology1917

surface chemistry1919

crystal chemistry1921

radiation chemistry1926

leptology1928

mechanochemistry1928

agrochemistry1930

sonochemistry1934

quantum chemistry1938

cosmochemistry1940

polymer chemistry1945

conductometry1946

topochemistry1948

proto-chemistry1962

stereology1963

biochem1968

femtochemistry1988

combinatorial chemistry1992

cheminformatics1996

1884 J. P. Cooke New Chem. (ed. 8) p. xv We readily develop the subject so far as to give a general idea of the conceptions of modern structural chemistry, and of the striking results to which it has led.

1907 Nature 24 Oct. 654/1 Structural chemistry..is slowly acquiring the mastery over cholesterin by making use of the experience afforded by the synthetic study of the hydroaromatic substances.

1954 E. P. Abraham in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xvi. 299 The ideas of modern structural chemistry suggest that three forces may be important—van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds and..electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged groups.

2002 Wall St. Jrnl. 14 Oct. r6/5 Researchers are excited about a field known as structural chemistry, which uses powerful X-rays to figure out the structure of proteins.

structural contour n. Geology = structure contour n. at structure n. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1903 S. F. Emmons & C. W. Hayes Contrb. Econ. Geol. 1902 334 Irregularities shown by the structural contours of the published maps of the Ditney folio.

2004 C. W. Poag et al. Chesapeake Bay Crater ix. 292 The structural contours strike nearly north-south beneath Chesapeake Bay.

structural damage n. damage to the structure or overall stability of something; esp. damage to a building, bridge, etc., sufficient to impair its structural integrity.

ΚΠ

1854 Assoc. Med. Jrnl. 2 308/2 Intellectual activity is suspended, and animal life alone goes on; and in this way..structural damage is prevented.

1862 Evening Herald 8 Dec. 5/3 A proceeding to recover compensation..for structural damage of the house.

1933 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 18 Nov. 911/2 Dissection may reveal grievous structural damage in kidneys which, during life, gave little evidence of functional derangement.

1979 S. P. Lee & P. Passell New Econ. View Amer. Hist. xvi. 383 The immense structural damage done to the economy was exceedingly difficult to repair.

2014 Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 3 July The collapse of a facade inside an underpass of the Brooklyn Bridge did not cause any structural damage.

structural deficit n. (a) Medicine a defect in the structure of a part of the body, esp. when characterized by failure of development or loss of tissue; (b) Economics a deficit resulting from an underlying imbalance between expenditure and revenue rather than from changes in the business cycle or short-term factors.

ΚΠ

1918 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 48 276 The functional compensation supplied by the cerebrum and which in a large measure keeps pace with the slowly progressive structural deficit occurring in the cerebellar cortex.

1950 Economist 22 July 168/2 Only by eliminating the ‘structural deficit’ created by the general unsoundness of the economy, shall we be able to offer productive employment to all.

1975 Gen. Pharmacol. 6 181/1 This concentrating defect may be partly explained by the presence in the newborn kidney of relatively short loops of Henle... This structural deficit is compounded by the lack of urea available for sequestration.

1979 B. Bray tr. F. Caron Econ. Hist. Mod. France xxiv. 332 Current payments were always in surplus..the trade balance surplus and the income from interest making up for the ‘structural’ deficit in invisibles.

2005 D. Anastakis Auto Pact i. 25 By the end of the 1950's, these imports represented a structural deficit for the Canadian auto industry of more than $300 million a year.

2010 NeuroImage 53 51 The results argue for a coexistent neurochemical and structural deficit in the hippocampus of schizophrenic patients.

structural engineer n. Engineering an engineer concerned with buildings or structures; an expert or specialist in structural engineering.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > builder > [noun] > civil engineer

engineer1722

civil engineer1763

structural engineer1867

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > engineer > [noun] > other types

millwright1387

field engineer1758

chemical engineer1838

mechanical engineer1840

industrial engineer1849

structural engineer1867

civil1873

sanitary engineer1873

radio engineer1910

stress analyst1916

ack emma1917

stressman1919

roboticist1940

systems engineer1940

environmental engineer1947

terotechnologist1970

knowledge engineer1981

1867 Archaeol. Jrnl. 24 358 The architects of the middle ages, the structural engineers, the masons, could not thus be overlooked.

1912 Register of Former Students (Mass. Inst. Technol.) 65 Burleigh Structural engineer and chief draughtsman.

1977 Mod. Railways Dec. 488/1 The APT project placed a complex set of inter-related demands on the structural engineer.

2001 S. Roaf et al. Ecohouse (2002) vi. 131 Heavy new roofing should not be added to existing structures without consulting a structural engineer.

structural engineering n. Engineering the branch of civil engineering concerned with the analysis and design of large buildings and load-bearing structures.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > engineering > [noun] > branches of

waterwork?a1560

civil engineeringc1770

water engineering1787

millwrighting1821

engineering science1826

hydraulic engineering1835

river engineering1842

structural engineering1859

industrial engineering1860

chemical engineering1861

sanitary engineering1868

biological engineering1898

control engineering1914

radio engineering1915

environmental engineering1946

systems engineering1946

bioengineering1950

value engineering1959

biomedical engineering1961

geoengineering1962

macro-engineering1964

microengineering1964

terotechnology1970

hydroengineering1971

civil1975

mechatronics1976

knowledge engineering1977

1859 Minutes Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers 18 302 It does not appear that any experiments had been previously made to ascertain this fundamentally important fact, although of continual recurrence in structural engineering, as in the links of suspension-bridge chains, of truss frames, of compound girder work, &c.

1924 Times Trade & Engin. Suppl. 29 Nov. 248/2 Some of the finest structural engineering in the world was done in the Black Country.

1943 A. Rand Fountainhead i. i. 15 No one denies the importance of structural engineering to a future architect.

2000 Struct. Engineer 1 Feb. 12/4 With broad-based experience in civil and structural engineering gained in the firm in the last 12 years, he will head a section promoting the design-&-build work in the industrial sector.

structural formula n. [compare German Strukturformel (see structure formula n. at structure n. Compounds 2)] Chemistry a formula which represents the relative arrangement of atoms in a molecule, ion, etc., and often also the position and nature of the bonds between them; contrasted with empirical formula n. (b) at empirical adj. and n. Compounds.Cf. molecular formula n. at molecular adj. Compounds, rational formula n. at rational adj. and adv. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > [noun] > scientific method > of representation

formula1855

structural formula1868

structure formula1877

1868 J. W. Gibbs in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 95 295 The structural formula which I have given explains the decomposition effected by Strecker very simply.

1951 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. I. i. 6 It is always desirable to show the arrangement (if known) of the atoms in the molecule, and this is done by means of structural formulæ or bond-diagrams.

2000 M. Clugston & R. Flemming Adv. Chem. xxi. 386 The shortened structural formulae of ethanol and methoxymethane are CH₃CH₂OH and CH₃OCH₃ respectively.

structural-functional adj. of or relating to the structure and function of something; (Sociology and Cultural Anthropology) = structural functionalist n. and adj. (b).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [adjective] > theories or methods of analysis

functional1884

Webbite1890

neo-critical1894

structural-functional1898

Tolstoyan1898

functionalist1907

Webbian1913

Paretian1916

situational1916

Paretan1932

verstehende1933

reflexive1934

same-level1934

sociographic1934

idealistic1937

ideational1937

Parsonian1945

social Darwinist1945

culturalist1948

structural1948

contextualized1951

metasociological1953

structural functionalist1953

meta-sociologistic1964

Lévi-Straussian1967

postcolonial1970

decontextualized1971

cliometric1974

postcolonialist1981

intersectional1989

1898 Trans. Southern Surg. & Gynecol. Assoc. 10 289 We must clearly recognize that there must be anatomical, physiological, and structural functional conditions in the part that is to be affected.

1901 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 12 598 The structural-functional psychology question.

1937 Amer. Sociol. Assoc. 2 935 Arensbuerg's book..reveals in definite fashion the fruitfulness of the structural-functional approach.

1967 Arch. Neurol. (Chicago) 16 141/2 The CNS is the most dynamic organ of the body in its continuing, structural-functional evolvement.

2003 M. Aasved Sociol. Gambling i. 29 It was the task of the structural-functional theorist to discover and describe the ways in which an institution contributed to the preservation of society.

structural functionalism n. Sociology and Cultural Anthropology the theory or method of studying society as a complex integrated system with regard to the functional interactions and adaptations of its constituent parts; cf. functionalism n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis

reflexivity1662

social statics1843

social causation1848

sociography1881

functionalism1904

class analysis1919

culturalism1919

mass observation1920

survey1927

participant observation1933

participant observing1933

Verstehen1934

panel technique1938

MO1939

ahistoricism1940

historicism1940

technologism1940

action research1945

metasociology1950

pattern variable1951

structural functionalism1951

structuralism1951

panel analysis1955

cliometrics1960

unilinearism1964

technology assessment1966

symbolic interactionism1969

modernization theory1972

processualism1972

postcolonialism1974

decontextualization1976

decontextualizing1980

structurism1989

1951 Social Forces 29 254/1 More intensive and precise descriptive data in conformity with the theoretical approach of structural-functionalism are requisite.

1996 Éire-Ireland Spring 143 Irish ethnography, guided by structural functionalism, narrowly focused on social life in communities.

2009 T. Delaney & T. Madigan Sociol. of Sports ii. 23 Functionalism, or structural functionalism..views society as an organized system of interrelated parts that seeks equilibrium or balance.

structural functionalist n. and adj. Sociology and Cultural Anthropology (a) n. a supporter or advocate of structural functionalism; (b) adj. of or relating to structural functionalism.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [adjective] > theories or methods of analysis

functional1884

Webbite1890

neo-critical1894

structural-functional1898

Tolstoyan1898

functionalist1907

Webbian1913

Paretian1916

situational1916

Paretan1932

verstehende1933

reflexive1934

same-level1934

sociographic1934

idealistic1937

ideational1937

Parsonian1945

social Darwinist1945

culturalist1948

structural1948

contextualized1951

metasociological1953

structural functionalist1953

meta-sociologistic1964

Lévi-Straussian1967

postcolonial1970

decontextualized1971

cliometric1974

postcolonialist1981

intersectional1989

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > one who follows or uses

Tolstoyist1894

functionalist1900

Tolstoyan1901

social Darwinist1903

participant observer1924

Paretian1932

mass observer1937

symbolic interactionist1937

structuralist1947

action researcher1950

structural functionalist1953

cliometrician1966

Paretan1969

critical theorist1970

Lévi-Straussian1980

1953 Jrnl. Philos. 50 648 Nor is any apparent advance achieved over the explications provided by such ‘structural-functionalists’ as Professor Merton or Professor Parsons.

1958 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 64 115 Overconcern with the social system—in the structural-functionalist approach—has led contemporary sociology to a loss of problem consciousness.

1976 E. Leach Culture & Communication i. 3 Others..offer structural-functionalist explanations.

1977 Dædalus Summer 64 Like many structural-functionalists, he regards as unproblematical the processes by which corporations and other ‘surface structures’ come into existence.

2009 Mich. Sociolog. Rev. 3 46 Structural functionalists view society as a system of interrelated parts. Each part has a purpose, an intent, a reason for being.

structural fund n. Economics and Politics a fund established for the purpose of making changes to structural aspects of a business, industry, or economy; esp. any of the various funds set up by the European Union to pay for projects aimed at reducing socio-economic disparities between its different regions.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > funds or pecuniary resources > [noun] > set apart for a purpose > for other purposes

alms purse1530

privy purse1565

sinking fund1717

stakea1744

pension fund1757

spare-chest1769

road fund1784

revolving fund1793

community chest1796

provident fund1817

sustentation fund1837

wages-fund1848

slush fund1874

treasury chest fund1877

fall money1883

jackpot1884

provision1895

war chest1901

juice1935

fighting fund1940

structural fund1967

appeal fund1976

1967 J. E. Schwarz Power, Persuasion, & Infl. of European Parl. (Ph.D. diss., Indiana Univ.) iii. 67 The role of the [European Economic Community] Commission would be to..stimulate governmental action through an annual report on structures and through a Community structural fund.

1971 Economist 18 Dec. 99/2 A ‘structural fund’ to finance rationalization in weak industries..without tying the government up in the complications of ownership.

1979 Financial Times 21 Mar. 29/3 The two companies will also expect to take advantage of the Skr 1.3bn structural fund established by the Government to facilitate the restructuring of the Swedish special steels industry.

1986 Financial Times 4 Apr. 26/3 The shortfall in cash for the structural fund alone—mainly the social and regional funds—now totals Ecu 1.169bn (£740m) for the current year.

2011 Irish Times 17 Nov. 29/6 A large part of the Polish investment came from EU structural funds, described by government officials as a ‘mini-Marshall plan’ for the former communist country.

structural gene [after French gène de structure (F. Jacob & J. Monod 1959, in Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 249 1282)] Molecular Biology any gene whose final product is a protein or RNA molecule which is not a regulator of gene expression; contrasted with regulator gene, regulatory gene.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [adjective] > gene > types of gene

monofactorial1920

monogenic1921

polygenic1928

multigenic1933

additive1936

oligogenic1943

X-linked1949

Y-linked1949

multigene1954

structural gene1959

orthologous1970

paralogous1970

1959 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 1 177 The situation revealed with the present system, namely a genetic ‘complex’ comprising, besides the ‘structural’ genes (z, y) a repressor-making gene (i) whose function is to block or regulate the expression of the neighbouring genes is, so far, unique for enzyme systems.

1976 F. J. Ayala Molecular Evol. ii. 12 Substitutions in the DNA nucleotide sequence of a structural gene may result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the gene.

2002 I. Sansom Truth about Babies 310 If we are phenotypically different, it seems, we owe it to regulatory genes rather than structural genes.

structural geology n. the branch of geology concerned with the structure of rock formations, crustal regions, etc., and the way in which these have formed and developed; (also) the geological aspects of a formation, region, etc., studied from this perspective.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > [noun]

geology1795

structural geology1842

stratigraphy1850

petrology1870

palaeophysiography1882

tectonics1899

palaeogeology1933

palaeostructure1937

solid geology1937

morphotectonics1956

1842 Geologist 1 30 A district possessing many advantages for collecting information relative to structural Geology.

1877 J. Le Conte Elements Geol. (1879) Introd. 2 A knowledge of mineralogy and lithology is required to understand structural geology.

1939 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 47 816 (title) Structural geology of the Trail Creek–Canyon Mountain area, Montana.

2005 Arctic, Antarctic, & Alpine Res. 37 220/2 Data were collected using the conventional strike/dip technique used in structural geology.

structural grammar n. the method of studying or teaching language by analysing its grammatical structure (according to structural linguistic principles); a grammar based on this.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > schools or theories of grammar > [noun] > other spec.

universal grammar1751

recognition grammar1926

tagmemics1947

structural grammar1949

speculative grammar1951

generative grammar1959

generativism1965

standard theory1966

systemic grammar1967

case grammar1968

Montague grammar1972

1949 W. O. Birk (title) Structural grammar for building sentences.

1982 B. Mittins in A. Adams New Direct. Eng. Teaching 14 Hardly have we got used to the ‘new’ structural grammar when we are confronted with a ‘newer’ transformational-generative grammar.

2010 R. K. Taira in A. A. T. Bui & R. K. Taira Med. Imaging Informatics 286 Structural grammars deal with generic constituents such as noun phrases, verb phrases, and clauses.

structural integration n. a system of deep tissue manipulation and postural adjustment developed by Ida P. Rolf (cf. Rolf n.); also called Rolfing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > physiotherapy > [noun] > massage > techniques involving

lomi-lomi1850

fulling1868

anma1891

Swedish massage1911

reflexology1913

reflex therapy1916

zone therapy1917

structural integration1963

postural integration1968

Rolfing1970

tui na1979

Hellerwork1981

1963 I. P. Rolf in Systematics 1 66 (heading) Structural integration: gravity, an unexplored factor in a more human use of human beings.

1975 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 22 Feb. 15/3 The body reformation methods called structural integration (commonly known as rolfing, after its developer Ida Rolf).

2010 M. F. Beck Theory & Pract. Therapeutic Massage (ed. 5) xv. 600 After structural integration sessions, physical and psychological balance is often experienced by the client.

structural isomer n. [compare German structurisomer , adjective (1874 in the passage translated in quot. 1881, or earlier; now strukturisomer)] Chemistry each of two or more compounds which have the same empirical formula but differ in the sequence or arrangement of their constituent atoms.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > isomerism > [noun] > structural isomerism > structural isomer

structural isomer1881

1881 W. R. Hodgkinson & A. J. Greenaway tr. J. Wislicenus Strecker's Short Text-bk. Org. Chem. 36 When the difference between several organic bodies of the same molecular formula is not due to metamerism, they are isomers in the strict sense of the word, true isomers or structural isomers [Ger. so werden sie..structurisomer genannt].

1934 C. C. Steele Introd. Plant Biochem. iii. 22 These two propyl alcohols have the same molecular formula, C₃H₇OH, but their structural formulæ (III) and (IV), are different; they are therefore structural isomers.

2000 J. C. McAuliffe & O. Hindsgaul in M. Fukuda & O. Hindsgaul Molecular & Cellular Glycobiol. viii. 249 Even simple oligosaccharides have an enormous number of structural isomers.

structural isomerism n. [after German Structur-Isomerie (1874 in the passage translated in quot. 1881, or earlier; now Strukturisomerie)] Chemistry the form of isomerism exhibited by structural isomers.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > isomerism > [noun] > structural isomerism

structural isomerism1881

1881 W. R. Hodgkinson & A. J. Greenaway tr. J. Wislicenus Strecker's Short Text-bk. Org. Chem. 36 (heading) Structural isomerism [Ger. Structur-Isomerie].

1926 J. Read Text-bk. Org. Chem. xii. 215 The various kinds of isomerism encountered up to the present point are all included under the general title of structural isomerism.

2003 B. Chapman & A. Jarvis Org. Chem., Energetics, Kinetics & Equilibrium (rev. ed.) ii. 25 Structural isomerism occurs when two or more different structural formulae can be written for the same molecular formula.

structural linguist n. a practitioner or proponent of structural linguistics.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [noun] > structuralism > adherent of

structural linguist1945

Bloomfieldian1946

post-Bloomfieldian1970

Saussurean1977

1945 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 58 358 The basic attitudes, thus, play the same part in his approach as the distinctive features in the approach of the structural linguist.

1958 New Statesman 6 Sept. 288/3 The new advance guard, the Structural Linguists, round on the New Critics as amiable old pipe-smoking fuddy-duddies.

2008 Frontiers Philos. in China 3 595 Like the structural linguist Saussure, the founders of phenomenology and analytical philosophy give much attention to the logical or static structure of language.

structural linguistic adj. of or relating to structural linguistics.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [adjective] > structuralism

structurated1880

structuralist1895

structuralistic1911

Saussurean1937

Bloomfieldian1947

structural linguistic1947

structural1948

post-Bloomfieldian1961

1947 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 13 65/2 More may be said about the importance of the labels of linguistic forms in relation to the kinds of structural linguistic analysis.

1962 New Yorker 10 Mar. 158/2 For the scientific study of language the Structural Linguistic approach is superior to that of the old grammarians.

2008 Philos. Music Educ. Rev. 16 126 According to structural linguistic philosophy we..use the linguistic system available in the historical and geographical context within which we operate.

structural linguistics n. a branch of linguistics that analyses language as a system of interrelated structural elements without regard to their historical development (cf. descriptive adj. 3b).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [noun] > structuralism

structural linguistics1940

structuralism1945

Saussureanism1954

1940 Amer. Speech 15 438/2 Harris, Zellig S. Rev. of L. H. Gray, Foundations of Language... Some useful remarks on ‘structural’ linguistics.

1972 D. Lodge 20th Cent. Lit. Crit. 545 Structural linguistics goes beyond the description of any particular language to pursue the ‘deep structures’ that are common to all languages.

1993 Lang. in Society 22 555 Chap. 2 is an overview of structural linguistics (phonology, morphology, syntax) for the uninitiated.

structural load n. Engineering the load on a structure resulting from the structure's own weight.

ΚΠ

1873 Papers Royal Inst. Brit. Architects 108 (heading) Second Principle—Wise Distribution of Structural Load.

1969 M. R. Sharpe Living in Space v. 109 At relatively low internal pressures..structural loads other than pressure-resistant walls determine the overall weight.

2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 9 Oct. 31/3 Its continuous surface network of rods, arranged in repetitive diagonal patterns of triangles, carries the structural load.

structural protein n. Biology protein that performs a structural function in a cell or tissue; a protein of this type.

ΚΠ

1915 Jrnl. Amer. Soc. Agronomy 7 281 Reserve protein food material, as contrasted with vegetative or structural protein.

1960 Jrnl. Exper. Biol. 37 889 The main conclusion is that the characteristic elasticity is caused by a peculiar protein, called resilin, which differs from other structural proteins also in respect of amino acid composition.

1966 E. L. Tatum in Future of Biol. (Rockefeller Univ. & State Univ. of New York) 22 A third basic type of macromolecule, the protein, either an enzyme or a structural protein molecule.

2006 Focus Nov. 59/2 In joints, your bones are held together by elastic ligaments made of a structural protein called collagen.

structural psychology n. an approach to the study of consciousness which relies on the introspective analysis of simple experience into individual elements; = structuralism n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > psychological study of oneself > [noun] > introspective analysis into elements

structural psychology1898

structuralism1907

existentialism1922

1898 E. B. Titchener in Philos. Rev. 7 449 (title) The postulates of a structural psychology.

1933 J. C. Flügel Hundred Years Psychol. iv. ii. 229 (heading) ‘Structural’ and ‘functional’ psychology.

2012 Y. Hsueh & B. Guo in D. B. Baker Oxf. Handbk. Hist. Psychol. vi. 100/1 Despite this early impact of structural psychology, functionalist psychology was fast gaining ground in China.

structural racism n. discrimination or unequal treatment on the basis of membership of a particular racial or ethnic group (typically one that is a minority or marginalized), arising from systems, structures, or expectations that have become established within society or an institution.See also institutional racism n. at institutional adj. Additions, systemic racism n. at systemic adj. and n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social attitudes > racial attitudes > [noun] > racism

racialism1880

racism1903

ethnocentrism1906

ethnocentricity1937

structural racism1964

systemic racism1968

1964 SDS Bull. (Students for Democratic Society) Jan. 5/1 The ‘poor whites’ play their usual role in the structural racism.

1997 La Prensa (San Antonio, Texas) (Electronic ed.) 2 Feb. 2 a This is just another example of structural racism, where services are being moved to a [sic] affluent white community and the inner city Hispanic residents are being left out in the cold.

2020 J. Sarra & C. L. Wade Predatory Lending & Destr. Afr.-Amer. Dream i. 1 African Americans who qualified for regular fixed-rate, long-term mortgages were steered to sub-prime mortgages because lenders were capitalizing on years of structural racism.

structural-semantic adj. Linguistics of or relating to language structure and semantics, or to structural semantics.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > [adjective] > branches of

neuro-semantic1935

structural-semantic1954

ethnosemantic1966

1954 Language 30 188 The problem of most interest to the linguist is..to describe the structural-semantic patterns of the child's language.

1973 Archivum Linguisticum 4 67 The structural-semantic category system of Soskin and John.

2008 Lang. Resources & Eval. 42 246 We use a Japanese grammar..so that we can simultaneously annotate syntactic and structural semantic structure without overburdening the annotator.

structural semanticist n. Linguistics a practitioner or proponent of structural semantics.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > [noun] > branches of > one who studies

structural semanticist1961

1961 Biennial Rev. Anthropol. 2 301 Her conclusions run counter to those of the structural semanticists in a number of ways.

1992 Sci. Fiction Stud. 19 200 Greimas, as a structural semanticist, tries to establish the cause of this coherence on the basis of elemental semantic components.

structural semantics n. Linguistics the study of the sense relations that may be established between words or groups of words (according to structural linguistic principles).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > [noun] > branches of

semantics1886

lexical semantics1947

structural semantics1955

ethnosemantics1966

1955 Language 31 57 The reviewer wishes that Lounsbury had presented a sample of his own ‘structural semantics’, which is as yet, it appears, unpublished.

1977 J. Lyons Semantics ix. 270 From its very beginnings structural semantics..has emphasized the importance of relations of paradigmatic opposition.

2001 New Lit. Hist. 32 584 A way of bringing together the ‘cultural formations’ of structural semantics and the biological formations of Darwinian materialism.

structural survey n. (a) an assessment of a property carried out by a surveyor to identify any structural defects; (b) an assessment of the geological features of an area of land.

ΚΠ

1888 7th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 1885–6 66 The complete structural survey of a strip of country 20 miles broad.

1937 Times 8 Dec. 8/4 The Office of Works was carrying out an extensive structural survey of existing Government buildings.

1973 Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 73 117 Shackleton's structural survey of the Dingle Peninsula..has already demonstrated that the beds of the Dingle Group under the unconformity are inverted.

2005 Financial Times 9 July 10/2 My team did a full structural survey that showed the building was sound.

structural unemployment n. Economics unemployment resulting from reorganization of labour, typically due to technological change, rather than from fluctuations in supply and demand.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > lack of work > [noun] > unemployment > resulting from restructuring of industry

structural unemployment1931

1931 Economica 33 247 The severe crisis of 1920, which in England developed later on into a time of continued ‘structural’ unemployment.

1966 Economist 29 Jan. 407/2 The boom of the past years has brought jobs for Negroes and for the unskilled, in the teeth of cries that ‘automation’ and ‘structural unemployment’ meant that such people had no hope of finding work.

2000 Econ. Affairs 20 35/2 Monetary policy is, in any case, not equipped to combat structural unemployment.

structural viscosity n. [after German Strukturviskosität (W. Ostwald 1925, in Kolloid-Zeitschrift 36 116/1)] Science non-Newtonian viscosity that decreases with increasing shearing stress or shearing rate; cf. thixotropy n., pseudoplastic adj. 2.

ΚΠ

1926 Ann. Rep. Progress Chem. 22 297 The deviations of the viscosity of colloid systems from the Hagen–Poiseuille law are due to factors included in the general term ‘structural viscosity’.

1981 H. Rieger et al. in R. M. Effros et al. Microcirculation xv. 288 This is followed by an enhanced structural viscosity, which represents the pronounced non-Newtonian flow properties of the blood with thixotropic properties.

2010 G. A. Klein Industr. Color Physics ii. 69 The leafing is generally avoided due to the high structural viscosity of the melt.

structural word n. Grammar = function word n. at function n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > [noun] > function word

particle1533

parcel1571

syncategorem1655

agency1778

empty word1854

symbolic1871

form-word1875

structural word1884

particule1889

pheme1906

structure word1925

function word1927

operator1938

logical word1940

keneme1950

rheme1953

functor1958

1884 M. E. Harkness Egyptian Life & Hist. v. 72 This..requires an exhaustive comparison of the Egyptian vocabulary, including the structural words.

1940 M. M. Bryant & J. R. Aiken Psychol. of Eng. iv. 38 A distinction is made between ‘full’ and ‘empty’ words, the latter being what are known as ‘structural’ words.

2008 Atlantis 30 151 Younger speakers and L2 speakers tend to have a slower speech rate, and L2 speakers have a smaller duration difference between content and structural words than native speakers.

Derivatives

ˌstructuˈrality n. structural quality or character.

ΚΠ

1860 Future 1 Aug. 71/2 All the forms of crystalisation, the simplest condition of living structurality, are rectilinear.

1920 Jrnl. Biblical Lit. 39 121 To handle Hebrew poetry, whose structurality is anything but metrical, on the basis of a dominant rhythmical constant, is..a contradiction in terms.

2006 Revista Hispánica Moderna 59 74 The structurality of desire..is at play in these works.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	structural
释义	structuraln. Brit. /ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rəl/, /ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rl̩/, U.S. /ˈstrək(t)ʃ(ə)rəl/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: structural adj. Etymology: < structural adj. A component or material having a structural or load-bearing role, esp. in a building. Usually in plural.Quot. 1856 refers to structural components of cells in the body. ΚΠ 1856 T. Goodsell Fetation, from Coition to Parturition in Documents Assembly State of N.-Y. IV. No. 138 141 Their respective exhalants..forward their contributions of structurals by this first organised vessel. 1896 Aluminum World June 186/2 Orders for structurals, plates, sheets, etc., are light. 1956 Van Wert (Ohio) Times-Bull. 21 July 8/3 Detroit fabricators and steel warehouses have four weeks supply of heavy structurals and reinforcing bars. 1983 W. L. Roberts Hot Rolling of Steel x. 344 Some structurals are made of heat-treatable steels. 2005 N. E. Prasad et al. in B. Raj & K. B. S. Rao Frontiers in Materials Sci. 209 Aluminium-lithium alloys hold promise of providing a breakthrough response to the crying need for lightweight alloys for use as structurals in aerospace applications. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). structuraladj. Brit. /ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rəl/, /ˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rl̩/, U.S. /ˈstrək(t)ʃ(ə)rəl/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: structure n., -al suffix¹. Etymology: < structure n. + -al suffix¹. I. General uses. 1. a. Of or relating to the art or practice of building; (of a material) suitable for use in building or construction. Now frequently in structural steel. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [adjective] architectonical1608 architective1611 tectonic1656 architectonic1678 edificial1794 structural1801 constructive1817 constructional1870 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > steel > [noun] > steel for specific use tool steel1868 structural steel1895 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > type of iron > other types of iron landiron1428 wood-iron1536 bullate1591 bullet-iron1686 tough-iron1686 Russia iron1751 Russian iron1758 sable1785 Russia1805 stub-iron1820 bushel-iron1831 Russia sheet-iron1835 stub-nail iron1839 stub Damascus1845 Berlin iron1854 charcoal-iron1858 Bessemer iron1864 tank-iron1864 ship-plate1873 ingot iron1877 tank-plate1892 structural1895 Armco1914 1801 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 910/1 As different from our antient structural embellishments as Indagator's veneration for England's architectural fame is from that professional awe. 1823 Congregational Mag. Nov. 568/2 The ‘pillar’ which Jacob is said to have set up..was of uncertain form. The original word is applicable to almost any mode of structural elevation, and may have been used in designation of a single stone, a cairn, [etc.]. 1867 J. H. Burton Hist. Scotl. to 1688 I. ii. 52 The rise of structural skill in Scotland. 1895 Cycl. Rev. Current Hist. (U.S.) 5 608 The great demand was for structural iron and steel. 1925 H. P. Douglass Suburban Trend vii. 201 The community [of East Orange, New Jersey] is continuous with several other Oranges so that no logical line can be drawn between them in structural design. 1938 Amer. Home June 32/1 Walls and ceiling may be covered with structural glass which is manufactured in pleasant, standard colors and is secured by mastic cement. 1983 Buck & Hickman Catal. 1983–5 834/2 Will bore rapidly into structural concrete, engineering brick, and other hard masonry. 2010 D. Blockley Bridges ii. 57 Cast iron is brittle and therefore limited as a structural material. b. figurative. Of or relating to literary construction. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [adjective] > relating to literary structure structural1871 1871 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 254 Chaucer..had a structural faculty which distinguishes him from all other English poets, his contemporaries. 1932 M. C. Bradbrook Elizabethan Stage Conditions vi. 103 Webster..encountered the same difficulties as Shakespeare, but had less structural ability. 1973 Eng. Stud. 54 447 The success is in large measure the result of Shakespeare's structural skill. 1989 Mod. Judaism 9 322 Grossman's major artistic problem is that he often gets carried away by his stylistic and structural talent. 2. Forming a necessary part of the structure of a building or other construction, as distinct from its decoration or fittings; of or relating to this structure. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [adjective] structural1831 constructional1859 constructive1865 1831 Amer. Jurist & Law Mag. Oct. 454 There were structural principles concerned in the building of bridges, far different from the mere shaping of stones. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) I. 183 Carpenters' work is structural, and connected with the carcase, whilst that of a joiner comprehends the finishings of the outside and inside of a building. 1886 C. R. Conder Syrian Stone-lore ii. 103 By careful examination I found that the arches near the great reservoir were not structural but false. 1904 S. H. Butcher Harvard Lect. 200 The subject-matter of poetry is the universal—that which is abiding and structural in humanity. 1912 T. D. Atkinson Eng. & Welsh Cathedrals 180 The great structural supports..Wykeham retained. 1972 Guardian 14 Oct. 3/2 The Eiffel Tower..is quite a piece of Meccano: there are more than 18,000 structural components in the 985 ft high tower. 2010 Oxoniensia 74 6 Structural features (beam-slots and postholes) and lime or chalk surfaces were present at the bases of some. 3. Of or relating to the arrangement and mutual relation of the parts or elements of a complex unity. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [adjective] anatomical1627 organical1648 compositional1815 organic1817 structural1848 1848 W. Kebbell Pop. Lect. Dis. of Towns iv. 193 Such a structural arrangement of the town as would best facilitate the currents of air through it. 1853 New Amer. Mag. July 8/2 There always must be more or less structural uniformity in the literature of nations which speak the same language. 1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 7 All raw substances contain within them structural evidences of the conditions under which they were developed. 1874 Hartwig's Aerial World ii. 24 Having obtained a knowledge of the various gaseous substances which compose the atmosphere, we will now cast a glimpse on their structural arrangement. 1874 W. Spottiswoode Polarisation of Light vi. 76 The mechanical strain has imparted to portions of the glass a structural character analogous..to that of a crystal. 1907 14th Ann. May Festival Univ. Mich. 15 To fully comprehend the structural characteristics of the sonata form, [etc.]. 1946 W. Wolff Personality of Preschool Child x. 265 No mutual understanding can develop if the child's structural needs are neglected, ridiculed, or suppressed. 1974 Acad. Managem. Jrnl. 17 693 A study of 19 manufacturing organizations revealed structural differences between relatively high and low performing organizations. 2012 S. Sidlauskas in T. Dolan Perspectives on Manet ii. 32 The portrait is rife with structural discontinuities. 4. Of or relating to social, mental, or linguistic organization or its analysis. a. Social Sciences. Of, relating to, involving, or resulting from those aspects of a system concerned with the formal laws and relations of its structure, as distinguished from function or phenomenon. Frequently contrasted with functional adj. 3c.In Linguistics sometimes spec. with reference to deep structures and surface structures (see deep structure n. at deep adj. Compounds 2, surface structure n. at surface n. Compounds 3). ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > [adjective] > structural structural1861 structuralistic1911 society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [adjective] > relating to social structure structural1861 social structural1902 the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [adjective] > relating to deep or surface structure structural1861 underlying1933 surface1967 1861 H. Spencer Prospectus Syst. Philos. in Educ. p. iv General facts, structural and functional, as gathered from a survey of Societies and their changes. 1884 W. James in Mind 9 19 The contrast is really between two aspects, in which all mental facts without exception may be taken; their structural aspect, as being subjective, and their functional aspect, as being cognitions. 1898 E. B. Titchener in Philos. Rev. 7 465 I believe..that the best hope for psychology lies today in a continuance of structural analysis. 1908 Philos. Rev. 17 651 The book is a very pronounced example of the structural type of psychology. 1932 M. Fortes tr. B. Petermann Gestalt Theory ii. 33 The concept leads to a theory of reactions..which is characterized by Köhler's key-word ‘structural reaction’. 1952 A. R. Radcliffe-Brown Structure & Function in Primitive Society 11 When we are dealing with a structural system we are concerned with a system of social positions. 1962 R. Jakobson Sel. Writings I. 654 An analysis of the structural laws which underlie language and its evolution necessarily leads us to ascertain a limited set of actually given structural types. 1974 I. Rossi Unconscious in Culture 70 The same structural code is at work in mind, society, and physical reality. 1981 S. Rummel Ras Shamra Parallels III. iii. 225 The surface or syntagmatic level..is but one of the structural levels at which texts should be investigated. 2003 R. Firth in C. Jenks Culture I. iv. 85 Many modern social anthropologists..have found it preferable to approach the classification of types of social action through study of the structural aspects of behaviour. b. Linguistics, Cultural Anthropology, and Literary Theory. Based on, relating to, or designating any theory or method which investigates the structure of a system, as constituted by the interrelationship of its various elements. Cf. structuralist adj. 1. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [adjective] > theories or methods of analysis functional1884 Webbite1890 neo-critical1894 structural-functional1898 Tolstoyan1898 functionalist1907 Webbian1913 Paretian1916 situational1916 Paretan1932 verstehende1933 reflexive1934 same-level1934 sociographic1934 idealistic1937 ideational1937 Parsonian1945 social Darwinist1945 culturalist1948 structural1948 contextualized1951 metasociological1953 structural functionalist1953 meta-sociologistic1964 Lévi-Straussian1967 postcolonial1970 decontextualized1971 cliometric1974 postcolonialist1981 intersectional1989 the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [adjective] > structuralism structurated1880 structuralist1895 structuralistic1911 Saussurean1937 Bloomfieldian1947 structural linguistic1947 structural1948 post-Bloomfieldian1961 1948 Language 24 323 He [sc. Roman Jakobson] combines the best in philological textual criticism with recent methods of structural linguistic and literary comparison. 1953 College Composition & Communication 4 iv. 124 The structural objection to the traditional use of language is that the account of the mechanisms becomes distorted beyond reason. 1959 Word 15 176 The newly established chair of General Linguistics and Phonetics (which was, incidentally, the first structural academic position to be established anywhere). 1963 C. Jacobson tr. C. Lévi-Strauss Struct. Anthropol. p. viii Two papers..are published here for the first time in conjunction with fifteen others that seem to me to elucidate the structural method in anthropology. 1981 P. Brooks in R. Howard tr. T. Todorov Introd. Poetics p. xviii He has forcefully shown the necessary place of structural poetics within our contemporary literary theorizing and interpretation. 2001 R. Emig in C. Knellwolf & C. Norris Cambr. Hist. Literary Crit. IX. 182 His [sc. Jung's] endeavour to outline ever-recurring patterns in literature..shares common ground with structural critics of myth such as Claude Levi-Strauss. II. Scientific uses. 5. Of or relating to structures in various scientific disciplines. a. Biology and Medicine. Of or relating to the structure or morphology of an organism, or of a constituent organ, tissue, or cell. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > [adjective] > relating to organical1643 organic1796 structural1804 enorganic1846 organismal1861 organistic1910 1804 R. Kinglake Diss. Gout ii. 21 The importance of assigning to gout its structural character and local position, derives additional weight from the consideration, that the prevailing practice of tolerating it as a critical deposit, exposes the temperament to the worst effects of associative irritation. 1863 T. H. Huxley Evid. Man's Place Nature ii. 103 The structural differences which separate Man from the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee. 1877 J. A. Allen Amer. Bisons 488 In the structural character of the teeth themselves there is nothing that positively settles the question of their identity. 1929 C. E. McClung Handbk. Microsc. Technique i. 7 Fixing is the process of preserving, by means of coagulation, the normal structural characters of organs, tissues and cells. 1981 Methods Cell Biol. 22 218 At the present time it is not possible to observe in whole-mount preparations the internal structural features of those cells fixed in situ. 2004 Discover Oct. 35/1 Radiographs can reveal the structural integrity of the spinal cord. b. Geology. Of or relating to the structure of the earth's crust, or to that of a region, feature, rock formation, etc.See also structural basin n., structural contour n. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > [adjective] structural1837 geotectonical1881 tectonic1894 palaeostructural1966 1837 Lit. Gaz. 11 Feb. 96/2 The manner in which I approached the subject was to study the structural limitation of the alluvial basin. 1855 D. T. Ansted in Orr's Circle Sci.: Inorg. Nature 57 The phenomena just described are called structural, as affecting the intimate structure of the mass, and not merely its external form. 1893 B. Willis in 13th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 1891–2: Pt. 2 224 In the Appalachian province there are four districts, each of which is distinguished from the others by a prevailing structural type. 1935 Geol. Nat. Gas (Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists) 664 Seismic surveys isolated a relatively small area with structural closure on the upthrown side of the fault. 1970 R. J. Small Study of Landforms iii. 94 The strong tensional forces arising from uparching produce structural weaknesses..at the crest of an anticline. 2011 Independent on Sunday 24 Apr. 15/5 Their burrowed homes weaken the structural integrity of riverbanks, threatening other semi-aquatic species. c. Chemistry and Biochemistry. Of or relating to the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical structure or stereochemistry > [adjective] > of or relating to atomic framework or arrangement structural1866 steric1898 transoid1959 1866 E. Frankland in Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 19 376 I have devised a modified notation, by which the same structural ideas can be expressed. 1912 P. G. Stiles Nutritional Physiol. x. 97 The resolution of proteins into the simple structural units from which their molecules are built is carried out under the influence of trypsin. 1981 R. N. Hardy Endocrine Physiol. iv. 28 Structural similarities between the molecules of certain pancreatic (glucagon) and intestinal hormones (enteroglucagon, secretin). 2005 V. N. Potaman & R. R. Sinden in T. Ohyama DNA Conformation & Transcription i. 3 Local structural transitions from the common B-DNA conformation into other DNA forms can be functionally important. 6. Of a branch of a science: concerned with the study of physical structures and the arrangement of their component parts.See also structural botany n., structural chemistry n., structural geology n. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [adjective] > of a branch of a science structural1831 1831 Monthly Rev. Dec. 485 Its application and use were indicated yesterday, when treating of what is termed General Anatomy, but which ought rather to be called Analytical or Structural Anatomy. 1863 Amer. Presbyterian Rev. July 400 The question now occurs how..an intelligent naturalist can sanction, in the general, the structural zoölogy of Cuvier. 1938 E. B. Knopf in E. B. Knopf & E. Ingerson Struct. Petrol. i. i. 13 Structural petrology..means the study of rocks with special reference to their internal and external structure rather than to their chemical or mineral composition. 1997 Nature 1 May 6/3 The report points out that access to a synchrotron radiation facility is essential for structural biology. 2005 M. Livio Equation that couldn't be Solved ii. 34 Leeuwenberg and his collaborators developed a theory of shape representation generally known as structural information theory. 7. Of a colour: arising from the diffraction or scattering of light by the structure of a surface layer, rather than from the presence of a pigment. Also: relating to or involving such colours (found particularly in birds and insects). ΚΠ 1882 Proc. Zool. Soc. 2 May 409 Subjective, physical, or structural colours. They are the result of reflected or broken light. 1947 A. D. Imms Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) iv. 138 Structural colours being due to the physical nature of the cuticle itself are consequently permanent and fadeless. 1993 R. L. H. Dennis Butterflies & Climate Change iii. 88 Most whites, blues and greens in butterflies and all iridescent (metallic) colours are structural. 2013 S. Yoshioka in S. Kinoshita Pattern Formations & Oscillatory Phenomena vi. 201 Research in this field is progressing rapidly in attempts to apply structural color in the textile, car-painting, and cosmetic industries. Compounds structural ambiguity n. Linguistics ambiguity arising from uncertainty about the grammatical relationships of elements in a sentence; an instance of this; cf. lexical ambiguity n. at lexical adj. Additions. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] > structural ambiguity structural ambiguity1915 1915 A. E. Davies Text-bk. Logic xviii. 515 Among the fallacies due to verbal ambiguity we may include equivocation, accent, composition..; and among those due to structural ambiguity, amphibole and false parenthesis. 1952 C. C. Fries Struct. of Eng. iv. 62 Some type of structural ambiguity always results in English whenever the form-classes of the words are not clearly marked. 2010 M. L. Murphy & A. Koskela Key Terms in Semantics 12 Structural ambiguities arise because there is more than one possible constituent structure for a complex expression. structural basin n. Geology a basin (basin n. 13) resulting from the downwarping of previously level strata. ΚΠ 1886 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1885–6 14 652 The exceedingly gentle slope from Lake Erie to Pittsburgh represents the northwestern side of a structural basin, the great Sixth bituminous coal-basin. 1952 W. J. Miller Introd. Hist. Geol. (ed. 6) xxiii. 366 The Wasatch, Green River, and Bridge formations were laid down in structural basins which developed during the Rocky Mountain Revolution. 2004 Oil & Gas Jrnl. (Nexis) 9 Feb. 29 Trenton and Black River reservoirs have produced more than 146 million bbl of oil and 275 bcf of gas..on the southern flank of the Michigan structural basin. structural botany n. the branch of botany concerned with the structure and organization of plants and their parts and tissues; plant anatomy and morphology. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > botany > [noun] > specific branches or aspects of botany phytognomy1643 topology1659 vegetable statics1691 cryptogamy1783 fossil botany1822 nomology1825 structural botany1835 phytochemistry1837 phytochimy1847 phytogeography1847 astrobotany1851 phytonomy1851 phytophysiology1854 palaeophytology1857 phytobiology1860 phytopathology1864 plant physiology1870 palaeobotany1872 plant geography1878 phytopalaeontology1879 plant pathology1891 ethnobotany1896 floristic1898 phyteconomy1898 phytoteratology1898 phytoecology1899 geobotany1904 phytosociology1917 archaeobotany1954 palaeoethnobotany1959 1835 J. Lindley (title) A key to structural, physiological, and systematic botany. 1849 J. H. Balfour Man. Bot. 1 Structural Botany, or Organography,..has reference to the textures of which plants are composed, and to the forms of the various organs. 1879 Pop. Sci. Monthly Dec. 278/1 The present volume is specially devoted to structural botany, and leaves out physiology as far as possible. 1989 C. A. Stace Plant Taxon. & Biosystematics (ed. 2) iii. 69 There is no logic in the artificial separation of discussions of different aspects of structural botany for taxonomic purposes. structural change n. Linguistics (in early theories of transformational generative grammar) a change in syntactic structure resulting from the application of a transformational rule (see transformational adj.); (also) the part of the transformational rule stating the form of this change. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specifically in transformational grammar transformation1955 structural change1959 SC1964 1959 College Composition & Comm. 10 174/2 Structural change: 1, 2, 3, 4 → 4, 2 + be + en, 3, by + 1. 1973 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 39 85/2 Notice that we could have just as well have written a Structural Change of 1 ∅ 3 4, or 1/'i/4. 2007 Jrnl. Linguistics 43 718 A rule, very much like a (generalised) transformation in early TGG, consists of a structural description and a structural change. structural chemistry n. the branch of chemistry concerned with the arrangement or order of attachment of atoms in molecules and ions, and with the bonding between constituent atoms. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemistry as a science > branches of chemistry > [noun] physical chemistry1743 zymology1753 pneumatic chemistry1788 stoicheiometry1807 electrochemistry1811 phytochemistry1837 thermochemistry1844 actinochemistry1845 inorganic chemistry1847 phytochimy1847 biochemistry1848 microchemistry1853 palaeochemistry1854 actinology1855 photochemistry1860 physico-chemistry1860 zymotechny1860 anorganology1876 kinetics1884 structural chemistry1884 stereochemistry1890 spectrochemistry1893 cytochemistry1900 radiochemistry1904 immunochemistry1907 magnetochemistry1914 leptonology1917 surface chemistry1919 crystal chemistry1921 radiation chemistry1926 leptology1928 mechanochemistry1928 agrochemistry1930 sonochemistry1934 quantum chemistry1938 cosmochemistry1940 polymer chemistry1945 conductometry1946 topochemistry1948 proto-chemistry1962 stereology1963 biochem1968 femtochemistry1988 combinatorial chemistry1992 cheminformatics1996 1884 J. P. Cooke New Chem. (ed. 8) p. xv We readily develop the subject so far as to give a general idea of the conceptions of modern structural chemistry, and of the striking results to which it has led. 1907 Nature 24 Oct. 654/1 Structural chemistry..is slowly acquiring the mastery over cholesterin by making use of the experience afforded by the synthetic study of the hydroaromatic substances. 1954 E. P. Abraham in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xvi. 299 The ideas of modern structural chemistry suggest that three forces may be important—van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds and..electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged groups. 2002 Wall St. Jrnl. 14 Oct. r6/5 Researchers are excited about a field known as structural chemistry, which uses powerful X-rays to figure out the structure of proteins. structural contour n. Geology = structure contour n. at structure n. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1903 S. F. Emmons & C. W. Hayes Contrb. Econ. Geol. 1902 334 Irregularities shown by the structural contours of the published maps of the Ditney folio. 2004 C. W. Poag et al. Chesapeake Bay Crater ix. 292 The structural contours strike nearly north-south beneath Chesapeake Bay. structural damage n. damage to the structure or overall stability of something; esp. damage to a building, bridge, etc., sufficient to impair its structural integrity. ΚΠ 1854 Assoc. Med. Jrnl. 2 308/2 Intellectual activity is suspended, and animal life alone goes on; and in this way..structural damage is prevented. 1862 Evening Herald 8 Dec. 5/3 A proceeding to recover compensation..for structural damage of the house. 1933 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 18 Nov. 911/2 Dissection may reveal grievous structural damage in kidneys which, during life, gave little evidence of functional derangement. 1979 S. P. Lee & P. Passell New Econ. View Amer. Hist. xvi. 383 The immense structural damage done to the economy was exceedingly difficult to repair. 2014 Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 3 July The collapse of a facade inside an underpass of the Brooklyn Bridge did not cause any structural damage. structural deficit n. (a) Medicine a defect in the structure of a part of the body, esp. when characterized by failure of development or loss of tissue; (b) Economics a deficit resulting from an underlying imbalance between expenditure and revenue rather than from changes in the business cycle or short-term factors. ΚΠ 1918 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 48 276 The functional compensation supplied by the cerebrum and which in a large measure keeps pace with the slowly progressive structural deficit occurring in the cerebellar cortex. 1950 Economist 22 July 168/2 Only by eliminating the ‘structural deficit’ created by the general unsoundness of the economy, shall we be able to offer productive employment to all. 1975 Gen. Pharmacol. 6 181/1 This concentrating defect may be partly explained by the presence in the newborn kidney of relatively short loops of Henle... This structural deficit is compounded by the lack of urea available for sequestration. 1979 B. Bray tr. F. Caron Econ. Hist. Mod. France xxiv. 332 Current payments were always in surplus..the trade balance surplus and the income from interest making up for the ‘structural’ deficit in invisibles. 2005 D. Anastakis Auto Pact i. 25 By the end of the 1950's, these imports represented a structural deficit for the Canadian auto industry of more than $300 million a year. 2010 NeuroImage 53 51 The results argue for a coexistent neurochemical and structural deficit in the hippocampus of schizophrenic patients. structural engineer n. Engineering an engineer concerned with buildings or structures; an expert or specialist in structural engineering. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > builder > [noun] > civil engineer engineer1722 civil engineer1763 structural engineer1867 society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > engineer > [noun] > other types millwright1387 field engineer1758 chemical engineer1838 mechanical engineer1840 industrial engineer1849 structural engineer1867 civil1873 sanitary engineer1873 radio engineer1910 stress analyst1916 ack emma1917 stressman1919 roboticist1940 systems engineer1940 environmental engineer1947 terotechnologist1970 knowledge engineer1981 1867 Archaeol. Jrnl. 24 358 The architects of the middle ages, the structural engineers, the masons, could not thus be overlooked. 1912 Register of Former Students (Mass. Inst. Technol.) 65 Burleigh Structural engineer and chief draughtsman. 1977 Mod. Railways Dec. 488/1 The APT project placed a complex set of inter-related demands on the structural engineer. 2001 S. Roaf et al. Ecohouse (2002) vi. 131 Heavy new roofing should not be added to existing structures without consulting a structural engineer. structural engineering n. Engineering the branch of civil engineering concerned with the analysis and design of large buildings and load-bearing structures. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > engineering > [noun] > branches of waterwork?a1560 civil engineeringc1770 water engineering1787 millwrighting1821 engineering science1826 hydraulic engineering1835 river engineering1842 structural engineering1859 industrial engineering1860 chemical engineering1861 sanitary engineering1868 biological engineering1898 control engineering1914 radio engineering1915 environmental engineering1946 systems engineering1946 bioengineering1950 value engineering1959 biomedical engineering1961 geoengineering1962 macro-engineering1964 microengineering1964 terotechnology1970 hydroengineering1971 civil1975 mechatronics1976 knowledge engineering1977 1859 Minutes Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers 18 302 It does not appear that any experiments had been previously made to ascertain this fundamentally important fact, although of continual recurrence in structural engineering, as in the links of suspension-bridge chains, of truss frames, of compound girder work, &c. 1924 Times Trade & Engin. Suppl. 29 Nov. 248/2 Some of the finest structural engineering in the world was done in the Black Country. 1943 A. Rand Fountainhead i. i. 15 No one denies the importance of structural engineering to a future architect. 2000 Struct. Engineer 1 Feb. 12/4 With broad-based experience in civil and structural engineering gained in the firm in the last 12 years, he will head a section promoting the design-&-build work in the industrial sector. structural formula n. [compare German Strukturformel (see structure formula n. at structure n. Compounds 2)] Chemistry a formula which represents the relative arrangement of atoms in a molecule, ion, etc., and often also the position and nature of the bonds between them; contrasted with empirical formula n. (b) at empirical adj. and n. Compounds.Cf. molecular formula n. at molecular adj. Compounds, rational formula n. at rational adj. and adv. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > [noun] > scientific method > of representation formula1855 structural formula1868 structure formula1877 1868 J. W. Gibbs in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 95 295 The structural formula which I have given explains the decomposition effected by Strecker very simply. 1951 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. I. i. 6 It is always desirable to show the arrangement (if known) of the atoms in the molecule, and this is done by means of structural formulæ or bond-diagrams. 2000 M. Clugston & R. Flemming Adv. Chem. xxi. 386 The shortened structural formulae of ethanol and methoxymethane are CH₃CH₂OH and CH₃OCH₃ respectively. structural-functional adj. of or relating to the structure and function of something; (Sociology and Cultural Anthropology) = structural functionalist n. and adj. (b). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [adjective] > theories or methods of analysis functional1884 Webbite1890 neo-critical1894 structural-functional1898 Tolstoyan1898 functionalist1907 Webbian1913 Paretian1916 situational1916 Paretan1932 verstehende1933 reflexive1934 same-level1934 sociographic1934 idealistic1937 ideational1937 Parsonian1945 social Darwinist1945 culturalist1948 structural1948 contextualized1951 metasociological1953 structural functionalist1953 meta-sociologistic1964 Lévi-Straussian1967 postcolonial1970 decontextualized1971 cliometric1974 postcolonialist1981 intersectional1989 1898 Trans. Southern Surg. & Gynecol. Assoc. 10 289 We must clearly recognize that there must be anatomical, physiological, and structural functional conditions in the part that is to be affected. 1901 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 12 598 The structural-functional psychology question. 1937 Amer. Sociol. Assoc. 2 935 Arensbuerg's book..reveals in definite fashion the fruitfulness of the structural-functional approach. 1967 Arch. Neurol. (Chicago) 16 141/2 The CNS is the most dynamic organ of the body in its continuing, structural-functional evolvement. 2003 M. Aasved Sociol. Gambling i. 29 It was the task of the structural-functional theorist to discover and describe the ways in which an institution contributed to the preservation of society. structural functionalism n. Sociology and Cultural Anthropology the theory or method of studying society as a complex integrated system with regard to the functional interactions and adaptations of its constituent parts; cf. functionalism n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis reflexivity1662 social statics1843 social causation1848 sociography1881 functionalism1904 class analysis1919 culturalism1919 mass observation1920 survey1927 participant observation1933 participant observing1933 Verstehen1934 panel technique1938 MO1939 ahistoricism1940 historicism1940 technologism1940 action research1945 metasociology1950 pattern variable1951 structural functionalism1951 structuralism1951 panel analysis1955 cliometrics1960 unilinearism1964 technology assessment1966 symbolic interactionism1969 modernization theory1972 processualism1972 postcolonialism1974 decontextualization1976 decontextualizing1980 structurism1989 1951 Social Forces 29 254/1 More intensive and precise descriptive data in conformity with the theoretical approach of structural-functionalism are requisite. 1996 Éire-Ireland Spring 143 Irish ethnography, guided by structural functionalism, narrowly focused on social life in communities. 2009 T. Delaney & T. Madigan Sociol. of Sports ii. 23 Functionalism, or structural functionalism..views society as an organized system of interrelated parts that seeks equilibrium or balance. structural functionalist n. and adj. Sociology and Cultural Anthropology (a) n. a supporter or advocate of structural functionalism; (b) adj. of or relating to structural functionalism. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [adjective] > theories or methods of analysis functional1884 Webbite1890 neo-critical1894 structural-functional1898 Tolstoyan1898 functionalist1907 Webbian1913 Paretian1916 situational1916 Paretan1932 verstehende1933 reflexive1934 same-level1934 sociographic1934 idealistic1937 ideational1937 Parsonian1945 social Darwinist1945 culturalist1948 structural1948 contextualized1951 metasociological1953 structural functionalist1953 meta-sociologistic1964 Lévi-Straussian1967 postcolonial1970 decontextualized1971 cliometric1974 postcolonialist1981 intersectional1989 society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > one who follows or uses Tolstoyist1894 functionalist1900 Tolstoyan1901 social Darwinist1903 participant observer1924 Paretian1932 mass observer1937 symbolic interactionist1937 structuralist1947 action researcher1950 structural functionalist1953 cliometrician1966 Paretan1969 critical theorist1970 Lévi-Straussian1980 1953 Jrnl. Philos. 50 648 Nor is any apparent advance achieved over the explications provided by such ‘structural-functionalists’ as Professor Merton or Professor Parsons. 1958 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 64 115 Overconcern with the social system—in the structural-functionalist approach—has led contemporary sociology to a loss of problem consciousness. 1976 E. Leach Culture & Communication i. 3 Others..offer structural-functionalist explanations. 1977 Dædalus Summer 64 Like many structural-functionalists, he regards as unproblematical the processes by which corporations and other ‘surface structures’ come into existence. 2009 Mich. Sociolog. Rev. 3 46 Structural functionalists view society as a system of interrelated parts. Each part has a purpose, an intent, a reason for being. structural fund n. Economics and Politics a fund established for the purpose of making changes to structural aspects of a business, industry, or economy; esp. any of the various funds set up by the European Union to pay for projects aimed at reducing socio-economic disparities between its different regions. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > funds or pecuniary resources > [noun] > set apart for a purpose > for other purposes alms purse1530 privy purse1565 sinking fund1717 stakea1744 pension fund1757 spare-chest1769 road fund1784 revolving fund1793 community chest1796 provident fund1817 sustentation fund1837 wages-fund1848 slush fund1874 treasury chest fund1877 fall money1883 jackpot1884 provision1895 war chest1901 juice1935 fighting fund1940 structural fund1967 appeal fund1976 1967 J. E. Schwarz Power, Persuasion, & Infl. of European Parl. (Ph.D. diss., Indiana Univ.) iii. 67 The role of the [European Economic Community] Commission would be to..stimulate governmental action through an annual report on structures and through a Community structural fund. 1971 Economist 18 Dec. 99/2 A ‘structural fund’ to finance rationalization in weak industries..without tying the government up in the complications of ownership. 1979 Financial Times 21 Mar. 29/3 The two companies will also expect to take advantage of the Skr 1.3bn structural fund established by the Government to facilitate the restructuring of the Swedish special steels industry. 1986 Financial Times 4 Apr. 26/3 The shortfall in cash for the structural fund alone—mainly the social and regional funds—now totals Ecu 1.169bn (£740m) for the current year. 2011 Irish Times 17 Nov. 29/6 A large part of the Polish investment came from EU structural funds, described by government officials as a ‘mini-Marshall plan’ for the former communist country. structural gene [after French gène de structure (F. Jacob & J. Monod 1959, in Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 249 1282)] Molecular Biology any gene whose final product is a protein or RNA molecule which is not a regulator of gene expression; contrasted with regulator gene, regulatory gene. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [adjective] > gene > types of gene monofactorial1920 monogenic1921 polygenic1928 multigenic1933 additive1936 oligogenic1943 X-linked1949 Y-linked1949 multigene1954 structural gene1959 orthologous1970 paralogous1970 1959 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 1 177 The situation revealed with the present system, namely a genetic ‘complex’ comprising, besides the ‘structural’ genes (z, y) a repressor-making gene (i) whose function is to block or regulate the expression of the neighbouring genes is, so far, unique for enzyme systems. 1976 F. J. Ayala Molecular Evol. ii. 12 Substitutions in the DNA nucleotide sequence of a structural gene may result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the gene. 2002 I. Sansom Truth about Babies 310 If we are phenotypically different, it seems, we owe it to regulatory genes rather than structural genes. structural geology n. the branch of geology concerned with the structure of rock formations, crustal regions, etc., and the way in which these have formed and developed; (also) the geological aspects of a formation, region, etc., studied from this perspective. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > [noun] geology1795 structural geology1842 stratigraphy1850 petrology1870 palaeophysiography1882 tectonics1899 palaeogeology1933 palaeostructure1937 solid geology1937 morphotectonics1956 1842 Geologist 1 30 A district possessing many advantages for collecting information relative to structural Geology. 1877 J. Le Conte Elements Geol. (1879) Introd. 2 A knowledge of mineralogy and lithology is required to understand structural geology. 1939 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 47 816 (title) Structural geology of the Trail Creek–Canyon Mountain area, Montana. 2005 Arctic, Antarctic, & Alpine Res. 37 220/2 Data were collected using the conventional strike/dip technique used in structural geology. structural grammar n. the method of studying or teaching language by analysing its grammatical structure (according to structural linguistic principles); a grammar based on this. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > schools or theories of grammar > [noun] > other spec. universal grammar1751 recognition grammar1926 tagmemics1947 structural grammar1949 speculative grammar1951 generative grammar1959 generativism1965 standard theory1966 systemic grammar1967 case grammar1968 Montague grammar1972 1949 W. O. Birk (title) Structural grammar for building sentences. 1982 B. Mittins in A. Adams New Direct. Eng. Teaching 14 Hardly have we got used to the ‘new’ structural grammar when we are confronted with a ‘newer’ transformational-generative grammar. 2010 R. K. Taira in A. A. T. Bui & R. K. Taira Med. Imaging Informatics 286 Structural grammars deal with generic constituents such as noun phrases, verb phrases, and clauses. structural integration n. a system of deep tissue manipulation and postural adjustment developed by Ida P. Rolf (cf. Rolf n.); also called Rolfing. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > physiotherapy > [noun] > massage > techniques involving lomi-lomi1850 fulling1868 anma1891 Swedish massage1911 reflexology1913 reflex therapy1916 zone therapy1917 structural integration1963 postural integration1968 Rolfing1970 tui na1979 Hellerwork1981 1963 I. P. Rolf in Systematics 1 66 (heading) Structural integration: gravity, an unexplored factor in a more human use of human beings. 1975 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 22 Feb. 15/3 The body reformation methods called structural integration (commonly known as rolfing, after its developer Ida Rolf). 2010 M. F. Beck Theory & Pract. Therapeutic Massage (ed. 5) xv. 600 After structural integration sessions, physical and psychological balance is often experienced by the client. structural isomer n. [compare German structurisomer , adjective (1874 in the passage translated in quot. 1881, or earlier; now strukturisomer)] Chemistry each of two or more compounds which have the same empirical formula but differ in the sequence or arrangement of their constituent atoms. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > isomerism > [noun] > structural isomerism > structural isomer structural isomer1881 1881 W. R. Hodgkinson & A. J. Greenaway tr. J. Wislicenus Strecker's Short Text-bk. Org. Chem. 36 When the difference between several organic bodies of the same molecular formula is not due to metamerism, they are isomers in the strict sense of the word, true isomers or structural isomers [Ger. so werden sie..structurisomer genannt]. 1934 C. C. Steele Introd. Plant Biochem. iii. 22 These two propyl alcohols have the same molecular formula, C₃H₇OH, but their structural formulæ (III) and (IV), are different; they are therefore structural isomers. 2000 J. C. McAuliffe & O. Hindsgaul in M. Fukuda & O. Hindsgaul Molecular & Cellular Glycobiol. viii. 249 Even simple oligosaccharides have an enormous number of structural isomers. structural isomerism n. [after German Structur-Isomerie (1874 in the passage translated in quot. 1881, or earlier; now Strukturisomerie)] Chemistry the form of isomerism exhibited by structural isomers. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > isomerism > [noun] > structural isomerism structural isomerism1881 1881 W. R. Hodgkinson & A. J. Greenaway tr. J. Wislicenus Strecker's Short Text-bk. Org. Chem. 36 (heading) Structural isomerism [Ger. Structur-Isomerie]. 1926 J. Read Text-bk. Org. Chem. xii. 215 The various kinds of isomerism encountered up to the present point are all included under the general title of structural isomerism. 2003 B. Chapman & A. Jarvis Org. Chem., Energetics, Kinetics & Equilibrium (rev. ed.) ii. 25 Structural isomerism occurs when two or more different structural formulae can be written for the same molecular formula. structural linguist n. a practitioner or proponent of structural linguistics. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [noun] > structuralism > adherent of structural linguist1945 Bloomfieldian1946 post-Bloomfieldian1970 Saussurean1977 1945 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 58 358 The basic attitudes, thus, play the same part in his approach as the distinctive features in the approach of the structural linguist. 1958 New Statesman 6 Sept. 288/3 The new advance guard, the Structural Linguists, round on the New Critics as amiable old pipe-smoking fuddy-duddies. 2008 Frontiers Philos. in China 3 595 Like the structural linguist Saussure, the founders of phenomenology and analytical philosophy give much attention to the logical or static structure of language. structural linguistic adj. of or relating to structural linguistics. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [adjective] > structuralism structurated1880 structuralist1895 structuralistic1911 Saussurean1937 Bloomfieldian1947 structural linguistic1947 structural1948 post-Bloomfieldian1961 1947 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 13 65/2 More may be said about the importance of the labels of linguistic forms in relation to the kinds of structural linguistic analysis. 1962 New Yorker 10 Mar. 158/2 For the scientific study of language the Structural Linguistic approach is superior to that of the old grammarians. 2008 Philos. Music Educ. Rev. 16 126 According to structural linguistic philosophy we..use the linguistic system available in the historical and geographical context within which we operate. structural linguistics n. a branch of linguistics that analyses language as a system of interrelated structural elements without regard to their historical development (cf. descriptive adj. 3b). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [noun] > structuralism structural linguistics1940 structuralism1945 Saussureanism1954 1940 Amer. Speech 15 438/2 Harris, Zellig S. Rev. of L. H. Gray, Foundations of Language... Some useful remarks on ‘structural’ linguistics. 1972 D. Lodge 20th Cent. Lit. Crit. 545 Structural linguistics goes beyond the description of any particular language to pursue the ‘deep structures’ that are common to all languages. 1993 Lang. in Society 22 555 Chap. 2 is an overview of structural linguistics (phonology, morphology, syntax) for the uninitiated. structural load n. Engineering the load on a structure resulting from the structure's own weight. ΚΠ 1873 Papers Royal Inst. Brit. Architects 108 (heading) Second Principle—Wise Distribution of Structural Load. 1969 M. R. Sharpe Living in Space v. 109 At relatively low internal pressures..structural loads other than pressure-resistant walls determine the overall weight. 2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 9 Oct. 31/3 Its continuous surface network of rods, arranged in repetitive diagonal patterns of triangles, carries the structural load. structural protein n. Biology protein that performs a structural function in a cell or tissue; a protein of this type. ΚΠ 1915 Jrnl. Amer. Soc. Agronomy 7 281 Reserve protein food material, as contrasted with vegetative or structural protein. 1960 Jrnl. Exper. Biol. 37 889 The main conclusion is that the characteristic elasticity is caused by a peculiar protein, called resilin, which differs from other structural proteins also in respect of amino acid composition. 1966 E. L. Tatum in Future of Biol. (Rockefeller Univ. & State Univ. of New York) 22 A third basic type of macromolecule, the protein, either an enzyme or a structural protein molecule. 2006 Focus Nov. 59/2 In joints, your bones are held together by elastic ligaments made of a structural protein called collagen. structural psychology n. an approach to the study of consciousness which relies on the introspective analysis of simple experience into individual elements; = structuralism n. 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > psychological study of oneself > [noun] > introspective analysis into elements structural psychology1898 structuralism1907 existentialism1922 1898 E. B. Titchener in Philos. Rev. 7 449 (title) The postulates of a structural psychology. 1933 J. C. Flügel Hundred Years Psychol. iv. ii. 229 (heading) ‘Structural’ and ‘functional’ psychology. 2012 Y. Hsueh & B. Guo in D. B. Baker Oxf. Handbk. Hist. Psychol. vi. 100/1 Despite this early impact of structural psychology, functionalist psychology was fast gaining ground in China. structural racism n. discrimination or unequal treatment on the basis of membership of a particular racial or ethnic group (typically one that is a minority or marginalized), arising from systems, structures, or expectations that have become established within society or an institution.See also institutional racism n. at institutional adj. Additions, systemic racism n. at systemic adj. and n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social attitudes > racial attitudes > [noun] > racism racialism1880 racism1903 ethnocentrism1906 ethnocentricity1937 structural racism1964 systemic racism1968 1964 SDS Bull. (Students for Democratic Society) Jan. 5/1 The ‘poor whites’ play their usual role in the structural racism. 1997 La Prensa (San Antonio, Texas) (Electronic ed.) 2 Feb. 2 a This is just another example of structural racism, where services are being moved to a [sic] affluent white community and the inner city Hispanic residents are being left out in the cold. 2020 J. Sarra & C. L. Wade Predatory Lending & Destr. Afr.-Amer. Dream i. 1 African Americans who qualified for regular fixed-rate, long-term mortgages were steered to sub-prime mortgages because lenders were capitalizing on years of structural racism. structural-semantic adj. Linguistics of or relating to language structure and semantics, or to structural semantics. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > [adjective] > branches of neuro-semantic1935 structural-semantic1954 ethnosemantic1966 1954 Language 30 188 The problem of most interest to the linguist is..to describe the structural-semantic patterns of the child's language. 1973 Archivum Linguisticum 4 67 The structural-semantic category system of Soskin and John. 2008 Lang. Resources & Eval. 42 246 We use a Japanese grammar..so that we can simultaneously annotate syntactic and structural semantic structure without overburdening the annotator. structural semanticist n. Linguistics a practitioner or proponent of structural semantics. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > [noun] > branches of > one who studies structural semanticist1961 1961 Biennial Rev. Anthropol. 2 301 Her conclusions run counter to those of the structural semanticists in a number of ways. 1992 Sci. Fiction Stud. 19 200 Greimas, as a structural semanticist, tries to establish the cause of this coherence on the basis of elemental semantic components. structural semantics n. Linguistics the study of the sense relations that may be established between words or groups of words (according to structural linguistic principles). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > [noun] > branches of semantics1886 lexical semantics1947 structural semantics1955 ethnosemantics1966 1955 Language 31 57 The reviewer wishes that Lounsbury had presented a sample of his own ‘structural semantics’, which is as yet, it appears, unpublished. 1977 J. Lyons Semantics ix. 270 From its very beginnings structural semantics..has emphasized the importance of relations of paradigmatic opposition. 2001 New Lit. Hist. 32 584 A way of bringing together the ‘cultural formations’ of structural semantics and the biological formations of Darwinian materialism. structural survey n. (a) an assessment of a property carried out by a surveyor to identify any structural defects; (b) an assessment of the geological features of an area of land. ΚΠ 1888 7th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 1885–6 66 The complete structural survey of a strip of country 20 miles broad. 1937 Times 8 Dec. 8/4 The Office of Works was carrying out an extensive structural survey of existing Government buildings. 1973 Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 73 117 Shackleton's structural survey of the Dingle Peninsula..has already demonstrated that the beds of the Dingle Group under the unconformity are inverted. 2005 Financial Times 9 July 10/2 My team did a full structural survey that showed the building was sound. structural unemployment n. Economics unemployment resulting from reorganization of labour, typically due to technological change, rather than from fluctuations in supply and demand. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > lack of work > [noun] > unemployment > resulting from restructuring of industry structural unemployment1931 1931 Economica 33 247 The severe crisis of 1920, which in England developed later on into a time of continued ‘structural’ unemployment. 1966 Economist 29 Jan. 407/2 The boom of the past years has brought jobs for Negroes and for the unskilled, in the teeth of cries that ‘automation’ and ‘structural unemployment’ meant that such people had no hope of finding work. 2000 Econ. Affairs 20 35/2 Monetary policy is, in any case, not equipped to combat structural unemployment. structural viscosity n. [after German Strukturviskosität (W. Ostwald 1925, in Kolloid-Zeitschrift 36 116/1)] Science non-Newtonian viscosity that decreases with increasing shearing stress or shearing rate; cf. thixotropy n., pseudoplastic adj. 2. ΚΠ 1926 Ann. Rep. Progress Chem. 22 297 The deviations of the viscosity of colloid systems from the Hagen–Poiseuille law are due to factors included in the general term ‘structural viscosity’. 1981 H. Rieger et al. in R. M. Effros et al. Microcirculation xv. 288 This is followed by an enhanced structural viscosity, which represents the pronounced non-Newtonian flow properties of the blood with thixotropic properties. 2010 G. A. Klein Industr. Color Physics ii. 69 The leafing is generally avoided due to the high structural viscosity of the melt. structural word n. Grammar = function word n. at function n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > [noun] > function word particle1533 parcel1571 syncategorem1655 agency1778 empty word1854 symbolic1871 form-word1875 structural word1884 particule1889 pheme1906 structure word1925 function word1927 operator1938 logical word1940 keneme1950 rheme1953 functor1958 1884 M. E. Harkness Egyptian Life & Hist. v. 72 This..requires an exhaustive comparison of the Egyptian vocabulary, including the structural words. 1940 M. M. Bryant & J. R. Aiken Psychol. of Eng. iv. 38 A distinction is made between ‘full’ and ‘empty’ words, the latter being what are known as ‘structural’ words. 2008 Atlantis 30 151 Younger speakers and L2 speakers tend to have a slower speech rate, and L2 speakers have a smaller duration difference between content and structural words than native speakers. Derivatives ˌstructuˈrality n. structural quality or character. ΚΠ 1860 Future 1 Aug. 71/2 All the forms of crystalisation, the simplest condition of living structurality, are rectilinear. 1920 Jrnl. Biblical Lit. 39 121 To handle Hebrew poetry, whose structurality is anything but metrical, on the basis of a dominant rhythmical constant, is..a contradiction in terms. 2006 Revista Hispánica Moderna 59 74 The structurality of desire..is at play in these works. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1856adj.1801
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structuraln.

structuraladj.

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