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单词 stress
释义

stressn.

Brit. /strɛs/, U.S. /strɛs/
Forms: Middle English stresce, Middle English strese, Middle English strisse, Middle English–1500s stres, Middle English–1600s stresse, 1500s– stress, 1600s streis; Scottish pre-1700 straisse, pre-1700 straith, pre-1700 stres, pre-1700 stresse, pre-1700 1700s– stress.
Origin: Probably formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: distress n.
Etymology: Probably shortened < distress n. The early range of meanings of both words is very similar, and in Middle English texts destresse and stresse often appear as variant readings in different manuscripts. Probably also influenced by, or perhaps partly borrowed from, Anglo-Norman estresce and Old French estrece narrowness, confinement (12th cent.), confined space (c1200 in Anglo-Norman), straitened circumstances (13th cent. in Anglo-Norman), reduction of the rights of someone who fails a feudal obligation (13th cent. in Old French) < estrecer (see stress v.). Probably also influenced semantically by, and in some senses perhaps derived from, stress v.
I. Sense relating to adversity, strain, or exertion.
†1.
a. Hardship, adversity; affliction, suffering. Cf. distress n. 2. Obsolete.Apparently not in widespread use after the 16th cent.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun]
swenchOE
derfnessc1175
wandrethc1175
adversity?c1225
derf?c1225
swinka1250
torferc1325
afflictiona1382
stressc1390
marrementc1391
sorea1400
noyancec1400
infortunacya1500
aloea1529
afflict?1529
obduction1610
afflictedness1646
strain1853
besetment1872
wahala1966
catch-arse1970
c1390 in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 135 (MED) Heil distruyere of eueri stresse.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 5004 Þat floure ys kalled ‘aungelys mete’ Þat God ȝafe þe folke to ete whan þey were yn wyldernes Forty wyntyr, yn hard stres.
a1500 Thewis Gud Women (Cambr. Kk.1.5) l. 252 in R. Girvan Ratis Raving & Other Early Scots Poems (1939) 96 Syk neid and stres haldis madenys in That thai are pynd with pouertee.
1556 W. Lauder Compend. Tractate Dewtie of Kyngis sig. C2v O Lord,..help the pure, that ar in stres Opprest and hereit mercyles.
1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Confession in Catech. 5 Sinnes done aganes the fift commandement... 9. To be sorie for oure nychtbours prosperitie, and glaid of thair straisse.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. xi. sig. Nn4 With this sad hersall of his heauy stresse, The warlike Damzell was empassiond sore.
1704 Coll. Voy. & Trav. III. 597/2 [He] began to be reduced to the utmost stress.
1893 Parl. Deb. (New S. Wales) No. 40. 6383/1 I do not believe that the judges of the Supreme Court are reduced to such stress that they would attempt to increase their salaries by..any advantage that might accrue by reason of these travelling allowances.
b. Physical harm or suffering; injury. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > [noun]
sorec825
acheeOE
wrakeOE
trayOE
woe?a1200
pinec1200
sorrowc1225
teenc1225
grievousness1303
dolec1320
balea1325
painc1330
warkingc1340
dolour?c1370
sufferance1422
offencea1425
angerc1440
sufferingc1450
penalty?1462
penality1496
grief1509
stress1533
sufferance1597
somatalgia1607
suffering1609
tort1632
miserya1825
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. App. i. 253 This horatiane happinnit as þan to be hale but ony stress or hurt of body.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 11 King R. because of his age, mekle calde, mekle incommoditie, sair trauel and stres in the weiris..departes this lyfe.
†2.
a. Force, threats, or other pressure used against a person in order to compel them to do (or, less commonly, prevent them from doing) something; coercion. Cf. distress n. 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun]
needeOE
distressc1384
force1387
stressc1390
artingc1400
coactionc1400
constrainauncec1400
compulsion1462
enforcement1477
coercion1495
forcement1524
enforcing1531
strain1532
constraint1533
coercement1592
constrainment1593
duress1596
compulse1616
obligement1641
cogency1702
coercive control1827
steamrolling1879
compression1880
c1390 (c1300) MS Vernon Homilies in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1877) 57 242 He..forȝaf hem heore dette boþe wiþ oute stresse, wiþ oute loþe.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 8344 A-noþer vyleynye þyr ys, To do a womman synne þurgh stres.
a1450 York Plays (1885) 165 Ȝoure neghbours house, whilkis ȝe haue hele, The ixte [commandment] biddis take noȝt be stresse.
1574 H. Howard Def. Eccl. Regiment in Eng. 76 Diuers excellent and learned Fathers, the very sound of whose authoritie without further stresse, were sufficient to shake M. Cartwright out of his paynted and disguised plumes.
1655 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1892) II. 334 I cannot beleeve that Maynard for a fee would hazard losse of money or liberty, and his conscience never yet putt him to that stresse.
b. A moment or period of pressure, coercion, or suffering to be endured. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > [noun] > strain upon endurance
stressa1535
a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) iii. xxvii. sig. X.ii Not desiring to be brought vnto the peril of persecucion, for it semeth a proude high minde to desire martirdom but desiring help and strength of god, if he suffre vs to come to the stresse.
1702 R. L'Estrange tr. Josephus Wars of Jews vii. xxix, in Wks. 990 The Children stood the same Stress with the rest, and when they had suffer'd all that Malice or Invention could Inflict upon them, not so much as One Soul of them would Own Caesar to save his Life.
1846 R. C. Trench Christ Desire of All Nations i. 23 If we have allowed them any rule over us, when the stress comes, we can withdraw it again.
3.
a. Overwhelming pressure experienced by someone or something as a result of some adverse force or influence. Frequently in stress of weather. Cf. distress n. 1b.Now largely merged into sense 6a.Usually with of; also occasionally with possessive, as in death's stress (cf. quot. 1513).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > oppression, persecution, or affliction > overpowering pressure of an adverse force
stressc1400
distress1485
thrust1513
straint1534
heft1587
pinchc1594
rack1806
pend1823
water stress1991
c1400 Lawys of Schippis (Bute) c. 7 in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Weddir Stres of wedrys cummys to thaim on seis half.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid x. xii. 140 The Orodes the hard rest doith oppres, The cauld and irny slepe of deidis stres.
1665 in Extracts State Papers (Friends' Hist. Soc.) (1912) 3rd Ser. 236 Which shipp had beene at Sea three Monthes and bett back by stress of weather.
1692 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 2) ii. 130 It hath quite out-done the Chymists, effecting that by a gentle Heat, which they cannot perform without great stress of Fire.
1715 London Gaz. No. 5379/1 A..Frigate..was driven ashore..by Stress of Weather.
1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 551 Perverting often, by the stress of lewd And loose example, whom he should instruct.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People vii. §7. 422 The stress of poverty may have been the cause which drove William Shakspere..to London and the stage.
1895 Law Times Rep. 73 157/1 Owing to stress of weather, the master decided to run back for Holyhead harbour.
1918 Times 1 Feb. 9/3 Man's pensioners and even Nature's are feeling the stress of the war.
1983 Financial Times 23 Nov. 11/6 Ships putting in for stress of weather or for repairs.
†b. The worst part or most intense action of a battle or military conflict; the brunt. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > oppression, persecution, or affliction > overpowering pressure of an adverse force > most severe
stress1619
brunt1769
1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. iii. x. 205 The whole stresse of the warre [L. tota belli moles] was about Gergouia.
1746 R. Parker Mem. Mil. Trans. 110 From hence to the Village of Ramillies.., where they knew the main stress of the Battle must fall.
1865 R. C. Trench Gustavus Adolphus i. 26 The whole stress of the battle had shifted elsewhere.
1908 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. Jan. 68 The losses of the firing lines, on which the stress of the fighting falls, becomes so heavy that it will be difficult to count upon the success of the attack.
†c. A period of stormy or windy weather; a storm, a gale. Also figurative. Cf. sense Phrases 1d. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > blast or gust of
ghosteOE
blasta1000
blas?c1225
ragec1405
blorec1440
flaw1513
thud1513
flaga1522
fuddera1522
flake1555
flan1572
whid?1590
flirta1592
gust1594
berry1598
wind-catch1610
snuff1613
stress1625
flash1653
blow1655
fresh1662
scud1694
flurry1698
gush1704
flam1711
waff1727
flawer1737
Roger's Blasta1825
flaff1827
slat1840
scart1861
rodges-blast1879
huffle1889
slap1890
slammer1891
Sir Roger1893
1625 T. Best in S. Purchas Pilgrimes I. iv. vii. 464 From the fifteenth of Iune, to the twelfth of Iuly, very much wind, very sore stresses, alwayes at South-West.
1637 S. Rutherford Let. 6 Jan. in Joshua Redivivus (1664) 181 But God be thanked that Christ in his children can endure a stress & storm: howbeit soft nature would fall down in peices.
1666 London Gaz. No. 91/4 But the Wind blew such a stress, that they were in no possibility of Engaging.
a1700 in J. Bruce Descr. Zetland (1908) 31 When it blows a stress at W. or N.W...the air or bank is all covered over with the sea.
†d. Chiefly Scottish. An urgent need or pressing demand for something. See also to kep a stress at kep v. Phrases 2. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [noun] > a need or requirement > urgent or pressing
necessityc1390
urgency1647
importance1740
demandc1790
stress1822
1822 J. Galt Provost vii. 49 A flock of fleets and ships frae the East and West Indies came in a' thegither; and there was sic a stress for tide-waiters, that before I was sworn in and tested, I was sent down to a grand ship in the Malabar trade.
1851 Appl. Charter for Mystic River. Speech W. Whiting 21 They do not produce a man.., who undertakes to tell you that there is any exigency, or any great stress for wharf accommodations in that town.
4.
a. Physical pressure, tension, or a force applied to a material object; the strain of a load or weight. In scientific use now chiefly with more specialized meaning: see sense 4d.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > of a load, weight, etc.
stressa1547
a1547 Earl of Surrey Poems (1964) 95 The single twyned cordes may no such stresse indure As cables brayded thre fould may, together wrethed swer.
1578 in T. Proctor Gorgious Gallery sig. Fivv As tender Flaxe can beare no stresse, before that it bee sponne.
1633 Bp. J. Hall Occas. Medit. (ed. 3) §cxxxvi. 335 If it [sc. the cart] be soundly laden..all the frame of it is put unto the utmost stresse.
1681 J. Flavell Method of Grace xx. 350 The world is full of hope without a promise, which is but as a Spiders web when a stress comes to be laid upon it.
1763 E. Clarke Lett. conc. Spanish Nation 196 As it [sc. an arch] may have been an after-work, as it is not an essential part, what stress is to be laid upon it, I cannot say.
1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. Pl. xi A Wheel-Harrow..by which the stress on the horses is rendered less.
1847 J. Yeowell Chron. Anc. Brit. Church ii. 11 Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone—who holds the several parts together, and supports the whole stress of the edifice.
1936 J. Cary Afr. Witch iii. 67 The kind of sound that rises from the first stress of the ground in an earthquake.
2000 Cutting Edge: Encycl. Adv. Technol. 334/2 Because of their design, vertical-axis turbines do not yaw, which lessens the stress on the machines.
b. Physical pressure, strain, or tension on a part of the body; load or demand on the function of an organ or system of the body; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > [noun] > other disorders
oppletion1615
lesion1640
reflux1662
stress1682
prosphysis1684
injection1806
collapse1808
exstrophy1835
extroversion1835
fatigue1872
splanchnomegaly1910
malalignment1922
arrest1939
the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > stress > strain upon a mental power
stress1899
1682 W. Briggs in Philos. Coll. (Royal Soc.) No. 6. 176 They [sc. the muscles] could not keep the Eye steady in discerning afar off, to which is required a greater Firmness of the Muscles..than in viewing an object near hand, to which there is not so much stress required.
1746 ‘Dr. Sangrado’ Thomsonus Redivivus 10 That is therefore light and of an easy Digestion; of a soft cooling Nature, putting the least Stress upon the several Organs, to assimilate it.
1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xx. 229 The stress thrown upon the air cells and passages gives rise to emphysema.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 135 Neurasthenia is indeed often the product of stresses upon the functions of the mind.
1932 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Jan. 57/1 After a time the cardiovascular system responds to the stress of these continued high pressures by structural changes.
1951 Cacao (Inter-Amer. Cacao Center) 2 8 The appearance of a new leaf flush added more stress on the mineral reserves of the tree.
2014 A. J. Martin Dinosaurs without Bones (2015) ii. 41 Paleontologists started wondering how such large animals kept themselves upright on land without also placing incredible stress on their muscles, bones, and joints.
†c. Irish English (northern). An episode of fever or hyperthermia attributed to hard physical work. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1814 W. S. Mason Statist. Acct. Ireland I. 584 Many of them [sc. the poor], particularly females, die in their youth, of what they call stresses, that is, violent heats from hard work.
d. Physics. A force or combination of forces acting within a body or material and tending to deform it (i.e. to produce strain: cf. strain n.2 9b); the intensity of this, expressed as force per unit area.bending stress, principal stress, proof stress, Reynolds stress, shear stress, tensile stress, yield stress, etc.: see the first element.
As originally defined by Rankine the stress was the equal and opposite reaction of the body or material to the force, rather than the force itself (see quots. 18561, 18562).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun]
strain1827
stress1856
1856 W. J. M. Rankine in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 146 262 In this paper, the word ‘Strain’ will be used to denote the change of volume and figure constituting the deviation of a molecule of a solid from that condition which it preserves when free from the action of external forces; and the word ‘Stress’ will be used to denote the force, or combination of forces, which such a molecule exerts in tending to recover its free condition, and which, for a state of equilibrium, is equal and opposite to the combination of external forces applied to it.
1856 W. Thomson in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 146 481 (note) It will be seen that I have deviated slightly from Mr. Rankine's definition of the word ‘stress,’ as I have applied it to the direct action experienced by a body from the matter around it, and not, as proposed by him, to the elastic reaction of the body equal and opposite to that action.
1896 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. (ed. 6) 545 The stresses upon a gun are a radial stress or ‘pressure’; a tangential stress, or hoop tension..; a longitudinal stress.
1938 P. G. Laurson & W. J. Cox Mech. of Materials i. 2 Total stress is a force... Intensity of stress, however, is expressed in units of force divided by units of area.
1960 H. K. Preston Pract. Prestressed Concrete i. 3 The same beam..is prestressed by a force of 54,000 lb... This force creates a uniform compressive stress of +1,000 psi over the entire cross section of the beam.
2010 D. Blockley Bridges vi. 227 The redistribution of stress within a hinge increased the estimated strength of the beam.
†5. Strenuous exertion or effort; an instance of this. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > extreme or excessive
stressing1540
overreach1556
stress1570
straining1585
wrest1593
overstraining1623
strain1693
overstrain1694
overexertion1795
overtaxation1881
1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 481/2 He subdued castles and munitions, very strong, and that with litle stresse.
1647 J. Trapp Comm. Evangelists & Acts (Matt. vii. 27) 296 Like a false jade in a teem, which being put to a stresse, turns tail and tramples.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 563 Then, press'd by Foes, he stemm'd the stormy Tyde; And gain'd, by stress of Arms, the farther Side.
1789 R. Polwhele Eng. Orator iv. 131 They know not to pursue, With Stress of mental Faculties, a Train Of Argument.
1889 A. G. Murdoch Sc. Readings (ed. 4) 18 Ye micht manage the length o' Paisley wi' a stress, but Greenock's quite oot o' the question.
1901 ‘G. Douglas’ House with Green Shutters xi. 100 Yet, though everybody was busy and skelping at it, such a stress of work was accompanied with much disarray.
6.
a. Mental or emotional strain placed on or experienced by a person as a result of adverse or demanding circumstances, esp. the pressures of or problems in one’s life; a state of feeling tense, anxious, or mentally and emotionally exhausted arising from this.Increasingly common from the mid 20th cent., often with reference to the negative effects of stress on a person’s health (cf. Compounds 1c).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > [noun] > stress or strain
strain1853
stress1883
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > extreme or excessive > condition of things characterized by
stress1883
1883 Fortn. Rev. May 734 He had bravely borne his share of many of the burdens of this age of stress and transition until his health broke down.
1920 Daily Mail (Hull) 23 Mar. 4/6 Housewives can lighten their onerous and never-ending duties and relieve the stress of having to ‘make ends meet’ on their weekly allowance.
1959 New Scientist 12 Nov. 927/1 Some examples of the diseases thought to result from stress are high blood pressure, peptic ulceration and coronary thrombosis.
1979 Homes & Gardens June 77/2 It takes him about two days to wind down. When your husband runs his own firm his stress is very great.
2021 Whitecourt (Alberta, Canada) Star (Nexis) 20 Oct. a4 Hospital workers have been under a lot of stress over the last 18 months.
b. Something that causes a state of mental or emotional strain, tension, or anxiety; an adverse or demanding event, situation, or circumstance.
ΚΠ
1921 Calif. Law Rev. 9 295 The whole group..whose principal outstanding symptom is the failure to meet normally the physical and mental stresses incident to modern society.
1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxxvi. 8/1 Parenthood itself can be a stress for the immature adult.
1994 I. Botham My Autobiogr. ix. 174 It was a matter of me reacting to these stresses by putting up the barriers.
2021 Irish Daily Mail (Nexis) 10 Aug. 34 I'm not, by nature, a worrier. But other stresses were starting to get on top of me.
7. Physiology. Disturbed physiological function occurring in an organism or cell in response to conditions, events, or factors that are deleterious or threatening; esp. a state occurring in humans and other vertebrates characterized by the release of hormones such as cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and by changes including increased heart and respiratory rate and elevated blood sugar. Also: the cause, or a causative agent, of such disturbed function (cf. stressor n.).heat stress, moisture stress, oxidative stress, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > balance of nature > external influences > [noun] > stress
stress1918
stressor1950
1918 Univ. Stud. (Univ. Nebraska) 17 25 The duration of the periods of stress was so short, however, that no permanent injury resulted to the vegetation of the thicket.
1922 C. J. King Water-stress Behav. Pima Cotton U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 1018 7 This stress was made manifest by the wilted appearance of the plants.
1935 W. B. Cannon in Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 189 6 It is clear, however, that by increasing the stress—by applying greater cold, by still further lowering the oxygen in the air,..or by withdrawing more blood—the strain on the organism may become too great.
1935 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 119 15 In these animals the severe stress [resulting from starvation] could inhibit follicular maturation in the ovary.
1942 Endocrinology 31 420 When the normal animal is subjected to stress the adrenal cortices show hypertrophy.
1950 H. Selye Physiol. & Pathol. Exposure to Stress 9 The expression systemic stress is used here to denote a condition in which..extensive regions of the body deviate from their normal resting state.
1978 In Vitro 14 315/2 Interaction between mercury and membranes of poikilothermic origin may be slowed by reduced temperatures without inducing cellular stress.
2011 Daily Tel. 26 July 2/4 A study on mice showed that a protein known as alpha-B-crystallin, which is naturally produced in response to stress, can work like a sponge to soak up inflammatory molecules in the brain and reduce further damage [from a stroke].
†II. Senses relating to the distraining of property.
8.
a. An item of property seized from a person in order to obtain payment of money owed or to ensure the fulfilment of some other obligation. Cf. distress n. 4. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [noun] > seizing lands or goods > attachment of person or property for debt > seizure of goods > an article seized for debt
distress1411
stress1418
dead poind1676
1418 in J. A. Kingdon Arch. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1886) I. 122 The Wiche bonde schalle..a byd in the maystres handys..be the Wiche they schullen constreyn And the stresse hold in here kepynge.
?1466 J. De Vere in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 376 Sir John Howard, knyght,..gederith grete feloship of men, purposyng on Monday next commyng to take stresses of the Lady Roos.
1510 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1903) I. 206 Then baylis..and..sergiaunttes of the said towne..toke awaye Fro the abbottes tenaunttes then..Certen stresses be Cause the said tenaunttes willnot appere at the towne Courte.
1606 P. Holland tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars 7 After his goods were arrested and stresses taken,..him he clapt up in prison.
b. The seizure of property from a person in order to obtain payment of money owed or to ensure the fulfilment of some other obligation; an instance of this; = distraint n. a. Also more generally: any exaction or penalty imposed on a person. Cf. distress n. 3. Obsolete.See also to take a stress at Phrases 1c.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [noun] > seizing lands or goods > attachment of person or property for debt > seizure of goods
naamlOE
distressc1290
distrainingc1380
stress1443
attachmenta1450
poinding1462
distraina1500
strain1526
distressing1599
excussion1622
multiplepoinding1642
namation1706
distraint1730
distrainment1756
1443 in J. Robertson Illustr. Topogr. & Antiq. Aberdeen & Banff (1857) III. 268 We..findand na guidis of the foirsaide Johne nor Wat within our shirrifdome to mak the payment foirsaide, gert our mairis set a str[ess] upon the landis of the Porterstoun.
1479 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 321 John Brendon the yonger werned stresse to the Master and Wardons..for he come nott to derge that same euen.
1670 W. Penn Irish Jrnl. 28 Mar. in Papers W. Penn (1981) I. 122 No streis without arrears.
a1722 J. Lauder Hist. Notices Sc. Affairs (1848) I. 118 Complaints ware given in against the constables of castles as a greevance, in exacting stresses of the subjects that came to the fairs.
III. Senses relating to the importance or emphasis placed on something.
†9.
a. The most important part of or decisive point at issue in a matter, question, etc.; the crux. Usually followed by of. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > most important > part
headeOE
main1481
chiefty1552
main1567
principality1567
heart1584
the main of alla1591
main1595
masterpiece1612
stress1633
staple1826
node1860
staff and staple1869
meat1886
crux1888
business end1890
spear-head1929
1633 W. Ames Fresh Suit against Human Ceremonies Pref. sig. h4 Which defense we except agaynst as insufficient in those particulars, wherin the stresse and weight of the plea lyes.
1668 M. Hale Pref. Rolle's Abridgm. Pref. 2 He was a strict Searcher and Examiner of businesses, and a wise discerner of the weight and stress of them wherein it lay, and what was material to it.
1676 H. Phillippes Purchasers Pattern (ed. 5) sig. B1v Now the stress of the question is, what number of years may be allowed and taken in this case?
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. vii. 260 In these things the Stress of what I am now observing lies.
1791 J. Wesley Serm. God's Love 6 The stress of the argument lies on this very point.
b. The effectiveness, force, or power of an argument, a piece of writing, etc. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > proof, demonstration > [noun] > strength of
weighta1533
pregnancy1622
stress1653
stringency1864
the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > quality of affecting the emotions > [noun]
patheticalnessa1607
movingness1661
pathos1668
stress1737
touchingnessa1750
patheticness1874
1653 tr. S. Przypkowski Dissertatio de Pace ix. 45 They [sc. the Socinians] conceive that the Holy Fathers, and the consent of so many ages, do adde more dignity and veneration, then stress to the doctrine of the Trinity.
1737 Gentleman's Mag. June 363/1 All the Stress of the Poem, all the Magnanimity and Heroism of Leonidas entirely depend on this Oracle.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 803 And some perhaps,..Will need no stress of argument t' enforce Th' expedience of a less advent'rous course. View more context for this quotation
1851 J. E. Cox tr. H. Olshausen Biblical Comm. Paul's 1st & 2nd Epist. to Cor. viii. 146 Paul seems however intentionally to have chosen this proof in order to afford more stress to his argument.
10. The weight placed on a fact, observation, inference, etc., in support or justification of a claim, theory, or idea; the burden or degree of reliance resting on an argument or piece of evidence, or falling on an assurance, undertaking, etc. Now rare.Chiefly in to lay (also place, put) stress on (also upon). From the late 18th cent. the usual sense of stress in the phrase is sense 11; even where the context discusses the nature of evidence, the phrase is typically interpretable in this newer sense, but some examples, mainly in U.S. legal contexts, suggest the continuation of the idea of evidentiary burden into the first half of the 20th cent.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > belief, trust, confidence > [noun] > reliance > degree of
stress1636
1636 D. Featley Clavis Mystica xi. 139 Because this observation is grounded only upon the Etymology, I will lay no more stresse upon it.
1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 250 You lay the main stress of your cause on it.
a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) i. ii. 69 When all is done, I lay the great stress of my Conclusion upon the first sort of Evidences.
c1680 W. Beveridge Serm. (1729) II. 107 The main stress of our salvation lying upon our performing this duty.
1722 D. Defoe Relig. Courtship i. i. 27 I can lay no Stress on any thing she said.
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. i. 158 Mankind are for placing the Stress of their Religion any where, rather than upon Virtue.
1765 O. Goldsmith New Simile 13 The stress of all my proofs on him I lay.
1829 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 300 Montesquieu..laid no further stress on historical facts, than as they furnished him with illustrations of his particular theorems.
1948 Southern Reporter (Minnesota) 2nd Ser. 32 117/2 Suffice it to say that we do not lay any stress on his testimony. He is refuted by all the lay witnesses who testified relating to the use of the hammer.
11. Particular emphasis or insistence on something so as to call attention to it or assert its importance; special significance attached to a point, idea, practice, etc., in this way. Chiefly with on.Before the mid 20th cent. usually in to lay (also place, put) stress on (also upon). Probably arising from the earlier use of the same expression in sense 10.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > outstandingness or prominence > types of
emphasis1650
exemplariness1650
stress1653
misemphasis1893
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [verb (transitive)] > attach importance to > render outstanding
aggravate1549
accent1595
to lay weight upon1600
emphase1631
circumflect1643
to lay (also place, put) stress on (also upon)1653
to set home1656
forestall1657
circumflex1661
signalize1698
to lay stress, weight, emphasis on or upon1748
emphasize1793
accentuate1817
stress1845
to rub in1851
to draw out1855
underline1880
punctuate1883
peak1887
underscore1891
to point up1926
1653 P. B. Brief Surv. Proc. Congregational Churches ii. 17 Yet is this [conception] of having the Church furnished with Elders, generally slighted and neglected of all, no stress at all being laid thereon.
1789 W. Belsham Ess. I. xiv. 270 I place but little stress upon..external accomplishments and graces.
1813 J. Austen Pride & Prejudice I. ii. 11 Do you consider the forms of introduction, and the stress that is laid on them, as nonsense? View more context for this quotation
1883 Manch. Examiner 22 Nov. 5/2 A..questioning habit inevitably inclines us to lay more stress upon the miseries than on the blessings of our lot.
1921 H. M. Vernon Industr. Fatigue & Efficiency v. 86 Lord Leverhulme lays special stress on the principle of multiple shifts, which would enable the machinery to be run for a greater number of hours per week.
2009 R. Seton in R. F. Young India & Indianness of Christianity xiii. 249 Bob laid great stress on the importance of archival resources to the scholar.
2010 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 10 June 33/2 He would have us practice on a global scale something like ‘local’ economies, with its stress on neighborliness,.
12.
a. Emphasis placed on a word or phrase by speaking it more loudly or with longer duration, greater articulation, etc. Also occasionally with reference to the use of italics, capitals, underlining, etc., to convey the same emphasis in written contexts. In early use in to lay (a) stress on.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [noun] > accent > stress accent
stress?a1705
breath force1866
tone1874
?a1705 tr. M. Le Faucheur Ess. Action of Orator xi. 167 He must also lay more stress upon Words of Quantity; as, grand, high, sublime.
1783 Peggy & Patty IV. 45 ‘Pray accept this trifle, as an earnest of my future friendship.’—She laid a stress on the word friendship, which was equally kind and delicate.
1862 Mrs. H. Wood Channings I. iv. 27 There was a stress on the word ‘to-night’, and Hamish marked it.
1886 tr. H. L. Strack Hebrew Gram. ii. 37 The first word, the nominative, is pronounced more rapidly, with less stress.
1995 B. M. Stableford Opening Minds 9 The use of italics to indicate stress is virtually all that remains of the emphatic capabilities of the written word.
2010 B. Hart et al. Eng. in Mind (ed. 2) 155 Read out the first sentence, making sure that the stress on must is clear. Ask students which word was stressed in the sentence (must).
b. Linguistics. The phonological feature by which a syllable is heard as more prominent than other syllables in a word or phrase, e.g. in appearing louder or of longer duration, typically as a result of the use of a greater degree of vocal force or effort in its production; (also) an instance of this. Also Prosody: a similar prominence given to particular syllables in a line according to a metrical pattern. Cf. accent n. 5, stress accent n., primary adj. 26, secondary adj. and n. Additions.
ΚΠ
1721 I. Watts Art Reading & Writing Eng. xx. 75 It is absolutely necessary to give this sort of Sound to every Line in Poesy, and to lay a Stress upon every second Syllable.
1785 J. Walker Rhetorical Gram. (1801) 8 The Secondary Accent is that stress we may occasionally place upon another syllable, besides that which has the principal accent.
1785 J. Walker Rhetorical Gram. (1801) 162 An injudicious reader of verse would be very apt to lay a stress upon the article the in the third line.
1879 H. Nicol in Encycl. Brit. IX. 633/2 Stress in the French of to-day is independent of length (quantity) and pitch (tone).
1893 R. Bridges Milton's Prosody 33 Two kinds of line, one the eight-syllable line with rising stress (so-called iambic), the other the seven-syllable line with falling stress (so-called trochaic).
1930 E. Sapir Southern Paiute 42 There are..certain cases..of initial short-voweled and non-glottalized syllables that seem to count for two moras and hence to bear the main stress.
2013 Internat. Rev. Educ. 59 210 The Mtengo for tree has a stress on the syllable /te/.
13. Music. Emphasis put on a particular note, phrase, sound, etc., typically by playing or singing more loudly or with more attack (attack n. 10).
ΚΠ
1765 B. Franklin Let. 2 June in Papers (1968) XII. 163 I use the Word emphatical to distinguish those Notes which have a Stress laid on them in Singing the Tune.
1880 Musical Standard 10 Apr. 227/1 This inflection is read either as having a stress on the E and not on the F sharp, or as having a stress on the F sharp and not on the E.
2009 J. Carrington Trills in Bach Cello Suites i. 9 The E and D would be played as two sixteenth notes, with stress on the E.

Phrases

P1. As the object of particular verbs.
†a. to do stress: to cause harm; (with to or indirect object) to inflict harm, injury, or hardship on (a person, place, etc.). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > victory > make victorious [verb (transitive)] > conquer or overcome
overcomeeOE
shendc893
awinc1000
overwinOE
overheaveOE
to lay downa1225
mate?c1225
discomfitc1230
win1297
dauntc1300
cumber1303
scomfit1303
fenkc1320
to bear downc1330
confoundc1330
confusec1330
to do, put arrear1330
oversetc1330
vanquishc1330
conquerc1374
overthrowc1375
oppressc1380
outfighta1382
to put downa1382
discomfortc1384
threshc1384
vencuea1400
depressc1400
venque?1402
ding?a1425
cumrayc1425
to put to (also at, unto) the (also one's) worsec1425
to bring or put to (or unto) utterance1430
distrussc1430
supprisec1440
ascomfita1450
to do stress?c1450
victorya1470
to make (win) a conquest1477
convanquish1483
conquest1485
defeat1485
oversailc1485
conques1488
discomfish1488
fulyie1488
distress1489
overpress1489
cravent1490
utter?1533
to give (a person) the overthrow1536
debel1542
convince1548
foil1548
out-war1548
profligate1548
proflige?c1550
expugnate1568
expugn1570
victor1576
dismay1596
damnify1598
triumph1605
convict1607
overman1609
thrash1609
beat1611
debellate1611
import1624
to cut to (or in) pieces1632
maitrise1636
worst1636
forcea1641
outfight1650
outgeneral1767
to cut up1803
smash1813
slosh1890
ream1918
hammer1948
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 8232 For ȝyf she lyued yn wykkednes, Þan myȝte we do to here sum stres.
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 5982 (MED) Him thoght it was na ryghtwysnes..to do mare stres.
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 7839 Þai did þe contre ouer grete stresse.
†b. to make stress.Apparently only recorded in the works of Robert Mannyng.
(a) With a person as indirect object: to impose a constraint or forceful influence on (a person); to compel (someone) to a particular course of action. Cf. stress v. 1a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (intransitive)] > cause devastation
to make stressa1400
to make havoc1480
ravage1604
to work havoca1774
to play (up) old gooseberry1827
to play havoc1910
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 3939 Ȝyf þou make one so hard stresse Þat hys godnesse wexe þe lesse.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 15528 Perauenture he has sekenesse or oþer greuance þat makes him stresse.
(b) To cause harm or destruction. Cf. to do stress at Phrases 1a. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 7860 Saue Kyng Athelstan þat wastid alle Catenesse; siþen was no man þat so fer mad stresse.
c. to take a stress: to seize a person's property in order to obtain payment of money owed or to ensure the fulfilment of some other obligation; = distrain v. 8a. Cf. sense 8b, stress v. 8. Obsolete (English regional in later use).Frequently followed by a prepositional phrase introduced by for, indicating the specific debt or obligation.Apparently arising from the use of sense 8a as the object of take (see, e.g., quots. ?1466, 1510 at that sense).
ΚΠ
1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. xii. sig. Eivv Theyr landlorde came to theyr howse to take a stresse For rent.
1601 L. Andrewes Serm. Matt. xxii. 21 (1629) ii. 93 We must offer it as it were a Gift, voluntarily, willingly, cheerfully,..though Hophni had no flesh-hook, though Cæsar had no Publican to take a stresse.
1650 in H. M. Chapin Early Rec. Town of Warwick (1926) 56 If they fayle to bringe in theyer moneys in ye time appoynted the towne Deputy shall graunt out his warrant to the towne Sergeant to take a stress on his goods or cattells.
1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) Mr. Jones 've a-tookt a stress vor dree quarters' rent.
†d. Nautical. to ride a stress: to go through a period of hard weather at anchor, rather than at sea (cf. ride v. 14a). Cf. sense 3c. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > [noun] > action, fact, or opportunity of anchoring > strain on cable
to ride a stress1627
society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > berth, moor, or anchor [verb (intransitive)] > anchor > strain on cable
to ride a stress1627
1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ix. 45 (margin) Ride a stresse.
1633 T. James Strange Voy. 23 We came to an Anker, and rid a good stresse all night.
P2. Phrases in which stress is the object of a preposition.
†a. to call (a person) to stress: to summon (a person) to court; (perhaps) spec. to require (someone) to pledge that he or she will appear before a court. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 3395 Bot if he [sc. an escaped felon] to þer baylifes mak his sikernesse, þat þei wille him maynpis if he wer cald to stresse [Fr. kaunt serra chalengé].
†b. to do (a person) unto stress: to cause harm to (a person). Obsolete.
ΚΠ
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 627 Constantyn he [sc. Athelstan] reymed & did vnto stresse [a1450 Lamb. put hym tyl destresse].
†c. at (also on, upon) a stress: if absolutely necessary, in an emergency, at a pinch. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [adverb] > at a pinch
at (also in, on, upon) a pinch1489
by the shift1665
at (also on, upon) a stress1672
on a shift1842
at or upon a squeeze1892
1672 R. Montagu Let. 7 Mar. in Hist. MSS Comm.: Rep. MSS Duke of Buccleuch (1899) I. 513 in Parl. Papers (C. 9244) XLVI. 1 I..let them know that upon a stress we did reckon that his Christian Majesty must..supply us beyond what is stipulated.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew at Stress of weather At a Stress, at a pinch.
1867 Trewman's Exeter Flying Post 17 Apr. 8/2 She came to test a practical question, to see whether a fleet of iron-sides can at a stress be brought into play in the Baltic and the Mediterranean.
1910 Royal Comm. Poor Laws: App. Vol. VI: Minutes of Evid. 351/2 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 4978) XLVI. 1 I am a school-master, but I think that on a stress I could go into the pulpit and give you a sermon.
d. in stress for: in need of. Frequently with emphatic modifier, as in in great stress for, in dire stress for: in urgent need of. Now rare.In early use probably in sense 1a; later use is strongly coloured by sense 3 (cf. sense 3d).
ΚΠ
1672 tr. J. Grybius Lyon Disturbed 49 Whereupon the Watch made a fire upon the South-east Corner of the Walk, for a sign to them of Utrecht, that they were in stresse for succours.
1702 Post-man & Hist. Acct. 17 Jan. The French Garrison in Mantua being in great stress for Forrage.
1845 Morning Chron. 17 Sept. 3/3 The government is in great stress for money.
1882 Manch. Courier 15 Mar. 8/5 The prisoner was in dire stress for money to give him a new start in life.
1931 Southern Cross (Adelaide) 13 Mar. 6/1 Monsieur X—, a member of a very good family, was in great stress for a certain sum of money, which he needed for immediate payment of a debt.
2019 N. Makutu Beef from Grass (e-book, accessed 25 Oct. 2021) xxi All the grazing areas normally served from that water point may become unavailable, leading to animals in dire stress for water.
P3. Noun phrases.
a. stress of the voice: the degree of vocal force or effort used in pronouncing a word, syllable, or other unit; spec. the greater degree of force that characterizes the pronunciation of an accented word or syllable (cf. sense 12b). Now rare.
ΚΠ
1749 J. Mason Ess. Power & Harmony Prosaic Numbers 25 The Accents..were designed very probably at first to regulate the Tone or Key of the Voice, not the Stress or Force of it.
1785 Ess. Punctuation 153 The syllables, which require a particular stress of the voice in pronunciation.
1795 L. Murray Eng. Gram. 146 In the word presúme, the stress of the voice must be on the second syllable, súme, which takes the accent.
1863 Mass. Teacher June 206 The stress of the voice was determined by the written accent.
1886 Irish Monthly June 336 Each pair of syllables, out of the ten syllables which make up the line, has the accent or stress of the voice falling on its second syllable.
1950 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 71 29 The common Golden Line must have been very difficult for the ear to follow unless some hint were given, by the pitch or stress of the voice, that an adjective, for instance, belonged with a noun further on.
b. Used (typically rhetorically) in combination with strain, to denote the various pressures exerted on a thing or (later) person, esp. to suggest that someone or something is under pressure from all sides or faces pressures of many different kinds.
(a) In singular, esp. in stress and strain.
ΚΠ
1787 W. Hutchinson Treat. Pract. Seamanship (ed. 2) 253 The shorter a windlass is,..the stronger it is to bear the great stress and strain of large heavy ships.
1854 C. Patmore Betrothal viii, in Angel in House I. 118 Puzzled and fagg'd by stress and strain.
1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh v. 194 We, staggering 'neath our burden as mere men, Being called to stand up straight as demi-gods, Support the intolerable strain and stress Of the universal.
1941 H. G. Wells You can't be too Careful v. i. 240 After a tremendous constructive effort after the war, and after a phase of experimental strain and stress.
2018 Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury (Nexis) 27 Apr. 20 The need to travel has placed them under increasing stress and strain.
(b) In plural, esp. in stresses and strains.Before the mid 20th cent. usually in mechanical contexts.
ΚΠ
1856 W. Thomson in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 146 488 (heading) On the measurement of strains and stresses.
1907 R. Elliott Act of God iv. 106 She seemed strangely removed from all those stresses and strains of the passions which..undermine the fabric of convention.
1935 Discovery Sept. 270/1 Many [stelae] have successfully resisted the strains and stresses of the passing centuries.
1959 M. Steen Tower i. vi. 85 I realised what the last few years, with their stresses and strains, had done to us both.
1962 J. Dill in J. Glenn et al. Into Orbit p. xix Space flight..would expose the Astronauts to greater strains and stresses, both physically and mentally, than most pilots had ever had to face.
2021 S. Wales Argus (Nexis) 17 May Taking time out from the stresses and strains of modern life is certainly beneficial.
c. storm and stress: see storm n. 3d.

Compounds

C1.
a. In sense 2.
† stress house n. Obsolete (probably) a place of punishment or detention, such as a dungeon or prison cell.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun] > place of detention or lock-up
roundhousec1437
cagea1500
stress house1505
lock-up1746
goose-house1841
booby hatch1859
prison camp1865
hold-over1888
booby-hutch1889
charge-house1900
1505 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 100 j. aliam clavem pro le stres hous dore.
b. Physics, Engineering, etc. See sense 4 (esp. 4d).
(a) General use as a modifier, as in stress component, stress difference, stress distribution, stress pattern, etc.
ΚΠ
1856 W. Thomson in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 146 496 The concurrences of the stress-components used in interpreting the differential equation of energy with the types of the strain-coordinates.
1881 G. H. Darwin in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 173 199 I shall refer to the difference between the greatest and least principal stresses as ‘the stress-difference’.
1933 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 225 470 Material that has been deformed under known stress conditions.
1968 R. A. Lyttleton Myst. Solar Syst. vi. 193 Tektites reveal series of dark and light bands associated with the internal stress-pattern.
1969 Surv. Iron Castings (Council Ironfoundry Assoc.) 25/1 Photoelastic stress analysis is sometimes employed, which permits a quantitative determination of stress distribution.
1997 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 13 July h28/4 Much of this music has been kept alive by Leon Fleisher and Gary Graffman, two American virtuosos who were diverted to it by stress injuries to their presumably overactive right hands.
2002 M. Vable Mech. of Materials viii. 514 Multiply the stress components by the area of the planes on which the stress components are acting, to obtain forces acting on that plane.
(b)
stress analysis n. the theoretical and experimental study of stress and its effects within structures and materials, esp. in relation to their function; (also) an analysis of stresses in a particular case.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > stress analysis
stress analysis1907
1907 Calif. Jrnl. Technol. Aug. 18 There were no English books suitable for student purposes, which dealt logically and comprehensively with stress analyses in statically indeterminate frames.
1956 H. L. Holland Design Multi-storey Steel Frame Buildings ii. 45 Several methods of stress analysis for multi-storey building frames under the influence of wind forces have been devised.
2009 M. W. Hyer Stress Anal. Fiber-reinforced Composite Materials (new ed.) ix. 389 By incorporating a particular criterion into a stress analysis of a laminate, failure predictions are possible.
stress analyst n. an expert or specialist in stress analysis.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > engineer > [noun] > other types
millwright1387
field engineer1758
chemical engineer1838
mechanical engineer1840
industrial engineer1849
structural engineer1867
civil1873
sanitary engineer1873
radio engineer1910
stress analyst1916
ack emma1917
stressman1919
roboticist1940
systems engineer1940
environmental engineer1947
terotechnologist1970
knowledge engineer1981
1916 Aeronautics: 1st Ann. Rep. National Advisory Comm., 1915 292 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (64th Congr., 1st Sess: Senate Doc. 268) VII If the business of aero engine production were large and regular, or Government supported, it could not only afford to pay experienced stress analysts, metallurgists, and material investigators, but would be forced to do so.
1976 B. Jackson Flameout (1977) ii. 32 His career as stress analyst with Lockheed Aircraft.
2013 Fatigue & Fracture Engin. Materials & Struct. 36 382 Stress analysts from eight different organisations carried out a total of 11 predictions of the expected fatigue limit of a diametrically loaded cast ring.
stress breaker n. Dentistry a device incorporated in or attached to a partial denture to relieve pressure on the abutting teeth or underlying tissue during chewing.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > denture > stress-breaker
stress breaker1920
1920 Dental Items of Interest 42 624 There are means aplenty for relieving the rigidity at the points of union of abutment and suspension—stress breakers—simple of construction, and adding practically nothing to the difficulties of technique.
2017 D. N. Veeraiyan Textbk. Prosthodontics xxii. 571/2 The stress breaker is special in that it is a bar and slot and not a conventional hinge.
stress-breaking adj. and n. Dentistry (a) adj. that acts as or includes a stress-breaker; (b) n. relief of pressure by a stress breaker (rare).
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [adjective] > procedures in making dentures
flasking1873
flasked1916
stress-breaking1921
stress-broken1927
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > denture > procedures in making dentures
flasking1873
post-damming1910
stress-breaking1921
try-in1939
1921 Dental Outlook May p. viii (advt.) Lingual and Palatal Bar Restorations with stress breaking Appliances.
1963 C. R. Cowell et al. Inlays, Crowns, & Bridges xi. 118 This form of bridge incorporates a stress-breaking device, which allows limited movement at one of the joints between pontic and retainer.
1973 D. H. Roberts Fixed Bridge Prostheses ix. 152 The dovetail and slot introduces a certain degree of ‘stress-breaking’ between the two parts of the bridge, and because of this the retainers..are far less likely to fail.
2016 A. B. Carr & D. T. Brown in McCracken's Removable Partial Prosthodontics (ed. 13) ix. 111/1 Two major types of clasp assemblies are used for distal extensions because of their stress-breaking design.
stress-broken adj. Dentistry that includes a stress breaker.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [adjective] > procedures in making dentures
flasking1873
flasked1916
stress-breaking1921
stress-broken1927
1927 Dental Craftsman 1 20/1 The Cantilever Bridge is sometimes called the semifixed or stress broken bridge.
1955 J. Osborne Dental Mech. (ed. 4) ix. 150 In cases when the teeth are periodontally affected, stress-broken designs may be employed.
2016 A. B. Carr & D. T. Brown in McCracken's Removable Partial Prosthodontics (ed. 13) ii. 11/1 In the mandibular arch, a stress-broken distal extension partial denture does not provide for cross-arch stabilization.
stress concentration n. (often as a modifier) a local increase in the stress inside an object; (also) a feature in the shape or composition of an object that gives rise to such an increase.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > local increase in
stress concentration1915
1915 Jrnl. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers Mar. 192/2 An engineering structure can be partially relieved from stress concentration due to the presence of the hole by filling the hole with the plug.
1951 J. Lewin Considerations Choice Working Stresses (Assoc. Engin. & Shipbuilding Draughtsmen) i. 15 The ratio of the true maximum stress to the stress calculated assuming uniform distribution is called the stress concentration factor.
1977 E. J. Hearn Mech. of Materials xviii. 477 If..stress concentrations such as notches, keyways, holes, etc., are present in the bar, these will result in local stress increases.
1990 Mech. Engin. June 62/1 If steels have a flaw, hydrogen tends to diffuse to the stress concentration region and can initiate cracking.
2018 J. M. Gosline Mech. Design Struct. Materials in Animals viii. 95 This notch will create a stress concentration at its tip that will likely initiate the growth of the flaw.
stress corrosion n. Metallurgy the development of cracks in a material, component, etc., as a result of the combined effects of stress and corrosion.Frequently as a modifier, as in stress corrosion crack, stress corrosion cracking.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > specific effect of
stress corrosion1916
1916 P. D. Merica Failure of Brass: 2 (U.S. Dept. Commerce Bureau of Standards: Technologic Papers No. 83) 2 Parallel to his stress-corrosion tests, Jonson ran tensile tests on specimens of the same materials.
1967 A. H. Cottrell Introd. Metall. xxiii. 467 In stress-corrosion cracking there is usually very little overall corrosion.
1993 Sci. Amer. July 5/2 The eyebar had fractured suddenly because of a stress corrosion crack less than one eighth of an inch deep.
2017 Southland Times (N.Z.) (Nexis) 30 June 6 Burnishing metal is said to improve hardness, to combat fatigue failure and to prevent stress corrosion.
stress diagram n. a diagram that represents the stresses within a structure.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > diagram or graph
stress diagram1869
influence line1902
Mohr diagram1927
1869 W. C. Unwin Wrought Iron Bridges & Roofs vi. 132 These forces meeting in a point will be represented in the stress diagram by a polygon.
1919 A. J. S. Pippard & J. L. Pritchard Aeroplane Struct. viii. 72 Probably the most satisfactory method of determining the forces in the individual members of a structure is by means of the stress diagram.
2019 G. Vannini et al. in A. Zingoni Adv. in Engin. Materials, Struct. & Syst. 164/1 This stress diagram is obtained considering the pier as a simple cantilever beam.
stress dilatancy n. Physics the effect of shear stress in increasing the volume of a granular material or increasing the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid (cf. dilatancy n.).Chiefly as a modifier, as in stress-dilatancy relation, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > alteration of form or dimensions caused by stress > specific alteration of dimensions
Joule effect1879
stress dilatancy1944
1944 G. W. S. Blair Surv. Gen. & Appl. Rheol. iii. 31 The exceptions [to this rule] are..(c) Materials whose consistency is increased by increasing the stress (as distinct from the strain) applied to them. This phenomenon has been little studied, but may be referred to as ‘stress-dilatancy’.
1962 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 269 500 (heading) The stress-dilatancy relation for static equilibrium of an assembly of particles in contact.
1997 R. J. Wan & P. J. Guo in A. Asoaka et al. Deformation & Progressive Failure in Geomechanics 46/1 The essence of the model is the introduction of a modified stress dilatancy equation which accounts for both barotropy and pyknotropy.
stress fibre n. (also stress fiber) Cell Biology a type of fibrillar structure involved in the maintenance of cell shape and in cellular adhesion and motility; (in later use) spec. a fibre of this kind composed of actin filaments cross-linked by myosin and other proteins.
ΚΠ
1952 Connective Tissues: Trans. 2nd Conf. 1951 136 The kind of density along the cell margin..and sometimes occurring at numerous other points in the cytoplasm, is referred to as stress fibers or tonofibrils.
1975 Science 4 July 34/3 In resting cells in culture they [sc. actin microfilaments] often form bundles (also called stress fibers) that are more or less parallel to one another.
2008 Epidemiol. & Infection 136 752/2 Both [toxins] cause profound reorganization of the cytoskeleton characterized mainly by the irreversible formation of thick bundles of actin stress fibres which inhibits cell division.
stress fracture n. a fracture occurring in a material or in a bone as a result of excessive or repeated stress.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders of bones > [noun] > fractures
brucheOE
fissurec1400
fracture?1541
compound fracture1543
fraction1587
attrition1634
effracture1634
flap-fracture1658
complicated fracture1745
abduction1753
star fracture1840
stress fracture1911
1911 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 210 42 Half the fracture [in axle steel] showed the absence of extension peculiar to alternating stress fractures.
1943 Lancet 13 Feb. 218/2 The diagnosis section of the faculty [of radiologists] will meet..on Saturday, Feb. 20, when Dr. J. Blair Hartley will open a discussion on stress fractures.
1991 Scottish Rugby Feb. 30/1 Anyone..who is running more than ten to fifteen miles a week..risks lengthy periods out of the game through, for example, stress fractures.
2009 M. Carroll Seventh Landing ii. 43 Technicians must constantly scour the remaining three orbiters, looking for stress fractures, metal fatigue, and other safety hazards that naturally occur in an elderly flight system.
2021 Times (Nexis) 6 Feb. It was part of his rehabilitation after a stress fracture, the latest in a series of back problems suffered by the left-arm fast bowler.
stress grade n. (a) each of a number of categories into which timber intended for structural use may be placed according to its estimated strength (cf. stress grading n.); (b) (as modifier) stress-graded; esp. assessed as suitable for structural use.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > [noun] > building wood > grading of
stress grade1922
1922 Southern Lumberman 2 Sept. 35/1 The second analysis was based on the classification of the timbers into the four stress grades proposed by the United States Forest Products laboratory.
1945 Fed. Reg. 5 June 6580/3 All building construction using any stress grade lumber shall be designed in accordance with the applicable provisions of the War Production Board Directive No. 29.
1973 Materials & Technol. VI. i. 27 In Britain, four basic stress grades are specified for sawn softwood, and three for laminated timber.
2015 B. K. Bradshaw in R. J. Ross Nondestructive Eval. Wood (ed. 2) x. 111/2 By the time the veneer is sorted into stress grades, significant drying costs have been incurred.
stress-grade v. transitive to assign a stress grade to (timber).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > build or construct with wood [verb (transitive)] > other processes
makec1450
rough-hew1530
rip1532
stick1573
list1635
frame1663
fur1679
beard1711
cord1762
butt1771
drill1785
joint1815
rend1825
broach1846
ross1853
flitch1875
bore1887
stress-grade1955
1955 Wood Handbk. (U.S. Dept. Agric.) 142 The increasing use of 1-inch boards in lightweight trusses or other structural elements..frequently requires that they be stress-graded.
1971 Timber Trades Jrnl. 21 Aug. 23/3 The timber for all the main structural components was visually stress-graded to a minimum of 50 grade before use.
1995 B. J. B. Gauld Struct. for Architects (ed. 3) vi. 65 Providing the timber has been stress graded and marked, the designer can check the strength class.
stress-graded adj. (of timber) that has been graded according to its estimated strength; (also) that has been graded as having a suitable strength for the use to which it is put.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > [adjective] > graded
stress-graded1942
1942 Property Standards & Minimum Constr. Requirem. S. Calif. District (Federal Housing Admin.) 29 Appendix A, for stress graded lumber may be used, provided each piece of lumber bears the association's special insignia.
2014 S. Emmitt & C. A. Gorse Barry's Adv. Constr. Buildings (ed. 3) iv. 165 Seasoned, stress-graded timber treated against fungal and insect attack should require little maintenance during its useful life.
stress grading n. the grading of structural timber according to its strength, as estimated visually from the size and distribution of knots and other visible defects or by (or in combination with) mechanical measurements of its stiffness; (also) a stress grade.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > other processes
framing1440
riving?1440
traversing1524
wedging1678
furring1679
cocking1710
bearding1711
battening1788
rossing1839
thicknessing1870
splining1901
parting off1905
reconditioning1932
stress grading1936
spindle moulding1979
1936 Engin. News-Record 117 867/3 The committee on bridges and structures..approved new timber stress gradings.
1941 Grading Rules for Structural Timber (B.S.I.) 2 A further standard for the compressive stress grading of these species for use in compression and tension members..is being prepared.
1973 Materials & Technol. VI. i. 27 Visual stress grading is not a difficult operation, but requires considerable experience.
2009 R. Reid in I. Nuberg et al. Agroforestry for Nat. Resource Managem. ix. 150/2 Increasingly, mills are using mechanical stress-grading machines to test the bending strength of each piece.
stress incontinence n. Medicine leakage of urine from the bladder resulting from coughing, straining, lifting, or other movements that increase pressure within the abdomen.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > urinary disorders > [noun] > incontinence of urine
enuresis1800
bed-wetting1890
stress incontinence1929
1929 Brit. Jrnl. Urol. 1 24 The consequence is that form of incontinence that I have called ‘diurnal’, but which Eardley Holland has better styled ‘stress incontinence’.
1972 R. G. Law & M. Friedman Midwifery xiv. 334 The patient is then asked to strain down and any tendency to prolapse of the vaginal walls is noted. She is then asked to cough to determine whether any stress incontinence is present.
2016 Western Mail (Cardiff) (Nexis) 28 Mar. 26 The problem of stress incontinence is almost a silent one despite its prevalence.
stress mineral n. Geology (now chiefly historical) a mineral whose formation in metamorphic rocks is believed to be dependent on shear stress.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > [noun] > other general types
fluor1610
sulphur1799
amygdule1877
heavy mineral1893
fem1902
sal1902
stress mineral1913
opaque1960
1913 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 21 612 The paragenesis of the stress minerals is, as Grubenmann has pointed out, characteristic of relatively low temperatures.
1952 H. Ramberg Origin Metamorphic & Metasomatic Rocks 119 It has yet to be proved..that any of the suggested stress minerals really are such.
1992 C. J. B. Dreyer & A. P. G. Söhnge Crocidolite & Amosite Deposits S. Afr. & Bophuthatswana i. 4/2 Crocidolite (as well as amosite in the Transvaal) was regarded to be a stress mineral formed by transformation of originally colloidal sediments.
stress-optical adj. of or relating to the effects of physical stress on the optical properties of a substance.
ΚΠ
1902 L. N. G. Filon in Proc. Cambr. Philos. Soc. 12 57 The difference of retardation of the two rays passing through the block B is..r=CτT, C being what I have called the stress-optical coefficient, τ the thickness of the glass, T the mean stress.
1946 Nature 19 Oct. 538/2 Glass-clear phenol-formaldehyde resin can be more readily obtained and has a high stress-optical sensitivity.
2005 Macromolecules 38 1911 The stress–optical rule is known to be valid for a wide range of polymeric fluids.
stress raiser n. a feature in the shape or composition of an object that gives rise to a local increase in stress.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > local increase in > cause of
stress raiser1927
1927 H. F. Moore et al. Tests Fatigue Strength Cast Iron (Univ. Illinois Engin. Exper. Station Bull. 164) 24 One very marked limitation of the use of the ordinary formulas of mechanics of materials is that they take no account of localized high stress which is developed at small holes, grooves, and other ‘stress raisers’ [note An apt term coined by Dr. H. W. Gillett of the U.S. Bureau of Standards] in machine and structural parts.
1978 R. J. Gray in J. L. McCall & P. M. French Metallogr. Failure Anal. 240 The surfaces must be free of machining marks that could serve as stress raisers where a fissure and subsequent fracture could occur.
2012 D. Sim & J. Kaminski Rom. Imperial Armour iii. 36 Wrought iron with large quantities of slag inclusions is not suitable for spinning, because the slag inclusions act as stress raisers and cause cracking.
stress relaxation n. a decrease of stress occurring over time in a material subjected to a constant strain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [noun] > specific decrease in
stress relaxation1923
1923 Glass Industry Feb. 22/2 Some stress relaxation undoubtedly takes place after the elastic state is reached.
1959 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 192 198/3 Stress relaxation tests at a constant total strain of 0·15% for times exceeding 20 000 h on three low-alloy steels.
2011 R. D. Boehm et al. in P. Ducheyne et al. Comprehensive Biomaterials I. 117/2 Complete stress relaxation was achieved after the materials were annealed at a temperature of 600-700°C.
stress–strain adj. of or concerning the relation between stress and the associated strain in a material; designating such a relation.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > [adjective] > relationship between stress and strain
stress–strain1885
1885 Science 23 Jan. 78/1 This limit is indicated by a sharp change in the direction of the ‘stress strain’ line.
1923 R. Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics V. 56/2 This will be the most convenient place in which to treat of the stress-strain relations of a doped fabric.
2005 Engin. Structures 27 1465/2 Stainless steel exhibits a non-linear stress-strain relationship.
stress tensor n. Mathematics a tensor (tensor n. 2b) describing the state of mechanical, electromagnetic, or gravitational stress at a point.
ΚΠ
1914 E. Cunningham Princ. Relativity xi. 141 It is necessary to assign a definite velocity to the aether at all points, and then the tensor found above will no longer be capable of being called the ‘stress-tensor’.
1952 C. Møller Theory Relativity vi. 164 Tɩκ is called the stress tensor or the momentum current tensor.
2013 F. A. Morrison Introd. Fluid Mech. iv. 293 We calculate the force vector on a surface when the stress tensor is known.
c. In senses 6 and 7.
(a) As a general modifier with the sense ‘of, relating to, characterized by, or resulting from mental, emotional, or physiological stress’, as in stress response, stress situation, stress symptom, etc.
ΚΠ
1921 Calif. Law Rev. 9 295 The whole group..whose principal outstanding symptom is the failure to meet normally the physical and mental stresses incident to modern society. The failure to meet stress situations is demonstrated in so-called abnormal behavior.
1944 Science 28 July 65/1 It was as if the process of waking and starting the day itself produced a stress response from the adrenal cortex.
1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Oct. 596/4 A cold in the head is more often than not a stress-symptom with which one must learn to live.
1966 R. S. Lazarus & E. M. Opton in C. D. Spielberger Anxiety & Behavior x. 227 The second phase involved the plan to manipulate ‘ego-defense’ processes so as to reduce stress reactions while subjects watched a stressful film.
1992 Sci. News 8 Feb. 95/2 His team has boosted the stress tolerance of..ash trees and elms.
2021 RSF: Russell Sage Found. Jrnl. Social Sci. 7 84/2 A number of studies link chronic stress exposure..to increased risk of obesity and metabolic risk in both children and adults.
(b) In sense 6a, typically with reference to controlling or coping with one's levels of stress, as in stress awareness, stress level, stress reduction, etc. See also stress relief n. 2.
ΚΠ
1957 Vogue Jan. 116/1 Watching our critical stress-level is just as important as watching our critical quota of cocktails.
1985 Sunday Times 23 June 24/1 (advt.) You will have a high stress tolerance, able to turn enthusiastically from issue to issue, and have well developed political skills.
1996 S. Lavery et al. Hamlyn Encycl. Complementary Health 72/2 The therapist will ask about your stress levels, as many people choose aromatherapy for stress relief.
2008 W. Collinge Partners in Healing xiii. 73 Foot massage with massage oil or cream can be an extremely pleasant method of stress reduction and relaxation.
2021 Guardian (Nexis) 8 June They focus on developing your stress awareness, and resilience and coping strategies.
(c)
stress ball n. originally U.S. a small ball made of malleable material which is squeezed and manipulated with the fingers to relieve stress; also occasionally used of other types of ball intended to be used in some way as a means of stress relief (see, e.g., quot. 1988).
ΚΠ
1988 Los Angeles Times 26 July ii. 2/2 Among new products attracting attention: a ‘Stress Ball’, which emits the sound of shattered glass when thrown against the wall, thereby satisfying that need for at least a sense of destructive relief.
1992 Washington Post (Nexis) 26 Oct. d1 Halsey's Stadium Store also sells a Redskins stress ball—so that upset fans..can squeeze their way back to burgundy-and-gold health.
2006 Icon May 100 He..is standing in the Wolfsonian's gift shop squeezing a stress ball in the shape of a human head that he's found on one of the shelves.
stress bunny n. colloquial a person who is stressed or has a tendency to become stressed.
ΚΠ
2001 Irish Times 13 Jan. (Weekend section) 2/6 My dad was a major stress-bunny in his day.
2008 Western Mail (Nexis) 24 Dec. 18 If you do that you become an anxious stress bunny with no Christmas spirit.
2021 @wandsci 24 July in twitter.com (accessed 8 Oct. 2021) It is like I have been a stress bunny for so long about so many things that I have forgotten how to relax.
stress cardiomyopathy n. a syndrome mainly affecting older women, typically after an emotionally or physically stressful event, characterized by sudden impairment of the pumping action of part of the left ventricle of the heart, accompanied by symptoms and other findings resembling those of a heart attack, but usually resolving with supportive medical care.Cf. broken-heart syndrome n. at broken adj. Additions.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of heart > [noun] > other heart disorders
regurgitation1683
pneumopericardium1821
concentric hypertrophy1828
hydropericardium1834
stenocardia1842
cardiosclerosis1848
pyopericardium1848
irritable heart1864
pyopneumopericardium1878
tobacco heart1884
akinesis1888
smoker's heart1888
pneumopericarditis1890
cardioptosis1895
soldier's heart1898
diver's palsy1900
cardiomyopathy1901
cigarette heart1908
neurocirculatory asthenia1918
Fallot1922
cor pulmonale1935
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome1935
fibroelastosis1943
restenosis1954
akinesia1970
stress cardiomyopathy2005
2005 I. S. Wittstein et al. in New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 10 Feb. 540/1 We evaluated 19 patients with ‘stress cardiomyopathy’, a syndrome of profound myocardial stunning precipitated by acute emotional stress.
2021 Irish Independent (Nexis) 1 Mar. There are certainly a number of reports of stress cardiomyopathy brought on by stress associated with both Covid-19 illness itself and the pandemic in general.
stress counselling n. originally North American professional help and advice given to those who are (or are at risk of) suffering from stress or stress-related illnesses; cf. stress counsellor n.
ΚΠ
1975 Synapse 20 7/5 Stress counseling program. An important function of the Stress Research Unit..is to provide counseling and brief psychiatric treatment to ‘persons exposed to stressful life events’.
1988 Daily Tel. 27 Oct. 11/2 Schools and parents..received an offer yesterday of free stress counselling for teachers and children plucked from the wreck.
2021 Toronto Star (Nexis) 27 July a15 David Posen is an Oakville physician specializing in stress counselling and is the author of ‘Is Work Killing You?’.
stress counsellor n. originally North American a person who offers professional help and advice to those who are (or are at risk of) suffering from stress or stress-related illnesses; cf. stress counselling n.
ΚΠ
1977 Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois) 2 May ii. 1/2 ‘There's a myth that stress is bad, undesirable,’ said Ron Buck,..stress counselor in the hospital's coronary care classes.
1981 N.Y. Times 16 Dec. a28/4 The Government has hired two stress counselors to help workers deal with the tensions.
2012 Independent (Nexis) 3 Nov. [He] estimates he was taking eight valium a day..when he began sessions with the force's charismatic stress counsellor.
stress disease n. any disease attributed to exposure to stress, esp. mental or emotional stress; disease of this kind.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > environmental disorders > [noun] > stress
stress disease1948
1948 Observer 13 June 5/5 Absenteeism which arises..from those once..despised causes which passed under names such as neurasthenia and described to-day as stress diseases.
1966 G. E. Evans Pattern under Plough viii. 96 It is more enlightened and scientific in psychosomatic and stress diseases for medicine to address itself as much to the man as to the actual disease.
2007 A. D. Hart & C. Hart Weber Woman's Guide overcoming Depression (e-book ed.) v This chronic strain and disconnectedness are contributing more significantly to stress disease and depression than most of us realize.
stress disorder n. any of various physical disorders or mental conditions attributed to exposure to stress.Frequently in post-traumatic stress disorder: see post-traumatic adj.
ΚΠ
1951 Hypertension: Symp. Univ. Minnesota 1950 330 Our own Western culture is, in mounting incidence, the setting for stress disorders or hypertension.
1989 M. Beattie Beyond Codependency i. ii. 18 Another symptom of stress disorder is psychic numbing.
2019 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 30 Jan. (heading) Could a medical procedure you don't even remember give you a stress disorder?
stress-eat v. intransitive and transitive to eat unhealthily in response to or as a means of coping with stress.
ΚΠ
1979 J. T. Noland Laugh it Off (1981) i. 136 Add five things here which are inclined to make you stress-eat.
2007 @Princess_Holly 28 Dec. in twitter.com (accessed 14 Oct. 2019) I stress ate about 10,000 calories today. Must. Behave. Tomorrow!
2019 Daily Rec. & Sunday Mail (Nexis) 30 May 35 Stress throws our routine out of whack... We also stress-eat, craving sugary foods.
stress eater n. a person who has a tendency to eat unhealthily in response to or as a means of coping with stress.
ΚΠ
1971 N. Solomon & S. Sheppard Truth about Weight Control xviii. 191 Stress eaters are not unlike smokers who reach for a cigarette when they are upset.
2009 Time Out N.Y. 1 Jan. 16/1 I'm a stress eater, with lousy impulse control when it comes to food.
stress eating n. the action of eating unhealthily in response to or as a means of coping with stress.
ΚΠ
1961 R. P. Goldman Lose Weight & Live x. 162 Now I understand this stress-eating, and so I indulge in it much less frequently than in the past.
2013 Wall St. Jrnl. 14 Sept. c2/1 The people most prone to stress eating are those most actively restricting food intake the rest of the time.
stress hormone n. any hormone involved in the disturbed physiological state of the body occurring in response to stress, esp. cortisol and the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline).
ΚΠ
1950 H. Selye Physiol. & Pathol. Exposure to Stress 787 Stress-reactions..are optimally effective during short emergencies; perhaps largely because most of the ‘stress hormones’ (adrenergic substances, ACTH, corticoids, RPS) are well tolerated only during short periods.
1976 Daily Mail 29 Oct. 17/3 Medical checks will be carried out to discover the activity of stress hormones during periods of high tension.
2014 Good Housek. Apr. 117/1 Just taking a walk in the woods reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol, according to recent studies.
stress-induced adj. (esp. of an illness or medical condition) caused by stress.
ΚΠ
1951 Science 11 May 566/2 (title of conference paper) The role of the adrenal cortex in the regulation of stress-induced tissue reactions.
1981 P. Nuernberger Freedom from Stress vii. 22 Any unwanted, stress-induced behavior undergoes gradual alteration when one consistently practices meditation.
2015 N.Y. Mag. 24 Aug. 42/1 Sulzberger suffered a stress-induced heart attack.
stress interview n. an interview in which there is a deliberate attempt to subject a candidate to stress by the nature of the questioning.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > interrogation > [noun] > intensive questioning
opposing1440
vexationa1525
Spanish Inquisition1625
pump1740
sweating1824
grilling1839
inquisition1856
third degree1900
stress interview1942
third-degreeing1944
1942 Jrnl. Abnormal Psychol. & Social Psychol. Oct. 427 The present report deals with the elements of such a stress interview and with its preliminary validation in connection with tests given to police officers.
1955 Explorations Feb. 7 I examined stress interviews as well as non-directive ones.
1978 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts 126 270/1 Whilst stress interviews in which the interviewer sets out to be provocative or rude may have been appropriate for the selection of American Special Services personnel during the war, I would not recommend them for civilian use.
2007 L. Matias How to say it: Job Interviews (e-book ed.) Stress interviews are not limited to a specific industry.
stress management n. the fact or process of controlling one's levels of stress, or coping with stress more effectively; the use of particular techniques to achieve this.Frequently as a modifier, as in stress management technique, stress management training, etc.
ΚΠ
1958 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 71 613 Case studies of stress management.
1994 D. G. Myers Disaster Response & Recovery 45/2 Mental health staff emphasize stress management techniques such as eating well, getting rest and exercise, avoiding abuse of alcohol or drugs, and returning to a routine.
2006 F. H. Brynie 101 Questions about Sleep & Dreams iv. 92 Solving a life problem or learning skills in stress management can relieve worries that stop sleep from coming.
stress protein n. Biochemistry any of a group of proteins whose synthesis is increased when a cell is exposed to stress (see sense 7) and which have a protective effect against such stress.
ΚΠ
1963 J. C. Kukral Biochem. Aspects Plasma Protein & Ammonia Metabolism (Ph.D. diss., Northwestern Univ.) 44 Most evidence..suggests that normal or injured tissues probably do not synthesize glycoproteins..but rather the liver produces an abundance of these stress proteins in response to injury.
1985 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 1281/1 Heat shock or ‘stress’ proteins have been reported to be induced in a wide range of tissue culture systems and unicellular organisms after elevation of ambient temperature.
2004 Times 4 May (Public Agenda section) 6/1 Blood levels of a stress protein called ST2 can help to predict people's survival chances from heart attacks.
stress-related adj. (esp. of an illness or medical condition) associated with or (partially) caused by stress.
ΚΠ
1960 N.Y. Times 4 June 46/1 The study will concern itself with the proportion of stress-related diseases among air traffic control specialists as compared with the normal population.
1990 Sunday Express 15 Apr. (Mag.) 47/1 Stress-related absenteeism costs British industry a staggering £2 billion a year.
2010 Your Cat Feb. 55/2 Cystitis can be stress-related.
d. In sense 8.
† stress roll n. Obsolete a list of people due to appear in court whose property is liable to distraint in order to compel their attendance.
ΚΠ
a1525 ( Coventry Leet Bk. (1907) I. 169 They..orden that the seriauntes off the stresse Rolle warn euery man.
e. Linguistics, Phonetics, and Prosody. See sense 12b.
(a) As a general modifier, with the sense ‘of, relating to, or characterized by phonological or metrical stress’, as in stress difference, stress placement, stress point, stress syllable, etc.
ΚΠ
1847 Proc. Philol. Soc. (1848) 3 101 The stress-syllable may be made the more acute, or the more grave, at the discretion of the speaker.
1893 R. Bridges Milton's Prosody 69 Here was..a definite statement of the laws of a stress prosody.
1910 G. Henderson Norse Influence on Celtic Scotl. v. 110 The tone falls on the stress syllable with grave accent.
1924 O. Jespersen Philos. Gram. xvii. 231 The old compound mankind (now stressed on the second syllable) comprises all human beings, but the younger mankind (stressed on the first syllable) is opposed to womankind. (The stress-difference, as made in N.E.D., is not, however, recognized by everybody.)
1956 Kenyon Rev. 18 466 Mr. Chatman has shown the metrical stress-points in each line, but in my judgment he has misplaced them in lines 2, 12 and 14.
1971 Language 47 261 The analysis given..correctly predicts the existence of a stress difference associated with the two readings of sentences like The parable shows what suffering men can create.
1999 Phonology 16 15 This section begins by establishing the constraint ranking to account for antepenultimate stress and the locations of stress syllables.
2020 E. C. Zsiga Phonol./Phonetics Interface vii. 141 Stress placement plays an important role in the discussion of English phonology.
(b)
stress accent n. a prominence or emphasis given to one syllable in a word, or in a phrase, over the adjacent syllables, as a result of its carrying stress (sense 12); contrasted with pitch accent n.
ΚΠ
1865 R. Cull in J. Ogilvie Student's Eng. Dict. p. xv/2 Some syllables, which are capable but of slight extension, are accented by a combination of the temporal and stress accents.
1874 Maine Jrnl. Educ. 8 442 English accent is specifically a stress-accent. It is made by uttering the syllable on which it is placed with greater vocal force than the other syllables of the word.
1934 Language 10 350 Chitimacha has no stress accent.
2014 L. Hercus in I. D. Clark et al. Indigenous & Minority Placenames (e-book, accessed 25 Oct. 2019) xi. 219 The Arabana-Wangkangurru pronunciation is Wityira, with the stress accent on the first syllable.
stress-accented adj. characterized by or carrying stress accent; stressed.
ΚΠ
1903 Oxf. Mag. 3 June 386/1 The overwhelmingly stress-accented nature of English makes it impossible to build up metre on quantity.
2014 Stud. in Second Lang. Acquisition 36 197 In some stress-accented languages, such as Italian and Spanish, stressed syllables differ from unstressed syllables primarily in pitch and loudness but differ minimally in vowel quality and syllable duration.
stress contour n. the sequence of varying levels of stress within an utterance.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [noun] > accent > stress accent > sequence of
stress contour1944
1944 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 64 155/2 In purely physical terms it is a matter of different stress contours, differences in length of certain segments, different types of onset and release, etc.
1971 Language 47 269 It appears that the stress contours of English sentences are determined in a simple and regular way by their underlying syntactic structures.
2008 Jrnl. East Asian Linguistics 17 279 No equivalence is made between the Mandarin tones/English stress contours and Lhasa Tibetan tones.
stress group n. a sequence of syllables, of which one bears a primary stress and the others are unstressed, viewed as a rhythmical unit of speech.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [noun] > accent > stress accent > stress group
stress group1876
1876 H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1875–6 473 We find..that every sentence can be analyzed into smaller groups characterized by one predominant stress-syllable, round which the others group themselves. In our first sentence there are two such stress groups... A word is, phonetically speaking, a stress-group.
1956 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 22 57/2 Such an extended word we call a ‘phonological word’ and it is comprised phonologically of a single stress group.
1997 P. H. Matthews Conc. Oxf. Dict. Linguistics 383 In one analysis, easy solution would be divided into the stress groups [ easy so] and [ lution].
2013 La Linguistique 49 97 This hypothesis gives a proper account of the specific constraints that govern the prosodic structure, such as the maximal number of syllables included in a stress group.
stress maximum n. a stressed syllable; spec. one which falls between two unstressed syllables.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [noun] > accent > stress accent > specific
rhetorical accent1728
suppression1751
recession1855
thought accent1897
stress maximum1908
fall-rise1921
promotion1956
paroxytonization1973
1908 W. Brown Time in Eng. Verse Rhythm v. 35 Such a centroid is, in the simplest terms, a part of the sound series marked by one stress maximum.
1971 Language 47 588 Thus in the mangy dog, the stress on the first syllable of mangy is a stress maximum.
2004 Phonology 21 61 If [V N] forms a compound (and hence a trochee), which happens quite often in disyllabic words in Chinese, shi is not a stress maximum and the line is metrical.
stress-neutral adj. designating a derivational or inflectional suffix which does not affect the placing of stress within a word.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [adjective] > accent > stressed > stress-neutral
stress-neutral1971
1971 Language 47 269 If word stress is assigned prior to syntactic transformations, then it follows automatically that transformationally attached affixes are stress-neutral.
2004 Nat. Lang. & Ling. Theory 22 568 Thus stress-neutral -ist appears inside stress-shifting -ic (as in naturalistic), or stress-neutral -ize appears inside stress-shifting -(at)ion (cf. colonialization).
2015 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 81 462 Stress-neutral suffixes are never stressed.
stress-neutrality n. the quality or state of being stress-neutral (stress-neutral adj.).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [noun] > accent > stress accent > stress-neutrality
stress-neutrality1971
1971 M. Halle & S. J. Keyser Eng. Stress ii. 110 We can indicate stress neutrality by introducing the boundary # before the appropriate affix.
2004 Phonology 21 109 Stress-neutrality of the English suffixes in [the following examples] can therefore be inferred on the basis of their sensitivity to the stress patterns of the stem.
stress pattern n. the pattern of phonological or metrical stress for a word or phrase.
ΚΠ
1917 PMLA 82 p. xxx Seven types: (1) ‘metrical verse’, in which the effect of a repeated stress-pattern is in evidence [etc.]
1954 S. Robertson Devel. Mod. Eng. (rev. ed.) iv 77 In English, any word of two or more syllables has its own stress-pattern.
2017 Hispania 100 598 The most common stress pattern is penultimate stress (paraxytone), followed by ultimate stress (oxytone).
stress phoneme n. a phoneme whose contrastiveness lies in its distinctive degree of stress.For example, the noun phrase light house keeper may mean ‘a housekeeper who is light in weight’, ‘a keeper of a lighthouse’, or ‘a person who does light housekeeping’, depending on the pattern of stress.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [noun] > phoneme, allophone, etc.
phonea1866
phoneme1879
metaphone1930
diaphone1932
variphone1932
morphoneme1933
morphophoneme1934
microphoneme1935
stress phoneme1936
archiphoneme1937
allophone1938
diaphoneme1939
prosodeme1939
keneme1950
proto-phoneme1951
idiophoneme1955
morphon1964
hypophoneme1966
morphophone1967
1936 Language 12 149 In the treatment of stress, there is no mention made of a middle or secondary stress, but it is necessary to recognize such a stress phoneme in context.
1949 Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 48 141 He disagrees with Bloch-Trager as to the number of stress phonemes in English.
2010 T. Scheer Guide to Morphosyntax-phonology Interface Theories i. iv. 59 Chomsky et al. (1956) propose to replace the four different stress phonemes that were commonly recognized for English..by one single opposition, ‘accented’ vs. ‘unaccented’.
stress shift n. a change to the way a word or other linguistic unit is stressed; esp. (a) a change to the usual stress pattern of a polysyllabic word; (b) a difference in the placement of stress on a derivative from on the root word.
ΚΠ
1885 H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1882–4 431 In sum cases a syllabl which is strest in the literary lang. has been dropt, pointing, of course, to an erlier stress-shift in the dialect.
1930 T. Sasaki On Lang. R. Bridges' Poetry 91 It has been the rule in the English blank verse since Chaucer not to tolerate stress-shift (or inversion of accent) in the fifth foot.
1992 T. McArthur Oxf. Compan. Eng. Lang. 971 Elsewhere, the stress shift is reflected in the spelling: maintáin/máintenance, revéal/revelátion.
2010 N. Topintzi Onsets ii. 95 In other odd-syllable words that lack the voiceless–voiced sonorant sequence in the final two syllables, such stress shift is gratuitous.
stress-timed adj. designating a language in which primary stresses occur at approximately equal intervals, irrespective of the number of unstressed syllables in between; opposed to syllable-timed adj.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [adjective] > accent > stressed > occurrence of stresses at equal intervals
isochronous1784
stress-timed1945
isochronic1956
1945 K. L. Pike Intonation Amer. Eng. iii. 35 Many non-English languages..tend to use a rhythm which is more closely related to the syllable than the regular stress-timed type of English.
1956 H. Whitehall in Kenyon Rev. 18 iii. 418 Unlike such ‘syllable-timed’ languages as Spanish, English is ‘stress-timed’ or isochronic.
1980 Eng. World-wide 1 i. 108 RP is stress-timed, with primary stress recurring at roughly even intervals through a sentence.
2017 E. Galacz et al. in T. Isaacs & P. Trofimovich Second Lang. Pronunc. Assessment ix 59 In stress-timed languages, stressed syllables are significantly longer than unstressed syllables.
stress timing n. the fact or feature of primary stresses occurring at approximately equal intervals in a language, irrespective of the number of unstressed syllables in between; the quality of being stress-timed; opposed to syllable-timing n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [noun] > accent > stress accent > occurrence of stresses at equal intervals
stress timing1937
isochronism1942
isochrony1953
1937 T. FitzHugh Indoeuropean Accent (Univ. Virginia Bull. School of Latin 2nd Ser. No. 7) Pref. p. xvii Stress counting may of course occur without stress timing, but no stress timing is possible without the stress count to be timed.
1947 Amer. Speech 22 135 (note) He misses the most striking exemplification of stress-timing, in the pattern of descending levels implying a sort of minimization, e.g. ‘Just / leave it on the / porch and / go.’
2004 Jrnl. Internat. Phonetic Assoc. 34 230 The alleged stress timing of BP [sc. Brazilian Portuguese] has been disputed in Barbosa (2000), who found a strong component of syllable timing.
C2.
a. As a modifier, with past participles, with the sense ‘by or with stress’ (now usually in sense 6), as in stress-activated, stress-filled, stress-marked, stress-ridden, etc. (adjectives).
ΚΠ
1863 ‘W. Lancaster’ Praeterita 39 No voices, save stress-landed mariners.
1964 R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics iv. 138 In a word stressed on a non-initial syllable, in stress-marked languages, the stressed articulation usually begins on the consonant.
2020 Irish Times (Nexis) 22 Dec. 12 It was a stress-filled year.
b. With participles, forming compounds in which stress (now usually in sense 7) expresses the object of the underlying verb, as in stress-inducing, stress-reducing, etc. Similarly with agent nouns, as in stress-reducer, etc.See also stress reliever n. 2, stress-relieving adj. 2.
ΚΠ
1942 Med. Clinics N. Amer. 26 1324 Analysis of the results indicated an additive effect of age upon stress-inducing experience (hours of driving in this case) in the production of fatigue.
1950 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 55 351/1 They..would be driven to seek their stress-alleviating diversions in objects of a more ‘serious’ character.
1976 Higher Educ. 5 62 The single greatest stress reducer was the number of hours worked each week.
1991 Utne Reader July 125/2 (advt.) Stress-easing music.
1997 Sun 26 Dec. 8/1 The more beautiful your bowl and the better stocked it is, the less likely you are to turn to stress-enhancing snack foods.
2019 Chronicle (Toowoomba, Queensland) (Nexis) 24 Aug. 14 Gardening is one of the most enjoyable, stress-reducing and somewhat meditative pastimes.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022).

stressv.

Brit. /strɛs/, U.S. /strɛs/
Forms: Middle English stres, Middle English stresce, Middle English strysse, Middle English–1500s stresse, 1500s– stress; Scottish pre-1700 straist (past participle), pre-1700 stres, pre-1700 1700s strest (past participle), pre-1700 1700s– stress.
Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly formed within English, by conversion. Probably partly formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: stress n.; distress v.
Etymology: Probably partly < stress n.; and partly (especially in branch III.) shortened < distress v. In early use probably also influenced by Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French estresser, estrecer, estressier, estrecier, estrecher to narrow, restrict, squeeze, constrict (12th cent.) < an unattested post-classical Latin form *strictiare < classical Latin strictus strict adj. (compare similarly Italian †strizzare).
I. To subject (someone or something) to restraint, affliction, or stress, and related senses.
†1.
a. transitive. To constrain or restrain (a person) by force or compulsion; spec. to compel (someone) to a particular course of action. Obsolete.Frequently followed by infinitive expressing the enforced action, e.g. in quot. c1425.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)]
needeOE
straita1340
pressa1393
afforcea1400
stressa1400
coactc1400
coarctc1400
strainc1400
compulse?a1475
cohert1475
oppress1523
compel1526
forcec1540
to tie to the stake1544
urge1576
adact1615
duressa1626
coerce1659
railroad1889
to twist the tail1895
steamroll1900
steamroller1912
shanghai1919
bulldozer1945
shotguna1961
society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > to do something
holdc1275
piltc1275
constraina1340
strength1340
distrainc1374
compelc1380
makec1395
distressa1400
stressa1400
art?1406
putc1450
coerce1475
cohert1475
enforce1509
perforce1509
forcec1540
violent?1551
press1600
necessitate1601
rack1602
restrain1621
reduce1622
oblige1632
necessiate1709
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 3726 Ȝyf þou for yre bygynne wykkednes Þat no man may lette þe, ne stres.
c1425 Castle of Love (Egerton) (1967) l. 972 (MED) Thurgh payn sal God neuer stresse man to forsake his lawe.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 103 It is displesing to me þat I have grevid god so muche, for the whiche I am stressid to come heþere.
1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades v. 90 They leaue not thee, but vs also, who here are come not strest In thy quarrell to spend our bloud.
1661 ‘Phil-Alethio’ Brief Resol. Case Subj. of Scotl. 14 Upon what ever account else it may be,..it cannot be upon the value of their Oath (as they would make simple people to believe, as if that were an indispensablety stressing their consciences).
1663 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Peebles (1910) 56 They inhibit..all and sindrie servantes..to stres or force any of their fellow servants to that unwarrantable practicq of brothering.
b. transitive. To confine or imprison (a person). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)]
at-hold?c1225
to hold inc1300
withholda1325
distrainc1340
restrain1397
stressa1425
detain1485
to lay fast1560
constrain1590
enstraiten1619
embinda1628
pin1738
coerce1780
deport1909
a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 8001 Þe dampned bodyse salle fredom mys; Ffor þai salle be stresced in helle als thralle.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 738/2 The man is stressyd to soore, he can nat styrre him.
1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie lxxxii. 23 At time of this graunt, I was (as who say,) Stressed by you: your prisoner (as it were).
2.
†a. transitive. To subject (a person) to hardship, torment, or adversity; to afflict, burden. Also with a person's resources as object. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict
overharryeOE
aileOE
swencheOE
besetOE
traya1000
teenOE
to work (also do) (a person) woeOE
derve?c1225
grieve1297
harrya1300
noyc1300
travailc1300
to work (also do) annoyc1300
wrath14..
aggrievea1325
annoya1325
tribula1325
to hold wakenc1330
anguish1340
distrainc1374
wrap1380
strain1382
ermec1386
afflicta1393
cumbera1400
assayc1400
distressc1400
temptc1400
encumber1413
labour1437
infortune?a1439
stressa1450
trouble1489
arraya1500
constraina1500
attempt1525
misease1530
exercise1531
to hold or keep waking1533
try1539
to wring to the worse1542
pinch1548
affligec1550
trounce1551
oppress1555
inflict1566
overharl1570
strait1579
to make a martyr of1599
straiten1611
tribulatea1637
to put through the hoop(s)1919
snooter1923
the mind > possession > poverty > make poor or impoverish [verb (transitive)] > by tax
stress1584
a1450 York Plays (1885) 276 (MED) With no stalkyng nor no striffe be ye stressed.
1563 T. Sackville in W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Buckingham xxxix The dread wherewyth him selfe was strest.
1584 T. Lodge Delect. Hist. Forbonius & Prisceria G ij Lead by couetousnesse, for that he woulde not stresse his coffers.
a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. l. 4160 In that storme so stranglie tha war straist, Mony war lost and mycht no langer lest.
1653 E. Waterhouse Humble Apol. Learning 155 If the Magistrate be so stressed that he cannot protect those that are pious and peaceable, the Lord help.
1674 in N. Macrae Romance of Royal Burgh (1923) 318 He being stressed be sea with his cousin..they both of them devoted for a pious use certain sums of monie.
b. transitive (in passive). Originally Scottish. To be inconvenienced or put into difficulty by some circumstance, esp. a lack of or need for something (as money, time, etc.); = press v.1 11e. Followed by a prepositional phrase introduced by for, indicating what is lacking or needed, e.g. she was stressed for time.In later use often coloured by sense 4.
ΚΠ
1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well I. x. 250 I wad say naething mair than that I was stressed for the penny money.
1926 Aberdeen Press & Jrnl. 6 Dec. 9/2 Farmers generally are stressed for cash from the reduced prices of grain and meat.
2010 K. Pride What Bible is All about for Moms 12 Moms are stressed for time and on the go.
3.
a. transitive. To subject (someone or something) to stress, strain, or exertion; spec. to tire, fatigue, or overwork (a person's body or mind).Apparently chiefly Scottish in 18th and 19th centuries, usually in the specific sense (cf. sense 3b); from the mid 20th cent. again in wider use, probably under the influence of sense 3c. Sc. National Dict. records the specific sense as still in use in central and southern Scotland in 1971.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > weary or exhaust [verb (transitive)]
wearyc897
tirea1000
travailc1300
forwearya1325
taryc1375
tarc1440
matec1450
break1483
labour1496
overwearya1500
wear?1507
to wear out, forth1525
fatigate1535
stress1540
overtire1558
forwaste1563
to tire out1563
overwear1578
spend1582
out-tire1596
outwear1596
outweary1596
overspend1596
to toil out1596
attediate1603
bejade1620
lassate1623
harassa1626
overtask1628
tax1672
hag1674
trash1685
hatter1687
overtax1692
fatigue1693
to knock up1740
tire to death1740
overfatigue1741
fag1774
outdo1776
to do over1789
to use up1790
jade1798
overdo1817
frazzlea1825
worry1828
to sew up1837
to wear to death1840
to take it (also a lot, too much, etc.) out of (a person)1847
gruel1850
to stump up1853
exhaust1860
finish1864
peter1869
knacker1886
grind1887
tew1893
crease1925
poop1931
raddle1951
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [verb (transitive)] > put the limbs or faculties to abnormal exertion
swinkc1300
strain1446
stress1540
to put, set, place, etc. on the rack1599
taska1616
tax1672
force1825
1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus Prol. sig. Biiv The date tree hath this propertie, yt being throwen into the water or otherwise stressed, the more weight is layd vpon it, the more it ryseth hygher or resisteth.
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 13v Bycause they shoote wyth a softe lowse, and stresses not a shaft muche in the breste where the weyghte of the bowe lyethe.
1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. Peroration sig. Pijv I..thearfore [was] dryuen to stresse my memorie ye more for callinge the same too mind again.
1692 in W. Fraser Earls of Cromartie (1876) I. 86 I am always indispos'd..with spitting of blood, some vaine is stress'd.
1705 F. Fuller Medicina Gymnastica 151 The Nerves are quite stress'd with the Load of Wine.
1722 R. Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 638 Let me know how your eyes are. Dont stress them.
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering II. 32 ‘I could gar him show mair action,’ said his master, ‘but..it would be a pity to stress Dumple.’
1904 Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 813/1 [Nottinghamshire] When a stan long on ma leg it seems to stress it.
1939 H. M. Tomlinson Day Before x. 51 Presently he fixed it, stressing his eyes against distance and haze.
1999 J. Zand et al. Smart Med. for Healthier Living ii. 307 Avoid stressing your eyes. Activities that require a steady focus for a long period of time..put added stress on the eyes.
2002 P. Raines Simple Stonescaping (2003) v. 41/1 Elastic braces or bandages for the wrists, elbows, or knees..can help support joints stressed by repetitive motions and lifting.
†b. transitive (reflexive) and intransitive. Scottish. To make a strenuous effort; to exert oneself greatly or excessively. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > become weary or exhausted [verb (intransitive)] > specific
forfare1393
forlie1423
to blow outc1440
flakec1500
to break one's brain, mind, wind1598
stress1756
to hit the wall1974
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > make physical effort
strain1340
heavec1374
stress1756
1756 M. Calderwood Lett. & Jrnls. (1884) xii. 317 The Capucines are commonly imployed to preach, but the method here is not to stress themselves by saying too much at once.
1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess i. 41 He stress'd himsell to cry aboon his pith, An' try his abilty both limb an' lith.
1901 ‘G. Douglas’ House with Green Shutters 5 A horse the feet of which struck sparks from the paved ground as they stressed painfully on edge to get weigh on the great waggon.
a1917 E. C. Smith Mang Howes & Knowes (1925) 11 Braisslin on an stressin masel that gait.
c. transitive (chiefly in passive). Engineering. To subject (an object or material) to mechanical stress or prestress. Cf. stress n. 4d, stressed adj. 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > stress or force exerted and tending to deform > subject to stress [verb (transitive)]
strain1850
stress1865
1865 Proc. Royal Soc. 14 291 Much smaller vibrations (producing less absolute amounts of distortion in the parts of the wires most stressed) must be observed.
1946 V. N. Wood Metall. Materials ii. 69 When stressed at high temperatures, metals have a tendency to undergo continuous deformation.
1992 Public Wks. Jan. 33/2 Engineers could also know the exact time to stress the post tensioning cables to allow the segmental construction to continue.
2016 M. Hyland Light Metals: Proc. Symp. TMS Aluminum Comm. 2015 513/1 The cradle was stressed by hydraulic jack installed on a reaction frame.
4.
a. transitive. To cause mental or emotional strain or tension in (a person); to make anxious or worried. Cf. to stress out 2 at Phrasal verbs, stress n. 6a.Increasingly common from the mid 20th cent.
ΚΠ
1895 T. Hardy Jude v. viii. 400 Phillotson grasped the edge of the spring-cart, and appeared to be much stressed and worried by the information.
1975 Delaware Med. Jrnl. May 251/1 A parent may be stressed by involvement in a marital problem.
1990 Times Sat. Rev. 15 Sept. 54/1 He worked very hard and was good at business, but it stressed him.
2003 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 25 Nov. d10 Personally, I lead quite a relaxing life and nothing really stresses me.
b. intransitive. Chiefly colloquial. To be or become stressed or anxious; to worry intensely. Cf. to stress out 1 at Phrasal verbs.Frequently followed by about or over.
ΚΠ
1988 comp.sys.amiga.tech 12 Apr. (Usenet newsgroup, accessed 9 Oct. 2019) Why stress over the inevitable?
1996 Sugar June 84/1 Don't stress—you can do something about it.
2000 Canterbury (New S. Wales) Express (Nexis) 6 July Chill out and stop stressing!
2010 Times 10 June 29/4 Most of the stuff we stress about is trivia.
5. transitive. Physiology. To cause physiological stress in (an organism). Cf. stress n. 7.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > balance of nature > external influences > [verb (transitive)] > stress
stress1948
1948 Science 29 Oct. 475/1 The previous administration of cortical hormone prevented the rather similar fall in adrenal ascorbic acid seen in rats stressed by exposure to cold.
1973 Country Life 7 June 1859/2 The transfer to a new environment stresses the calves, and it is now that latent infection will show itself.
2007 Rangeland Ecol. & Managem. 60 571/1 Plants stressed by repeated hare browsing..have been shown to produce shoots that are higher in phenolic compounds such as tannins.
2015 P. B. Wignall Worst of Times iii. 69 The vast spread of anoxic conditions at this time would have further stressed marine communities.
†II. To pass, to flow.
6. intransitive. To pass, go; spec. (of tears) to burst forth, flow. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > lachrymal organs > flow [verb (intransitive)]
tricklec1386
stress?a1400
silec1540
deraina1561
stream1812
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 6095 His fadere felle in a sekenesse þat to þe ded it mad him stresse.
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 2128 Ay when he sang his messe, Þe teres oute of his eyen stresse.
†III. To seize a person's property in order to obtain payment of money, distrain.
7. transitive. To seize (a person's property) in order to obtain payment of rent or other money owed; = distrain v. 9. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 234 Ȝif here rente be not redily paied here bestis ben stressid & þei pursued wiþouten mercy.
8. transitive. Originally Scottish. To seize the property of (a person) in order to obtain payment of money owed or to ensure the fulfilment of some other obligation; = distrain v. 7. Also intransitive. Cf. distress v. 6. Obsolete (English regional in later use).
ΚΠ
1521 in A. Maxwell Old Dundee (1891) 296 Elene of the Monksholm is stressit to pay Elene Ductor's four shillings six pence of fee.
1554 Dundee Burgh Court Bks. II. f. 332v in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Stres v.2 That he aucht nor suld nocht be poyndit nor stressit for the said [sum].
a1643 G. Graham in D. Balfour Odal Rights & Feudal Wrongs (1860) 65 Erle Robert obteynit a feu of Orknay and Shetland, and yairupone intendit to stres the Udillaris and augment a rental in these thair landis.
1668 A. Honyman Surv. Naphtali I. iii. 86 The case betwixt the King and People in the religious Covenant with God, is like the case of two men binding in one band for their several moieties of a sum; if the one be deficient, the other is not stressed for it.
1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby ‘They're boun te stress for 't’, to force the payment by law.
1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) Well, I be zorry vor to zee a widow umman a-stress'd; but her can't never 'spect to bide there, not if her don't pay no rent.
IV. To emphasize, and related senses.
9.
a. transitive. To emphasize (a word or phrase) by speaking it more loudly or with longer duration, greater articulation, etc., or by writing it in italics or capitals or underlined.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [verb (transitive)] > attach importance to > render outstanding > in speech
I saya1300
to lay on load?1562
I vow1590
vowne1785
stress1794
1794 Rep. Trial A. H. Rowan 86 When the verdict was repeated, and the word guilty, sufficiently stressed, the clap was changed into hootings, and hissings, and groans.
1859 G. Meredith Ordeal Richard Feverel I. v. 82 Stressing the epithet to increase the defiance.
1952 O & M Bull. (H. M. Treasury) June 20 Words on a questionnaire can be crudely stressed by underlining, or by the use of block capitals.
1995 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 26 Feb. (Sunday Rev.) 18 Classic Barrie reprimand today to one of the actors. ‘Why are you stressing the word “and”?’
b. transitive. Linguistics and Prosody. To place a stress or accent on (a syllable). Cf. stress n. 12b.
ΚΠ
1840 R. Cull in Garrick's Mode reading Liturgy (new ed.) 16 The effect is unbearable, when syllables which ought not to be stressed receive stress.
1892 S. A. Brooke Hist. Early Eng. Lit. I. Pref. p. xi I used alliteration whenever I could, and stressed as much as possible the alliterated words.
1893 R. Bridges Milton's Prosody 74 If a boy were told..that it saved the monotony of a pentameter to stress the penultimate.
1943 M. A. Pei Langs. for War & Peace vi. 187 French stresses all syllables of a word about equally.
2012 Jrnl. Linguistics 48 451 In this alternative, the medial CVC syllable is stressed.
10.
a. transitive. To give particular emphasis or importance to (a point, idea, detail, etc.); to emphasize. Frequently with that-clause as object. Cf. to lay (also place, put) stress on (also upon) at stress n. 10.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [verb (transitive)] > attach importance to > render outstanding
aggravate1549
accent1595
to lay weight upon1600
emphase1631
circumflect1643
to lay (also place, put) stress on (also upon)1653
to set home1656
forestall1657
circumflex1661
signalize1698
to lay stress, weight, emphasis on or upon1748
emphasize1793
accentuate1817
stress1845
to rub in1851
to draw out1855
underline1880
punctuate1883
peak1887
underscore1891
to point up1926
1845 Hist. Organization Methodist Episcopal Church, South ii. 61 He stressed the point, that..a Bishop was to be a ‘general superintendent’.
1896 Mod. Lang. Notes 11 78/2 A sketch of the history of the Troy legend was outlined, and its popularity in medieval literature stressed, as the theme for numerous romances.
1936 E. S. Bates Story of Congr. 1789–1935 ii. 39 Adams, in his message to Congress, stressed the need for further measures of defense.
1957 J. C. Adams Outl. Fractures i. 5 It must be stressed that the presence of a wound of the skin in association with a fracture does not necessarily mean that the fracture is compound.
2009 Big Issue 19 Jan. 28/2 This Manchester four-piece is keen to stress that they have nothing to do with the anthemic lad-rock their city is known for.
2021 Nottingham Post (Nexis) 8 Oct. 22 [He] said the report was an ‘excellent start’ and stressed the importance of creating a proper system of scrutiny in the context of the council's wider recovery and transformation plan.
b. intransitive. To place particular emphasis on a point, statement, or idea made in speech or writing.Chiefly in Asian and African varieties of English.
ΚΠ
1923 Malaya Tribune 14 Sept. 7/5 Sir Percy Cox's report..stresses on the gradual harmonising of the dissonant elements.
1992 Financial Sunday Express (New Delhi) 13 Sept. 5/8 He also stressed on the need for ending the differential rate of sales tax.
1996 Daily News (Tanzania) 20 May 1/1 The Principal Secretary..recently stressed on the need to enhance monitoring.
2021 Times of India (Nexis) 3 May Subodh Bhave and Kiran Gaikwad are stressing on the importance of masking up to beat COVID-19.

Phrasal verbs

With adverbs in specialized senses. to stress out
Chiefly colloquial (originally U.S.).
1. intransitive. To be or become stressed or anxious; to worry intensely. Cf. earlier stressed out adj. at stressed adj. and n. Compounds.Also followed by about or over.In quot. 1983: to suffer extreme physiological stress.
ΚΠ
1983 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 16 Mar. 7 b/4 Many birds die en route, Friend says, because ‘they have weak respiratory systems and stress out easily.’
1987 Orange County (Santa Ana, Calif.) Reg. 20 May d13/2 She's very emotional and high-strung and the downside of that is that she sometimes stresses out.
1996 L. CasaBianca Rough Guide to First-time Europe i. 7 Prepare, but don't stress out over every detail.
2019 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 15 June 6 I would be doing exams and stressing out and being a perfectionist.
2. transitive. To cause (a person) stress or anxiety. Cf. stressed out adj. at stressed adj. and n. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1983 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 26 Sept. c8/3 I can't afford to have Steve stressed out any more by the fans, the media, the pressure.
1992 N.Y. Times 8 Nov. ix. 13/3 We didn't want people to feel the usual obligations of going to a wedding... We didn't want to stress anyone out.
2013 J. Margulis Business of Baby vii. 164 Sammy was screeching, he wanted to nurse all the time, and my parents were in the house, which was stressing me out.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022).
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