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单词 study
释义

studyn.

Brit. /ˈstʌdi/, U.S. /ˈstədi/
Forms: Middle English steodie, Middle English studi, Middle English–1500s stodie, Middle English–1500s stodye, Middle English–1600s stody, Middle English–1600s studie, Middle English–1700s studye, Middle English– study, 1500s studdie, 1500s stude, 1500s–1700s studdy; Scottish pre-1700 stedye, pre-1700 stiddye, pre-1700 stoodie, pre-1700 stoudei, pre-1700 studdie, pre-1700 studdy, pre-1700 stude, pre-1700 studee, pre-1700 studei, pre-1700 studej, pre-1700 studie, pre-1700 studye, pre-1700 stwddie, pre-1700 1700s– study.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French studie, estudie; Latin studium.
Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman studie, estodie, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French estudie (also in Old French as estuide , estude ; Middle French, French †estude , French étude ) application, attention, care, zeal (early 12th cent.), intellectual application in pursuit of learning, act of studying (late 12th cent.), thought, reflection, contemplation, private room in which studying takes place (both mid 13th cent.), school, college (c1270), university (early 14th cent.), artistic design made in attempt to represent a particular subject (1680), written work containing the results of intellectual research (1784), musical composition intended to perfect an aspect of the player's technique (1833 in the title of a collection of works by Chopin, or earlier: see étude n.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin studium earnest application, enthusiasm, eagerness, object of interest, aim, concern, activity, pursuit, devotion, support, intellectual activity, especially of a literary kind, pursuit of a particular subject, in post-classical Latin also place of study, school (4th cent.; frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), written work, treatise, desk (from 9th cent. in British sources), room for studying (from 13th cent. in British sources), university (14th cent.) < studēre to strive after, to concentrate on, to support, favour, to apply oneself, study ( < the same base as tundere tund v.) + -ium (see -y suffix4). Compare earlier study v.Compare Old Occitan estudi (15th cent.), Spanish estudio (mid 13th cent.), Portuguese estudo (13th cent.), Italian studio (a1292; see further studio n.).
I. Senses relating to a state of mind or thought. Cf. study v. II. Frequently preceded by in.
1. A state of contemplation or musing; a state of mental abstraction; a reverie.Now chiefly in brown study n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > inattention > mental wandering > abstraction, absent-mindedness > [noun] > instance of
studyc1300
dump1523
brown studyc1555
c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Laud) l. 576 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 447 (MED) He sat and bi-heold it..in gret studie and in þouȝht Longue are he seide ani word.
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 2369 (MED) Þat oþer stif mon in study stod a gret whyle.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 424 He was in suche a study he herde nat what he seyde.
1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 554 Carthlyntus than into ane studie stude; Quhen that wes said spak nother ill no gude.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iv. 84 In tears salt blubbring, in musing stiddye remayning, Shee fel on her mattresse.
1656 S. Holland Don Zara iii. ii. 145 He sat a long time on his horse back in a profound study.
1744 E. F. Haywood Fortunate Foundlings xxiii. 315 This man had no sooner left her than she fell into a deep study, from which a sudden thought made her immediately start.
1799 M. Geisweiler tr. A. von Kotzebue Poverty & Nobleness of Mind iii. v. 100 (stage direct.) Remains some time in a deep study.
1847 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 67 171 She stood still for a minute, biting her nail, ‘as if in a study’.
1896 Northwestern Reporter 66 101/2 She would not engage in any conversation, but appeared to be in a study.
1973 Texas Monthly May 38/2 He sat in one of the shuttle buses beside his reporter, Nat Henderson, his head down in a deep study.
2003 R. Ariew & M. Grene tr. M. de Montaigne Apol. Raymond Sebond 28 The magpie was in a profound study and retreat into itself.
†2. A state of perplexity, anxiety, or agitation; doubt or uncertainty as to a subject, course of action, etc. Also: an instance of this. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > [noun] > state or instance of
studyc1300
were1338
amazec1425
perplexityc1475
studiala1513
pose1600
stam1638
embarrassment1721
screw-up1950
c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) 1187 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 140 In gret studie he was i-brouȝt; he rounede in is wiues ere and tolde hire al is þouȝt.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 58 Whan Edward perceyued, his herte was in studie, How þat werre bigan on him so sodanly.
c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 16 Fluctuacion calle we her whan a man is broute fro an euel entent, and ȝet þe same man stand in study wheithir he schal to þe good wey or nowt.
?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) l. 488 From stodyys and hevynes it woll yow relyff.
a1547 Earl of Surrey Poems (1964) 23 Laid in my quyett bedd, in study as I weare, I saw within my troubled hed a heape of thoughtes appeare.
1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. xxii. 57 Being therefore now in a studie what was best to be done.
1625 K. Long tr. J. Barclay Argenis iv. viii. 262 While..the Mariners stand in a study, and sticke betweene two dangers, the Gallies which were sent out had enclosed them.
1689 R. Meeke Diary 30 Nov. (1874) 18 I was at first in a study what to do, at last I promised.
1700 P. Motteux et al. tr. M. de Cervantes Hist. Don Quixote II. iv. ii. 361 The Curate look'd very earnestly upon Don Quixote, as one that was in a study whether he might not know him.
†3. A state of amazement, astonishment, or wonder. Obsolete (English regional in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > expectation > feeling of wonder, astonishment > [noun] > state of wonder
wonderc1290
ecstasyc1384
mazednessc1395
study?1397
mazec1425
wonderfulness1532
wonderment1535
gape1712
astoundment1810
marvelment1823
jouissance1968
in M. Stokes & T. L. Burton Medieval Lit. & Antiq. (1987) 83 (MED) Þe fayrest fowyl..euer stode in a stody as sche astonyd were.
a1450 (a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Rawl.) (1960) A. xii. l. 61 (MED) I stode stille in a stodie and stared abowte.
1596 T. Lodge Diuel Coniured sig. Giv The star wrought nought els by his apparance but astonishment, studie, and amase in them, to discerne what it might intend.
1638 P. Godwin tr. F. de Calvi Hist. Theeves xxii. 278 Being transported with such wonder and amazement, that in their study and trance, their shirt might almost bee taken away from them.
1829 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (new ed.) Study, astonishment, amazement.
II. Senses relating to the acquisition of knowledge or learning. Cf. study v. III.
4.
a.
(a) The activity of studying; the application of the mind to the acquisition of learning; devotion of time and effort to the pursuit of knowledge, esp. by means of written sources, observation, or experiment; scholarly or intellectual work or effort.In early use sometimes personified.
ΚΠ
c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) 220 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 499 He neforȝat..nomore þis oreisoun, For no studie ne for no neode, ne for þoȝt of lessoun.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. xi. 1 (MED) Þenne hedde wit A wyf was hoten dam Studie.
c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xvi. l. 181 Lettrure and longe studie letteþ ful menye.
?c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. & Antiq. Syon Monastery (1840) 278 If there be an inuentory..of the bokes of the library, and how they and other bokes of study be kepte and repayred.
1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance Pref. sig. aii Being almoste fatigate with the longe study aboute the correctinge and ampliatinge of my Dictionary.
1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 46 But I was chiefly bent to Poets famous Art, To them with all my deuor I my studie did conuert.
1581 W. Allen Apol. Two Eng. Colleges f. 21v The persons which first put them selues together in the Vniuersitie of Duay the yere 1568, yelding to Collegial forme of studie and discipline vnder one President.
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Astrophel & Stella (1591) i. 10 Inuention, Nature's childe, fledde step-dame Studie's blowes.
1611 Bible (King James) Ecclus. xii. 12 Of making many bookes there is no end, and much studie [margin. Or, reading] is a wearinesse of the flesh. View more context for this quotation
1663 R. Bayfield Τῆς Ἰατρικῆς Κάρτος 67 Sitting and holding his pen, with his eyes open, and looking upon his Book, you would have thought he had been hard at study, till he was by calling..found to want all sense and motion.
1689 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 618 He was as earnest at play, as at his study.
a1732 J. Gay Fables (1738) II. xi. 100 Learning by study must be won, 'Twan ne'er entail'd from son to son.
1737 A. Pope Epist. of Horace ii. ii. 9 The Man, who stretch'd in Isis' calm Retreat To Books and Study gives sev'n years compleat.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 822 See great commanders making war a trade, Great lawyers, lawyers without study made. View more context for this quotation
1810 G. Crabbe Borough xx. 279 Study to him was Pleasure and Delight.
1839 P. J. Bailey Festus 118 When night hath set her silver lamp on high, Then is the time for study.
1882 Athenæum 30 Dec. 895/2 His life of quiet study among the Oratorian brotherhood.
1947 Flying Sept. 74/1 In the upstairs office he looks like a student hard at study.
1973 C. Beaton Diary Dec. in Self Portrait with Friends (1979) xxviii. 419 Only occasionally does he take wing from his life of books and study.
2007 Archit. Rev. Feb. 64/1 Finally, there is the quiet zone of the stacks and galleries, and glass-enclosed carrels for solitary study at the ends of each floor.
(b) In plural. The acquisition of knowledge or education by studying; esp. (frequently with possessive adjective) the pursuit of learning at a university, college, or the like; the work of a student. Now frequently as the second element in the titles of academic subjects, courses, etc., as American studies, computer studies, etc.business studies, media studies, religious studies, social studies, etc.: see the first element.
ΚΠ
c1400 Prickynge of Love (Harl.) (1983) 142 (MED) Þanke hym [sc. God] þat he hath sette..þe only for to tente to hym in goostly studies.
a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 22 (MED) From hir childhode hir fader had sette hir to liberal studyes.
1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course ii. f. 24 The learning of the Athenians was lost in Athens; only remaining in that towne the school or house of studies.
1597 F. Bacon Ess. f. 1 Studies serue for pastimes, for ornaments & for abilities.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) i. i. 67 Thou Iulia thou hast metamorphis'd me: Made me neglect my Studies, loose my time. View more context for this quotation
1677 Mr. Johnson Let. 16 Apr. in J. Ray Corr. (1848) 128 In the meantime wishing you success in your studies, I rest, &c.
1756 A. Butler Lives Saints I. 330 He gave a considerable time to sacred studies.
1841 Penny Cycl. XXI. 175/1 He began his studies at the gymnasium of Coburg in 1638.
1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 30 So far from rushing hastily into merely professional studies, a young man should rather [etc.].
1892 F. P. Verney et al. Mem. Verney Family Civil War I. 122 Ralph still going on with his studies at Oxford.
1913 Newark (Ohio) Advocate 28 Jan. 2/5 In the fall of 1911 I applied for readmission to this school and came back to continue my studies.
1949 G. R. Stewart Earth Abides ii. viii. 291 His knowledge of plants and soils was mostly theoretical, gained from his studies in geography.
1950 Univ. London Gaz. 28 Oct. 178 The Visiting Professorship of Belgian Studies.
2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 6 Apr. 71/1 Hence the birth of Translation Studies, or, to use a more gilded term, Translation Theory—glorified workshops, really.
2012 J. Díaz in New Yorker 4 June 112/2 That was what she wanted once her studies were over: to move to Paris, work for the U.N.
†b. Knowledge acquired from study; learning. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > [noun]
learningc897
wisdomc950
witnessc950
lore971
clergya1225
wit1297
apprise1303
gramaryec1320
clergisea1330
cunning1340
lering1340
sciencea1387
schoola1393
studya1393
art?a1400
cunningnessa1400
leara1400
sophyc1440
doctrinec1460
mathesisa1475
grammarc1500
doctorship1567
knowledge1576
scholarship1579
virtuosoship1666
erudition1718
eruditenessa1834
Wissenschaft1834
savantism1855
scholarment1896
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 2662 The Latins of hemself also Here studie at thilke time so With gret travaile of Scole toke In sondri forme forto boke.
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) i. pr. iv. l. 351 Haþ my studie and my konnyng deserued þus [L. nostraene artes ita meruerunt].
a1450 ( tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) (1988) 47 (MED) It was þe..custome þat..studies [L. studia] of hyȝe craftes schulden ben..redacte togidre and writen in bookes.
c. A branch of learning, a discipline; a subject. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > a department of study
sciencea1387
study1477
knowledge?1530
1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 15v Ypocras..was the first fynder of the art of phisike, whiche he shewed and taught to his children... And commaunded that they shulde dwelle in the middel habitacion of grece in .iij. Isles. And ypocras rested in the Ile of Thau And in the .ij. other Isles the studye was lost in his dayes.
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 266 To speik of science, craft or sapience,..Off euerie study, lair or disciplene.
a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 135 The ordur of studys in unyversytes must..be amendyd.
1565 W. Cuningham in J. Hall tr. Lanfranc Most Excellent Woorke Chirurg. sig. ¶.ivv For as muche as in all studies it greatly doth profite to haue first briefe and compendious introductions.
1656 J. Beadle Jrnl. Thankful Christian v. 103 Of all studies the study of History seems to be most excelent.
1748 H. Walpole Let. 11 Aug. in Corr. (1941) IX. 69 These Veres have thrown me into a deal of this old study.
1788 A. Hughes Henry & Isabella III. 5 Is she persuaded to apply to any particular study, such as music, painting, &c. because her father is fond of it?
1859 Wisconsin Jrnl. Educ. July 1 The mode of teaching each study must also be adapted to the design of the whole course.
1921 Princeton Alumni Weekly 16 Mar. 501/1 As all studies were then required, every student was obliged to pursue these courses.
1992 A. R. Hall I. Newton 80 Collins..advanced his favourite study by keeping up a large international correspondence with mathematicians.
5.
a. The action or process of studying a specific thing; mental effort in the acquisition of some kind of learning, knowledge, or ability; careful examination, consideration, or investigation of a subject, issue, object, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > [noun]
studyinglOE
studyc1300
poring1340
study?1531
conning1553
revolving1555
peruse1578
cultivation1639
culture1687
industry1875
scholastic1895
studenting1922
society > education > learning > study > [noun] > of something
studyc1300
speculationc1374
reverencea1393
c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) 279 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 501 O tyme he was in grete studie of his lessoun anyȝt.
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. cclxxxixv/2 Prothe and Iacincte were gentylmen of noble lygnage, and were felawes in the studye of philosophy.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. OOOiv The seconde part of contemplacion is, study or redyng of holy scripture.
1584 H. Llwyd & D. Powel Hist. Cambria 33 Who..trauelled to Athens, and bestowed there manie yeeres in the studie of the Greeke, Hebrue and Chaldie toongs.
c1600 (c1350) Alisaunder (Greaves) (1929) 637 Many thinges of man myght hee showe, By studie of þe stones in what state hee were.
1668 Bp. E. Hopkins Vanity of World 15 God hath composed two Books, by the diligent study of which we may attain to the knowledge of Himself: the Book of the Creatures, and the Book of the Scriptures.
1704 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World II. xii. 486 The study of the sciences is a natural abstraction of the mind from the creature.
1772 Brit. Mag. & Gen. Rev. Aug. 148/1 He hopes that this translation may be a means of faciliting the study of the Chinese language to others.
1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 482/1 A studentship..for four students, to be educated in the study of the law at Lincoln's Inn.
1859 J. Ruskin Two Paths i. §18 The study, however, of the effect of art on the mind of nations is one rather for the historian than for us.
1895 M. Hewlett Earthwork out of Tuscany 24 Never a chapel of them but is worth study and a stiff neck.
1915 Atlanta (Georgia) Constit. 27 June 8/4 The course which young Ford took included the study of radio engineering.
1963 Wall St. Jrnl. 22 Jan. Kirtland researchers are delving into plasma physics—the study of partially ionized gases.
2007 Atlantic Monthly Oct. 120/1 The study of Books of Hours was confined mostly to art historians.
b. An instance of studying something; an examination, consideration, or investigation of a particular subject, topic, etc. Now frequently: a project or piece of work undertaken specifically to examine or research a particular topic, issue, etc.; (also) a publication detailing such work. Frequently with of or in.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > [noun]
studyinglOE
studyc1300
poring1340
study?1531
conning1553
revolving1555
peruse1578
cultivation1639
culture1687
industry1875
scholastic1895
studenting1922
?1531 tr. Plutarch Howe One may take Profite of Enmyes f. 4v Suche hede bredethe in vs a purpos and a studye of fautles lyuynge.
1550 W. Lynne tr. J. Carion Thre Bks. Cronicles iii. f. clvii They [sc. monkes] also beganne a studye of Theology or diuinitie [L. Theologicum studium].
1655 W. Robertson Iggeret Hammashkil 156 The guiltinesse of such men..who have taken themselves to a study of so much time.
1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. i. 28 This is not a mere labour of the memory, but a study of observations and facts.
1818 S. T. Coleridge Misc. Crit. i. 75 A study of the Aristophanic and Plautine metres would have enabled them to reduce Beaumont and Fletcher throughout into metre.
1883 Proc. Amer. Antiquarian Soc. 2 193 (heading) The Olmecas and the Tultecas: a study in early Mexican ethnology and history.
1896 Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 27 53 The supplements to this volume which have appeared since he published his study.
1904 H. Wallis (title) Italian ceramic art. The Albarello. A study in early Renaissance maiolica.
1957 Encycl. Brit. VI. 387/2 The principal use of dimensional analysis is to deduce from a study of the dimensions of the variables in any physical system certain necessary limitations on the form of any possible relationship between those variables.
2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Mar. 33/4 In such studies, we take two groups of people..and we study the types of DNA sequences they carry at thousands of random sites throughout the genome.
†c. Theatre. The action or task of learning a part or memorizing lines for a play, etc. Also: the ability to learn lines or a part; esp. in to have a quick study (cf. to be a quick study at Phrases 4). Cf. study v. 13b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > acting > [noun] > learning words
study1600
1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream i. ii. 63 Snug. Haue you the Lyons part written? Pray you, if it bee, giue it mee: for I am slowe of studie . View more context for this quotation
1764 S. Foote Lyar iii. ii. 55 I have a short scene to give you in study.
1792 Poor Covent Garden! 9 Pray, sir, have you a quick study?
1822 H. Mackenzie Life Home 95 Mrs. Siddons told me she never found any study (which, in the technical language of the stage, means the getting verses by heart) so easy as that of Douglas.
1857 C. Reade Course True Love 128 Having what is called a very quick study, she was soon mistress of the twenty or thirty lines.
1907 Play Pictorial No. 60. 60/3 Mr Dion Boucicault had a difficult study in the part of the father, a very trying part.
6. A place of learning; an educational establishment; spec. (more fully general study, study general) a university (cf. studium generale n.). Now rare (historical after 17th cent.).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > place of education > [noun] > educational institution
studya1382
school1440
learning-place1517
pedagogy1571
learning-seat1584
seminary1585
Academe1598
phrontisterion1615
phrontistery1623
pedagoguery1820
thinking-shop1837
centre of learning1844
society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > university
universityc1300
general studya1382
schoolsc1400
college1459
ninneversitya1592
studium1610
studium generale1647
versityc1680
varsity1846
Univ1896
uni1898
U1910
a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) i. l. 16 He..whos doctryne þe studies [a1425 L.V. scoles; L. gymnasia] of achademy parfytli sownedyn, wolde be made a pylgryme.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 177 In þis lond was somtyme þe studie [L. studia] and þe scole of Pallas and Minerua.
?c1425 T. Hoccleve Jonathas (Durh.) l. 155 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 221 He wente vn-to the studie general.
c1475 tr. C. de Pisan Livre du Corps de Policie (Cambr.) (1977) 187 (MED) Euclides..composed Geometrye, whiche is radde euery day in the generall studyes [Fr. estudes generales].
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 208 Charlis maygne..transportit the study out of Rome, and brocht jt to paris,..[and] has gevin to the study of paris sa mony notable preuilegis yat clerkis suld joys thare.
a1500 (?c1378) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 427 (MED) It were good þat þes studies & collegies þat ben in hem stooden.
a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 135 Thys thyng in studys & unyversytes ys neclectyd & despysyd.
1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 203 (MED) Marine..graunted to king Alurede To found & make a study..And an vniuersyte for clerkes in to rede..at Oxenford.
1672 O. Walker Of Educ. i. x. 120 Oxford and Paris (the two onely general Studies for a long time on this side the Alps).
1757 A. Butler Lives Saints III. 567/1 The General Study of Paris, as it was at first called, was founded by Charlemagne about the year 800.
1807 J. Grierson Delineations St. Andrews iv. 154 These societies were at first distinguished by the name of Studia Generalis..or simply Studies; as the Study of Paris, the Study of Bologna.
1860 Amer. Jrnl. Educ. 9 52 The idea of this organization, the university, must especially be in early times, be strictly distinguished from that of a general study.
1990 Ronda Iberia Sept. 82/4 It was King Alfonso X who bestowed the title of University on the General Study of Laws at Salamanca.
7.
a. A room in a house or other building, intended to be used for private study, reading, writing, etc., esp. by one particular person. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > types of room generally > [noun] > private or inner room > study
studya1400
study place1563
closeta1600
studiolo1765
den1771
thinking box1911
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 4745 Next hys chaumbre, besyde hys stody, Hys harpers chaumbre was fast þerby.
a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 14 (MED) He..passed from chambre to chambre tyle he come yn to hir secreet study.
1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 33 I yeve and be qwethe to the seid Jone my nece a lityl grene coffre for kerchys, stondyng in my stodye.
1507–8 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 100 Item to Johne Forman for ane lok to the Kingis latron that standis in the Kingis studee, iiij s.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cccxvj A noble man of Spaine..kepeth the whole house to him self, and going into his studie [L. bibliothecam], searcheth all thinges.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) ii. i. 7 Luc. Call'd you, my Lord? Brut. Get me a Tapor in my Study, Lucius. View more context for this quotation
1641 Commons Remonstr. in Wks. Chas. I (1662) II. 62 Some Members of both Houses had their studies and cabinets, yea their pockets, searched.
1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 180 Those that have counting Houses forget those that have Studies.
1730 E. Wright Some Observ. France, Italy, &c. I. 156 The Monks of this Order are in the Nature of Hermits, each having his particular Cell, consisting of two or three little Chambers, (one of which is a Study).
1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. ii. 448 Crosby fitted up a large and retired parlour as a study.
1800 R. Bloomfield Spring in Farmer's Boy 5 The Fields his study, Nature was his book.
1880 J. Payn Confidential Agent I. 39 Your uncle and I are going to have a pipe in the study.
1904 D. P. Hughes Life H. P. Hughes x. 240 When they came to consult him in his study.
1959 ‘M. Innes’ Hare Sitting Up iv. 84 Superintendent Cudworth was a large man, and he seemed to occupy a disproportionate space in the cubby-hole that served Appleby as a study in the small Westminster house.
2011 Z. Strachan Ever fallen in Love 97 He hurried to his study, firing up his computer and checking his email straight away.
b. A room used as a consulting room or place of business by a professional person, as a doctor, lawyer, etc. Now somewhat rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > workplace > office > [noun] > of professional man
study1574
Coventry Leet Bk. (1909) III. 817 I gave a deed to be ingrossed with speed, and yt must be done very secretly in a Close studdie or parlour & not in the open shopp.
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. ii. sig. O3v He went hastily to the study of a brother of his who was a Doctour.
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. iii. f. 25v Being not long since in an Aduocats study, I heard a clarke of his..aske the gentleman the name of him to whom he should direct yt letter.
1640 F. Quarles Enchyridion iii. lxxviii A full belly makes a dull braine; and a turbulent Spirit, a distracted Iudgement: The Muses starve in a Cookes Shoppe, and a Lawyers Study.
1682 J. Marlow Lett. to Sick Friend xviii. 127 In vain is Care used in the Physitians Study, and in the Apothecaries Shop, if Errors be committed in the Patients Chamber.
1796 J. C. Cross Parnassian Bagatelles 140 Scene—The Doctor's Study.—Table with Breakfast Utensils.—A large Medicine Chest on one Side the Stage.
1828 E. F. J. Carrington Confessions Old Maid II. xvi. 32 Had the subject of his pencil been the interior of a lawyer's study.
1897 Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald 5 Nov. The practice of having the pastor's study attached to the church proved inconvenient to the Central Christian congregation and rector.
1900 Weekly Standard & Express (Blackburn) 3 Feb. 11/5 A doctor's study is as secret as the confessional box.
1934 J. E. Barker New Lives for Old ii. 10 A man who boldly goes into the doctor's study, complaining about pains in the left arm, breathlessness or something of the kind, and who is informed that his heart is ‘diseased’ often comes out utterly crushed.
1990 A. Grafton in A. Grafton & A. Blair Transmission Culture in Early Mod. Europe 4 The courtroom and the lawyer's study have turned out to be historical alembics where the methods of social and intellectual historians can be mingled in new forms, producing results of unsuspected richness.
c. In a school or other educational establishment: the private room or office of a particular member of staff, esp. the headteacher. Now chiefly British.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > room by type of use > [noun] > others
speech-housec1050
watching-chamber1533
music room1608
service room1669
amphitheatre1694
lararium1706
well-room1731
lumber room1740
water room1774
bird room1776
grubbery1791
bookery1798
study1808
service room1833
selamlik1838
serving room1838
social space1851
mail room1856
rumpus room1930
birthing room1936
home office1960
romper room1961
dungeon1969
1808 Eye 28 Jan. 43 I was immured in the master's study, while my school fellows were at play.
1881 Morning Post 3 Dec. 3/5 A meeting of Old Blues will be held in the headmaster's study at the school on Thursday next.
1897 J. C. Tarver Observ. of Foster Parent xviii. 148 All boys below the fifth were assigned to one of the other of the house tutor; twice a week they went to his study..and prepared their construing lessons in an informal fashion.
1910 Pearson's Mag. Nov. 663/1 There's an awful row on—the whole of the Fifth Form summoned to his study.
1961 Kokomo (Indiana) Tribune 29 Sept. 18/3 Three students at exclusive Groton School ‘bugged’ the headmasters study some time last year.
2011 Times (Nexis) 22 July 4 When Emma began attending her London primary school I had an amiable meeting with the head in her study.
d. Chiefly British. In some schools (esp. British public schools): a room set aside for one or more pupils to use for studying, reading, recreation, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > place of education > educational buildings > [noun] > a room for study
study1835
1835 Rugby Mag. July 84 He was not in his study as usual, but was in the sick-room, I was told.
1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days i. v. 104 ‘And shall I have a study like this too?’ said Tom.
1878 Mill Hill Mag. (Mill Hill School, London) July 72 I remember when at School talking the matter over in the Monitors' Study.
1920 D. Goldring Reputations v. 103 Many of these Public Schoolboy soldiers must have gone straight from the cricket-field and the prefect's study to the trenches.
2011 J. Archer Only Time will Tell i. ix. 74 He smiled as he walked down the staircase to join Deakins and Barrington in the senior prefects' study.
8.
†a. A closet; a cupboard; esp. one used for storing books, a bookcase. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > book > library or collection of books > [noun] > room containing books
libraryc1374
study1514
bookroom1771
bookstack1879
stack-room-
1514 in W. P. Baildon Black Bks. (Rec. Soc. Lincoln's Inn) (1897) I. 4/1 [Sir Richard Fowler] shall take the study nowe stondyng in Thornburghis chambre bytwene the chymney in the same and Sir Robert Drury's chambre, and the same study to cary whethir it shall please hym.
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Armarium, a study where bokes are laide, or a drye larder.
1610 E. Gardiner Triall of Tabacco 34 He..needs not be so sollicitous to run, and gad in all haste to the good towne, when his belly aketh..: Or yet to haue readie in their closets and studies, nutmegs, or ginger condite.
1642 R. P. True Inventory Goods & Chattles Superstition 2 Item, in the Library or Study in this Chamber, a Book called Pope Gregory the ninth his opinions of the Religion of Rome.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Study, a Closet of Books.
b. A person's collection of books, papers, etc.; a private library. Chiefly in study of books. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > book > library or collection of books > [noun]
library13..
Biblec1384
biblet1388
bibliothèque1549
bibliothecary1570
study1616
bookstock1796
bookery1798
1616 G. Hakewill Answere Treat. D. Carier ii. 163 When hee dyed, his whole estate (together with his studie of bookes sold at a deare rate, could hardly be valued at 300. Crownes.
1667 E. Ashmole Diary (1774) 333 I bought Mr. John Bookers study of books, and gave 140l. for them.
1682 G. Wheler Journey into Greece i. 41 He is of Candia, hath a good Study of Manuscripts which he brought from thence, and is called Pappa Agapito.
1722 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1906) VII. 373 The Revd. Mr. Thomas Foulkes of Xt. Ch. hath bought the Study of my Friend.
1736 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Literary Men (1843) (Camden) 367 It is said also he was forced to sell his Study of Books.
1852 Notes & Queries 6 Nov. 433/1 In 1737, the Rev. Chas. Aldrich left by will all his study of books to the rectory of Henley, being desirous to lay the foundation of a parochial library.
1931 W. M. Myddelton Chirk Castle Accts. II. 47 In the inventory of his goods his study of books was valued at vli, and his silver plate at 12li.
1991 P. H. Highfill et al. Biogr. Dict. Actors (rev. ed.) XIV. 196/2 His son Gilbert, to whom he left his ‘study of books’.
†c. A private collection of valuables, curiosities, etc.; = closet n. 4b. Cf. cabinet n. 3b. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1694 A. Balfour Lett. (1700) 208 There be many fine Palaces worthie the seeing..especially the Popes own Palace, where the Legat resides, and in it you must take particular care to see Aldrovandi's Studie, and Collection of Curiosities, which are keept in this Palace.
1711 J. Henley tr. B. de Montfaucon Diarium Italicum v. 86 Having begun here to give an Account of Private Studies, or Closets, we have thought fit in this Place to speak of that of Tarvisiano.
9.
a. That which is studied; the object of a person's study. Chiefly with possessive adjective.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun]
lorea1225
book1340
librarya1450
study1535
volume1597
subject1805
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms cxix. 99 I haue more vnderstondinge than all my teachers for thy testimonies are my studye.
1595 Phrases Lat. Aldi Manutii 12 Ad Ciceronem me contuli, I haue giuen my selfe to Cicero: Tully is my whole studie.
1659 A. Burgess Script. Directory (1 Cor. iii. 23) 299 It's Christ, that should be our study, our meditation day and night.
1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 9 Be Homer's Works your Study, and Delight, Read them by Day, and meditate by Night.
1734 A. Pope Ess. Man (rev. ed.) ii. 2 The proper study [1733 The only Science] of mankind is Man.
1780 Mirror No. 97. ⁋9 This gentleman..discovered himself to be eminently skilled in the science of law, the study, as he boasted, of his earlier years.
1859 Habits Good Society xi. 306 The man who makes dining a study..must go farther in the improvements of the room than we yet have.
1878 A. M. M. Stedman Oxf.: Social & Intellect. Life 238 There are several other commentaries, but they will not be found profitable study.
1964 M. M. Randall Improper Bostonian iv. 119 Emily Greene Balch, who alone of all these had made immigration her special study.
2006 R. Greene 33 Strategies War xiii. 175 He made baseball pitchers his study, watching their patterns over the course of a game, a season, a career.
b. A subject worthy of study, examination, or investigation; spec. something considered suitable to be a subject for an artist, as presenting interesting effects of colour, form, etc. (cf. sense 10a). Frequently with in.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [noun] > subject
subject1614
story1657
study1779
1779 Mirror No. 45. ⁋9 A painter, who wished to express indignation, contempt, and pity, blended together, could not have found a finer study.
1817 W. Hazlitt Polit. Ess. (1819) 214 His ‘Letter’ is a concentrated essence of a want of self-knowledge... It is ‘a psychological curiosity’; a study of human infirmity.
1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. v. 45 Both it and Northumberland..afforded studies of color that would have rewarded an artist.
1859 Habits Good Society iv. 160 As a work of art, a well-dressed woman is a study.
1880 B. Disraeli Endymion I. xxii. 206 The bow of Waldershare was a study. Its grace and ceremony must have been organic; for there was no traditionary type in existence from which he could have derived or inherited it.
1894 Yellow Bk. 1 192 The harpist, whose nose is a study in purples.
1906 Daily Chron. 27 June 6/4 From tight-lacing to henna-dyeing the frisky matron is a study in successful artifice.
1998 G. Hollingshead Healer i. 55 The man on the pumps was a study in black faded into the landscape. Mafic attire. Black shirt, black jeans, black boots, all like the rock here weathered to grey.
c. Of a person's face, expression, etc.: a remarkable or amusing sight.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun] > facial appearance or expression > specific
light1535
mask1605
severity1711
beam1773
study1886
1886 C. M. Yonge Chantry House II. xiv. 136 Emily's countenance was a study.
1964 C. Chaplin My Autobiogr. x. 156 You should have seen his face watching you, it was a study!
1973 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) 3 Aug. 7/3 We stopped for lunch at a little rustic inn. Specialite de la maison—chicken and chips with frozen peas on the side. Archie's face was a study.
2005 Independent (Nexis) 29 June 71 [John McEnroe] repeatedly looked at the baseline, as if it had insulted his mother, and his expression was a study after he missed an easy volley in the first game of the second set.
10.
a. A preliminary drawing, painting, sculpture, etc., produced as an exercise in a particular skill or technique, or as preparation for subsequent work; a preparatory piece for a larger work of art, or for some element or portion of it. Also: a painting, drawing, photograph, etc., presenting a detailed treatment of a particular subject and aiming to capture its characteristics as they are revealed by especially careful observation.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of
chimney-piecea1616
master1694
study1722
studio1785
old master1824
homage1901
art mobilier1921
multimedia1962
multiple1968
installation1969
corporate art1971
1722 J. Richardson Acct. Statues Italy 13 First Thought for the School of Athens, Pen, Sketch; behind is a Study in Red Ch. of several Fig.
1769 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad. ii, in Wks. (1797) I. 29 What, therefore, I wish to impress upon you is, that whenever an opportunity offers, you paint your studies instead of drawing them.
1822 H. Mackenzie Life Home 92 Of this piece [sc. Douglas] there are extant..more fragments and original sketches, or, as a painter would call them, studies, than of any other of Mr. Home's productions.
1871 P. G. Hamerton Etcher's Handbk. 59 These two things, the pen study for line, and the sepia study for values of light and dark, are sufficient if properly done, and enough done, to educate an etcher.
1874 R. St. J. Tyrwhitt Our Sketching Club 48 By a study I mean, generally speaking, a finished drawing of some part of a picture.
1883 J. Ruskin Art of Eng. 10 The study of cattle on a Highland moor in the evening, by Mr. Davis.
1948 Burlington Mag. July 193/2 These two Family Groups were both derived from maquettes actually conceived as studies for a sculpture in bronze.
1976 Art Bull. 58 610/1 Two drawings..one a detailed study of the robes of a standing Christ, flesh areas only sketchily indicated, the other a sensitive study of the head of the figure.
1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds xix. 526 She sat down heavily on a packing crate..her eyes resting for a moment in wondering, bewildered pity on a magnificent head-and-shoulders study of Dane taken to commemorate his ordination.
2003 Art Q. Autumn 29 This drawing is a study for a gouache.
b. In extended use: a dramatic, literary, or musical work executed as an exercise or experiment in some particular style or mode of treatment. Also: a detailed consideration, depiction, or exploration of some topic or situation presented by means of a work of art, literature, drama, etc. Frequently with in.
ΚΠ
1874 Boston Daily Globe 17 Sept. 3/2 Monosyllables predominate to an extent which suggests that Mr. Harte wrote ‘Ramon’ as a study in Saxon.
1887 Academy 24 Dec. 432/1 Miss Janet Achurch's Desdemona was a study in realism of a skilful and varied sort.
1908 Internat. Studio Aug. p. liii/1 The little fellow shown in attitude of rest from his labours infinitely more interesting as a study in pathos than if pathos had been wilfully indicated.
1960 Times 15 Jan. 16/1 The Kitchen..begins as a study in a frightening factuality.
1997 Amer. Music 15 421 The brief score is a study in atonal abstraction and swiftly changing moods.
2002 Total Film Mar. 132/1 The rest of the movie is a study of boredom, alcoholism and simmering resentment in the pressure cooker confines of military barracks.
11. Music. A short piece written as an exercise to improve or demonstrate a particular aspect of a performer's technique; an étude.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > type of piece > [noun] > exercise or study
lesson1574
solfeggio1774
study1806
étude1826
scale1865
1806 Monthly Mag. Aug. 57/2 Exercises formed upon the progressive and judicious plan of these Studies cannot fail to greatly profit the harp practitioner.
1898 Music Dec. 236 Later, he [sc. Chopin] rewrote the study, taking the same matter for the right hand, but at a somewhat slower tempo.
1908 Musical Herald 1 Aug. 252/1 It is required to know suitable pieces and studies, etc. for teaching octave passages, legato passages, etc.
1976 K. Amis Alteration i. 30 Later, perhaps the Abbot will permit me to play one or two of Anvil's studies for piano-forte.
2009 South China Morning Post (Nexis) 18 Nov. 8 The US sextet play works including Victor Chan's Two Studies for Violin & Cello.
†III. Sense relating to effort, endeavour, or attention directed to a particular object. Cf. study v. I. Obsolete.
12. Something to which a person devotes attention or effort; an undertaking, an activity, an occupation, a pursuit. Obsolete.In quot. ?c1430: an ostensible occupation or role; see colour n.1 Phrases 2a.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > [noun]
mister?c1225
studyc1350
occupation?1387
businessc1405
entermise1490
occupying1548
banking1660
improvement1670
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > semblance, outward show > [noun]
hue971
glozea1300
showingc1300
coloura1325
illusionc1340
frontc1374
simulationc1380
visage1390
cheera1393
sign?a1425
countenance?c1425
study?c1430
cloak1526
false colour1531
visure1531
face1542
masquery?1544
show1547
gloss1548
glass1552
affectation1561
colourableness1571
fashion1571
personage?1571
ostentation1607
disguise1632
lustrementa1641
grimace1655
varnish1662
masquerade1674
guisea1677
whitewash1730
varnish1743
maya1789
vraisemblance1802
Japan1856
veneering1865
veneer1868
affectedness1873
candy coating1885
simulance1885
window dressing1903
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xiii. 2 Hij ben corrumped and made loþeliche in her studies [L. studiis].
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. ii. l. 1755 Alle þe cures quod she of mortal folk whiche þat trauaylen hem in many manere studies [L. multiplicium studiorum] gon certys by diuerse weies.
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 98 Prelatis also entren vnder colour & studie of cristis apostlis & lyuen & teche contrariously to hem.
1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope iv. f. cxxxviii The studye of the huntynge and hawkynge is a slouful cure.
1589 L. Wright Display of Dutie 32 For recreation of the mind Chesse play is much commended: as a delectable pastime, and pleasant study, & a princely exercise.
c1610–15 Life St. Frideswide in C. Horstmann Lives Women Saints (1886) 81 The diuell enuying hire these her vertuous studies, thought to supplant her.
1697 T. Ball tr. Ovid De Tristibus iii. vi, in Two Bks. Elegies 98 Ask her be sure, why she, Busy'd in other Studies, left her Poetry?
?1785 John Thompson's Man 19 For when alone thou dost live, Thyself to Freedom thou mayest give, And your pleasant Studies may renew.
13. Thought or attention directed to the accomplishment of a purpose; studied or deliberate effort; endeavour; diligence; an instance of this. Also: the object or aim of a person's endeavour; a concern. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > [noun] > intention or purpose
willeOE
highOE
thoughtOE
intent?c1225
achesounc1230
attenta1250
couragec1320
devicec1320
minda1325
studya1382
understanding1382
suggestionc1390
meaninga1393
i-minda1400
minta1400
tent1399
castc1400
ettlingc1400
affecta1425
advicec1425
intention1430
purposec1430
proposea1450
intendment1450
supposing?c1450
pretensionc1456
intellectionc1460
zeal1492
hest?a1513
minting?a1513
institute?1520
intendingc1525
mindfulness1530
cogitationa1538
fordrift1549
forecast1549
designing1566
tention1587
levela1591
intendiment1595
design1597
suppose1597
aim1598
regarda1616
idea1617
contemplationa1631
speculation1631
view1634
way of thinking1650
designation1658
tend1663
would1753
predetermination1764
will to art1920
the mind > will > intention > [noun] > intention or purpose > end, purpose, or object
willeOE
errand?c1225
purposec1300
endc1305
emprisec1330
intentc1340
use1340
conclusionc1374
studya1382
pointc1385
causec1386
gamea1393
term?c1400
businessc1405
finec1405
intentionc1410
object?a1425
obtent?a1475
drift1526
intend1526
respect1528
flight1530
finality?1541
stop1551
scope1559
butt?1571
bent1579
aiming point1587
pursuitc1592
aim1595
devotion1597
meaning1605
maina1610
attempt1610
design1615
purport1616
terminusa1617
intendment1635
pretence1649
ettle1790
big (also great) idea1846
objective1878
objective1882
the name of the game1910
the object of the exercise1958
thrust1968
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Job xxxiv. 27 He smot þem..þe whiche as bi studie [a1425 L.V. bi castyng afore; L. de industria] wenten awei from hym.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 3090 And he, which hadde noght foryete Of that belongeth to a clerk, His studie sette upon this werk.
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. iv. l. 3664 Yif þou haue enclined þi studies to þe wicked þinges. ne seek no foreyn wrekere out of þi self.
1445 tr. Claudian's De Consulatu Stilichonis in Anglia (1905) 28 269 (MED) Bothe pore and riche labouryd..encrese to gete with studye.
c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 837 Lusty hertys in gladnesse them delite, Set al ther study on occupacioun, In ioye and myrthe.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. DDDv Whan we be gyuen with all our study and diligence to clennesse of vertue and purite of lyfe.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. vii. 37 b All their pleasure and studie is to attire and set out themselues.
1594 G. Chapman Σκìα Νυκτòς sig. E Thy glorious temple..That was the studie of all Asia, Two hunderd twentie somners to erect.
a1637 B. Jonson Sad Shepherd i. iv. 73 in Wks. (1640) III No sought reliefe, By all our studies can procure his peace. View more context for this quotation
a1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 310 That never to be sufficiently admired Gallery painted in deepe relievo, the Worke of 10 yeares study for a trifling reward.
1725 G. Odingsells Bath Unmask'd v. xii. 83 And I, Madam, will make it my Study to bury the Remembrance of my Unworthiness in future Merits.
1764 R. Dodsley Leasowes in W. Shenstone Wks. (1777) II. 288 Far from violating its natural beauties, Mr. Shenstone's only study was to give them their full effect.
1803 H. P. Brougham Inq. Colonial Policy I. 51 The indolence natural to their character is here thrown off; the acquisition of a fortune is the study of all.
1827 W. Scott Surgeon's Daughter in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. II. xiii. 315 It was his study to soothe this ambitious and crafty female by blandishments.
1873 Pew & Pulpit Photographs 6 Bold was her face, and mincing was her mien, As though it was her study to be seen.
1900 E. G. White Christ's Object Lessons 292 These husbandmen sought their own glory... It was their study to attract attention and homage to themselves.
1907 Jrnl. Royal Afr. Soc. 7 101 France..will find herself driven to successive acts of violence till she drifts into the aggressive policy which it has been her study to avoid.
14. Enthusiasm or concern for something; pleasure or interest felt in something; inclination. Also: an instance of this. Obsolete.Frequently in translations from Latin.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > liking or favourable regard > [noun]
loveeOE
well-likinglOE
favoura1340
liking1340
greea1400
study?c1400
benevolence1423
lustc1430
carec1540
goût1586
like1589
infection1600
predilection1626
notion1789
grá1833
shindy1855
hard-on1949
the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun]
friendshipOE
friendliheada1393
fellowshipa1400
friendsomenessa1400
study?c1400
friendlinessc1475
stomach1476
friendlihood1481
towardliness1566
friending1596
amicability1643
amicableness1646
amicality1836
palliness1904
mateyness1915
matehood1924
palsy-walsiness1942
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. ii. l. 3202 Al þe entencioun of þe wil of mankynde whiche þat is lad by diuerse studies [L. diuersis studiis] hastiþ to comen to blisfulnesse.
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. cclxxv/1 He had neuer studye in newe fabrykes ne buyldynges.
1537 tr. H. Latimer Serm. to Clergie sig. B.viv Therfore brothern, gather you, the disposition and study [L. studium] of the children, by the disposition and studye [L. studio] of the fathers.
1549 Forme & Maner consecratyng Archebishoppes sig. H.iv Laiyng asyde the study of the worlde and the fleshe.
1553 R. Horne tr. J. Calvin Certaine Homilies i. sig. Dijv To do all thing other wise then he [sc. God] will, and cleane to be void of the studye and dutye which we owne vnto him [Fr. nous vueillions estre quictes enuers luy].
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries sig. Gij For bi cause of our own natur we ar bent to ye studie & love of things present.
a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) i. x. §4. 106 Diuers of them, vpon vaine glory, or vpon studie of singularity,..haue outwardly professed..that There is no God.
1663 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim (1687) xxx. 369 Pride and study to be admired in the World proclaim thee to us more than all that we see beside.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 104 If to the Warlike Steed thy Studies [L. studium] bend, Or for the Prize in Chariots to contend. View more context for this quotation

Phrases

†P1. of one's own study: (of a text, etc.) of one's own composition. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > inventive or creative faculty > [adjective] > of one's own invention
of one's own study1529
out of a person's own head1548
self-devised1608
1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters i. xxii. f.xxx/2 If all yt he can ether fynde in other mennys workys, or inuent by goddys ayde of hys owne study, can not suffyce to satysfy,..let hym then..make hym selfe very sure yt there is some faut.
1603 J. Stow Suruay of London (new ed.) 169 And that done, he was to make a sermon of his owne studie.
1733 T. Stackhouse New Hist. Bible I. 462/2 There was no imaginable Way more proper for him to express himself in, than that which he made use of, even had it been a Matter of his own Study and Contrivance.
1796 W. Stevenson Remarks on very Inferior Utility of Classical Learning 12 He should..not confuse of bias the mind of the reader, by ascribing motives of his own suggestion, and orations of his own study.
†P2. at study: studying; engaged in study, esp. as a student at a university or college. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > [adverb] > at school or college
at study1539
up1847
up at ——1873
1539 C. Tunstall Serm. Palme Sondaye sig. Eiiv The kynges maiestie, who broughte hym vp of a chylde..and gaue hym money yerely oute of his coffers to fynde hym honourably at study.
1554 Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) 439 Thomas Fitz Symon..being at the universite at Oxford at stude to acquir lernyng.
a1639 H. Wotton Parallel betweene Earle of Essex & Duke of Buckingham (1641) 8 The Earle was of good Erudition having been placed at study in Cambridge very young.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 464 Being resolved to spend some moneths here at study, especialy Physic & Anatomie, of both which here were now the most famous Professors then in Europe.
1784 J. O'Keeffe Agreeable Surprise (new ed.) i. i. 6 Comp. I left him at home drawing. Sir Fel. At study how to get his bread by scratching upon copper, or daubing canvass.
1871 J. Carroll Case & his Cotemporaries III. ix. 261 The Mr. Loveys mentioned by Mr. Case in answer to Mr. Paddock, was a young English local preacher, then at study at Cazenovia.
P3. to make a study of: to undertake an examination or investigation of; to devote oneself to the study of.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > study diligently or hard
to make a study ofa1591
nit1596
to sit over ——1606
to mouse over1808
to work out1830
bone1832
work1840
to work up1852
mug1868
swot1901
the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > be absorbed in [verb (intransitive)]
buryc1380
porec1387
sinka1400
withgoa1400
founce1430
resta1500
intend?1504
to busy one's brains?1532
lose1604
immerse1667
to give into ——1692
to make a study of1884
a1591 H. Smith Serm. (1593) 661 He teacheth Timothie to giue attendance to Doctrine: that is, to make a studie and labour of it.
1600 Abp. G. Abbot Expos. Prophet Ionah xiii. 283 Such as set their whole labour on that which is but errour, and make a studie of it.
1701 H. C. De Luzancy Treat. Two Sacraments of Gospel i. v. 100 As if maintaining our Bodies were a work of time and expence, we make a study of it, and a considerable part of our case is how to please those Appetites.
1792 Gentleman's Mag. May 405/2 These new-fangled contrivances can only proceed from..the want of understanding in the purchaser, who, perhaps, never made a study of these matters.
1850 H. Bushnell God in Christ 321 They make a study of the mystic and quietistic writers.
1884 H. Hunter & W. Whyte My Ducats (1885) xxv. 374 Even in the midst of his own troubles, Lynn found himself engaged in making a study of Gertrude.
1935 Science 16 Aug. 145/2 Ernest Hemingway, the well-known author, has been making a study of the blue marlin and other large fishes in Cuban waters.
1969 G. M. Brown Orkney Tapestry 60 Into the riddling region where gods and men negotiated only an elite could trespass—men who had made a long study of the black arts.
2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 17 Apr. iii. 3/3 Orlando Palmeiro, who spot-starts and makes a careful study of pitchers, will tell you that there are some fastball pitchers who barely get out of the 80s.
P4. to be a quick study: (of an actor or performer) to be quick to learn lines or a part; (hence more generally) to be quick to learn new things. Similarly to be a slow (careless, etc.) study. Cf. sense 5c.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > [verb (intransitive)] > be a slow or quick learner
to be a quick study?1791
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > acting > act [verb (intransitive)] > be quick or slow at learning
to be a quick study?1791
?1791 ‘A. Pasquin’ Eccentricities J. Edwin I. 59 She could go on for any part at a day's notice—valued herself on being a quick study.
1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xxiii. 220 I've got a part of twelve lengths here which I must be up in to-morrow night..; I'm a confounded quick study, that's one comfort.
1882 J. Ashton Social Life Reign of Queen Anne II. xxv. 21 Powell..was..a careless study, with a bad memory.
1897 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 254/1 There rose on the air the voice of one who was a slow study repeating the glib lines of The New Woman.
1900 J. K. Jerome Three Men on Bummel i. 13 Muriel is master of six pieces already, as perhaps you know; and all the other children are quick studies.
1954 M. Ewer Heart Untouched ix. 164 She had learnt something in these last few days. She was a quick study.
1979 Music Educators Jrnl. 66 52/3 A certain type of mechanically facile young performer (a quick study and top reader..) whose singing is neat and unthreatening.
2006 L. Smolin Trouble with Physics xvii. 289 I had done research as an undergraduate, which most of my peers had not, and I knew I was a quick study.

Compounds

C1.
a. General attributive.
(a) In sense 4, as study centre, study club, study programme, study unit, etc.
ΚΠ
1846 Leicester Chron. 21 Nov. (Suppl.) 1/2 Joint-stock study clubs came from laziness and led to superficiality. The man who would study must be able to study by himself.
1892 Libr. Jrnl. July 230/1 The university and the society library, where the books are used largely in the buildings as a club-room or study centre.
1910 Universe 26 Aug. 8 Its columns have in the past led to the formation of various groups and study-clubs.
1943 I. Spafford Building Curriculum for Gen. Educ. iv. 56 The student's study program must be made up largely from courses planned to serve many students.
1978 I. L. Jensen Surv. Old Test. ii. 57 The background and setting of each Old Testament book is given at the beginning of each study unit.
1996 Sunday Tel. 4 Feb. (Review section) 2/3 There are ‘study clubs’ for growers of tomatoes, roses and carnations by which everyone is brought up to scratch and information shared.
2002 M. Ford Father Mychal Judge x. 95 The study center lies on the fringe of the campus.
2012 N.Y. Times Mag. 16 Sept. 53/2 Decades of research have demonstrated that people learn more effectively when their encounters with information are spread out over time, rather than massed into one marathon study session.
(b) Designating an item used while studying, as study-book, study-cap, study-lamp, study-table, etc.
ΚΠ
1549 T. Chaloner tr. Erasmus Praise of Folie sig. Qijv As though I had priuely piked our Maister doctors cunning out of their study deskes.
1610 E. Bolton Elements of Armories 49 Fitt Armes, and study-books for whom.
?1762 W. Ince & J. Mayhew Universal Syst. Houshold Furnit. (1960) 4 A Study or Writing Table, with a writing Drawer.
1831 S. Warren in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 488/2 He was in a brown dressing-gown, and study cap.
1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona xxiv. 286 I..purchased a study-book in law.
1912 Hibbert Jrnl. Oct. 121 The dullard will be more happy and useful at the plough-tail than at the study-table.
1933 Boys' Life Feb. 6/3 Bud Gillian squinted over the top of the study lamp.
2001 Chicago Tribune 17 Dec. i. 16/2 His mother, who signed a letter claiming she had educated him at home, said she told recruiters she tutored him using a thick General Equivalency Diploma studybook.
(c) Designating a feature of a study (sense 7), as study door, study fire, study window, etc.
ΚΠ
1565 L. Evans Brieue Admon. sig. Bij And is it also grauitie, for one taken to be the profoundest clearke of theyr companye..to gett hym a yong dame to stande at his studie doore, and so in the myddest of his newe godlynes to marye?
1629 J. Mabbe tr. C. de Fonseca Deuout Contempl. i. 12 Take off the casement from your Studie window in a windie day, and it will hurle all your papers abroad.
1646 W. Prynne Canterburies Doome 66 They being imployed to search the Archbishops study,..found these observable particulars therein. First, An English Bible of the last translation in Quarto,..lying on his Study Table.
1758 W. Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornwall vi. 64 By burning a small quantity of it, it appears more tenacious, and fitter for stone and potters ware, being reduced into a very hard clome by my study fire.
1762 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy V. i. 2 I will lock up my study door the moment I get home, and throw the key of it ninety feet below the surface of the earth.
1796 J. Woodforde Diary 16 Sept. (1929) IV. 307 Put up the Study Window-Curtain that has been lately dyed.
1823 M. M. Sherwood Henry Milner (ed. 2) iii. 17 He was always particular about the study carpet.
1871 J. R. Lowell (title) My study windows.
1974 T. Sharpe Porterhouse Blue xix. 204 Beneath his feet a rug gently slid away and Sir Godber subsided on to the study floor.
2005 Spectator 22 Oct. 40/1 His study walls are lined with books and bottles.
b. Instrumental and objective, as †study-bearing, study-bred, study-racked, study-worn adjs., etc.
ΚΠ
1670 J. Eachard Grounds Contempt of Clergy 25 If..instead of such either of inferiour Parts, or a feeble Constitution,..there were pick'd out those that were of a tolerable Ingenuity, of a study-bearing Body, and..as hence there is nothing to hinder our Universities from being full, so [etc.].
1812 B. D'Israeli Calamities of Authors i. 199 Emaciated, and study-worn with hollow eyes.
1858 G. Brown Gram. of Eng. Gram. (ed. 4) iii. 576 The following study-bred example of the Doctor's, is also awkward and ungrammatical.
1861 St. James's Mag. 1 486 Brace their study-racked brains and limbs wearied with inaction by such vigorous feats as may well make experienced mountaineers turn pale with envy.
1946 R. T. Flewelling Things that matter Most i. 12 In the opening lines of Goethe's drama of Faust we have the description of a study-worn student who has taken honors in law, medicine, and theology without finding the satisfaction that he feels should come with the diplomas and the title of Doctor.
1993 J. E. Morpurgo Charles Lamb & Ella Introd. p. xxix Lamb's criticism was not all study-bred; he had practised play-writing and for him theatre-going was an addiction.
2004 Nation (Thailand) (Nexis) 11 July Hanging out in the buff can be a great stress-reliever for study-worn university students.
C2.
study area n. (a) an area of land chosen or available as an object of study, esp. with regard to the animal or plant life in it; (b) a subject area chosen or allocated for study.
ΚΠ
1930 Ecology 11 378 Two pairs nested close to the study area.
1937 Jrnl. Pediatrics 10 269 In the study area to which reference is made, it seems that these children have very little or no inconvenience as the result of a first infection.
1965 W. C. Krumbein & F. A. Graybill Introd. Statist. Models Geol. xiii. 334 The zircon moved into the study area mainly from the southeast.
1991 ACE Bull. Jan. 10/1 The demonstration study areas..cover rule-making and group decision-taking at a class level.
2004 High Country News 19 Jan. 11/1 A land of curvy hoodoos and badlands, Ojito has been a wilderness study area since 1991.
study bedroom n. a room used both as a bedroom and as a study (sense 7a), typically by a student who is resident at a university.
ΚΠ
1842 New Monthly Mag. Nov. 340 Mr. Camomile Brown threw open the window of his study bedroom, and abused him in Hebrew and Sanscrit for sending him a leg of mutton without a pope's-eye in it.
1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 26 July 332/2 Study-bedrooms for 108 inmates.
2014 S. Wales Evening Post (Nexis) 5 July 12 When completed the development will combine parking, storage and commercial space along with 66 student study bedrooms.
† study-boy n. Obsolete a pupil at a British public school who is entitled to use a study (sense 7d).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [noun] > schoolboy > senior
study-boy1858
1858 F. W. Farrar Eric i. vii. 76 A few of the ‘study-boys’ were allowed to sit up till ten, and their bedrooms were elsewhere.
1899 R. Kipling Stalky & Co. vi. 181 The four long form-rooms in which all below the rank of study-boys worked.
study buddy n. Originally U.S. a companion in studying or doing homework.
ΚΠ
1946 Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Gaz. 30 Aug. 12/4 Don't be a fuddy-duddy—be a study buddy!
1996 J. Whedon in Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Script Bk. (2000) 1st Season I. 10 I kind of had a problem with the math... Can you help me tonight? Please? Be my study buddy?
2012 M. Tefula How to get First 98 A good network of friends, family and study buddies will help you manage the challenges of university more effectively.
study circle n. a group of people meeting regularly to study or discuss a particular topic; cf. reading circle n. at reading n.1 Compounds 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > [noun] > group of students or pupils
class1560
siege1566
classis1643
reading party1781
lecture1848
study circle1882
seminar1889
study group1892
masterclass1901
1882 Christian Union 7 Dec. 26 Can they easily get a variety of books so as to make the Sabbath evening circle not merely a reading but a study circle?
1938 L. MacNeice I crossed Minch vi. 84 They've no team spirit, they won't take part In our study circles and community art.
2014 South Bend (Indiana) Tribune (Nexis) 3 June a3 She offered to help bring students, teachers and other members of the school community together by way of study circles.
study day n. a day devoted to studying; (now) esp. a day-long meeting, seminar, etc., held for the study of a particular topic or subject.
ΚΠ
1659 T. White Catech. Christian Doctr. (ed. 2) ix. 123 I speak of that pleasure for which you prefer a good dinner before your ordinary fare, a play day before a study day, and the like.
a1732 T. Boston Memoirs (1776) xii. 435 For about three weeks, as my study-day came about, I found myself unfitted for it.
1870 G. H. Pike Anc. Meeting-houses viii. 371 Usually he chose his texts on Monday..Wednesday and Thursday were study days..and on Saturday he enjoyed some recreation.
1932 Catholic Hist. Rev. 18 310 It organizes lecture tours, study days, and courses on agriculture throughout the Country.
1981 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 28 Oct. It's very fortunate that it was raining and the school children were home because of a study day for the teachers.
2004 Higher Mag. (Univ. London) Spring 15/2 A series of study days, rencontres and social events will serve as a means of showcasing Royal Holloway's various academic disciplines.
† study fagging n. Obsolete (at a British public school) the action or practice of acting as ‘fag’ (fag n.3 1b) for the pupils using a particular study (sense 7d); cf. fagging n.1 3.
ΚΠ
1854 G. Melly School Experiences of Fag xiii. 187 It was generally supposed he would much more easily get a good case against me than against any of the others—study-fagging being continually the cause of slight castigations.
1897 Chums 25 Aug. 11/2 Study fagging simply meant lighting the fire, and executing the wishes of the head of the study for the general good of the study.
study group n. a group which meets to study or discuss a particular topic; (now frequently) spec. an investigative committee formed by a political, industrial, or other body to consider an issue, course of action, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > [noun] > group of students or pupils
class1560
siege1566
classis1643
reading party1781
lecture1848
study circle1882
seminar1889
study group1892
masterclass1901
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > [noun] > person conducting > committee
study group1892
1892 Poet Lore Jan. 383 The Grand Rapids Shakespeare Study Group of the Ladies' Literary Club have made out their programme for the year ending April 20, 1893.
1926 Scribner's Mag. Sept. 8/2 The Foundation is accumulating a body of literature on Positive Health, for the use of individuals and organized study groups.
1948 Ann. Reg. 1947 223 Before the conference came to an end thirteen of the participating countries decided to create a ‘study group’ to examine the possibility of creating a general European Customs union.
2009 Atlantic Monthly May 62/2 He was also the head of a study group that investigated the possibility of sending a solar-sailing spacecraft to rendezvous with Halley's Comet during its once-in-a-lifetime flyby in 1986.
study guide n. a book or other learning resource intended to provide assistance and support for people studying a particular topic or course.
ΚΠ
1880 (title) Oxford study guides.
1949 W. A. Lewis et al. Economics vi. 161 This is illustrated in a diagram in the Study Guide.
1991 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 27 Jan. (News and Features section) 15 He made two visits to a 10th-grade classroom to..tape a 60-minute video study-guide for schools.
2010 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 11 June a1/3 The educators had distributed a detailed study guide after stealing a look at the state science test.
study hall n. (a) (esp. in a school) a large room intended to be used for independent study by a number of students; (b) U.S. a period of the school day designated for independent study.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > place of education > educational buildings > [noun] > school > schoolroom > types of
study placec1667
study hall1813
shop1871
homeroom1884
open classroom1969
1813 Irish Mag. Dec. 561/1 Not content with the hours prescribed by rule for prayer, he would often in the study-hall indulge in a pious motion.
1891 Tablet 12 Sept. 415 You will not get it all in the study-halls and in the class-halls.
1902 Christian Observer 19 Nov. 16/2 ‘Agnew, for Colonel's study,’..sang out the officer..just before study hall broke up.
1953 Daily Sitka (Alaska) Sentinel 29 Oct. 3/4 Friday night after study hall there was an all-school gathering for tryouts for cheer leaders.
1992 C. M. Heppner Seeds of Disquiet ix. 56 [They had underestimated] the number of incoming students and the study hall had to be outfitted with cots.
2006 R. A. Anaya Man who could Fly 74 During study hall I would pretend to read, but most often I would sit and stare over my book at her.
study house n. (chiefly in religious contexts) a room, building, or institution used for or devoted to study or meditation; (now frequently) Judaism = Beth Hamidrash n.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > seminary > [noun] > Jewish
study house1499
yeshiva1623
Beth Hamidrash1874
1499 Promptorium Parvulorum (Pynson) sig. ciiv/1 Cell or stody hows, cella.
1683 W. Geddes Saints Recreation: 3rd Pt. (heading) 93 A Memento or Meditation to be affixed on the Muse or Study-house-door.
1857 Afr. Repository June 170/1 I think he is preparing for the ministry. He has built himself a study house.
1980 I. B. Singer Power of Light (1983) 13 It was the custom to light the Hanukkah candles at home rather than in a synagogue or studyhouse.
2000 A. Nichols in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 129/1 His life as a Dominican friar was spent in research, writing, and teaching in the study houses of the order in France.
2010 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 12 Aug. 13 Before the war, there were a hundred synagogues and study houses.
study leave n. leave of absence from work granted in order to allow a person time to study or carry out research; (also) leave given to allow a school pupil to study at home, typically in order to prepare for examinations.rare in North American usage.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > [noun] > leave of absence > type of
annual leave1825
parental leave1847
home leave1860
study leave1894
maternity leave1919
mat leave1947
family leave1968
paternity leave1973
1894 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 7 July 32/2 We could wish that he had seen his way to speak more decisively as to the propriety of granting study leave to officers of the Medical Staff anxious to refresh their knowledge of modern surgical and sanitary matters.
1921 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 19 Apr. 5 Medical Officers should be eligible for Study Leave after a period of five years' service.
1992 Daily Mail (Nexis) 20 May 13 The boys left school last Friday on study leave prior to their exams.
2010 Britannia 41 271 This research..was largely carried out during a period of study leave granted by the University of Kent.
† study-man Obsolete a man who engages in study; a scholar (as opposed to a preacher).Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1657 J. Watts Scribe, Pharisee 266 Passing our times in speculative notions and contemplations, as some onely Study-men, and not Pulpit-men do.
study period n. a period designated for studying; esp. time set aside during the school day for independent study.
ΚΠ
1850 A. A. Ballou Jrnl. 27 Sept. in A. Ballou Mem. A. A. Ballou (1853) vi. 105 My study periods are,—one hour each, and recesses arranged variously—but none less than five minutes.
1899 Evangelist 23 Feb. 15/3 The school is one in which hard work is expected, so that the scholars positively could not afford to waste the study periods.
1938 Life 6 June 49/1 When Henry is not lying, he is fighting,..talking in study period, flunking exams.
1967 Maclean's May 64 In some schools, mothers already are supervising lunch hours and study periods.
2005 J. Deaver Twelfth Card (2006) xv. 204 We'll have a study period for ten minutes before the test.
study place n. a room or location used for studying; (sometimes) spec. = study hall n.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > types of room generally > [noun] > private or inner room > study
studya1400
study place1563
closeta1600
studiolo1765
den1771
thinking box1911
society > education > place of education > educational buildings > [noun] > school > schoolroom > types of
study placec1667
study hall1813
shop1871
homeroom1884
open classroom1969
1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Biiiv Your study places, were you wold write, draw or deuise..ought to receiue their light from the northe.
c1667 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1906) 3 71 They satt to gether in the studdy place.
1738 E. A. Burgis Ann. Church III. 452 Saint Austin's next work was the finishing his commentaries on the psalms, which were partly performed in sermons to the people, and partly composed in his study-place.
c1755 in B. Ward Hist. St. Edmund's Coll. (1893) 301 At two o'clock on School Days all go to ye Study Place.
1868 Schools Inq. Comm. V. ii. 227 in Parl. Papers 1867–8 XXVIII. iv. 1 Twenty minutes are allowed for breakfast; they then go back to the study place to get their books, and take them into the respective schoolrooms.
1968 Brit. Universities Ann. 20 Major buildings completed include:..further residential accommodation..and study-places for 416 students.
2006 J. Cornwell Seminary Boy i. xxviii. 75 Passing the great double doors at the entrance to the Study Place each night, I felt a surge of relief at the amnesty of Greater Silence and the night.
study skills n. Education (originally U.S.) methods and techniques that aid effective learning, esp. viewed as a set of skills that can be acquired or taught; the ability to study effectively.
ΚΠ
1924 School Rev. 32 177 The tests..give the pupil practice in different study-skills.
1927 Freeport (Illinois) Jrnl.-Standard 20 Oct. 3/3 ‘Study Skills’ is the name now given to the careful procedure which supervised study is teaching the child.
1976 C. D. Spielberger et al. in M. Zuckerman & C. D. Spielberger Emotions & Anxiety x. 341 Persons who are high in test anxiety may have poor study skills.
2007 Financial Times 28 July (Life & Arts section) 1/3 During his time at Magdalen, he..introduced study skills for all boys.
study tour n. a tour undertaken for the purpose of studying or carrying out research.
ΚΠ
1877 St. Louis (Missouri) Globe-Democrat 2 Apr. 2/5 There was given an outline of Dr. Ebell's plan for ‘study tours’ to Europe for young ladies.
1937 John o' London's Weekly 7 May 209/2 A tin to keep my damp cake of soap from coming into contact with the bristles of my toothbrush during studytours.
2005 Austral. Financial Rev. (Sydney) 16 May 36/1 (heading) In US business schools, overseas study tours have changed from glorified vacations to significant work.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2015; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

studyv.

Brit. /ˈstʌdi/, U.S. /ˈstədi/
Inflections: Past tense and past participle studied;
Forms: late Old English studdian, Middle English stedie, Middle English stedye, Middle English stidie, Middle English stode, Middle English stoode, Middle English stude, Middle English studi, Middle English stuydy, Middle English–1500s stodie, Middle English–1500s stody, Middle English–1500s stodye, Middle English–1600s studie, Middle English–1600s studye, Middle English– study, 1500s stoding (present participle), 1500s stoudie, 1500s studdie, 1600s studeed (past tense), 1600s–1700s studdy; Scottish pre-1700 stody, pre-1700 stowday, pre-1700 studdie, pre-1700 stude, pre-1700 studie, pre-1700 studye, pre-1700 1700s– study.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin studēre, French studier, estudier.
Etymology: In Old English (i) < classical Latin studēre to strive after, to concentrate on, to support, favour, to apply oneself, study (see study n.). In later use (ii) reinforced by or reborrowed < Anglo-Norman and Old French studier, variant of Anglo-Norman and Old French estudier, estodyer, estuidier (Middle French estudier , French étudier ) to seek to acquire knowledge (1155), to apply oneself to, focus one's attention on, strive for (c1200), to consider, (reflexive) to examine one's intellect or conscience (both early 13th cent.), to apply oneself to acquiring knowledge of (an art, science, etc.) (1275), to pursue a regular course of study (late 14th cent.) < estudie , estuide study n. Compare estudy v. With the semantic development shown by this word compare study n.Compare post-classical Latin studiare to treat (a patient) (8th cent.), to keep up, maintain (10th cent.), to get ready (c1100), and also Old Occitan estudiar , Catalan estudiar (both 14th cent.), Spanish estudiar (c1240 or earlier), Portuguese estudar (13th cent.), Italian studiare (a1306). In late Old English the prefixed form bestuddian to be concerned about, take care of (compare be- prefix) is also attested.
I. To strive or aim.
†1. intransitive. With to, for, after, †umbe, etc.: to strive towards, direct one's efforts to, set one's mind on, devote oneself to. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > intend [verb (transitive)] > have as purpose or object
followeOE
studylOE
turna1200
pursuea1382
purposec1384
to shoot atc1407
ensue1483
proponea1500
studyc1503
prick1545
tread1551
suit1560
to go for ——1568
to set (up) one's rest1572
expect1578
propose1584
propound1596
aima1616
scope1668
to set up1691
aim1821
to go in for1835
to be out for1887
to be flat out for1930
target1966
shoot1967
the world > action or operation > endeavour > searching or seeking > search for or seek [verb (transitive)] > search about for
to search out?a1400
to look about1536
to feel after ——?1557
study1561
to feel for ——1569
to look out for1578
to lay out1624
to look round1630
to lay about1755
prospect1854
roust1870
to look around1927
lOE tr. R. d'Escures Sermo in Festis Sancte Marie Virginis in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 136 Seo [sc. Martha] studdede emb þa uterlice þing [L. circa exteriora occupatur], þeos oðer þa inweardlice þing gemyndelice besceawode.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Jer. vi. 13 Alle to auarice studien [L. omnes avaritiae student].
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Macc. ii. 29 Forsothe grauntynge the trewthe of alle autours, bot we oure self studyinge to shortnesse [L. brevitati studentes].
c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) l. 205 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 205 Þou studiest aftir nyce aray.
?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Aiijv A great wytted man may sone be enrychyd That laboryth and studyeth for ryches only.
1561 J. Daus tr. H. Bullinger Hundred Serm. vpon Apocalips Pref. sig. B.vi v Certen thinges..I haue not set forth in these my sermons, studieng much, for breuitie.
1603 J. Stow Suruay of London (new ed.) 191 Their Prelates,..studying for mony, omitted the punishment limitted by law.
1699 T. Edwards Paraselene dismantled of her Cloud 171/2 Surely a Giddiness hath seized on these Men, while they study for Subtilty.
1759 Mod. Part Universal Hist. IX. 102 The great men of the emperor's court..make it their chief amusement, when in disgrace or banishment, to study after some new improvement or discoveries in this and other curious arts and manufactures.
1816 J. Austen Emma I. vi. 100 He does sigh and languish, and study for compliments. View more context for this quotation
2.
a. intransitive. To aim, endeavour, or undertake deliberately to do something. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > undertake or set oneself to do [verb (intransitive)]
found12..
to take on (also upon) one(self)a1300
assay1330
study1340
to put (also lay, set, etc.) one's hand to the ploughc1384
intendc1385
pressc1390
to put oneself in pressc1390
gatherc1400
undertakec1405
sayc1425
to fall in hand with (also to do (something))c1450
setc1485
obligea1500
essay?1515
attend1523
supprise1532
to set in foot1542
enterprise1547
address1548
to set in hand1548
prove1612
to make it one's businessa1628
engage1646
embark1647
bend1694
to take hold1868
the world > action or operation > endeavour > make an attempt or endeavour [verb (intransitive)] > to do something
cuneOE
seekc1000
fanda1225
suec1325
tastec1330
enforcec1340
study1340
temptc1384
intendc1385
assaila1393
proffera1393
to make meansc1395
search?a1400
fraistc1400
pursuec1400
to go aboutc1405
pretend1482
attempta1513
essay?1515
attend1523
regarda1533
offer1541
frame1545
to stand about1549
to put into (also in) practice1592
prove1612
imitate1626
snap1766
begin1833
make1880
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 232 Stude þou to bleue.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 4683 Whan þou stodyst to make þyse [sc. daunces, karols, somour games], Þou art slogh yn Goddys seruyse.
c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 80 Þis very prest Gilbert stodied euery day to bere schidis to þe holy fyr whech brent in þe tabernacle.
?1482 J. Kay tr. G. Caoursin Siege of Rhodes They tourned theire fantasye and studyed wyth alle theire vertue and myghte to assaute the cytee.
?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Aiij Yet amonge moste folke that man is holdyn moste wyse, whiche to be ryche studyeth only.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Thess. iv. 11 We beseche you..that ye studdy to be quyet [so 1611 King James], and to medle with youre owne busynes.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Svpper of the Lorde f. cxxij That..he [sc. the King] maye..study to preserue thy people,..in wealth, peace, and Godlynes.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xvi. 17 b They study to seek places coole & shadowous.
1639 N. N. tr. J. Du Bosc Compl. Woman ii. 59 The more lascivious study commonly to appeare most chast.
1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome 312 He study'd to do as much Mischief as he could.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 83 No body did ever study to hurt him.
1798 J. Webbe in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 10 I have not studied to exaggerate any part of this memorandum.
1823 W. Scott Quentin Durward II. xi. 253 ‘For whom are you?’..‘For France—for France,’ answered Quentin, studying to get away.
1852 M. A. Garvey Silent Revol. xi. 156 The subtleties [printed subleties] by which priestcraft studies to confuse and darken the intellect, to etiolate and enfeeble the mind.
1898 R. Kipling Day's Work 60 So I studied to please him, an' he never took the whip from the dash—a whip drives me plumb distracted.
1959 T. S. Eliot Elder Statesman ii. 45 We've studied to avoid Anything like a nursing-home atmosphere.
†b. transitive. To resolve or seek to ensure that something happens or is the case. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > endeavour > make an attempt or endeavour [verb (intransitive)]
fanda1225
procurea1325
assay1370
workc1384
to put oneself in pressc1390
purchasec1400
buskc1450
study1483
fend15..
try1534
enterprise1547
to make an attempt?c1550
to give the venture1589
prove1612
nixuriate1623
to lay out1659
essay1715
to bring (also carry, drive, etc.) one's pigs to market1771
to have (or take or give) a crack1836
to make an out1843
to go to market1870
to give it a burl1917
to have a bash (at)1950
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. cclxxxxiiv/1 Eutrope..wold haue auengyd hym on somme that fled to the chirche for socour, And studyed that a lawe shold be ordeyned by themperour, that none shold flee to the chirche.
1547 J. Wilkinson tr. Aristotle Ethiques xvii. sig. D.vi It behoueth vs to studie that reason maie remaine aboue desire or concupissence.
1603 A. Willet Retection To Rdr. sig. §4v I answere briefly, that I neuer spared heretikes, but did wholy studie, that the enemies of the Church should also become mine enemies.
1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso ii. vi. 217 They should chiefly study that..clemency might clearly be seen in the punishment.
1755 S. Walker Christian ix. 239 He cannot bear, there should be the least Thing in his Conduct, which might contribute to the lamented Scene..: He knows not, that there is any such Thing; he studies that there may be none.
3. transitive. To aim at, seek to achieve. In later use chiefly: to be solicitous of, aim at (some quality in one's own action). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > intend [verb (transitive)] > have as purpose or object
followeOE
studylOE
turna1200
pursuea1382
purposec1384
to shoot atc1407
ensue1483
proponea1500
studyc1503
prick1545
tread1551
suit1560
to go for ——1568
to set (up) one's rest1572
expect1578
propose1584
propound1596
aima1616
scope1668
to set up1691
aim1821
to go in for1835
to be out for1887
to be flat out for1930
target1966
shoot1967
c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xxxiv/1 Please..to enacte that viij. or x honest persones..enquire and examyne all such thingis as sowne wyth or ayenst the Comon wele. And as ferre as in them is to studye the remedyes of all manner thingis preiudiciall to the Cytee.
1550 J. Hooper Ouersight Jonas iv. f. lxx Gods promyse appertayneth..vnto the sorowfull afflycted beleuyng sinner, and he that wyl study the amendement of lyfe.
1606 G. Chapman Gentleman Vsher v. sig. H4 Nor studiest eminence, and the higher place Amongst thy consorts, like all other Dames.
1611 Bible (King James) Prov. xxiv. 2 For their heart studieth destruction. View more context for this quotation
1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall v. 82 While some have studied Monuments, others have studiously declined them.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 233 For nothing lovelier can be found In woman, then to studie houshold good. View more context for this quotation
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 51 The three Villains studied nothing but Revenge.
1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. p. xliii I..most earnestly recommend to my male Readers, that they would please a little to study Variety.
1834 T. Hood Tylney Hall Introd. Sometimes it is a little close niggle, as if you studied economy in stationery.
1906 W. A. Brown Christian Theol. in Outline Pref. p. viii While I have everywhere studied brevity, I have tried not to carry condensation so far as to interfere with clearness.
†4. transitive. To intend, plan. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > intend [verb (transitive)]
willeOE
meaneOE
minteOE
i-muntec1000
thinkOE
ettlea1200
intenta1300
meanc1330
forn-castc1374
intendc1374
ettlea1400
drive1425
proposec1425
purpose1433
attend1455
suppose1474
pretend1477
mindc1478
minda1513
pretence1565
appurpose1569
to drive at ——1574
thought to1578
hight1579
pretent1587
fore-intend1622
pre-intend1647
design1655
study1663
contemplate1794
purport1803
the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > consider, deliberate [verb (transitive)] > beforehand
forethinkc897
advise1385
ripea1475
prepense1509
premeditate?1526
forecast1534
prepend1534
precogitate1569
ruminatea1592
preponderate1599
preponder1624
study1663
1663 K. Philips tr. P. Corneille Pompey v. iv. 58 I know thy flame, and that t'obey its force Thou from Calphurnia study'st a Divorce [Fr. que tu n'ignores pas comme on fait les diuorces].
1670 J. Dryden Tyrannick Love iii. i. 27 He from your bed does study a Divorce.
II. To think, ponder, and related senses.
5.
a. intransitive. To think intently; to meditate, reflect; (also) to try to recollect something or come to a decision. Also with about, †of, on, etc. Now English regional, U.S. regional, and Caribbean.In quot. 1895: to talk reflectively.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > meditate, reflect [verb (intransitive)]
howOE
study?c1225
bethinkc1300
muse1340
recorda1400
imaginec1400
to take thoughtc1450
contemplaire1474
medite1483
remord1535
contemplate?1538
ruminate1547
meditate1560
scance1606
excogitate1630
cogitate1633
reflect1772
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 149 Ach abuten þeose studieð wel swiðe.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 24 Þet ech may betere y-zy yne him-zelue yef he wyle wel studie.
c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 1793 (MED) Beryn studied in the ches, al-þouȝe it nauȝt a-vailid.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xii. 287 He loked dounwarde, & studyed a goode while that he sayd noo worde.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) liii. 179 They both began to study for ye fyrst draught [i.e. move at chess].
1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) i. 63 Yf youre harte be set..to study aboute the stablynge of the mynde in god, ye can not..saye hys seruyce deuoutly.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. xx When the kyng had long digested and studied on this matter, he made aunswere and sayd.
1580 J. Hester tr. L. Fioravanti Short Disc. Chirurg. sig. I.iv I..beganne to consider of the matter,..& so studying, it came in my memory, that the aire was cause of their death.
?a1600 (a1500) Sc. Troy Bk. (Cambr.) l. 64 in C. Horstmann Barbour's Legendensammlung (1882) II. 219 All wrath ande angry ine hys hert Stude studeande a litill stert.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. i. 87 You make me study of that: She was of Carthage, not of Tunis. View more context for this quotation
1647 J. Lightfoot Harmony Old Test. 49 Moses feeding his sheep and studying upon God, hath a vision of Christ in a bush.
1672 J. Dryden Conquest Granada i. iii. i. 30 (stage direct.) He walks swiftly and discomposedly studying.
1736 E. Stanley tr. T. de Saint-Hyacinthe Histoire du Prince Titi iii. 180 At length, after having a long while studied about it, he and Bibi went and gathered a good Heap of Flowers.
1811 Henry & Isabella II. 5 He was not so spiritually engrossed, but that he had time to study a little upon temporal affairs.
1844 Yorks. Comet No. 1. 1 Moare Ah studied aboot it an' war it pottered me.
1876 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Tom Sawyer xviii. 150 ‘Go on, Tom!’ ‘Just let me study a moment—just a moment. Oh, yes—you said you believed the door was open.’
1895 Dial. Notes 1 374 Study, talk, discuss, consider... ‘I studied about her to my man when I got home.’
1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet iv. i. 244 I was absent-minded one night when I was staking them out. Studying about something else and forgot how long the wire was.
1965 J. M. Brewer Worser Days 33 So he study, an' he study, an' he study, an' finely he come up wid what he think de right answer to de problem.
2006 C. Frazier Thirteen Moons iv. i. 279 Bear had begun studying on the matter as soon as the great auction of the Nation was announced.
†b. intransitive. To be perplexed or in doubt; to think anxiously, worry. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > be or become confused [verb (intransitive)]
wonder1297
confusec1350
maskera1375
studya1375
to annoy of?c1400
muse?c1430
marc1440
manga1450
puzzle1605
dunce1611
quandary1616
wavera1625
wilder1658
to scratch one's head1712
maffle1781
to strike up1844
turn1852
to fall over oneself1889
fuzz1930
to get the lines crossed1973
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 736 William..gan to studie stoundemele so stifly þer-onne, þat lelly be a litel while his langure gan wex.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. viii. 132 Mony tyme þis Metels han made me to studie For pers loue.
1493 Mirk's Festialis (Pynson) i. sig. miiv/1 Thenne come an aungell to Joseph. and badde he sholde take mary to his kepynge and studye no more thervpon.
1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. iv. sig. Giiv Hvsband (quoth she) ye study. be mery now. And euen as ye thynke now, so come to you.
c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 50 I that somtyme solide wes and sage, Begouth to studie, stupefact and strange.
1664 T. Killigrew 2nd Pt. Cicilia & Clorinda ii. v. in Comedies & Trag. 282 You shall not be seen till we have bound her; why do you study? Is there any thing in our fortune or danger worth Orante's thoughts?
1679 J. Bancroft Trag. Sertorius iii. vii. 31 What makes you study, Crassus? Is't this sight? Or is it that the Croud, neglecting us, Pay all their Vows to him?
†c. intransitive. to study by (also in) oneself: to debate with oneself (cf. sense 7a). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > think about, consider [verb (intransitive)]
thinkOE
thinkOE
bethinka1200
umthinka1300
to have mind ofc1300
casta1340
studya1375
delivera1382
to chew the cudc1384
to take advisementa1393
stema1400
compassc1400
advisec1405
deliberc1405
to make it wisec1405
to take deliberationc1405
enter?a1413
riddlec1426
hovec1440
devise?c1450
to study by (also in) oneself?c1450
considerc1460
porec1500
regard1523
deliberate1543
to put on one's thinking or considering cap1546
contemplate1560
consult1565
perpend1568
vise1568
to consider of1569
weigh1573
ruminate1574
dascanc1579
to lay to (one's) heart1588
pondera1593
debate1594
reflect1596
comment1597
perponder1599
revolvea1600
rumine1605
consider on, upon1606
to think twice1623
reflex1631
spell1645
ponderatea1652
to turn about1725
to cast a thought, a reflection upon1736
to wake over1771
incubatea1847
mull1857
fink1888
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 1440 (MED) Cuthbert was gretly stonyed, And be him selfe bisily stedyed.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin ii. 28 (MED) Gretly stodied euery clerke be hym-self, but for all their labour thei cowde not fynde but oon thynge.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) li. 171 He began to study in hymself whether he shulde shewe the trouthe or eles to lye.
1574 T. Tymme tr. J. de Serres Three Partes Comm. Ciuill Warres Fraunce vi. 259 He earnestly studyed in himselfe how hee myght bring to passe to slay the Duke of Guise.
†d. intransitive. To look for in one's mind, to cast about for. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1520 tr. Terence Andria v. iv. in Terens in Eng. dig. D.iiii Cr. she had a nother name Ch. what was it remembrist not thow it yet Cr. I study for it [L. id quaero].
1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Hvi That no man..shalt then afterwarde rather studye for [L. excogitet] reasons wherewyth to defende [etc.].
1592 Arden of Feversham v. iii. 13 Study not for an answer; looke not down.
1609 S. Rowlands Knave of Clubbes sig. E3v A Greedy minded gripple Clearke, Had gatherd store of gould, And studied for a place secure His hoorded heap to hould.
1613 T. Adams White Deuil Ep. Ded. sig. A2 This Sermon beares so strange a title in the forhead, that I durst not (a while) study for a Patronage to it.
1688 P. Pett Happy Future State of Eng. 75 The Translator studied for hard words in the room of plain ones, as for the Passeover, phase.
1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 16 Mar. (1965) I. 390 I am in great danger of loseing my English... I am forc'd to study for expressions.
1732 J. Swift Let. 10 July in Wks. (1814) XVIII. 78 I found a moral first and studied for a fable.
1751 S. Richardson Clarissa (ed. 3) VII. lxxvii. 297 She must have studied for an expedient.
1767 tr. D. Cranz Hist. Greenland I. ix. 390 Their children..simply tell their desires to the parents without studying for words.
1882 Educ. Rev. Dec. 125/2 This poor soul had studied for words, and had found a word similar in sound to Methodists.
†6. intransitive. With in. To exercise one's mind in, focus one's thought or effort on. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > be occupied or busy (in or at something) [verb (intransitive)] > devote or apply oneself to something
study1340
yield?a1366
voida1382
vacatea1706
to give of oneself1926
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 34 Þet is þe maystresse þet heþ zuo greate scole... Vor alle manere of uolk studieþ ine auarice.
c1450 tr. Secreta Secret. (Royal) 3 For euyr he was stodiyng in good and gracious thewes.
1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iv. i. 161 Whan the gouernours studye in wisedom.
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 23 Otheris yat studyit nocht jn the keping of leautee bot mare In the contrufing of falshede.
?a1594 R. Greenham Wks. (ed. 5) 835 As..the gamester on his pastime, is not wearie in sitting vp whole nights and daies: so the godly on Gods law, they studie in it night and day.
1662 J. Chandler tr. J. B. van Helmont Oriatrike xxiii. 157 They who study in Adepticall things, do strive to promote their labour of wisdom by the objects of sight.
†7.
a. transitive with indirect question as object. To debate with oneself, deliberate, consider; to try to work out. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > think about, consider [verb (intransitive)]
thinkOE
thinkOE
bethinka1200
umthinka1300
to have mind ofc1300
casta1340
studya1375
delivera1382
to chew the cudc1384
to take advisementa1393
stema1400
compassc1400
advisec1405
deliberc1405
to make it wisec1405
to take deliberationc1405
enter?a1413
riddlec1426
hovec1440
devise?c1450
to study by (also in) oneself?c1450
considerc1460
porec1500
regard1523
deliberate1543
to put on one's thinking or considering cap1546
contemplate1560
consult1565
perpend1568
vise1568
to consider of1569
weigh1573
ruminate1574
dascanc1579
to lay to (one's) heart1588
pondera1593
debate1594
reflect1596
comment1597
perponder1599
revolvea1600
rumine1605
consider on, upon1606
to think twice1623
reflex1631
spell1645
ponderatea1652
to turn about1725
to cast a thought, a reflection upon1736
to wake over1771
incubatea1847
mull1857
fink1888
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1657 Þan studied þei a gret stounde stifli to-gadere, bi what wise þei miȝt best buske of þat þede.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 22166 Þai sal be studiand in þair thoght, Queþer þat he be crist or nai.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xiii. §2. 47 Thai kast and studis how thai moght doe in dede that thai haf wickidly thoght.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xii. 178 He..be-gan to stodye how he myght spede to go the kynge Arthur.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cl. 570 She stode styl and studyed what voyce it myght be.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II v. v. 1 I haue beene studying how I may compare This prison where I liue, vnto the world. View more context for this quotation
1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne v. xcii. 93 He studied how to feed that mightie host.
1694 F. Atterbury Scorner Incapable of Wisdom 10 Every man is continually Studying how to put a Trick upon his Neighbour.
1720 D. Manley Power of Love i. 78 Go, whilst I study how to have thee punish'd as thou dost deserve, for a Warning to all traitorous and disloyal Servants.
1788 A. Hughes Henry & Isabella III. 79 She determined..not to study what would best deceive her friends and the world; but [etc.].
1820 W. Scott Monastery III. viii. 215 The castle is a kind of hell..while he is in his mood, studying how he may best advantage himself.
b. transitive with indirect question as object. To ask oneself without necessarily seeking an answer; to wonder, muse upon, ponder (something unknown or unknowable). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > feel curious about [verb (transitive)]
wonder1297
beseecha1325
marvela1393
studyc1400
mire1582
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 223 Þow studyest, as I leue, How euere beste or brydde hath so breme wittes.
a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox, Wolf, & Husbandman l. 2264 in Poems (1981) 86 I studdie, quhy ȝe suld stop me, Sen that I faltit neuer to ȝou.
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. Dd.vjv I studye soore what hath meued the to leaue chyualrye.
1658 J. Quarles Hist. Most Vile Dimagoras i. 8 Whilst I study why And what I live for, I despair to dye.
8.
†a. transitive. To ponder over, meditate on, contemplate. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > meditate upon [verb (transitive)]
thinkOE
overthinkOE
recorda1400
studya1400
imaginec1405
revolve?c1425
contemplairec1525
brood1589
recollect1626
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7128 Þis [sc. Samson's riddle] it was quen þai had soght, And stodid thre dais, al for noght.
a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 116 Studie þou þe dede of Crist, and knitt oo witt wiþ anoþer.
1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iv. viii. 186 To gyue hem cause to leue her pensifnes and sorowes, In auysynge & studyynge this game.
1557 W. Whittingham et al. in tr. Psalmes of Dauid i. 5 It semeth he did sett this psalme first in maner of a preface, to exhorte all Godly men to studie and meditate the heauenly wisdome.
a1631 R. Bolton Three-fold Treat.: Saints Guide (1634) 210 Another Reason may be, because Ministers doe not so much meditate and study divine and heavenly things, but trouble themselves too much in the affaires of the World.
1695 J. Fisher Honour of Marriage Ep. Ded. sig. A2 A Rule this is which God has given us, and which every Christian especially must consider and study with Fear and Veneration.
1777 J. Brand Observ. Pop. Antiq. 386 Ennius of old, has made that very sensible Remark, that what Men studied and pondered in the Day Time, the same they dreamed on at Night.
1796 S. Nicklin Addr. to Young Lady I. 2 I cannot hope to offer anything new on religion to one who, like you, has been so long accustomed to study and meditate the sublime truths of Christianity.
†b. transitive. To cause (a person) to ponder; to perplex. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > act of perplexing > confuse, perplex, bewilder [verb (transitive)]
abobc1330
confusec1350
confoundc1374
cumbera1375
passc1384
maskerc1400
mopc1425
enose1430
manga1450
overmusec1460
perplex1477
maze1482
enmuse1502
ruffle?a1505
unsteady1532
entangle1540
duddle1548
intricate1548
distraught1579
distract1582
mizzle1583
moider1587
amuse1595
mist1598
bepuzzle1599
gravel1601
plunder1601
puzzle1603
intrigue1612
vexa1613
metagrobolize?a1616
befumea1618
fuddle1617
crucify1621
bumfiddlea1625
implicate1625
giddify1628
wilder1642
buzzlea1644
empuzzle1646
dunce1649
addle1652
meander1652
emberlucock1653
flounder1654
study1654
disorient1655
embarrass?1656
essome1660
embrangle1664
jumble1668
dunt1672
muse1673
clutter1685
emblustricate1693
fluster1720
disorientate1728
obfuscate1729
fickle1736
flustrate1797
unharmonize1797
mystify1806
maffle1811
boggle1835
unballast1836
stomber1841
throw1844
serpentine1850
unbalance1856
tickle1865
fog1872
bumfuzzle1878
wander1897
to put off1909
defeat1914
dither1919
befuddle1926
ungear1931
to screw up1941
1654 T. Whalley Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. cclxxxvi. 602 Your noting their defects..more studied me.
c. transitive. Caribbean. To have in mind, be thinking about; esp. to worry about, brood over. Also with clause as object.
ΚΠ
1880 C. Ives Isles of Summer x. 159 Wouldn't you be karful of dem hundred dollars? Wouldn't yer mind and study how yer spend 'em?
1975 T. Callender It so Happen 105 You know how many nights I lay down and cry when I study that I ain't even know where you is or what you doing?
1984 P. Keens-Douglas Lal Shop 101 Yu studyin' yu granmudder? She done reach 80 already, Study dem young people who deadin' stupid, stupid so.
1990 M. Collins Rain Darling 118 You too serious. Just laugh at them. Don't study them. Is just jokes. It don't mean nothing.
9. transitive. To think out, devise, contrive. In later use only with out. Now rare (chiefly North American).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > invention, devising > invent, devise [verb (transitive)]
findeOE
understand1297
devisea1300
shapec1381
warpa1387
enginec1400
weavec1420
reparel1434
studyc1530
conjecture1551
spina1575
ingeniate1592
think1599
to pattern out1601
decoct1602
smooth1603
to fetch about1611
fancy1635
plait1642
erect1646
c1530 A. Barclay Egloges i. sig. E.iv From all defence yf they be clere & quyte Than lye they in wayte, them sharply to bacbyte Some for them study, frawdys dysceyt & gyle.
1559 Certayne Serm. (new ed.) sig. I.iv Suche as he hath commaunded in his holy Scripture, and not suche woorkes as menne haue studyed out of their owne brayne. [1549 sig. I.ivvreads haue immagined of their awne brayne.]
1619 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Maides Trag. v. sig. L1v Thou art some prating Fellow, One that hath studied out a tricke to talke And moue soft harted people.
a1637 B. Jonson Sad Shepherd i. iii. 74 in Wks. (1640) III I will study some revenge past this! View more context for this quotation
1700 R. Newnam Complaint Eng. Subj. (new ed.) i. 28 If they had..Imploy'd their Wits in making all manner of honest shifts, to keep the Poor on work, as they then did in studying out all manner of knavish Ways..to make a meer prey on the Poor.
1782 J. Warton Ess. on Pope (new ed.) II. viii. 78 The temple itself is nobly and magnificently studied.
1845 R. C. Trench Fitness Holy Script. vi. 115 We might study out a system; but how can we ever study out a person?
1906 Detroit Free Press 15 June 12/5 He [sc. an escapologist] has not yet attempted the automatic lock at the jail, but says he is studying out a method of doing so.
1921 H. Landon Gray Phantom xx. 266 Right away he began to study out a way of beating Mr. Shei's game.
10. transitive. To pay practical regard to, show consideration for (a person's wishes, feelings, or interests). Hence (colloquial): to accommodate the feelings or convenience of, to humour (a person). Now chiefly Caribbean.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > take care about [verb (transitive)]
lookeOE
heeda1225
recka1225
intendc1374
curec1384
observec1390
fandc1425
to see unto ——a1470
wake1525
regard1526
tend1549
study1557
foresee1565
beware1566
to have the care of1579
reckon1622
mind1740
1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 454 He alwaies studied the wealth of his people.
1623 T. Powell Wheresoeuer you see Mee 17 There goes he that labours for you most industriously, studies your good right carefully.
1675 Ape-gentle-woman 3 Her Father studying her inclinations, finding them light, being willing to put her to a Trade agreeable to her humour, wisely designs her for the Exchange.
1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. xvii. 534 Where a person..is continually studying our advantage.
1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. 31 [He] soon studied her convenience.
1853 C. Dickens Bleak House ii. 9 I [sc. a tradesman] have been accustomed to study the leaders of my high connexion.
1858 J. W. Carlyle Lett. II. 352 With no husband to study, housekeeping is mere play.
1861 F. W. Robinson No Church III. v. v. 258 Say that, to set her free, I have to ask the law to take you prisoner again, do you think for a moment I should study you in saving her?
1891 Times (Weekly ed.) 1 Nov. 875/3 She was willing to study their wishes to a certain extent.
1895 Law Times 99 545/2 We best serve our own interests in studying the interests of those for whom we act.
1909 Spectator 25 Sept. 451/1 They speak of a sensitive child who must be studied.
1940 E. Dupuch Smokey Joe Says 61 Dey ain't gon have time t' tink 'bout d' sixty-tousan' peepul us. Dey ain't gon study us.
1993 TnT Mirror (Trinidad & Tobago) 3 Jan. 26 The people in the back here don't make so much noise, so you will find that the government don't have us to study.
†11. transitive. To exercise thought and deliberation upon (an action, composition, etc.). Frequently in passive. Cf. studied adj. 1a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > consider, deliberate [verb (transitive)]
i-thenchec897
showeOE
i-mune971
thinkOE
overthinkOE
takec1175
umbethinkc1175
waltc1200
bethinkc1220
wend?c1225
weighc1380
delivera1382
peisea1382
considerc1385
musec1390
to look over ——a1393
advise?c1400
debatec1400
roll?c1400
revert?a1425
advertc1425
deliberc1425
movec1425
musec1425
revolvec1425
contemplec1429
overseec1440
to think overc1440
perpend1447
roil1447
pondera1450
to eat inc1450
involvec1470
ponderate?a1475
reputec1475
counterpoise1477
poisea1483
traversec1487
umbecast1487
digest1488
undercast1489
overhalec1500
rumble1519
volve?1520
compassa1522
recount1526
trutinate1528
cast1530
expend1531
ruminate1533
concoct1534
contemplate1538
deliberate1540
revolute1553
chawa1558
to turn over1568
cud1569
cogitate1570
huik1570
chew1579
meditatec1580
discourse1581
speculate1599
theorize1599
scance1603
verse1614
pensitate1623
agitate1629
spell1633
view1637
study1659
designa1676
introspect1683
troll1685
balance1692
to figure on or upon1837
reflect1862
mull1873
to mull over1874
scour1882
mill1905
1659 D. Pell Πελαγος Ep. Ded. sig. C And, I hope that you will see some thing in this peece worth the relishing. I will assure you, it was never writ, studied, nor composed on Land, but in a turbulent Sea.
1668 J. Evelyn tr. R. Fréart Idea Perfection Painting 120 Intelligent men, who finding nothing of rare and well studied in their Works..will be soon wearied with a transitory view of their Labors.
1715 H. Felton Diss. reading Classics (ed. 2) 202 His Words flowed rather from Nature than Art; and where they appear most to be studied, they appear at the same time to be most affected.
1765 Monthly Rev. Dec. 441 The sense and language of the inspired writers were more carefully studied, and more accurately unfolded.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin II. xxvi. 98 It was tied up with an evident eye to the contrast of color, and the arrangement of every leaf had carefully been studied.
1857 A. Trollope Barchester Towers xxxii The epistle to Mr. Towers was studied, and recopied, and elaborated at the cost of so many minutes, that [etc.].
III. To acquire knowledge, and related senses.
12.
a. intransitive. To devote time and effort to acquiring knowledge, esp. by means of written sources, observation, or experiment; to apply one's mind to learning. Formerly also with †in, †on, †upon (a subject).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > [verb (intransitive)]
estudya1250
studyc1300
travail1570
studify1775
c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) 282 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 501 He lynede adoun vpon his boc, þo he nemiȝte studie nomore.
c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 281 In bok, while he was þore, He stodieþ euer, þat stiþe.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 184 What sholde he studie, and make hym seluen wood Vp on a book in Cloystre alwey to poure.
c1450 tr. Secreta Secret. (Royal) 21 The nobille Plato he stodied in the science of Astronomye.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 741/2 I wolde fayne be a great clerke, but I love not to studye.
1600 N. Breton Strange Fortunes Two Excellent Princes 20 I see you study not for nothing, I beleue you read Ouid, you would seeme to make such a Metamorphosis of your self.
1661 H. Newcome Diary (1849) 9 I kept in all ye afternoone and studdyed on another doct. on my text Act. xxiv. 25.
1709 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1886) II. 245 [Harduin] maliciously asserts that the Cardinal's way of studying was to read Indexes.
1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. vii. 20 [He] Now rakes at Rome, and now to Athens flies; Intensely studies with the Learn'd and Wise.
1773 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 164/1 He got up, alighted his candle, and sat down to study.
1835 J. A. Heraud Descent into Hell (ed. 2) iii. 113 Came Sages from the Orient to accord Homage and tribute to the Child divine, For they had studied in the written Word And in the East beheld his Star.
a1864 N. Hawthorne Septimius Felton (1872) 56 The low-ceilinged eastern room where he studied.
1921 Amer. Woman Jan. 5/4 You will spend your forenoon studying, Mary. See that you learn well your lessons, so as not to annoy your father.
1983 Black Belt June 44/3 The young Chinese monk had studied long and hard. His mind was a quietly disciplined vessel.
2001 J. Franzen Corrections 378 Denise began to spend Friday nights studying by herself. She acquired a rep as an ice queen and possible lesbian.
b. transitive. To devote time and effort to acquiring knowledge of (a science, art, language, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)]
con?a1425
study1445
can1496
estudy1550
discur1586
to con over1605
1445 tr. Claudian's De Consulatu Stilichonis in Anglia (1905) 28 273 Aonias also, which crafte of musys studyed.
1481 tr. Cicero De Senectute (Caxton) sig. d1v The aged mans office is to mynistre his sage counseill by his instruction to the yong oratours studyeng the lawes.
a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 284 (MED) Hoso wil fyndyn þat he must stodyyn.
1516 Kalendre Newe Legende Eng. (Pynson) 28 b As he was studyinge arythmetryke, his moder then latlye deed apperyd to hym.
1593 R. Harvey Philadelphus 15 The History of Brute and Brutans setteth forth... Genealogy or issue which they had, Artes which they studied, Actes which they did.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) i. i. 40 In briefe sir, studie what you most affect. View more context for this quotation
1634 T. Hawkins tr. G. B. Manzini Polit. Observ. 36 Happy he, who studieth prudence on anothers bookes.
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 263 Studying all the Arts of Thrift, will Travel for Fifty Shillings.
1714 in J. Locke Wks. III. 74 If a Gentleman be to study any Language, it ought to be that of his own Country.
1750 W. Warburton Julian Introd. p. xxxviii That very Philosophy, which was then adopted to explain articles of Faith, was now studied only to instruct us in the history of the human mind [etc.].
1788 A. Hughes Henry & Isabella III. 28 Our heroine had not at all studied the rules of whist, and practised them very little.
1833 G. Combe Lect. Pop. Educ. (1848) i. 14 They have wasted in studying—or in attempting to study—Greek and Latin, the only time which their pressing occupations left at their command.
1878 A. M. M. Stedman Oxf.: Social & Intellect. Life 280 Political Economy may be studied in Fawcett or Mill.
1907 A. W. Besant Introd. Yoga i. 6 You can study the laws of the whole, and in Yoga you learn to apply those same laws to your own consciousness rationally and definitely.
1952 Time 29 Sept. 18/1 Holdfast's strategists had developed their plan after studying German tactics in the long retreat from Stalingrad.
2001 Guardian 10 Nov. i. 18/4 Hale studied Spanish and French in class, and Hopi and Jemez after the bell had rung.
c. transitive (reflexive) with complement. To put oneself into a specified state or condition by studying.
ΚΠ
1597 N. Breton Wil of Wit f. 25 What? hast thou studied thy self starke mad? thou speakest so vndirectely?
1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. iii. xiv. 165 If he be a Scholler so commended for his much reading,..hee will eviscerate himselfe like a spider, study himselfe to death.
a1679 R. Wild Benefice (1689) i. 8 Here he steals a Word, and there he filches a Line, as we Boys do for Theams. He hath studied himself out of his Wits about it.
1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 132. ⁋1 A Gentleman that had studied himself dumb.
1725 N. Bailey tr. Erasmus All Familiar Colloquies 16 I approve well enough of studying hard, but not to study my self to death.
1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 227 I have not yet studied myself into a habit of investigating the Minutiae of Nature.
1896 J. A. Davis Young Mandarin xvii. 214 He is studying himself to death.
1914 Sun (Baltimore) 26 Sept. 14/5 I have never seen a college girl who studied herself into a decline.
2000 Washington Post 23 Jan. (Mag.) 14 By the time I became a teenager, I was determined to study myself into a better place.
13.
a. transitive. To read (a book, a passage, an author) with close attention.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > reading > [verb (transitive)] > read attentively or laboriously
spella1400
studya1425
nit1596
finger1653
syllable1724
society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > study by reading
studya1425
revolve1485
to read up1842
a1425 Dialogue Reason & Adversity (Cambr.) (1968) 37 (MED) Manye studien seche stories..for to kunne talke of perfeccioun.
a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 247 Good bokys to rede and study.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Aiii But rather I beseche all the reders so to study this present treatyse, that [etc.].
1568 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Dial Princes (rev. ed.) iii. xxxii. f. 53v The children of vanyty are occupyed many years in the schools to learn rethoryk, they excercise them selues in philosophy, they here Aristottel, they learn Homere without booke, they study Cicero.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. To Rdr. sig. A4v If we doe not studie them [sc. the Scriptures].
1683 D. Granville Jrnl. 13 Mar. in Remains (1865) II. 109 I had press'd the Cleargy for many years together to study their Common Prayer-book.
1701 D. Defoe True-born Englishman ii. 29 The Learned Men who study Aristotle.
1798 Scots Mag. Dec. 310/2 The principal difficulty in studying Chinese books arises from the general exclusion of the auxiliary particle of colloquial Language.
1844 E. FitzGerald Lett. (1889) I. 125 Think of the rocococity of a gentleman studying Seneca in the middle of February 1844 in a remarkably damp cottage.
1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. Pref. p. viii One cannot be always studying one's own works.
1881 P. Brooks Candle of Lord 60 A text which we have once studied is like a star upon which we have once looked through the telescope.
1910 Month Jan. 2 I have read promiscuously in the Miscellaneous Writings, sampling nearly everything and studying some sections carefully.
1960 P. G. Wodehouse Let. 7 Jan. in Yours, Plum (1990) 235 Ethel and I have become very keen on bridge... We play double dummy every night and during the day I study Goren's bridge books.
2011 Vanity Fair May 76/1 He has studied the plays so many times he knows them by heart.
b. transitive. Theatre. To memorize (lines); to acquire knowledge and understanding of (a part, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > acting > act [verb (transitive)] > learn (a part)
study?1552
wing1885
swallow1890
?1552 J. Bale Expostulation agaynste Papyst sig. C.iii He most shamefully reuyled a seruaunt of that house calling hym heretyke aud knaue, because he had begonne to studie a parte in suche a Comedie.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet ii. ii. 543 And could'st not thou for a neede study me Some dozen or sixteene lines?
a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) i. v. 171 I can say little more then I haue studied, & that question's out of my part. View more context for this quotation
1688 M. Prior Ode Exod. iii. 14 vi And he too..Studies new Lines, and other Circles feigns.
1778 F. Burney Evelina I. x. 29 I could hardly believe he [sc. Garrick] had studied a written part, for every word seemed spoke from the impulse of the moment.
1779 Mirror No. 9. ⁋2 The part of Lear was to be performed by an actor who had studied the character under the English Roscius.
1859 Constit. Press Oct. 42 Dessoir was at this time studying the part of Richard the Third, which he had never played.
a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) II. xiv. 350 ‘Study the part of Lola—learn the lines,’ said he, when he had finished his reflecting.
1941 Life 28 Apr. 106/2 Seat 5 is a radio actress studying a script and clearly wanting no attention now.
2004 ‘J. Jameson’ & N. Strauss How to make Love like Porn Star iv. x. 372 We would walk around all day running lines and improvising in character. I spent hours studying my lines.
14.
a. intransitive. To undertake a formal course of educational or professional study at a university, college, or the like; to be a student or learner for a specified qualification, etc., or under a specified teacher. Formerly also with in (a subject).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > [verb (intransitive)] > go to university
studyc1447
to go up1848
scholarize1894
c1447 in H. Anstey Epistolae Academicae Oxon. (1898) I. 261 (MED) Many of yowr..kynnesmen hav studyed..in þe saide Universite.
c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 17 Alipius..was at Cartage, stodying in rethorik.
1531 in J. W. Clay North Country Wills (1908) I. 127 Powr scolers..in eyther of thunyversites..there studying in holy Dyvinitie.
1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. iv. sig. I4 When in Tolledo there I studied, It was my chaunce to write a tragedie.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 6 Each man paid a Lubeck shilling for tribute, my selfe onely excepted, who had that priviledge because I went to study in the Universities.
1683 A. Marsh Confession New Married Couple viii. 155 It is yet fresh in her memory, that when her Brother studied at Oxford, what a divellish deal of mony it cost.
1758 J. Armstrong Sketches 55 Vandyke studied under Rubens.
1780 Mirror No. 70 They had grown up at the same schools, and studied under the same masters.
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. II. 134 I presume you have studied for the bar?
1898 A. Sutherland in H. G. Turner & S. Developm. Austral. Lit. 132 Now he had a chance of studying at the hands of Tom Sayers, afterwards the pugilist hero of England.
1920 Rec. Christian Work Apr. 263/2 The third son, a lieutenant in aviation in the Indian Army, is now studying at King's College, London.
1964 New Scientist 24 June 828/1 He is a graduate of Yale University and studied for his D.Phil at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar.
1978 W. F. Buckley Stained Glass xii. 110 She had actually studied under Clara Schumann.
2010 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 20 Jan. d6/3 Studious young men and women bend to the task of assembling cold antipasti and hot espressos..: gastro-nerds studying at the University of Meyer.
b. transitive. To be a student of (a specific subject) at a university, college, etc.; to be occupied with as the subject of one's formal course of study or training.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > as a course or training
study1530
1530 W. Tyndale Pract. Prelates sig. Eviijv When the[y] be admitted vnto studye diuinyte.
1569 T. Underdowne tr. Ovid Inuectiue against Ibis Pref. sig. sig. A vij Ouid..was a gentleman of a good house,..who rather to please hys father, then for any loue he bare thervnto, studyed the lawe. But after his decease, he returned to his olde study of Poetry againe.
1611 G. H. tr. Anti-Coton 35 Being asked whether hee had studyed Diuinitie in the Colledge of Iesuites, he answered: Yea, [etc.].
1700 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) V. 438 The Chancery requiring so little skill in deepe law-learning, so the practiser can Talke eloquently, & that Court so profitable, very few care to study the law to any purpose.
1790 ‘P. Pindar’ Rowland for Oliver 14 So [I] ask'd my daddy's leave to study Printing.
1841 Penny Cycl. XXI. 184/1 The university of Göttingen, where Seetzen from 1785–88 studied medicine, the natural sciences, [etc.].
1896 D. Scott in M. Atwood & R. Weaver Oxf. Bk. Canad. Short Stories (1986) 24 He was studious and read a great deal, and was always talking to the curé about studying the law.
1913 Crisis May 18/1 He studied medicine at Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Boston University.
1967 J. B. Keane Lett. of Successful TD viii, in Celebrated Lett. (1996) 55 You should have studied Economics, not Medicine. You're the best warrant I ever knew to screw money out of a person.
2001 Y. Berg Power of Kabbalah (2004) v. 188 Dr. Artur Spokojny..is a board-certified internist and cardiologist. He studied medicine at Harvard and graduated summa cum laude from Düsseldorf University.
†c. transitive. To teach, educate. Frequently in passive: to be educated in, into. Cf. studied adj. 2a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > [verb (intransitive)]
read?1458
study1569
educationize1835
1569 E. Fenton tr. P. Boaistuau Certaine Secrete Wonders Nature f. 63 Were they not so finely studied [Fr. si rusez] nor so well armed in the secretes of their sciences.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost i. i. 80 Studie me how to please the eye in deede, By fixing it vppon a fayrer eye. View more context for this quotation
1645 E. Calamy England's Antidote Ep. Ded. sig. A4v The Lord make you Students of such things, which..will study you into Christ, and into Heaven.
a1662 P. Heylyn Aerius Redivivus (1670) 54 The State of Avignion,..being visited with such of the French Preachers as had been studied at Geneva.
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. ii. §5 And after, speaking of their Kings being studied in their arts as well as others of the Priests, he adds, [etc.].
1690 T. Betterton Prophetess i. 10 Knowing my Fortune so precisely, Mother, Methinks you should be studied in your own, In your own Destiny, methinks, most perfect.
1818 E. Toner Let. 7 June in K. Miller et al. Irish Immigrants in Land of Canaan (2003) 229 If he had five Boys he would study them himself.
15.
a. transitive. To examine in detail; to try to understand or become minutely acquainted with (a phenomenon, state of circumstances, series of events, person's character, etc.); (also) to investigate, look into.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > close examination, scrutiny > scrutinize [verb (transitive)]
through-seekOE
gropea1250
to search outa1382
ensearch1382
boltc1386
examinea1387
ransackc1390
ripea1400
search1409
overreach?a1425
considerc1425
perquirec1460
examec1480
peruse?1520
grounda1529
study1528
oversearch1532
perscrute1536
scrute1536
to go over ——1537
scan1548
examinate1560
rifle1566
to consider of1569
excuss1570
ripe1573
sift1573
sift1577
to pry into ——1581
dive1582
rub1591
explore1596
pervestigate1610
dissecta1631
profound1643
circumspect1667
scrutinize1671
perscrutatea1679
introspect1683
rummage1690
reconnoitre1740
scrutinate1742
to look through1744
scrutiny1755
parse1788
gun1819
cat-haul1840
vivisect1876
scour1882
microscope1888
tooth-comb1893
X-ray1896
comb1904
fine-tooth comb1949
1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xliii He shal haue an accyon of det for the nonpayment of the .xl. [shillings]. Nat withstandynge the sayd release. Study the cause of the dyuersyte betwene these two causes.
1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio Hist. Uniting Portugall to Castill 131 Who had sent John de Noghera to the Vniuersitie of Coimbra, to studie the point of their pretended election.
1658 R. Flecknoe Enigmaticall Characters 76 In Grammer Schools, where they study Boyes so long, they are marr'd for ever studying men.
a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) x. 70 So as it becomes a Trade to study and make Advantages of these Irregularities [in the value of coin].
1727 D. Defoe Syst. Magick i. ii. 47 Among these, some studied the Microcosm of human Bodies, and searcht both Distemper and Medicin.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 40 A man must not presume to use his reason, unless he has studied the categories, and can chop logic by mode and figure.
a1807 J. Opie Lect. on Painting (1809) 144 In studying and copying the works of old and celebrated masters, it is proper, however, that [etc.].
1830 R. Knox tr. P. A. Béclard Elements Gen. Anat. 42 The anatomist may study the human body in two different states.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 105 Over the room which he occupied in the King's Bench prison lodged another offender whose character well deserves to be studied.
1885 ‘H. Conway’ Family Affair III. iii. 40 The more he studied the situation the more apparent it became that, to use his own words, he was in a cleft stick.
1907 A. W. Stewart Stereochem. 546 Brion studied the action of the animal organism upon the four tartaric acids.
1918 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Mar. 126/2 It is through the writings of Tolstoy and others that the intelligent public has studied Russia.
1983 ABA Jrnl. May 566 After studying the issue for 18 months, the California Commission on Personal Privacy..issued its report last winter.
2002 J. McGahern That they may face Rising Sun (2003) 178 ‘Do you know what I'm thinking?’ said Mary, who had been studying it all quietly. ‘That woman may be more than he bargained for.’
b. transitive. To scrutinize (a visible object) in order to ascertain its nature or to interpret or become familiar with its appearance; (also) to look at intently.In quot. 1616 with punning reference to sense 12b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > examine or inspect
through-lookc1175
spyc1325
to see overc1475
to see over ——1490
view1544
overview1549
sight1556
pervise1577
speculate1616
study1616
to have (also take) a look1673
to have a look1725
to eye over1795
scan1798
search1811
survey1860
skin1876
1616 R. Anton Philosophers Satyrs 5 But that my dutie, bids me shew my hart; Ladies, not Subiects faces, studie Art.
1630 W. Davenant Just Ital. i. sig. C1v The Geographicke Captaine shall no more Studie the Town Mappe.
1662 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 3rd Pt. 528 The curious Limner studies the face of the man before he makes his draught.
1700 J. Dryden Fables Ded. sig. C You have studied every Spot of Ground in Flanders, which..has been the Scene of Battles and of Sieges.
1763 C. Pitt in F. Fawkes & W. Woty Poet. Cal. X. 89 That two-legg'd dog, still pawing on the Peer: Studying his looks, and, watching at the board, He gapes to catch the droppings of my lord.
1801 M. Edgeworth Prussian Vase in Moral Tales III. 33 Many studied the countenance of the king, to discover what his wishes might be.
1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen xiv. 200 By ravishing, and studying the contents of my dearest portmanteaus.
1878 A. M. M. Stedman Oxf.: Social & Intellect. Life 286 Finally he will study the specimens in the Court with the aid of the Catalogues of the Oxford Museum.
1889 Cent. Mag. May 85/2 He was studying the toe of his foot visible through a rift in his well-worn brogan.
1908 R. Bagot Anthony Cuthbert xxi. 257 She was engaged in studying her sister-in-law's figure and personality attentively.
1958 ‘R. Crompton’ William's Television Show vi. 162 William took his ‘Bob-a-Job’ book from his pocket and studied it complacently.
1978 A. Maupin Tales of City (1989) xxxv. 119 DeDe dug into her Obiko shoulder bag and produced the..scarf. Frannie studied it at arm's length, sipping her Mai Tai all the time.
2005 New Yorker 13 June 146/3 I studied the blank expanse of the floor wall, searching for the thing to say.

Phrasal verbs

to study up
1. transitive. colloquial. To work at acquiring knowledge of (a subject), esp. for a specific purpose. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > [verb (intransitive)] > study diligently or hard
porec1387
muzz?1744
sap1830
bone1832
to study up1846
mug1848
grind1855
swot1860
stew1866
swank1890
groise1913
society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > cram
prepare1586
cram1825
to get up1828
to study up1846
1846 Amer. Rev. June 670/1 The philosophic and classical Scotsman did not half study up the subject.
1880 ‘M. Twain’ Tramp Abroad xxiv. 412 Studying up the subject of Alpine climbing.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xviii. [Penelope] 694 He knows a lot..about the body and the insides I often wanted to study up that myself.
1983 J. Richman Traffic Wardens vi. 156 Our purpose is now centred on ‘studying up’ the traffic warden organisation.
2. intransitive. Chiefly U.S. colloquial. To learn about something by close study, esp. for a specific purpose. Frequently with on, in.
ΚΠ
1857 Cultivator Feb. 50 Every young farmer who has not already ‘studied up’ on chemistry, would be benefitted by its careful perusal.
1871 W. Whitman Democratic Vistas 4 Bear in mind, too, that they are not the result of studying up in political economy.
1946 Chicago Daily News 25 June 31/3 Ah'll git a li'l closer, an' study up on him!
1970 N. Armstrong et al. First on Moon vi. 131 He had studied up on vineyards so he could tell wonderful stories about them.
1980 J. Ball Then came Violence ii. 10 ‘We know quite a lot about Pasadena,’ he said. ‘Have you been studying up?’ the chief asked.
2008 Herald (Austral.) Sun (Nexis) 22 Mar. 101 Good Easter campers like to be organised. They study up on the fauna and flora, the nearest ice shops, petrol stations and hospitals.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2015; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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