单词 | study |
释义 | studyn. I. Senses relating to a state of mind or thought. Cf. study v. II. Frequently preceded by in. 1. A state of contemplation or musing; a state of mental abstraction; a reverie.Now chiefly in brown study n. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > inattention > mental wandering > abstraction, absent-mindedness > [noun] > instance of studyc1300 dump1523 brown studyc1555 c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Laud) l. 576 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 447 (MED) He sat and bi-heold it..in gret studie and in þouȝht Longue are he seide ani word. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 2369 (MED) Þat oþer stif mon in study stod a gret whyle. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 424 He was in suche a study he herde nat what he seyde. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 554 Carthlyntus than into ane studie stude; Quhen that wes said spak nother ill no gude. 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iv. 84 In tears salt blubbring, in musing stiddye remayning, Shee fel on her mattresse. 1656 S. Holland Don Zara iii. ii. 145 He sat a long time on his horse back in a profound study. 1744 E. F. Haywood Fortunate Foundlings xxiii. 315 This man had no sooner left her than she fell into a deep study, from which a sudden thought made her immediately start. 1799 M. Geisweiler tr. A. von Kotzebue Poverty & Nobleness of Mind iii. v. 100 (stage direct.) Remains some time in a deep study. 1847 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 67 171 She stood still for a minute, biting her nail, ‘as if in a study’. 1896 Northwestern Reporter 66 101/2 She would not engage in any conversation, but appeared to be in a study. 1973 Texas Monthly May 38/2 He sat in one of the shuttle buses beside his reporter, Nat Henderson, his head down in a deep study. 2003 R. Ariew & M. Grene tr. M. de Montaigne Apol. Raymond Sebond 28 The magpie was in a profound study and retreat into itself. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > [noun] > state or instance of studyc1300 were1338 amazec1425 perplexityc1475 studiala1513 pose1600 stam1638 embarrassment1721 screw-up1950 c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) 1187 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 140 In gret studie he was i-brouȝt; he rounede in is wiues ere and tolde hire al is þouȝt. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 58 Whan Edward perceyued, his herte was in studie, How þat werre bigan on him so sodanly. c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 16 Fluctuacion calle we her whan a man is broute fro an euel entent, and ȝet þe same man stand in study wheithir he schal to þe good wey or nowt. ?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) l. 488 From stodyys and hevynes it woll yow relyff. a1547 Earl of Surrey Poems (1964) 23 Laid in my quyett bedd, in study as I weare, I saw within my troubled hed a heape of thoughtes appeare. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. xxii. 57 Being therefore now in a studie what was best to be done. 1625 K. Long tr. J. Barclay Argenis iv. viii. 262 While..the Mariners stand in a study, and sticke betweene two dangers, the Gallies which were sent out had enclosed them. 1689 R. Meeke Diary 30 Nov. (1874) 18 I was at first in a study what to do, at last I promised. 1700 P. Motteux et al. tr. M. de Cervantes Hist. Don Quixote II. iv. ii. 361 The Curate look'd very earnestly upon Don Quixote, as one that was in a study whether he might not know him. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > feeling of wonder, astonishment > [noun] > state of wonder wonderc1290 ecstasyc1384 mazednessc1395 study?1397 mazec1425 wonderfulness1532 wonderment1535 gape1712 astoundment1810 marvelment1823 jouissance1968 in M. Stokes & T. L. Burton Medieval Lit. & Antiq. (1987) 83 (MED) Þe fayrest fowyl..euer stode in a stody as sche astonyd were. a1450 (a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Rawl.) (1960) A. xii. l. 61 (MED) I stode stille in a stodie and stared abowte. 1596 T. Lodge Diuel Coniured sig. Giv The star wrought nought els by his apparance but astonishment, studie, and amase in them, to discerne what it might intend. 1638 P. Godwin tr. F. de Calvi Hist. Theeves xxii. 278 Being transported with such wonder and amazement, that in their study and trance, their shirt might almost bee taken away from them. 1829 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (new ed.) Study, astonishment, amazement. II. Senses relating to the acquisition of knowledge or learning. Cf. study v. III. 4. a. (a) The activity of studying; the application of the mind to the acquisition of learning; devotion of time and effort to the pursuit of knowledge, esp. by means of written sources, observation, or experiment; scholarly or intellectual work or effort.In early use sometimes personified. ΚΠ c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) 220 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 499 He neforȝat..nomore þis oreisoun, For no studie ne for no neode, ne for þoȝt of lessoun. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. xi. 1 (MED) Þenne hedde wit A wyf was hoten dam Studie. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xvi. l. 181 Lettrure and longe studie letteþ ful menye. ?c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. & Antiq. Syon Monastery (1840) 278 If there be an inuentory..of the bokes of the library, and how they and other bokes of study be kepte and repayred. 1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance Pref. sig. aii Being almoste fatigate with the longe study aboute the correctinge and ampliatinge of my Dictionary. 1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 46 But I was chiefly bent to Poets famous Art, To them with all my deuor I my studie did conuert. 1581 W. Allen Apol. Two Eng. Colleges f. 21v The persons which first put them selues together in the Vniuersitie of Duay the yere 1568, yelding to Collegial forme of studie and discipline vnder one President. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Astrophel & Stella (1591) i. 10 Inuention, Nature's childe, fledde step-dame Studie's blowes. 1611 Bible (King James) Ecclus. xii. 12 Of making many bookes there is no end, and much studie [margin. Or, reading] is a wearinesse of the flesh. View more context for this quotation 1663 R. Bayfield Τῆς Ἰατρικῆς Κάρτος 67 Sitting and holding his pen, with his eyes open, and looking upon his Book, you would have thought he had been hard at study, till he was by calling..found to want all sense and motion. 1689 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 618 He was as earnest at play, as at his study. a1732 J. Gay Fables (1738) II. xi. 100 Learning by study must be won, 'Twan ne'er entail'd from son to son. 1737 A. Pope Epist. of Horace ii. ii. 9 The Man, who stretch'd in Isis' calm Retreat To Books and Study gives sev'n years compleat. 1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 822 See great commanders making war a trade, Great lawyers, lawyers without study made. View more context for this quotation 1810 G. Crabbe Borough xx. 279 Study to him was Pleasure and Delight. 1839 P. J. Bailey Festus 118 When night hath set her silver lamp on high, Then is the time for study. 1882 Athenæum 30 Dec. 895/2 His life of quiet study among the Oratorian brotherhood. 1947 Flying Sept. 74/1 In the upstairs office he looks like a student hard at study. 1973 C. Beaton Diary Dec. in Self Portrait with Friends (1979) xxviii. 419 Only occasionally does he take wing from his life of books and study. 2007 Archit. Rev. Feb. 64/1 Finally, there is the quiet zone of the stacks and galleries, and glass-enclosed carrels for solitary study at the ends of each floor. (b) In plural. The acquisition of knowledge or education by studying; esp. (frequently with possessive adjective) the pursuit of learning at a university, college, or the like; the work of a student. Now frequently as the second element in the titles of academic subjects, courses, etc., as American studies, computer studies, etc.business studies, media studies, religious studies, social studies, etc.: see the first element. ΚΠ c1400 Prickynge of Love (Harl.) (1983) 142 (MED) Þanke hym [sc. God] þat he hath sette..þe only for to tente to hym in goostly studies. a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 22 (MED) From hir childhode hir fader had sette hir to liberal studyes. 1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course ii. f. 24 The learning of the Athenians was lost in Athens; only remaining in that towne the school or house of studies. 1597 F. Bacon Ess. f. 1 Studies serue for pastimes, for ornaments & for abilities. a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) i. i. 67 Thou Iulia thou hast metamorphis'd me: Made me neglect my Studies, loose my time. View more context for this quotation 1677 Mr. Johnson Let. 16 Apr. in J. Ray Corr. (1848) 128 In the meantime wishing you success in your studies, I rest, &c. 1756 A. Butler Lives Saints I. 330 He gave a considerable time to sacred studies. 1841 Penny Cycl. XXI. 175/1 He began his studies at the gymnasium of Coburg in 1638. 1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 30 So far from rushing hastily into merely professional studies, a young man should rather [etc.]. 1892 F. P. Verney et al. Mem. Verney Family Civil War I. 122 Ralph still going on with his studies at Oxford. 1913 Newark (Ohio) Advocate 28 Jan. 2/5 In the fall of 1911 I applied for readmission to this school and came back to continue my studies. 1949 G. R. Stewart Earth Abides ii. viii. 291 His knowledge of plants and soils was mostly theoretical, gained from his studies in geography. 1950 Univ. London Gaz. 28 Oct. 178 The Visiting Professorship of Belgian Studies. 2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 6 Apr. 71/1 Hence the birth of Translation Studies, or, to use a more gilded term, Translation Theory—glorified workshops, really. 2012 J. Díaz in New Yorker 4 June 112/2 That was what she wanted once her studies were over: to move to Paris, work for the U.N. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > [noun] learningc897 wisdomc950 witnessc950 lore971 clergya1225 wit1297 apprise1303 gramaryec1320 clergisea1330 cunning1340 lering1340 sciencea1387 schoola1393 studya1393 art?a1400 cunningnessa1400 leara1400 sophyc1440 doctrinec1460 mathesisa1475 grammarc1500 doctorship1567 knowledge1576 scholarship1579 virtuosoship1666 erudition1718 eruditenessa1834 Wissenschaft1834 savantism1855 scholarment1896 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 2662 The Latins of hemself also Here studie at thilke time so With gret travaile of Scole toke In sondri forme forto boke. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) i. pr. iv. l. 351 Haþ my studie and my konnyng deserued þus [L. nostraene artes ita meruerunt]. a1450 ( tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) (1988) 47 (MED) It was þe..custome þat..studies [L. studia] of hyȝe craftes schulden ben..redacte togidre and writen in bookes. c. A branch of learning, a discipline; a subject. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > a department of study sciencea1387 study1477 knowledge?1530 1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 15v Ypocras..was the first fynder of the art of phisike, whiche he shewed and taught to his children... And commaunded that they shulde dwelle in the middel habitacion of grece in .iij. Isles. And ypocras rested in the Ile of Thau And in the .ij. other Isles the studye was lost in his dayes. a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 266 To speik of science, craft or sapience,..Off euerie study, lair or disciplene. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 135 The ordur of studys in unyversytes must..be amendyd. 1565 W. Cuningham in J. Hall tr. Lanfranc Most Excellent Woorke Chirurg. sig. ¶.ivv For as muche as in all studies it greatly doth profite to haue first briefe and compendious introductions. 1656 J. Beadle Jrnl. Thankful Christian v. 103 Of all studies the study of History seems to be most excelent. 1748 H. Walpole Let. 11 Aug. in Corr. (1941) IX. 69 These Veres have thrown me into a deal of this old study. 1788 A. Hughes Henry & Isabella III. 5 Is she persuaded to apply to any particular study, such as music, painting, &c. because her father is fond of it? 1859 Wisconsin Jrnl. Educ. July 1 The mode of teaching each study must also be adapted to the design of the whole course. 1921 Princeton Alumni Weekly 16 Mar. 501/1 As all studies were then required, every student was obliged to pursue these courses. 1992 A. R. Hall I. Newton 80 Collins..advanced his favourite study by keeping up a large international correspondence with mathematicians. 5. a. The action or process of studying a specific thing; mental effort in the acquisition of some kind of learning, knowledge, or ability; careful examination, consideration, or investigation of a subject, issue, object, etc. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [noun] studyinglOE studyc1300 poring1340 study?1531 conning1553 revolving1555 peruse1578 cultivation1639 culture1687 industry1875 scholastic1895 studenting1922 society > education > learning > study > [noun] > of something studyc1300 speculationc1374 reverencea1393 c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) 279 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 501 O tyme he was in grete studie of his lessoun anyȝt. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. cclxxxixv/2 Prothe and Iacincte were gentylmen of noble lygnage, and were felawes in the studye of philosophy. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. OOOiv The seconde part of contemplacion is, study or redyng of holy scripture. 1584 H. Llwyd & D. Powel Hist. Cambria 33 Who..trauelled to Athens, and bestowed there manie yeeres in the studie of the Greeke, Hebrue and Chaldie toongs. c1600 (c1350) Alisaunder (Greaves) (1929) 637 Many thinges of man myght hee showe, By studie of þe stones in what state hee were. 1668 Bp. E. Hopkins Vanity of World 15 God hath composed two Books, by the diligent study of which we may attain to the knowledge of Himself: the Book of the Creatures, and the Book of the Scriptures. 1704 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World II. xii. 486 The study of the sciences is a natural abstraction of the mind from the creature. 1772 Brit. Mag. & Gen. Rev. Aug. 148/1 He hopes that this translation may be a means of faciliting the study of the Chinese language to others. 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 482/1 A studentship..for four students, to be educated in the study of the law at Lincoln's Inn. 1859 J. Ruskin Two Paths i. §18 The study, however, of the effect of art on the mind of nations is one rather for the historian than for us. 1895 M. Hewlett Earthwork out of Tuscany 24 Never a chapel of them but is worth study and a stiff neck. 1915 Atlanta (Georgia) Constit. 27 June 8/4 The course which young Ford took included the study of radio engineering. 1963 Wall St. Jrnl. 22 Jan. Kirtland researchers are delving into plasma physics—the study of partially ionized gases. 2007 Atlantic Monthly Oct. 120/1 The study of Books of Hours was confined mostly to art historians. b. An instance of studying something; an examination, consideration, or investigation of a particular subject, topic, etc. Now frequently: a project or piece of work undertaken specifically to examine or research a particular topic, issue, etc.; (also) a publication detailing such work. Frequently with of or in. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [noun] studyinglOE studyc1300 poring1340 study?1531 conning1553 revolving1555 peruse1578 cultivation1639 culture1687 industry1875 scholastic1895 studenting1922 ?1531 tr. Plutarch Howe One may take Profite of Enmyes f. 4v Suche hede bredethe in vs a purpos and a studye of fautles lyuynge. 1550 W. Lynne tr. J. Carion Thre Bks. Cronicles iii. f. clvii They [sc. monkes] also beganne a studye of Theology or diuinitie [L. Theologicum studium]. 1655 W. Robertson Iggeret Hammashkil 156 The guiltinesse of such men..who have taken themselves to a study of so much time. 1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. i. 28 This is not a mere labour of the memory, but a study of observations and facts. 1818 S. T. Coleridge Misc. Crit. i. 75 A study of the Aristophanic and Plautine metres would have enabled them to reduce Beaumont and Fletcher throughout into metre. 1883 Proc. Amer. Antiquarian Soc. 2 193 (heading) The Olmecas and the Tultecas: a study in early Mexican ethnology and history. 1896 Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 27 53 The supplements to this volume which have appeared since he published his study. 1904 H. Wallis (title) Italian ceramic art. The Albarello. A study in early Renaissance maiolica. 1957 Encycl. Brit. VI. 387/2 The principal use of dimensional analysis is to deduce from a study of the dimensions of the variables in any physical system certain necessary limitations on the form of any possible relationship between those variables. 2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Mar. 33/4 In such studies, we take two groups of people..and we study the types of DNA sequences they carry at thousands of random sites throughout the genome. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > acting > [noun] > learning words study1600 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream i. ii. 63 Snug. Haue you the Lyons part written? Pray you, if it bee, giue it mee: for I am slowe of studie . View more context for this quotation 1764 S. Foote Lyar iii. ii. 55 I have a short scene to give you in study. 1792 Poor Covent Garden! 9 Pray, sir, have you a quick study? 1822 H. Mackenzie Life Home 95 Mrs. Siddons told me she never found any study (which, in the technical language of the stage, means the getting verses by heart) so easy as that of Douglas. 1857 C. Reade Course True Love 128 Having what is called a very quick study, she was soon mistress of the twenty or thirty lines. 1907 Play Pictorial No. 60. 60/3 Mr Dion Boucicault had a difficult study in the part of the father, a very trying part. 6. A place of learning; an educational establishment; spec. (more fully general study, study general) a university (cf. studium generale n.). Now rare (historical after 17th cent.). ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > [noun] > educational institution studya1382 school1440 learning-place1517 pedagogy1571 learning-seat1584 seminary1585 Academe1598 phrontisterion1615 phrontistery1623 pedagoguery1820 thinking-shop1837 centre of learning1844 society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > university universityc1300 general studya1382 schoolsc1400 college1459 ninneversitya1592 studium1610 studium generale1647 versityc1680 varsity1846 Univ1896 uni1898 U1910 a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) i. l. 16 He..whos doctryne þe studies [a1425 L.V. scoles; L. gymnasia] of achademy parfytli sownedyn, wolde be made a pylgryme. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 177 In þis lond was somtyme þe studie [L. studia] and þe scole of Pallas and Minerua. ?c1425 T. Hoccleve Jonathas (Durh.) l. 155 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 221 He wente vn-to the studie general. c1475 tr. C. de Pisan Livre du Corps de Policie (Cambr.) (1977) 187 (MED) Euclides..composed Geometrye, whiche is radde euery day in the generall studyes [Fr. estudes generales]. c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 208 Charlis maygne..transportit the study out of Rome, and brocht jt to paris,..[and] has gevin to the study of paris sa mony notable preuilegis yat clerkis suld joys thare. a1500 (?c1378) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 427 (MED) It were good þat þes studies & collegies þat ben in hem stooden. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 135 Thys thyng in studys & unyversytes ys neclectyd & despysyd. 1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 203 (MED) Marine..graunted to king Alurede To found & make a study..And an vniuersyte for clerkes in to rede..at Oxenford. 1672 O. Walker Of Educ. i. x. 120 Oxford and Paris (the two onely general Studies for a long time on this side the Alps). 1757 A. Butler Lives Saints III. 567/1 The General Study of Paris, as it was at first called, was founded by Charlemagne about the year 800. 1807 J. Grierson Delineations St. Andrews iv. 154 These societies were at first distinguished by the name of Studia Generalis..or simply Studies; as the Study of Paris, the Study of Bologna. 1860 Amer. Jrnl. Educ. 9 52 The idea of this organization, the university, must especially be in early times, be strictly distinguished from that of a general study. 1990 Ronda Iberia Sept. 82/4 It was King Alfonso X who bestowed the title of University on the General Study of Laws at Salamanca. 7. a. A room in a house or other building, intended to be used for private study, reading, writing, etc., esp. by one particular person. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > types of room generally > [noun] > private or inner room > study studya1400 study place1563 closeta1600 studiolo1765 den1771 thinking box1911 a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 4745 Next hys chaumbre, besyde hys stody, Hys harpers chaumbre was fast þerby. a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 14 (MED) He..passed from chambre to chambre tyle he come yn to hir secreet study. 1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 33 I yeve and be qwethe to the seid Jone my nece a lityl grene coffre for kerchys, stondyng in my stodye. 1507–8 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 100 Item to Johne Forman for ane lok to the Kingis latron that standis in the Kingis studee, iiij s. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cccxvj A noble man of Spaine..kepeth the whole house to him self, and going into his studie [L. bibliothecam], searcheth all thinges. a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) ii. i. 7 Luc. Call'd you, my Lord? Brut. Get me a Tapor in my Study, Lucius. View more context for this quotation 1641 Commons Remonstr. in Wks. Chas. I (1662) II. 62 Some Members of both Houses had their studies and cabinets, yea their pockets, searched. 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 180 Those that have counting Houses forget those that have Studies. 1730 E. Wright Some Observ. France, Italy, &c. I. 156 The Monks of this Order are in the Nature of Hermits, each having his particular Cell, consisting of two or three little Chambers, (one of which is a Study). 1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. ii. 448 Crosby fitted up a large and retired parlour as a study. 1800 R. Bloomfield Spring in Farmer's Boy 5 The Fields his study, Nature was his book. 1880 J. Payn Confidential Agent I. 39 Your uncle and I are going to have a pipe in the study. 1904 D. P. Hughes Life H. P. Hughes x. 240 When they came to consult him in his study. 1959 ‘M. Innes’ Hare Sitting Up iv. 84 Superintendent Cudworth was a large man, and he seemed to occupy a disproportionate space in the cubby-hole that served Appleby as a study in the small Westminster house. 2011 Z. Strachan Ever fallen in Love 97 He hurried to his study, firing up his computer and checking his email straight away. b. A room used as a consulting room or place of business by a professional person, as a doctor, lawyer, etc. Now somewhat rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > office > [noun] > of professional man study1574 Coventry Leet Bk. (1909) III. 817 I gave a deed to be ingrossed with speed, and yt must be done very secretly in a Close studdie or parlour & not in the open shopp. 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. ii. sig. O3v He went hastily to the study of a brother of his who was a Doctour. 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. iii. f. 25v Being not long since in an Aduocats study, I heard a clarke of his..aske the gentleman the name of him to whom he should direct yt letter. 1640 F. Quarles Enchyridion iii. lxxviii A full belly makes a dull braine; and a turbulent Spirit, a distracted Iudgement: The Muses starve in a Cookes Shoppe, and a Lawyers Study. 1682 J. Marlow Lett. to Sick Friend xviii. 127 In vain is Care used in the Physitians Study, and in the Apothecaries Shop, if Errors be committed in the Patients Chamber. 1796 J. C. Cross Parnassian Bagatelles 140 Scene—The Doctor's Study.—Table with Breakfast Utensils.—A large Medicine Chest on one Side the Stage. 1828 E. F. J. Carrington Confessions Old Maid II. xvi. 32 Had the subject of his pencil been the interior of a lawyer's study. 1897 Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald 5 Nov. The practice of having the pastor's study attached to the church proved inconvenient to the Central Christian congregation and rector. 1900 Weekly Standard & Express (Blackburn) 3 Feb. 11/5 A doctor's study is as secret as the confessional box. 1934 J. E. Barker New Lives for Old ii. 10 A man who boldly goes into the doctor's study, complaining about pains in the left arm, breathlessness or something of the kind, and who is informed that his heart is ‘diseased’ often comes out utterly crushed. 1990 A. Grafton in A. Grafton & A. Blair Transmission Culture in Early Mod. Europe 4 The courtroom and the lawyer's study have turned out to be historical alembics where the methods of social and intellectual historians can be mingled in new forms, producing results of unsuspected richness. c. In a school or other educational establishment: the private room or office of a particular member of staff, esp. the headteacher. Now chiefly British. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > room by type of use > [noun] > others speech-housec1050 watching-chamber1533 music room1608 service room1669 amphitheatre1694 lararium1706 well-room1731 lumber room1740 water room1774 bird room1776 grubbery1791 bookery1798 study1808 service room1833 selamlik1838 serving room1838 social space1851 mail room1856 rumpus room1930 birthing room1936 home office1960 romper room1961 dungeon1969 1808 Eye 28 Jan. 43 I was immured in the master's study, while my school fellows were at play. 1881 Morning Post 3 Dec. 3/5 A meeting of Old Blues will be held in the headmaster's study at the school on Thursday next. 1897 J. C. Tarver Observ. of Foster Parent xviii. 148 All boys below the fifth were assigned to one of the other of the house tutor; twice a week they went to his study..and prepared their construing lessons in an informal fashion. 1910 Pearson's Mag. Nov. 663/1 There's an awful row on—the whole of the Fifth Form summoned to his study. 1961 Kokomo (Indiana) Tribune 29 Sept. 18/3 Three students at exclusive Groton School ‘bugged’ the headmasters study some time last year. 2011 Times (Nexis) 22 July 4 When Emma began attending her London primary school I had an amiable meeting with the head in her study. d. Chiefly British. In some schools (esp. British public schools): a room set aside for one or more pupils to use for studying, reading, recreation, etc. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > educational buildings > [noun] > a room for study study1835 1835 Rugby Mag. July 84 He was not in his study as usual, but was in the sick-room, I was told. 1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days i. v. 104 ‘And shall I have a study like this too?’ said Tom. 1878 Mill Hill Mag. (Mill Hill School, London) July 72 I remember when at School talking the matter over in the Monitors' Study. 1920 D. Goldring Reputations v. 103 Many of these Public Schoolboy soldiers must have gone straight from the cricket-field and the prefect's study to the trenches. 2011 J. Archer Only Time will Tell i. ix. 74 He smiled as he walked down the staircase to join Deakins and Barrington in the senior prefects' study. 8. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > library or collection of books > [noun] > room containing books libraryc1374 study1514 bookroom1771 bookstack1879 stack-room- 1514 in W. P. Baildon Black Bks. (Rec. Soc. Lincoln's Inn) (1897) I. 4/1 [Sir Richard Fowler] shall take the study nowe stondyng in Thornburghis chambre bytwene the chymney in the same and Sir Robert Drury's chambre, and the same study to cary whethir it shall please hym. 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Armarium, a study where bokes are laide, or a drye larder. 1610 E. Gardiner Triall of Tabacco 34 He..needs not be so sollicitous to run, and gad in all haste to the good towne, when his belly aketh..: Or yet to haue readie in their closets and studies, nutmegs, or ginger condite. 1642 R. P. True Inventory Goods & Chattles Superstition 2 Item, in the Library or Study in this Chamber, a Book called Pope Gregory the ninth his opinions of the Religion of Rome. 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Study, a Closet of Books. b. A person's collection of books, papers, etc.; a private library. Chiefly in study of books. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > library or collection of books > [noun] library13.. Biblec1384 biblet1388 bibliothèque1549 bibliothecary1570 study1616 bookstock1796 bookery1798 1616 G. Hakewill Answere Treat. D. Carier ii. 163 When hee dyed, his whole estate (together with his studie of bookes sold at a deare rate, could hardly be valued at 300. Crownes. 1667 E. Ashmole Diary (1774) 333 I bought Mr. John Bookers study of books, and gave 140l. for them. 1682 G. Wheler Journey into Greece i. 41 He is of Candia, hath a good Study of Manuscripts which he brought from thence, and is called Pappa Agapito. 1722 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1906) VII. 373 The Revd. Mr. Thomas Foulkes of Xt. Ch. hath bought the Study of my Friend. 1736 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Literary Men (1843) (Camden) 367 It is said also he was forced to sell his Study of Books. 1852 Notes & Queries 6 Nov. 433/1 In 1737, the Rev. Chas. Aldrich left by will all his study of books to the rectory of Henley, being desirous to lay the foundation of a parochial library. 1931 W. M. Myddelton Chirk Castle Accts. II. 47 In the inventory of his goods his study of books was valued at vli, and his silver plate at 12li. 1991 P. H. Highfill et al. Biogr. Dict. Actors (rev. ed.) XIV. 196/2 His son Gilbert, to whom he left his ‘study of books’. ΚΠ a1694 A. Balfour Lett. (1700) 208 There be many fine Palaces worthie the seeing..especially the Popes own Palace, where the Legat resides, and in it you must take particular care to see Aldrovandi's Studie, and Collection of Curiosities, which are keept in this Palace. 1711 J. Henley tr. B. de Montfaucon Diarium Italicum v. 86 Having begun here to give an Account of Private Studies, or Closets, we have thought fit in this Place to speak of that of Tarvisiano. 9. a. That which is studied; the object of a person's study. Chiefly with possessive adjective. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] lorea1225 book1340 librarya1450 study1535 volume1597 subject1805 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms cxix. 99 I haue more vnderstondinge than all my teachers for thy testimonies are my studye. 1595 Phrases Lat. Aldi Manutii 12 Ad Ciceronem me contuli, I haue giuen my selfe to Cicero: Tully is my whole studie. 1659 A. Burgess Script. Directory (1 Cor. iii. 23) 299 It's Christ, that should be our study, our meditation day and night. 1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 9 Be Homer's Works your Study, and Delight, Read them by Day, and meditate by Night. 1734 A. Pope Ess. Man (rev. ed.) ii. 2 The proper study [1733 The only Science] of mankind is Man. 1780 Mirror No. 97. ⁋9 This gentleman..discovered himself to be eminently skilled in the science of law, the study, as he boasted, of his earlier years. 1859 Habits Good Society xi. 306 The man who makes dining a study..must go farther in the improvements of the room than we yet have. 1878 A. M. M. Stedman Oxf.: Social & Intellect. Life 238 There are several other commentaries, but they will not be found profitable study. 1964 M. M. Randall Improper Bostonian iv. 119 Emily Greene Balch, who alone of all these had made immigration her special study. 2006 R. Greene 33 Strategies War xiii. 175 He made baseball pitchers his study, watching their patterns over the course of a game, a season, a career. b. A subject worthy of study, examination, or investigation; spec. something considered suitable to be a subject for an artist, as presenting interesting effects of colour, form, etc. (cf. sense 10a). Frequently with in. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [noun] > subject subject1614 story1657 study1779 1779 Mirror No. 45. ⁋9 A painter, who wished to express indignation, contempt, and pity, blended together, could not have found a finer study. 1817 W. Hazlitt Polit. Ess. (1819) 214 His ‘Letter’ is a concentrated essence of a want of self-knowledge... It is ‘a psychological curiosity’; a study of human infirmity. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. v. 45 Both it and Northumberland..afforded studies of color that would have rewarded an artist. 1859 Habits Good Society iv. 160 As a work of art, a well-dressed woman is a study. 1880 B. Disraeli Endymion I. xxii. 206 The bow of Waldershare was a study. Its grace and ceremony must have been organic; for there was no traditionary type in existence from which he could have derived or inherited it. 1894 Yellow Bk. 1 192 The harpist, whose nose is a study in purples. 1906 Daily Chron. 27 June 6/4 From tight-lacing to henna-dyeing the frisky matron is a study in successful artifice. 1998 G. Hollingshead Healer i. 55 The man on the pumps was a study in black faded into the landscape. Mafic attire. Black shirt, black jeans, black boots, all like the rock here weathered to grey. c. Of a person's face, expression, etc.: a remarkable or amusing sight. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun] > facial appearance or expression > specific light1535 mask1605 severity1711 beam1773 study1886 1886 C. M. Yonge Chantry House II. xiv. 136 Emily's countenance was a study. 1964 C. Chaplin My Autobiogr. x. 156 You should have seen his face watching you, it was a study! 1973 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) 3 Aug. 7/3 We stopped for lunch at a little rustic inn. Specialite de la maison—chicken and chips with frozen peas on the side. Archie's face was a study. 2005 Independent (Nexis) 29 June 71 [John McEnroe] repeatedly looked at the baseline, as if it had insulted his mother, and his expression was a study after he missed an easy volley in the first game of the second set. 10. a. A preliminary drawing, painting, sculpture, etc., produced as an exercise in a particular skill or technique, or as preparation for subsequent work; a preparatory piece for a larger work of art, or for some element or portion of it. Also: a painting, drawing, photograph, etc., presenting a detailed treatment of a particular subject and aiming to capture its characteristics as they are revealed by especially careful observation. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of chimney-piecea1616 master1694 study1722 studio1785 old master1824 homage1901 art mobilier1921 multimedia1962 multiple1968 installation1969 corporate art1971 1722 J. Richardson Acct. Statues Italy 13 First Thought for the School of Athens, Pen, Sketch; behind is a Study in Red Ch. of several Fig. 1769 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad. ii, in Wks. (1797) I. 29 What, therefore, I wish to impress upon you is, that whenever an opportunity offers, you paint your studies instead of drawing them. 1822 H. Mackenzie Life Home 92 Of this piece [sc. Douglas] there are extant..more fragments and original sketches, or, as a painter would call them, studies, than of any other of Mr. Home's productions. 1871 P. G. Hamerton Etcher's Handbk. 59 These two things, the pen study for line, and the sepia study for values of light and dark, are sufficient if properly done, and enough done, to educate an etcher. 1874 R. St. J. Tyrwhitt Our Sketching Club 48 By a study I mean, generally speaking, a finished drawing of some part of a picture. 1883 J. Ruskin Art of Eng. 10 The study of cattle on a Highland moor in the evening, by Mr. Davis. 1948 Burlington Mag. July 193/2 These two Family Groups were both derived from maquettes actually conceived as studies for a sculpture in bronze. 1976 Art Bull. 58 610/1 Two drawings..one a detailed study of the robes of a standing Christ, flesh areas only sketchily indicated, the other a sensitive study of the head of the figure. 1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds xix. 526 She sat down heavily on a packing crate..her eyes resting for a moment in wondering, bewildered pity on a magnificent head-and-shoulders study of Dane taken to commemorate his ordination. 2003 Art Q. Autumn 29 This drawing is a study for a gouache. b. In extended use: a dramatic, literary, or musical work executed as an exercise or experiment in some particular style or mode of treatment. Also: a detailed consideration, depiction, or exploration of some topic or situation presented by means of a work of art, literature, drama, etc. Frequently with in. ΚΠ 1874 Boston Daily Globe 17 Sept. 3/2 Monosyllables predominate to an extent which suggests that Mr. Harte wrote ‘Ramon’ as a study in Saxon. 1887 Academy 24 Dec. 432/1 Miss Janet Achurch's Desdemona was a study in realism of a skilful and varied sort. 1908 Internat. Studio Aug. p. liii/1 The little fellow shown in attitude of rest from his labours infinitely more interesting as a study in pathos than if pathos had been wilfully indicated. 1960 Times 15 Jan. 16/1 The Kitchen..begins as a study in a frightening factuality. 1997 Amer. Music 15 421 The brief score is a study in atonal abstraction and swiftly changing moods. 2002 Total Film Mar. 132/1 The rest of the movie is a study of boredom, alcoholism and simmering resentment in the pressure cooker confines of military barracks. 11. Music. A short piece written as an exercise to improve or demonstrate a particular aspect of a performer's technique; an étude. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > type of piece > [noun] > exercise or study lesson1574 solfeggio1774 study1806 étude1826 scale1865 1806 Monthly Mag. Aug. 57/2 Exercises formed upon the progressive and judicious plan of these Studies cannot fail to greatly profit the harp practitioner. 1898 Music Dec. 236 Later, he [sc. Chopin] rewrote the study, taking the same matter for the right hand, but at a somewhat slower tempo. 1908 Musical Herald 1 Aug. 252/1 It is required to know suitable pieces and studies, etc. for teaching octave passages, legato passages, etc. 1976 K. Amis Alteration i. 30 Later, perhaps the Abbot will permit me to play one or two of Anvil's studies for piano-forte. 2009 South China Morning Post (Nexis) 18 Nov. 8 The US sextet play works including Victor Chan's Two Studies for Violin & Cello. 12. Something to which a person devotes attention or effort; an undertaking, an activity, an occupation, a pursuit. Obsolete.In quot. ?c1430: an ostensible occupation or role; see colour n.1 Phrases 2a. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [noun] mister?c1225 studyc1350 occupation?1387 businessc1405 entermise1490 occupying1548 banking1660 improvement1670 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > semblance, outward show > [noun] hue971 glozea1300 showingc1300 coloura1325 illusionc1340 frontc1374 simulationc1380 visage1390 cheera1393 sign?a1425 countenance?c1425 study?c1430 cloak1526 false colour1531 visure1531 face1542 masquery?1544 show1547 gloss1548 glass1552 affectation1561 colourableness1571 fashion1571 personage?1571 ostentation1607 disguise1632 lustrementa1641 grimace1655 varnish1662 masquerade1674 guisea1677 whitewash1730 varnish1743 maya1789 vraisemblance1802 Japan1856 veneering1865 veneer1868 affectedness1873 candy coating1885 simulance1885 window dressing1903 c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xiii. 2 Hij ben corrumped and made loþeliche in her studies [L. studiis]. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. ii. l. 1755 Alle þe cures quod she of mortal folk whiche þat trauaylen hem in many manere studies [L. multiplicium studiorum] gon certys by diuerse weies. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 98 Prelatis also entren vnder colour & studie of cristis apostlis & lyuen & teche contrariously to hem. 1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope iv. f. cxxxviii The studye of the huntynge and hawkynge is a slouful cure. 1589 L. Wright Display of Dutie 32 For recreation of the mind Chesse play is much commended: as a delectable pastime, and pleasant study, & a princely exercise. c1610–15 Life St. Frideswide in C. Horstmann Lives Women Saints (1886) 81 The diuell enuying hire these her vertuous studies, thought to supplant her. 1697 T. Ball tr. Ovid De Tristibus iii. vi, in Two Bks. Elegies 98 Ask her be sure, why she, Busy'd in other Studies, left her Poetry? ?1785 John Thompson's Man 19 For when alone thou dost live, Thyself to Freedom thou mayest give, And your pleasant Studies may renew. 13. Thought or attention directed to the accomplishment of a purpose; studied or deliberate effort; endeavour; diligence; an instance of this. Also: the object or aim of a person's endeavour; a concern. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > [noun] > intention or purpose willeOE highOE thoughtOE intent?c1225 achesounc1230 attenta1250 couragec1320 devicec1320 minda1325 studya1382 understanding1382 suggestionc1390 meaninga1393 i-minda1400 minta1400 tent1399 castc1400 ettlingc1400 affecta1425 advicec1425 intention1430 purposec1430 proposea1450 intendment1450 supposing?c1450 pretensionc1456 intellectionc1460 zeal1492 hest?a1513 minting?a1513 institute?1520 intendingc1525 mindfulness1530 cogitationa1538 fordrift1549 forecast1549 designing1566 tention1587 levela1591 intendiment1595 design1597 suppose1597 aim1598 regarda1616 idea1617 contemplationa1631 speculation1631 view1634 way of thinking1650 designation1658 tend1663 would1753 predetermination1764 will to art1920 the mind > will > intention > [noun] > intention or purpose > end, purpose, or object willeOE errand?c1225 purposec1300 endc1305 emprisec1330 intentc1340 use1340 conclusionc1374 studya1382 pointc1385 causec1386 gamea1393 term?c1400 businessc1405 finec1405 intentionc1410 object?a1425 obtent?a1475 drift1526 intend1526 respect1528 flight1530 finality?1541 stop1551 scope1559 butt?1571 bent1579 aiming point1587 pursuitc1592 aim1595 devotion1597 meaning1605 maina1610 attempt1610 design1615 purport1616 terminusa1617 intendment1635 pretence1649 ettle1790 big (also great) idea1846 objective1878 objective1882 the name of the game1910 the object of the exercise1958 thrust1968 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Job xxxiv. 27 He smot þem..þe whiche as bi studie [a1425 L.V. bi castyng afore; L. de industria] wenten awei from hym. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 3090 And he, which hadde noght foryete Of that belongeth to a clerk, His studie sette upon this werk. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. iv. l. 3664 Yif þou haue enclined þi studies to þe wicked þinges. ne seek no foreyn wrekere out of þi self. 1445 tr. Claudian's De Consulatu Stilichonis in Anglia (1905) 28 269 (MED) Bothe pore and riche labouryd..encrese to gete with studye. c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 837 Lusty hertys in gladnesse them delite, Set al ther study on occupacioun, In ioye and myrthe. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. DDDv Whan we be gyuen with all our study and diligence to clennesse of vertue and purite of lyfe. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. vii. 37 b All their pleasure and studie is to attire and set out themselues. 1594 G. Chapman Σκìα Νυκτòς sig. E Thy glorious temple..That was the studie of all Asia, Two hunderd twentie somners to erect. a1637 B. Jonson Sad Shepherd i. iv. 73 in Wks. (1640) III No sought reliefe, By all our studies can procure his peace. View more context for this quotation a1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 310 That never to be sufficiently admired Gallery painted in deepe relievo, the Worke of 10 yeares study for a trifling reward. 1725 G. Odingsells Bath Unmask'd v. xii. 83 And I, Madam, will make it my Study to bury the Remembrance of my Unworthiness in future Merits. 1764 R. Dodsley Leasowes in W. Shenstone Wks. (1777) II. 288 Far from violating its natural beauties, Mr. Shenstone's only study was to give them their full effect. 1803 H. P. Brougham Inq. Colonial Policy I. 51 The indolence natural to their character is here thrown off; the acquisition of a fortune is the study of all. 1827 W. Scott Surgeon's Daughter in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. II. xiii. 315 It was his study to soothe this ambitious and crafty female by blandishments. 1873 Pew & Pulpit Photographs 6 Bold was her face, and mincing was her mien, As though it was her study to be seen. 1900 E. G. White Christ's Object Lessons 292 These husbandmen sought their own glory... It was their study to attract attention and homage to themselves. 1907 Jrnl. Royal Afr. Soc. 7 101 France..will find herself driven to successive acts of violence till she drifts into the aggressive policy which it has been her study to avoid. 14. Enthusiasm or concern for something; pleasure or interest felt in something; inclination. Also: an instance of this. Obsolete.Frequently in translations from Latin. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > love > liking or favourable regard > [noun] loveeOE well-likinglOE favoura1340 liking1340 greea1400 study?c1400 benevolence1423 lustc1430 carec1540 goût1586 like1589 infection1600 predilection1626 notion1789 grá1833 shindy1855 hard-on1949 the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] friendshipOE friendliheada1393 fellowshipa1400 friendsomenessa1400 study?c1400 friendlinessc1475 stomach1476 friendlihood1481 towardliness1566 friending1596 amicability1643 amicableness1646 amicality1836 palliness1904 mateyness1915 matehood1924 palsy-walsiness1942 ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. ii. l. 3202 Al þe entencioun of þe wil of mankynde whiche þat is lad by diuerse studies [L. diuersis studiis] hastiþ to comen to blisfulnesse. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. cclxxv/1 He had neuer studye in newe fabrykes ne buyldynges. 1537 tr. H. Latimer Serm. to Clergie sig. B.viv Therfore brothern, gather you, the disposition and study [L. studium] of the children, by the disposition and studye [L. studio] of the fathers. 1549 Forme & Maner consecratyng Archebishoppes sig. H.iv Laiyng asyde the study of the worlde and the fleshe. 1553 R. Horne tr. J. Calvin Certaine Homilies i. sig. Dijv To do all thing other wise then he [sc. God] will, and cleane to be void of the studye and dutye which we owne vnto him [Fr. nous vueillions estre quictes enuers luy]. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries sig. Gij For bi cause of our own natur we ar bent to ye studie & love of things present. a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) i. x. §4. 106 Diuers of them, vpon vaine glory, or vpon studie of singularity,..haue outwardly professed..that There is no God. 1663 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim (1687) xxx. 369 Pride and study to be admired in the World proclaim thee to us more than all that we see beside. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 104 If to the Warlike Steed thy Studies [L. studium] bend, Or for the Prize in Chariots to contend. View more context for this quotation PhrasesΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > inventive or creative faculty > [adjective] > of one's own invention of one's own study1529 out of a person's own head1548 self-devised1608 1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters i. xxii. f.xxx/2 If all yt he can ether fynde in other mennys workys, or inuent by goddys ayde of hys owne study, can not suffyce to satysfy,..let hym then..make hym selfe very sure yt there is some faut. 1603 J. Stow Suruay of London (new ed.) 169 And that done, he was to make a sermon of his owne studie. 1733 T. Stackhouse New Hist. Bible I. 462/2 There was no imaginable Way more proper for him to express himself in, than that which he made use of, even had it been a Matter of his own Study and Contrivance. 1796 W. Stevenson Remarks on very Inferior Utility of Classical Learning 12 He should..not confuse of bias the mind of the reader, by ascribing motives of his own suggestion, and orations of his own study. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [adverb] > at school or college at study1539 up1847 up at ——1873 1539 C. Tunstall Serm. Palme Sondaye sig. Eiiv The kynges maiestie, who broughte hym vp of a chylde..and gaue hym money yerely oute of his coffers to fynde hym honourably at study. 1554 Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) 439 Thomas Fitz Symon..being at the universite at Oxford at stude to acquir lernyng. a1639 H. Wotton Parallel betweene Earle of Essex & Duke of Buckingham (1641) 8 The Earle was of good Erudition having been placed at study in Cambridge very young. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 464 Being resolved to spend some moneths here at study, especialy Physic & Anatomie, of both which here were now the most famous Professors then in Europe. 1784 J. O'Keeffe Agreeable Surprise (new ed.) i. i. 6 Comp. I left him at home drawing. Sir Fel. At study how to get his bread by scratching upon copper, or daubing canvass. 1871 J. Carroll Case & his Cotemporaries III. ix. 261 The Mr. Loveys mentioned by Mr. Case in answer to Mr. Paddock, was a young English local preacher, then at study at Cazenovia. P3. to make a study of: to undertake an examination or investigation of; to devote oneself to the study of. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > study diligently or hard to make a study ofa1591 nit1596 to sit over ——1606 to mouse over1808 to work out1830 bone1832 work1840 to work up1852 mug1868 swot1901 the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > be absorbed in [verb (intransitive)] buryc1380 porec1387 sinka1400 withgoa1400 founce1430 resta1500 intend?1504 to busy one's brains?1532 lose1604 immerse1667 to give into ——1692 to make a study of1884 a1591 H. Smith Serm. (1593) 661 He teacheth Timothie to giue attendance to Doctrine: that is, to make a studie and labour of it. 1600 Abp. G. Abbot Expos. Prophet Ionah xiii. 283 Such as set their whole labour on that which is but errour, and make a studie of it. 1701 H. C. De Luzancy Treat. Two Sacraments of Gospel i. v. 100 As if maintaining our Bodies were a work of time and expence, we make a study of it, and a considerable part of our case is how to please those Appetites. 1792 Gentleman's Mag. May 405/2 These new-fangled contrivances can only proceed from..the want of understanding in the purchaser, who, perhaps, never made a study of these matters. 1850 H. Bushnell God in Christ 321 They make a study of the mystic and quietistic writers. 1884 H. Hunter & W. Whyte My Ducats (1885) xxv. 374 Even in the midst of his own troubles, Lynn found himself engaged in making a study of Gertrude. 1935 Science 16 Aug. 145/2 Ernest Hemingway, the well-known author, has been making a study of the blue marlin and other large fishes in Cuban waters. 1969 G. M. Brown Orkney Tapestry 60 Into the riddling region where gods and men negotiated only an elite could trespass—men who had made a long study of the black arts. 2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 17 Apr. iii. 3/3 Orlando Palmeiro, who spot-starts and makes a careful study of pitchers, will tell you that there are some fastball pitchers who barely get out of the 80s. P4. to be a quick study: (of an actor or performer) to be quick to learn lines or a part; (hence more generally) to be quick to learn new things. Similarly to be a slow (careless, etc.) study. Cf. sense 5c. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > [verb (intransitive)] > be a slow or quick learner to be a quick study?1791 society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > acting > act [verb (intransitive)] > be quick or slow at learning to be a quick study?1791 ?1791 ‘A. Pasquin’ Eccentricities J. Edwin I. 59 She could go on for any part at a day's notice—valued herself on being a quick study. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xxiii. 220 I've got a part of twelve lengths here which I must be up in to-morrow night..; I'm a confounded quick study, that's one comfort. 1882 J. Ashton Social Life Reign of Queen Anne II. xxv. 21 Powell..was..a careless study, with a bad memory. 1897 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 254/1 There rose on the air the voice of one who was a slow study repeating the glib lines of The New Woman. 1900 J. K. Jerome Three Men on Bummel i. 13 Muriel is master of six pieces already, as perhaps you know; and all the other children are quick studies. 1954 M. Ewer Heart Untouched ix. 164 She had learnt something in these last few days. She was a quick study. 1979 Music Educators Jrnl. 66 52/3 A certain type of mechanically facile young performer (a quick study and top reader..) whose singing is neat and unthreatening. 2006 L. Smolin Trouble with Physics xvii. 289 I had done research as an undergraduate, which most of my peers had not, and I knew I was a quick study. Compounds C1. a. General attributive. (a) In sense 4, as study centre, study club, study programme, study unit, etc. ΚΠ 1846 Leicester Chron. 21 Nov. (Suppl.) 1/2 Joint-stock study clubs came from laziness and led to superficiality. The man who would study must be able to study by himself. 1892 Libr. Jrnl. July 230/1 The university and the society library, where the books are used largely in the buildings as a club-room or study centre. 1910 Universe 26 Aug. 8 Its columns have in the past led to the formation of various groups and study-clubs. 1943 I. Spafford Building Curriculum for Gen. Educ. iv. 56 The student's study program must be made up largely from courses planned to serve many students. 1978 I. L. Jensen Surv. Old Test. ii. 57 The background and setting of each Old Testament book is given at the beginning of each study unit. 1996 Sunday Tel. 4 Feb. (Review section) 2/3 There are ‘study clubs’ for growers of tomatoes, roses and carnations by which everyone is brought up to scratch and information shared. 2002 M. Ford Father Mychal Judge x. 95 The study center lies on the fringe of the campus. 2012 N.Y. Times Mag. 16 Sept. 53/2 Decades of research have demonstrated that people learn more effectively when their encounters with information are spread out over time, rather than massed into one marathon study session. (b) Designating an item used while studying, as study-book, study-cap, study-lamp, study-table, etc. ΚΠ 1549 T. Chaloner tr. Erasmus Praise of Folie sig. Qijv As though I had priuely piked our Maister doctors cunning out of their study deskes. 1610 E. Bolton Elements of Armories 49 Fitt Armes, and study-books for whom. ?1762 W. Ince & J. Mayhew Universal Syst. Houshold Furnit. (1960) 4 A Study or Writing Table, with a writing Drawer. 1831 S. Warren in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 488/2 He was in a brown dressing-gown, and study cap. 1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona xxiv. 286 I..purchased a study-book in law. 1912 Hibbert Jrnl. Oct. 121 The dullard will be more happy and useful at the plough-tail than at the study-table. 1933 Boys' Life Feb. 6/3 Bud Gillian squinted over the top of the study lamp. 2001 Chicago Tribune 17 Dec. i. 16/2 His mother, who signed a letter claiming she had educated him at home, said she told recruiters she tutored him using a thick General Equivalency Diploma studybook. (c) Designating a feature of a study (sense 7), as study door, study fire, study window, etc. ΚΠ 1565 L. Evans Brieue Admon. sig. Bij And is it also grauitie, for one taken to be the profoundest clearke of theyr companye..to gett hym a yong dame to stande at his studie doore, and so in the myddest of his newe godlynes to marye? 1629 J. Mabbe tr. C. de Fonseca Deuout Contempl. i. 12 Take off the casement from your Studie window in a windie day, and it will hurle all your papers abroad. 1646 W. Prynne Canterburies Doome 66 They being imployed to search the Archbishops study,..found these observable particulars therein. First, An English Bible of the last translation in Quarto,..lying on his Study Table. 1758 W. Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornwall vi. 64 By burning a small quantity of it, it appears more tenacious, and fitter for stone and potters ware, being reduced into a very hard clome by my study fire. 1762 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy V. i. 2 I will lock up my study door the moment I get home, and throw the key of it ninety feet below the surface of the earth. 1796 J. Woodforde Diary 16 Sept. (1929) IV. 307 Put up the Study Window-Curtain that has been lately dyed. 1823 M. M. Sherwood Henry Milner (ed. 2) iii. 17 He was always particular about the study carpet. 1871 J. R. Lowell (title) My study windows. 1974 T. Sharpe Porterhouse Blue xix. 204 Beneath his feet a rug gently slid away and Sir Godber subsided on to the study floor. 2005 Spectator 22 Oct. 40/1 His study walls are lined with books and bottles. b. Instrumental and objective, as †study-bearing, study-bred, study-racked, study-worn adjs., etc. ΚΠ 1670 J. Eachard Grounds Contempt of Clergy 25 If..instead of such either of inferiour Parts, or a feeble Constitution,..there were pick'd out those that were of a tolerable Ingenuity, of a study-bearing Body, and..as hence there is nothing to hinder our Universities from being full, so [etc.]. 1812 B. D'Israeli Calamities of Authors i. 199 Emaciated, and study-worn with hollow eyes. 1858 G. Brown Gram. of Eng. Gram. (ed. 4) iii. 576 The following study-bred example of the Doctor's, is also awkward and ungrammatical. 1861 St. James's Mag. 1 486 Brace their study-racked brains and limbs wearied with inaction by such vigorous feats as may well make experienced mountaineers turn pale with envy. 1946 R. T. Flewelling Things that matter Most i. 12 In the opening lines of Goethe's drama of Faust we have the description of a study-worn student who has taken honors in law, medicine, and theology without finding the satisfaction that he feels should come with the diplomas and the title of Doctor. 1993 J. E. Morpurgo Charles Lamb & Ella Introd. p. xxix Lamb's criticism was not all study-bred; he had practised play-writing and for him theatre-going was an addiction. 2004 Nation (Thailand) (Nexis) 11 July Hanging out in the buff can be a great stress-reliever for study-worn university students. C2. study area n. (a) an area of land chosen or available as an object of study, esp. with regard to the animal or plant life in it; (b) a subject area chosen or allocated for study. ΚΠ 1930 Ecology 11 378 Two pairs nested close to the study area. 1937 Jrnl. Pediatrics 10 269 In the study area to which reference is made, it seems that these children have very little or no inconvenience as the result of a first infection. 1965 W. C. Krumbein & F. A. Graybill Introd. Statist. Models Geol. xiii. 334 The zircon moved into the study area mainly from the southeast. 1991 ACE Bull. Jan. 10/1 The demonstration study areas..cover rule-making and group decision-taking at a class level. 2004 High Country News 19 Jan. 11/1 A land of curvy hoodoos and badlands, Ojito has been a wilderness study area since 1991. study bedroom n. a room used both as a bedroom and as a study (sense 7a), typically by a student who is resident at a university. ΚΠ 1842 New Monthly Mag. Nov. 340 Mr. Camomile Brown threw open the window of his study bedroom, and abused him in Hebrew and Sanscrit for sending him a leg of mutton without a pope's-eye in it. 1930 Times Educ. Suppl. 26 July 332/2 Study-bedrooms for 108 inmates. 2014 S. Wales Evening Post (Nexis) 5 July 12 When completed the development will combine parking, storage and commercial space along with 66 student study bedrooms. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [noun] > schoolboy > senior study-boy1858 1858 F. W. Farrar Eric i. vii. 76 A few of the ‘study-boys’ were allowed to sit up till ten, and their bedrooms were elsewhere. 1899 R. Kipling Stalky & Co. vi. 181 The four long form-rooms in which all below the rank of study-boys worked. study buddy n. Originally U.S. a companion in studying or doing homework. ΚΠ 1946 Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Gaz. 30 Aug. 12/4 Don't be a fuddy-duddy—be a study buddy! 1996 J. Whedon in Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Script Bk. (2000) 1st Season I. 10 I kind of had a problem with the math... Can you help me tonight? Please? Be my study buddy? 2012 M. Tefula How to get First 98 A good network of friends, family and study buddies will help you manage the challenges of university more effectively. study circle n. a group of people meeting regularly to study or discuss a particular topic; cf. reading circle n. at reading n.1 Compounds 1. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > learner > [noun] > group of students or pupils class1560 siege1566 classis1643 reading party1781 lecture1848 study circle1882 seminar1889 study group1892 masterclass1901 1882 Christian Union 7 Dec. 26 Can they easily get a variety of books so as to make the Sabbath evening circle not merely a reading but a study circle? 1938 L. MacNeice I crossed Minch vi. 84 They've no team spirit, they won't take part In our study circles and community art. 2014 South Bend (Indiana) Tribune (Nexis) 3 June a3 She offered to help bring students, teachers and other members of the school community together by way of study circles. study day n. a day devoted to studying; (now) esp. a day-long meeting, seminar, etc., held for the study of a particular topic or subject. ΚΠ 1659 T. White Catech. Christian Doctr. (ed. 2) ix. 123 I speak of that pleasure for which you prefer a good dinner before your ordinary fare, a play day before a study day, and the like. a1732 T. Boston Memoirs (1776) xii. 435 For about three weeks, as my study-day came about, I found myself unfitted for it. 1870 G. H. Pike Anc. Meeting-houses viii. 371 Usually he chose his texts on Monday..Wednesday and Thursday were study days..and on Saturday he enjoyed some recreation. 1932 Catholic Hist. Rev. 18 310 It organizes lecture tours, study days, and courses on agriculture throughout the Country. 1981 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 28 Oct. It's very fortunate that it was raining and the school children were home because of a study day for the teachers. 2004 Higher Mag. (Univ. London) Spring 15/2 A series of study days, rencontres and social events will serve as a means of showcasing Royal Holloway's various academic disciplines. ΚΠ 1854 G. Melly School Experiences of Fag xiii. 187 It was generally supposed he would much more easily get a good case against me than against any of the others—study-fagging being continually the cause of slight castigations. 1897 Chums 25 Aug. 11/2 Study fagging simply meant lighting the fire, and executing the wishes of the head of the study for the general good of the study. study group n. a group which meets to study or discuss a particular topic; (now frequently) spec. an investigative committee formed by a political, industrial, or other body to consider an issue, course of action, etc. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > learner > [noun] > group of students or pupils class1560 siege1566 classis1643 reading party1781 lecture1848 study circle1882 seminar1889 study group1892 masterclass1901 the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > [noun] > person conducting > committee study group1892 1892 Poet Lore Jan. 383 The Grand Rapids Shakespeare Study Group of the Ladies' Literary Club have made out their programme for the year ending April 20, 1893. 1926 Scribner's Mag. Sept. 8/2 The Foundation is accumulating a body of literature on Positive Health, for the use of individuals and organized study groups. 1948 Ann. Reg. 1947 223 Before the conference came to an end thirteen of the participating countries decided to create a ‘study group’ to examine the possibility of creating a general European Customs union. 2009 Atlantic Monthly May 62/2 He was also the head of a study group that investigated the possibility of sending a solar-sailing spacecraft to rendezvous with Halley's Comet during its once-in-a-lifetime flyby in 1986. study guide n. a book or other learning resource intended to provide assistance and support for people studying a particular topic or course. ΚΠ 1880 (title) Oxford study guides. 1949 W. A. Lewis et al. Economics vi. 161 This is illustrated in a diagram in the Study Guide. 1991 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 27 Jan. (News and Features section) 15 He made two visits to a 10th-grade classroom to..tape a 60-minute video study-guide for schools. 2010 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 11 June a1/3 The educators had distributed a detailed study guide after stealing a look at the state science test. study hall n. (a) (esp. in a school) a large room intended to be used for independent study by a number of students; (b) U.S. a period of the school day designated for independent study. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > educational buildings > [noun] > school > schoolroom > types of study placec1667 study hall1813 shop1871 homeroom1884 open classroom1969 1813 Irish Mag. Dec. 561/1 Not content with the hours prescribed by rule for prayer, he would often in the study-hall indulge in a pious motion. 1891 Tablet 12 Sept. 415 You will not get it all in the study-halls and in the class-halls. 1902 Christian Observer 19 Nov. 16/2 ‘Agnew, for Colonel's study,’..sang out the officer..just before study hall broke up. 1953 Daily Sitka (Alaska) Sentinel 29 Oct. 3/4 Friday night after study hall there was an all-school gathering for tryouts for cheer leaders. 1992 C. M. Heppner Seeds of Disquiet ix. 56 [They had underestimated] the number of incoming students and the study hall had to be outfitted with cots. 2006 R. A. Anaya Man who could Fly 74 During study hall I would pretend to read, but most often I would sit and stare over my book at her. study house n. (chiefly in religious contexts) a room, building, or institution used for or devoted to study or meditation; (now frequently) Judaism = Beth Hamidrash n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > seminary > [noun] > Jewish study house1499 yeshiva1623 Beth Hamidrash1874 1499 Promptorium Parvulorum (Pynson) sig. ciiv/1 Cell or stody hows, cella. 1683 W. Geddes Saints Recreation: 3rd Pt. (heading) 93 A Memento or Meditation to be affixed on the Muse or Study-house-door. 1857 Afr. Repository June 170/1 I think he is preparing for the ministry. He has built himself a study house. 1980 I. B. Singer Power of Light (1983) 13 It was the custom to light the Hanukkah candles at home rather than in a synagogue or studyhouse. 2000 A. Nichols in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 129/1 His life as a Dominican friar was spent in research, writing, and teaching in the study houses of the order in France. 2010 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 12 Aug. 13 Before the war, there were a hundred synagogues and study houses. study leave n. leave of absence from work granted in order to allow a person time to study or carry out research; (also) leave given to allow a school pupil to study at home, typically in order to prepare for examinations.rare in North American usage. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > [noun] > leave of absence > type of annual leave1825 parental leave1847 home leave1860 study leave1894 maternity leave1919 mat leave1947 family leave1968 paternity leave1973 1894 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 7 July 32/2 We could wish that he had seen his way to speak more decisively as to the propriety of granting study leave to officers of the Medical Staff anxious to refresh their knowledge of modern surgical and sanitary matters. 1921 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 19 Apr. 5 Medical Officers should be eligible for Study Leave after a period of five years' service. 1992 Daily Mail (Nexis) 20 May 13 The boys left school last Friday on study leave prior to their exams. 2010 Britannia 41 271 This research..was largely carried out during a period of study leave granted by the University of Kent. ΚΠ 1657 J. Watts Scribe, Pharisee 266 Passing our times in speculative notions and contemplations, as some onely Study-men, and not Pulpit-men do. study period n. a period designated for studying; esp. time set aside during the school day for independent study. ΚΠ 1850 A. A. Ballou Jrnl. 27 Sept. in A. Ballou Mem. A. A. Ballou (1853) vi. 105 My study periods are,—one hour each, and recesses arranged variously—but none less than five minutes. 1899 Evangelist 23 Feb. 15/3 The school is one in which hard work is expected, so that the scholars positively could not afford to waste the study periods. 1938 Life 6 June 49/1 When Henry is not lying, he is fighting,..talking in study period, flunking exams. 1967 Maclean's May 64 In some schools, mothers already are supervising lunch hours and study periods. 2005 J. Deaver Twelfth Card (2006) xv. 204 We'll have a study period for ten minutes before the test. study place n. a room or location used for studying; (sometimes) spec. = study hall n. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > types of room generally > [noun] > private or inner room > study studya1400 study place1563 closeta1600 studiolo1765 den1771 thinking box1911 society > education > place of education > educational buildings > [noun] > school > schoolroom > types of study placec1667 study hall1813 shop1871 homeroom1884 open classroom1969 1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Biiiv Your study places, were you wold write, draw or deuise..ought to receiue their light from the northe. c1667 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1906) 3 71 They satt to gether in the studdy place. 1738 E. A. Burgis Ann. Church III. 452 Saint Austin's next work was the finishing his commentaries on the psalms, which were partly performed in sermons to the people, and partly composed in his study-place. c1755 in B. Ward Hist. St. Edmund's Coll. (1893) 301 At two o'clock on School Days all go to ye Study Place. 1868 Schools Inq. Comm. V. ii. 227 in Parl. Papers 1867–8 XXVIII. iv. 1 Twenty minutes are allowed for breakfast; they then go back to the study place to get their books, and take them into the respective schoolrooms. 1968 Brit. Universities Ann. 20 Major buildings completed include:..further residential accommodation..and study-places for 416 students. 2006 J. Cornwell Seminary Boy i. xxviii. 75 Passing the great double doors at the entrance to the Study Place each night, I felt a surge of relief at the amnesty of Greater Silence and the night. study skills n. Education (originally U.S.) methods and techniques that aid effective learning, esp. viewed as a set of skills that can be acquired or taught; the ability to study effectively. ΚΠ 1924 School Rev. 32 177 The tests..give the pupil practice in different study-skills. 1927 Freeport (Illinois) Jrnl.-Standard 20 Oct. 3/3 ‘Study Skills’ is the name now given to the careful procedure which supervised study is teaching the child. 1976 C. D. Spielberger et al. in M. Zuckerman & C. D. Spielberger Emotions & Anxiety x. 341 Persons who are high in test anxiety may have poor study skills. 2007 Financial Times 28 July (Life & Arts section) 1/3 During his time at Magdalen, he..introduced study skills for all boys. study tour n. a tour undertaken for the purpose of studying or carrying out research. ΚΠ 1877 St. Louis (Missouri) Globe-Democrat 2 Apr. 2/5 There was given an outline of Dr. Ebell's plan for ‘study tours’ to Europe for young ladies. 1937 John o' London's Weekly 7 May 209/2 A tin to keep my damp cake of soap from coming into contact with the bristles of my toothbrush during studytours. 2005 Austral. Financial Rev. (Sydney) 16 May 36/1 (heading) In US business schools, overseas study tours have changed from glorified vacations to significant work. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2015; most recently modified version published online June 2022). studyv. I. To strive or aim. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > intend [verb (transitive)] > have as purpose or object followeOE studylOE turna1200 pursuea1382 purposec1384 to shoot atc1407 ensue1483 proponea1500 studyc1503 prick1545 tread1551 suit1560 to go for ——1568 to set (up) one's rest1572 expect1578 propose1584 propound1596 aima1616 scope1668 to set up1691 aim1821 to go in for1835 to be out for1887 to be flat out for1930 target1966 shoot1967 the world > action or operation > endeavour > searching or seeking > search for or seek [verb (transitive)] > search about for to search out?a1400 to look about1536 to feel after ——?1557 study1561 to feel for ——1569 to look out for1578 to lay out1624 to look round1630 to lay about1755 prospect1854 roust1870 to look around1927 lOE tr. R. d'Escures Sermo in Festis Sancte Marie Virginis in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 136 Seo [sc. Martha] studdede emb þa uterlice þing [L. circa exteriora occupatur], þeos oðer þa inweardlice þing gemyndelice besceawode. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Jer. vi. 13 Alle to auarice studien [L. omnes avaritiae student]. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Macc. ii. 29 Forsothe grauntynge the trewthe of alle autours, bot we oure self studyinge to shortnesse [L. brevitati studentes]. c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) l. 205 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 205 Þou studiest aftir nyce aray. ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Aiijv A great wytted man may sone be enrychyd That laboryth and studyeth for ryches only. 1561 J. Daus tr. H. Bullinger Hundred Serm. vpon Apocalips Pref. sig. B.vi v Certen thinges..I haue not set forth in these my sermons, studieng much, for breuitie. 1603 J. Stow Suruay of London (new ed.) 191 Their Prelates,..studying for mony, omitted the punishment limitted by law. 1699 T. Edwards Paraselene dismantled of her Cloud 171/2 Surely a Giddiness hath seized on these Men, while they study for Subtilty. 1759 Mod. Part Universal Hist. IX. 102 The great men of the emperor's court..make it their chief amusement, when in disgrace or banishment, to study after some new improvement or discoveries in this and other curious arts and manufactures. 1816 J. Austen Emma I. vi. 100 He does sigh and languish, and study for compliments. View more context for this quotation 2. a. intransitive. To aim, endeavour, or undertake deliberately to do something. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > undertake or set oneself to do [verb (intransitive)] found12.. to take on (also upon) one(self)a1300 assay1330 study1340 to put (also lay, set, etc.) one's hand to the ploughc1384 intendc1385 pressc1390 to put oneself in pressc1390 gatherc1400 undertakec1405 sayc1425 to fall in hand with (also to do (something))c1450 setc1485 obligea1500 essay?1515 attend1523 supprise1532 to set in foot1542 enterprise1547 address1548 to set in hand1548 prove1612 to make it one's businessa1628 engage1646 embark1647 bend1694 to take hold1868 the world > action or operation > endeavour > make an attempt or endeavour [verb (intransitive)] > to do something cuneOE seekc1000 fanda1225 suec1325 tastec1330 enforcec1340 study1340 temptc1384 intendc1385 assaila1393 proffera1393 to make meansc1395 search?a1400 fraistc1400 pursuec1400 to go aboutc1405 pretend1482 attempta1513 essay?1515 attend1523 regarda1533 offer1541 frame1545 to stand about1549 to put into (also in) practice1592 prove1612 imitate1626 snap1766 begin1833 make1880 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 232 Stude þou to bleue. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 4683 Whan þou stodyst to make þyse [sc. daunces, karols, somour games], Þou art slogh yn Goddys seruyse. c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 80 Þis very prest Gilbert stodied euery day to bere schidis to þe holy fyr whech brent in þe tabernacle. ?1482 J. Kay tr. G. Caoursin Siege of Rhodes They tourned theire fantasye and studyed wyth alle theire vertue and myghte to assaute the cytee. ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Aiij Yet amonge moste folke that man is holdyn moste wyse, whiche to be ryche studyeth only. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Thess. iv. 11 We beseche you..that ye studdy to be quyet [so 1611 King James], and to medle with youre owne busynes. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Svpper of the Lorde f. cxxij That..he [sc. the King] maye..study to preserue thy people,..in wealth, peace, and Godlynes. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xvi. 17 b They study to seek places coole & shadowous. 1639 N. N. tr. J. Du Bosc Compl. Woman ii. 59 The more lascivious study commonly to appeare most chast. 1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome 312 He study'd to do as much Mischief as he could. a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 83 No body did ever study to hurt him. 1798 J. Webbe in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 10 I have not studied to exaggerate any part of this memorandum. 1823 W. Scott Quentin Durward II. xi. 253 ‘For whom are you?’..‘For France—for France,’ answered Quentin, studying to get away. 1852 M. A. Garvey Silent Revol. xi. 156 The subtleties [printed subleties] by which priestcraft studies to confuse and darken the intellect, to etiolate and enfeeble the mind. 1898 R. Kipling Day's Work 60 So I studied to please him, an' he never took the whip from the dash—a whip drives me plumb distracted. 1959 T. S. Eliot Elder Statesman ii. 45 We've studied to avoid Anything like a nursing-home atmosphere. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > make an attempt or endeavour [verb (intransitive)] fanda1225 procurea1325 assay1370 workc1384 to put oneself in pressc1390 purchasec1400 buskc1450 study1483 fend15.. try1534 enterprise1547 to make an attempt?c1550 to give the venture1589 prove1612 nixuriate1623 to lay out1659 essay1715 to bring (also carry, drive, etc.) one's pigs to market1771 to have (or take or give) a crack1836 to make an out1843 to go to market1870 to give it a burl1917 to have a bash (at)1950 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. cclxxxxiiv/1 Eutrope..wold haue auengyd hym on somme that fled to the chirche for socour, And studyed that a lawe shold be ordeyned by themperour, that none shold flee to the chirche. 1547 J. Wilkinson tr. Aristotle Ethiques xvii. sig. D.vi It behoueth vs to studie that reason maie remaine aboue desire or concupissence. 1603 A. Willet Retection To Rdr. sig. §4v I answere briefly, that I neuer spared heretikes, but did wholy studie, that the enemies of the Church should also become mine enemies. 1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso ii. vi. 217 They should chiefly study that..clemency might clearly be seen in the punishment. 1755 S. Walker Christian ix. 239 He cannot bear, there should be the least Thing in his Conduct, which might contribute to the lamented Scene..: He knows not, that there is any such Thing; he studies that there may be none. 3. transitive. To aim at, seek to achieve. In later use chiefly: to be solicitous of, aim at (some quality in one's own action). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > intend [verb (transitive)] > have as purpose or object followeOE studylOE turna1200 pursuea1382 purposec1384 to shoot atc1407 ensue1483 proponea1500 studyc1503 prick1545 tread1551 suit1560 to go for ——1568 to set (up) one's rest1572 expect1578 propose1584 propound1596 aima1616 scope1668 to set up1691 aim1821 to go in for1835 to be out for1887 to be flat out for1930 target1966 shoot1967 c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xxxiv/1 Please..to enacte that viij. or x honest persones..enquire and examyne all such thingis as sowne wyth or ayenst the Comon wele. And as ferre as in them is to studye the remedyes of all manner thingis preiudiciall to the Cytee. 1550 J. Hooper Ouersight Jonas iv. f. lxx Gods promyse appertayneth..vnto the sorowfull afflycted beleuyng sinner, and he that wyl study the amendement of lyfe. 1606 G. Chapman Gentleman Vsher v. sig. H4 Nor studiest eminence, and the higher place Amongst thy consorts, like all other Dames. 1611 Bible (King James) Prov. xxiv. 2 For their heart studieth destruction. View more context for this quotation 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall v. 82 While some have studied Monuments, others have studiously declined them. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 233 For nothing lovelier can be found In woman, then to studie houshold good. View more context for this quotation 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 51 The three Villains studied nothing but Revenge. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. p. xliii I..most earnestly recommend to my male Readers, that they would please a little to study Variety. 1834 T. Hood Tylney Hall Introd. Sometimes it is a little close niggle, as if you studied economy in stationery. 1906 W. A. Brown Christian Theol. in Outline Pref. p. viii While I have everywhere studied brevity, I have tried not to carry condensation so far as to interfere with clearness. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > intend [verb (transitive)] willeOE meaneOE minteOE i-muntec1000 thinkOE ettlea1200 intenta1300 meanc1330 forn-castc1374 intendc1374 ettlea1400 drive1425 proposec1425 purpose1433 attend1455 suppose1474 pretend1477 mindc1478 minda1513 pretence1565 appurpose1569 to drive at ——1574 thought to1578 hight1579 pretent1587 fore-intend1622 pre-intend1647 design1655 study1663 contemplate1794 purport1803 the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > consider, deliberate [verb (transitive)] > beforehand forethinkc897 advise1385 ripea1475 prepense1509 premeditate?1526 forecast1534 prepend1534 precogitate1569 ruminatea1592 preponderate1599 preponder1624 study1663 1663 K. Philips tr. P. Corneille Pompey v. iv. 58 I know thy flame, and that t'obey its force Thou from Calphurnia study'st a Divorce [Fr. que tu n'ignores pas comme on fait les diuorces]. 1670 J. Dryden Tyrannick Love iii. i. 27 He from your bed does study a Divorce. II. To think, ponder, and related senses. 5. a. intransitive. To think intently; to meditate, reflect; (also) to try to recollect something or come to a decision. Also with about, †of, on, etc. Now English regional, U.S. regional, and Caribbean.In quot. 1895: to talk reflectively. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > meditate, reflect [verb (intransitive)] howOE study?c1225 bethinkc1300 muse1340 recorda1400 imaginec1400 to take thoughtc1450 contemplaire1474 medite1483 remord1535 contemplate?1538 ruminate1547 meditate1560 scance1606 excogitate1630 cogitate1633 reflect1772 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 149 Ach abuten þeose studieð wel swiðe. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 24 Þet ech may betere y-zy yne him-zelue yef he wyle wel studie. c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 1793 (MED) Beryn studied in the ches, al-þouȝe it nauȝt a-vailid. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xii. 287 He loked dounwarde, & studyed a goode while that he sayd noo worde. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) liii. 179 They both began to study for ye fyrst draught [i.e. move at chess]. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) i. 63 Yf youre harte be set..to study aboute the stablynge of the mynde in god, ye can not..saye hys seruyce deuoutly. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. xx When the kyng had long digested and studied on this matter, he made aunswere and sayd. 1580 J. Hester tr. L. Fioravanti Short Disc. Chirurg. sig. I.iv I..beganne to consider of the matter,..& so studying, it came in my memory, that the aire was cause of their death. ?a1600 (a1500) Sc. Troy Bk. (Cambr.) l. 64 in C. Horstmann Barbour's Legendensammlung (1882) II. 219 All wrath ande angry ine hys hert Stude studeande a litill stert. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. i. 87 You make me study of that: She was of Carthage, not of Tunis. View more context for this quotation 1647 J. Lightfoot Harmony Old Test. 49 Moses feeding his sheep and studying upon God, hath a vision of Christ in a bush. 1672 J. Dryden Conquest Granada i. iii. i. 30 (stage direct.) He walks swiftly and discomposedly studying. 1736 E. Stanley tr. T. de Saint-Hyacinthe Histoire du Prince Titi iii. 180 At length, after having a long while studied about it, he and Bibi went and gathered a good Heap of Flowers. 1811 Henry & Isabella II. 5 He was not so spiritually engrossed, but that he had time to study a little upon temporal affairs. 1844 Yorks. Comet No. 1. 1 Moare Ah studied aboot it an' war it pottered me. 1876 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Tom Sawyer xviii. 150 ‘Go on, Tom!’ ‘Just let me study a moment—just a moment. Oh, yes—you said you believed the door was open.’ 1895 Dial. Notes 1 374 Study, talk, discuss, consider... ‘I studied about her to my man when I got home.’ 1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet iv. i. 244 I was absent-minded one night when I was staking them out. Studying about something else and forgot how long the wire was. 1965 J. M. Brewer Worser Days 33 So he study, an' he study, an' he study, an' finely he come up wid what he think de right answer to de problem. 2006 C. Frazier Thirteen Moons iv. i. 279 Bear had begun studying on the matter as soon as the great auction of the Nation was announced. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > be or become confused [verb (intransitive)] wonder1297 confusec1350 maskera1375 studya1375 to annoy of?c1400 muse?c1430 marc1440 manga1450 puzzle1605 dunce1611 quandary1616 wavera1625 wilder1658 to scratch one's head1712 maffle1781 to strike up1844 turn1852 to fall over oneself1889 fuzz1930 to get the lines crossed1973 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 736 William..gan to studie stoundemele so stifly þer-onne, þat lelly be a litel while his langure gan wex. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. viii. 132 Mony tyme þis Metels han made me to studie For pers loue. 1493 Mirk's Festialis (Pynson) i. sig. miiv/1 Thenne come an aungell to Joseph. and badde he sholde take mary to his kepynge and studye no more thervpon. 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. iv. sig. Giiv Hvsband (quoth she) ye study. be mery now. And euen as ye thynke now, so come to you. c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 50 I that somtyme solide wes and sage, Begouth to studie, stupefact and strange. 1664 T. Killigrew 2nd Pt. Cicilia & Clorinda ii. v. in Comedies & Trag. 282 You shall not be seen till we have bound her; why do you study? Is there any thing in our fortune or danger worth Orante's thoughts? 1679 J. Bancroft Trag. Sertorius iii. vii. 31 What makes you study, Crassus? Is't this sight? Or is it that the Croud, neglecting us, Pay all their Vows to him? ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > think about, consider [verb (intransitive)] thinkOE thinkOE bethinka1200 umthinka1300 to have mind ofc1300 casta1340 studya1375 delivera1382 to chew the cudc1384 to take advisementa1393 stema1400 compassc1400 advisec1405 deliberc1405 to make it wisec1405 to take deliberationc1405 enter?a1413 riddlec1426 hovec1440 devise?c1450 to study by (also in) oneself?c1450 considerc1460 porec1500 regard1523 deliberate1543 to put on one's thinking or considering cap1546 contemplate1560 consult1565 perpend1568 vise1568 to consider of1569 weigh1573 ruminate1574 dascanc1579 to lay to (one's) heart1588 pondera1593 debate1594 reflect1596 comment1597 perponder1599 revolvea1600 rumine1605 consider on, upon1606 to think twice1623 reflex1631 spell1645 ponderatea1652 to turn about1725 to cast a thought, a reflection upon1736 to wake over1771 incubatea1847 mull1857 fink1888 ?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 1440 (MED) Cuthbert was gretly stonyed, And be him selfe bisily stedyed. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin ii. 28 (MED) Gretly stodied euery clerke be hym-self, but for all their labour thei cowde not fynde but oon thynge. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) li. 171 He began to study in hymself whether he shulde shewe the trouthe or eles to lye. 1574 T. Tymme tr. J. de Serres Three Partes Comm. Ciuill Warres Fraunce vi. 259 He earnestly studyed in himselfe how hee myght bring to passe to slay the Duke of Guise. ΚΠ c1520 tr. Terence Andria v. iv. in Terens in Eng. dig. D.iiii Cr. she had a nother name Ch. what was it remembrist not thow it yet Cr. I study for it [L. id quaero]. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Hvi That no man..shalt then afterwarde rather studye for [L. excogitet] reasons wherewyth to defende [etc.]. 1592 Arden of Feversham v. iii. 13 Study not for an answer; looke not down. 1609 S. Rowlands Knave of Clubbes sig. E3v A Greedy minded gripple Clearke, Had gatherd store of gould, And studied for a place secure His hoorded heap to hould. 1613 T. Adams White Deuil Ep. Ded. sig. A2 This Sermon beares so strange a title in the forhead, that I durst not (a while) study for a Patronage to it. 1688 P. Pett Happy Future State of Eng. 75 The Translator studied for hard words in the room of plain ones, as for the Passeover, phase. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 16 Mar. (1965) I. 390 I am in great danger of loseing my English... I am forc'd to study for expressions. 1732 J. Swift Let. 10 July in Wks. (1814) XVIII. 78 I found a moral first and studied for a fable. 1751 S. Richardson Clarissa (ed. 3) VII. lxxvii. 297 She must have studied for an expedient. 1767 tr. D. Cranz Hist. Greenland I. ix. 390 Their children..simply tell their desires to the parents without studying for words. 1882 Educ. Rev. Dec. 125/2 This poor soul had studied for words, and had found a word similar in sound to Methodists. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > be occupied or busy (in or at something) [verb (intransitive)] > devote or apply oneself to something study1340 yield?a1366 voida1382 vacatea1706 to give of oneself1926 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 34 Þet is þe maystresse þet heþ zuo greate scole... Vor alle manere of uolk studieþ ine auarice. c1450 tr. Secreta Secret. (Royal) 3 For euyr he was stodiyng in good and gracious thewes. 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iv. i. 161 Whan the gouernours studye in wisedom. c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 23 Otheris yat studyit nocht jn the keping of leautee bot mare In the contrufing of falshede. ?a1594 R. Greenham Wks. (ed. 5) 835 As..the gamester on his pastime, is not wearie in sitting vp whole nights and daies: so the godly on Gods law, they studie in it night and day. 1662 J. Chandler tr. J. B. van Helmont Oriatrike xxiii. 157 They who study in Adepticall things, do strive to promote their labour of wisdom by the objects of sight. a. transitive with indirect question as object. To debate with oneself, deliberate, consider; to try to work out. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > think about, consider [verb (intransitive)] thinkOE thinkOE bethinka1200 umthinka1300 to have mind ofc1300 casta1340 studya1375 delivera1382 to chew the cudc1384 to take advisementa1393 stema1400 compassc1400 advisec1405 deliberc1405 to make it wisec1405 to take deliberationc1405 enter?a1413 riddlec1426 hovec1440 devise?c1450 to study by (also in) oneself?c1450 considerc1460 porec1500 regard1523 deliberate1543 to put on one's thinking or considering cap1546 contemplate1560 consult1565 perpend1568 vise1568 to consider of1569 weigh1573 ruminate1574 dascanc1579 to lay to (one's) heart1588 pondera1593 debate1594 reflect1596 comment1597 perponder1599 revolvea1600 rumine1605 consider on, upon1606 to think twice1623 reflex1631 spell1645 ponderatea1652 to turn about1725 to cast a thought, a reflection upon1736 to wake over1771 incubatea1847 mull1857 fink1888 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1657 Þan studied þei a gret stounde stifli to-gadere, bi what wise þei miȝt best buske of þat þede. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 22166 Þai sal be studiand in þair thoght, Queþer þat he be crist or nai. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xiii. §2. 47 Thai kast and studis how thai moght doe in dede that thai haf wickidly thoght. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xii. 178 He..be-gan to stodye how he myght spede to go the kynge Arthur. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cl. 570 She stode styl and studyed what voyce it myght be. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II v. v. 1 I haue beene studying how I may compare This prison where I liue, vnto the world. View more context for this quotation 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne v. xcii. 93 He studied how to feed that mightie host. 1694 F. Atterbury Scorner Incapable of Wisdom 10 Every man is continually Studying how to put a Trick upon his Neighbour. 1720 D. Manley Power of Love i. 78 Go, whilst I study how to have thee punish'd as thou dost deserve, for a Warning to all traitorous and disloyal Servants. 1788 A. Hughes Henry & Isabella III. 79 She determined..not to study what would best deceive her friends and the world; but [etc.]. 1820 W. Scott Monastery III. viii. 215 The castle is a kind of hell..while he is in his mood, studying how he may best advantage himself. b. transitive with indirect question as object. To ask oneself without necessarily seeking an answer; to wonder, muse upon, ponder (something unknown or unknowable). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > feel curious about [verb (transitive)] wonder1297 beseecha1325 marvela1393 studyc1400 mire1582 c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 223 Þow studyest, as I leue, How euere beste or brydde hath so breme wittes. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox, Wolf, & Husbandman l. 2264 in Poems (1981) 86 I studdie, quhy ȝe suld stop me, Sen that I faltit neuer to ȝou. a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. Dd.vjv I studye soore what hath meued the to leaue chyualrye. 1658 J. Quarles Hist. Most Vile Dimagoras i. 8 Whilst I study why And what I live for, I despair to dye. 8. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > meditate upon [verb (transitive)] thinkOE overthinkOE recorda1400 studya1400 imaginec1405 revolve?c1425 contemplairec1525 brood1589 recollect1626 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7128 Þis [sc. Samson's riddle] it was quen þai had soght, And stodid thre dais, al for noght. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 116 Studie þou þe dede of Crist, and knitt oo witt wiþ anoþer. 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iv. viii. 186 To gyue hem cause to leue her pensifnes and sorowes, In auysynge & studyynge this game. 1557 W. Whittingham et al. in tr. Psalmes of Dauid i. 5 It semeth he did sett this psalme first in maner of a preface, to exhorte all Godly men to studie and meditate the heauenly wisdome. a1631 R. Bolton Three-fold Treat.: Saints Guide (1634) 210 Another Reason may be, because Ministers doe not so much meditate and study divine and heavenly things, but trouble themselves too much in the affaires of the World. 1695 J. Fisher Honour of Marriage Ep. Ded. sig. A2 A Rule this is which God has given us, and which every Christian especially must consider and study with Fear and Veneration. 1777 J. Brand Observ. Pop. Antiq. 386 Ennius of old, has made that very sensible Remark, that what Men studied and pondered in the Day Time, the same they dreamed on at Night. 1796 S. Nicklin Addr. to Young Lady I. 2 I cannot hope to offer anything new on religion to one who, like you, has been so long accustomed to study and meditate the sublime truths of Christianity. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > perplexity, bewilderment > act of perplexing > confuse, perplex, bewilder [verb (transitive)] abobc1330 confusec1350 confoundc1374 cumbera1375 passc1384 maskerc1400 mopc1425 enose1430 manga1450 overmusec1460 perplex1477 maze1482 enmuse1502 ruffle?a1505 unsteady1532 entangle1540 duddle1548 intricate1548 distraught1579 distract1582 mizzle1583 moider1587 amuse1595 mist1598 bepuzzle1599 gravel1601 plunder1601 puzzle1603 intrigue1612 vexa1613 metagrobolize?a1616 befumea1618 fuddle1617 crucify1621 bumfiddlea1625 implicate1625 giddify1628 wilder1642 buzzlea1644 empuzzle1646 dunce1649 addle1652 meander1652 emberlucock1653 flounder1654 study1654 disorient1655 embarrass?1656 essome1660 embrangle1664 jumble1668 dunt1672 muse1673 clutter1685 emblustricate1693 fluster1720 disorientate1728 obfuscate1729 fickle1736 flustrate1797 unharmonize1797 mystify1806 maffle1811 boggle1835 unballast1836 stomber1841 throw1844 serpentine1850 unbalance1856 tickle1865 fog1872 bumfuzzle1878 wander1897 to put off1909 defeat1914 dither1919 befuddle1926 ungear1931 to screw up1941 1654 T. Whalley Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. cclxxxvi. 602 Your noting their defects..more studied me. c. transitive. Caribbean. To have in mind, be thinking about; esp. to worry about, brood over. Also with clause as object. ΚΠ 1880 C. Ives Isles of Summer x. 159 Wouldn't you be karful of dem hundred dollars? Wouldn't yer mind and study how yer spend 'em? 1975 T. Callender It so Happen 105 You know how many nights I lay down and cry when I study that I ain't even know where you is or what you doing? 1984 P. Keens-Douglas Lal Shop 101 Yu studyin' yu granmudder? She done reach 80 already, Study dem young people who deadin' stupid, stupid so. 1990 M. Collins Rain Darling 118 You too serious. Just laugh at them. Don't study them. Is just jokes. It don't mean nothing. 9. transitive. To think out, devise, contrive. In later use only with out. Now rare (chiefly North American). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > invention, devising > invent, devise [verb (transitive)] findeOE understand1297 devisea1300 shapec1381 warpa1387 enginec1400 weavec1420 reparel1434 studyc1530 conjecture1551 spina1575 ingeniate1592 think1599 to pattern out1601 decoct1602 smooth1603 to fetch about1611 fancy1635 plait1642 erect1646 c1530 A. Barclay Egloges i. sig. E.iv From all defence yf they be clere & quyte Than lye they in wayte, them sharply to bacbyte Some for them study, frawdys dysceyt & gyle. 1559 Certayne Serm. (new ed.) sig. I.iv Suche as he hath commaunded in his holy Scripture, and not suche woorkes as menne haue studyed out of their owne brayne. [1549 sig. I.ivvreads haue immagined of their awne brayne.] 1619 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Maides Trag. v. sig. L1v Thou art some prating Fellow, One that hath studied out a tricke to talke And moue soft harted people. a1637 B. Jonson Sad Shepherd i. iii. 74 in Wks. (1640) III I will study some revenge past this! View more context for this quotation 1700 R. Newnam Complaint Eng. Subj. (new ed.) i. 28 If they had..Imploy'd their Wits in making all manner of honest shifts, to keep the Poor on work, as they then did in studying out all manner of knavish Ways..to make a meer prey on the Poor. 1782 J. Warton Ess. on Pope (new ed.) II. viii. 78 The temple itself is nobly and magnificently studied. 1845 R. C. Trench Fitness Holy Script. vi. 115 We might study out a system; but how can we ever study out a person? 1906 Detroit Free Press 15 June 12/5 He [sc. an escapologist] has not yet attempted the automatic lock at the jail, but says he is studying out a method of doing so. 1921 H. Landon Gray Phantom xx. 266 Right away he began to study out a way of beating Mr. Shei's game. 10. transitive. To pay practical regard to, show consideration for (a person's wishes, feelings, or interests). Hence (colloquial): to accommodate the feelings or convenience of, to humour (a person). Now chiefly Caribbean. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > take care about [verb (transitive)] lookeOE heeda1225 recka1225 intendc1374 curec1384 observec1390 fandc1425 to see unto ——a1470 wake1525 regard1526 tend1549 study1557 foresee1565 beware1566 to have the care of1579 reckon1622 mind1740 1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 454 He alwaies studied the wealth of his people. 1623 T. Powell Wheresoeuer you see Mee 17 There goes he that labours for you most industriously, studies your good right carefully. 1675 Ape-gentle-woman 3 Her Father studying her inclinations, finding them light, being willing to put her to a Trade agreeable to her humour, wisely designs her for the Exchange. 1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. xvii. 534 Where a person..is continually studying our advantage. 1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. 31 [He] soon studied her convenience. 1853 C. Dickens Bleak House ii. 9 I [sc. a tradesman] have been accustomed to study the leaders of my high connexion. 1858 J. W. Carlyle Lett. II. 352 With no husband to study, housekeeping is mere play. 1861 F. W. Robinson No Church III. v. v. 258 Say that, to set her free, I have to ask the law to take you prisoner again, do you think for a moment I should study you in saving her? 1891 Times (Weekly ed.) 1 Nov. 875/3 She was willing to study their wishes to a certain extent. 1895 Law Times 99 545/2 We best serve our own interests in studying the interests of those for whom we act. 1909 Spectator 25 Sept. 451/1 They speak of a sensitive child who must be studied. 1940 E. Dupuch Smokey Joe Says 61 Dey ain't gon have time t' tink 'bout d' sixty-tousan' peepul us. Dey ain't gon study us. 1993 TnT Mirror (Trinidad & Tobago) 3 Jan. 26 The people in the back here don't make so much noise, so you will find that the government don't have us to study. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > consider, deliberate [verb (transitive)] i-thenchec897 showeOE i-mune971 thinkOE overthinkOE takec1175 umbethinkc1175 waltc1200 bethinkc1220 wend?c1225 weighc1380 delivera1382 peisea1382 considerc1385 musec1390 to look over ——a1393 advise?c1400 debatec1400 roll?c1400 revert?a1425 advertc1425 deliberc1425 movec1425 musec1425 revolvec1425 contemplec1429 overseec1440 to think overc1440 perpend1447 roil1447 pondera1450 to eat inc1450 involvec1470 ponderate?a1475 reputec1475 counterpoise1477 poisea1483 traversec1487 umbecast1487 digest1488 undercast1489 overhalec1500 rumble1519 volve?1520 compassa1522 recount1526 trutinate1528 cast1530 expend1531 ruminate1533 concoct1534 contemplate1538 deliberate1540 revolute1553 chawa1558 to turn over1568 cud1569 cogitate1570 huik1570 chew1579 meditatec1580 discourse1581 speculate1599 theorize1599 scance1603 verse1614 pensitate1623 agitate1629 spell1633 view1637 study1659 designa1676 introspect1683 troll1685 balance1692 to figure on or upon1837 reflect1862 mull1873 to mull over1874 scour1882 mill1905 1659 D. Pell Πελαγος Ep. Ded. sig. C And, I hope that you will see some thing in this peece worth the relishing. I will assure you, it was never writ, studied, nor composed on Land, but in a turbulent Sea. 1668 J. Evelyn tr. R. Fréart Idea Perfection Painting 120 Intelligent men, who finding nothing of rare and well studied in their Works..will be soon wearied with a transitory view of their Labors. 1715 H. Felton Diss. reading Classics (ed. 2) 202 His Words flowed rather from Nature than Art; and where they appear most to be studied, they appear at the same time to be most affected. 1765 Monthly Rev. Dec. 441 The sense and language of the inspired writers were more carefully studied, and more accurately unfolded. 1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin II. xxvi. 98 It was tied up with an evident eye to the contrast of color, and the arrangement of every leaf had carefully been studied. 1857 A. Trollope Barchester Towers xxxii The epistle to Mr. Towers was studied, and recopied, and elaborated at the cost of so many minutes, that [etc.]. III. To acquire knowledge, and related senses. 12. a. intransitive. To devote time and effort to acquiring knowledge, esp. by means of written sources, observation, or experiment; to apply one's mind to learning. Formerly also with †in, †on, †upon (a subject). ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [verb (intransitive)] estudya1250 studyc1300 travail1570 studify1775 c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) 282 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 501 He lynede adoun vpon his boc, þo he nemiȝte studie nomore. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 281 In bok, while he was þore, He stodieþ euer, þat stiþe. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 184 What sholde he studie, and make hym seluen wood Vp on a book in Cloystre alwey to poure. c1450 tr. Secreta Secret. (Royal) 21 The nobille Plato he stodied in the science of Astronomye. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 741/2 I wolde fayne be a great clerke, but I love not to studye. 1600 N. Breton Strange Fortunes Two Excellent Princes 20 I see you study not for nothing, I beleue you read Ouid, you would seeme to make such a Metamorphosis of your self. 1661 H. Newcome Diary (1849) 9 I kept in all ye afternoone and studdyed on another doct. on my text Act. xxiv. 25. 1709 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1886) II. 245 [Harduin] maliciously asserts that the Cardinal's way of studying was to read Indexes. 1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. vii. 20 [He] Now rakes at Rome, and now to Athens flies; Intensely studies with the Learn'd and Wise. 1773 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 164/1 He got up, alighted his candle, and sat down to study. 1835 J. A. Heraud Descent into Hell (ed. 2) iii. 113 Came Sages from the Orient to accord Homage and tribute to the Child divine, For they had studied in the written Word And in the East beheld his Star. a1864 N. Hawthorne Septimius Felton (1872) 56 The low-ceilinged eastern room where he studied. 1921 Amer. Woman Jan. 5/4 You will spend your forenoon studying, Mary. See that you learn well your lessons, so as not to annoy your father. 1983 Black Belt June 44/3 The young Chinese monk had studied long and hard. His mind was a quietly disciplined vessel. 2001 J. Franzen Corrections 378 Denise began to spend Friday nights studying by herself. She acquired a rep as an ice queen and possible lesbian. b. transitive. To devote time and effort to acquiring knowledge of (a science, art, language, etc.). ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] con?a1425 study1445 can1496 estudy1550 discur1586 to con over1605 1445 tr. Claudian's De Consulatu Stilichonis in Anglia (1905) 28 273 Aonias also, which crafte of musys studyed. 1481 tr. Cicero De Senectute (Caxton) sig. d1v The aged mans office is to mynistre his sage counseill by his instruction to the yong oratours studyeng the lawes. a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 284 (MED) Hoso wil fyndyn þat he must stodyyn. 1516 Kalendre Newe Legende Eng. (Pynson) 28 b As he was studyinge arythmetryke, his moder then latlye deed apperyd to hym. 1593 R. Harvey Philadelphus 15 The History of Brute and Brutans setteth forth... Genealogy or issue which they had, Artes which they studied, Actes which they did. a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) i. i. 40 In briefe sir, studie what you most affect. View more context for this quotation 1634 T. Hawkins tr. G. B. Manzini Polit. Observ. 36 Happy he, who studieth prudence on anothers bookes. 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 263 Studying all the Arts of Thrift, will Travel for Fifty Shillings. 1714 in J. Locke Wks. III. 74 If a Gentleman be to study any Language, it ought to be that of his own Country. 1750 W. Warburton Julian Introd. p. xxxviii That very Philosophy, which was then adopted to explain articles of Faith, was now studied only to instruct us in the history of the human mind [etc.]. 1788 A. Hughes Henry & Isabella III. 28 Our heroine had not at all studied the rules of whist, and practised them very little. 1833 G. Combe Lect. Pop. Educ. (1848) i. 14 They have wasted in studying—or in attempting to study—Greek and Latin, the only time which their pressing occupations left at their command. 1878 A. M. M. Stedman Oxf.: Social & Intellect. Life 280 Political Economy may be studied in Fawcett or Mill. 1907 A. W. Besant Introd. Yoga i. 6 You can study the laws of the whole, and in Yoga you learn to apply those same laws to your own consciousness rationally and definitely. 1952 Time 29 Sept. 18/1 Holdfast's strategists had developed their plan after studying German tactics in the long retreat from Stalingrad. 2001 Guardian 10 Nov. i. 18/4 Hale studied Spanish and French in class, and Hopi and Jemez after the bell had rung. c. transitive (reflexive) with complement. To put oneself into a specified state or condition by studying. ΚΠ 1597 N. Breton Wil of Wit f. 25 What? hast thou studied thy self starke mad? thou speakest so vndirectely? 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. iii. xiv. 165 If he be a Scholler so commended for his much reading,..hee will eviscerate himselfe like a spider, study himselfe to death. a1679 R. Wild Benefice (1689) i. 8 Here he steals a Word, and there he filches a Line, as we Boys do for Theams. He hath studied himself out of his Wits about it. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 132. ⁋1 A Gentleman that had studied himself dumb. 1725 N. Bailey tr. Erasmus All Familiar Colloquies 16 I approve well enough of studying hard, but not to study my self to death. 1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 227 I have not yet studied myself into a habit of investigating the Minutiae of Nature. 1896 J. A. Davis Young Mandarin xvii. 214 He is studying himself to death. 1914 Sun (Baltimore) 26 Sept. 14/5 I have never seen a college girl who studied herself into a decline. 2000 Washington Post 23 Jan. (Mag.) 14 By the time I became a teenager, I was determined to study myself into a better place. 13. a. transitive. To read (a book, a passage, an author) with close attention. ΘΚΠ society > communication > reading > [verb (transitive)] > read attentively or laboriously spella1400 studya1425 nit1596 finger1653 syllable1724 society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > study by reading studya1425 revolve1485 to read up1842 a1425 Dialogue Reason & Adversity (Cambr.) (1968) 37 (MED) Manye studien seche stories..for to kunne talke of perfeccioun. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 247 Good bokys to rede and study. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Aiii But rather I beseche all the reders so to study this present treatyse, that [etc.]. 1568 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Dial Princes (rev. ed.) iii. xxxii. f. 53v The children of vanyty are occupyed many years in the schools to learn rethoryk, they excercise them selues in philosophy, they here Aristottel, they learn Homere without booke, they study Cicero. 1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. To Rdr. sig. A4v If we doe not studie them [sc. the Scriptures]. 1683 D. Granville Jrnl. 13 Mar. in Remains (1865) II. 109 I had press'd the Cleargy for many years together to study their Common Prayer-book. 1701 D. Defoe True-born Englishman ii. 29 The Learned Men who study Aristotle. 1798 Scots Mag. Dec. 310/2 The principal difficulty in studying Chinese books arises from the general exclusion of the auxiliary particle of colloquial Language. 1844 E. FitzGerald Lett. (1889) I. 125 Think of the rocococity of a gentleman studying Seneca in the middle of February 1844 in a remarkably damp cottage. 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. Pref. p. viii One cannot be always studying one's own works. 1881 P. Brooks Candle of Lord 60 A text which we have once studied is like a star upon which we have once looked through the telescope. 1910 Month Jan. 2 I have read promiscuously in the Miscellaneous Writings, sampling nearly everything and studying some sections carefully. 1960 P. G. Wodehouse Let. 7 Jan. in Yours, Plum (1990) 235 Ethel and I have become very keen on bridge... We play double dummy every night and during the day I study Goren's bridge books. 2011 Vanity Fair May 76/1 He has studied the plays so many times he knows them by heart. b. transitive. Theatre. To memorize (lines); to acquire knowledge and understanding of (a part, etc.). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > acting > act [verb (transitive)] > learn (a part) study?1552 wing1885 swallow1890 ?1552 J. Bale Expostulation agaynste Papyst sig. C.iii He most shamefully reuyled a seruaunt of that house calling hym heretyke aud knaue, because he had begonne to studie a parte in suche a Comedie. 1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet ii. ii. 543 And could'st not thou for a neede study me Some dozen or sixteene lines? a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) i. v. 171 I can say little more then I haue studied, & that question's out of my part. View more context for this quotation 1688 M. Prior Ode Exod. iii. 14 vi And he too..Studies new Lines, and other Circles feigns. 1778 F. Burney Evelina I. x. 29 I could hardly believe he [sc. Garrick] had studied a written part, for every word seemed spoke from the impulse of the moment. 1779 Mirror No. 9. ⁋2 The part of Lear was to be performed by an actor who had studied the character under the English Roscius. 1859 Constit. Press Oct. 42 Dessoir was at this time studying the part of Richard the Third, which he had never played. a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) II. xiv. 350 ‘Study the part of Lola—learn the lines,’ said he, when he had finished his reflecting. 1941 Life 28 Apr. 106/2 Seat 5 is a radio actress studying a script and clearly wanting no attention now. 2004 ‘J. Jameson’ & N. Strauss How to make Love like Porn Star iv. x. 372 We would walk around all day running lines and improvising in character. I spent hours studying my lines. 14. a. intransitive. To undertake a formal course of educational or professional study at a university, college, or the like; to be a student or learner for a specified qualification, etc., or under a specified teacher. Formerly also with in (a subject). ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > [verb (intransitive)] > go to university studyc1447 to go up1848 scholarize1894 c1447 in H. Anstey Epistolae Academicae Oxon. (1898) I. 261 (MED) Many of yowr..kynnesmen hav studyed..in þe saide Universite. c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 17 Alipius..was at Cartage, stodying in rethorik. 1531 in J. W. Clay North Country Wills (1908) I. 127 Powr scolers..in eyther of thunyversites..there studying in holy Dyvinitie. 1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. iv. sig. I4 When in Tolledo there I studied, It was my chaunce to write a tragedie. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 6 Each man paid a Lubeck shilling for tribute, my selfe onely excepted, who had that priviledge because I went to study in the Universities. 1683 A. Marsh Confession New Married Couple viii. 155 It is yet fresh in her memory, that when her Brother studied at Oxford, what a divellish deal of mony it cost. 1758 J. Armstrong Sketches 55 Vandyke studied under Rubens. 1780 Mirror No. 70 They had grown up at the same schools, and studied under the same masters. 1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. II. 134 I presume you have studied for the bar? 1898 A. Sutherland in H. G. Turner & S. Developm. Austral. Lit. 132 Now he had a chance of studying at the hands of Tom Sayers, afterwards the pugilist hero of England. 1920 Rec. Christian Work Apr. 263/2 The third son, a lieutenant in aviation in the Indian Army, is now studying at King's College, London. 1964 New Scientist 24 June 828/1 He is a graduate of Yale University and studied for his D.Phil at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. 1978 W. F. Buckley Stained Glass xii. 110 She had actually studied under Clara Schumann. 2010 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 20 Jan. d6/3 Studious young men and women bend to the task of assembling cold antipasti and hot espressos..: gastro-nerds studying at the University of Meyer. b. transitive. To be a student of (a specific subject) at a university, college, etc.; to be occupied with as the subject of one's formal course of study or training. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > as a course or training study1530 1530 W. Tyndale Pract. Prelates sig. Eviijv When the[y] be admitted vnto studye diuinyte. 1569 T. Underdowne tr. Ovid Inuectiue against Ibis Pref. sig. sig. A vij Ouid..was a gentleman of a good house,..who rather to please hys father, then for any loue he bare thervnto, studyed the lawe. But after his decease, he returned to his olde study of Poetry againe. 1611 G. H. tr. Anti-Coton 35 Being asked whether hee had studyed Diuinitie in the Colledge of Iesuites, he answered: Yea, [etc.]. 1700 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) V. 438 The Chancery requiring so little skill in deepe law-learning, so the practiser can Talke eloquently, & that Court so profitable, very few care to study the law to any purpose. 1790 ‘P. Pindar’ Rowland for Oliver 14 So [I] ask'd my daddy's leave to study Printing. 1841 Penny Cycl. XXI. 184/1 The university of Göttingen, where Seetzen from 1785–88 studied medicine, the natural sciences, [etc.]. 1896 D. Scott in M. Atwood & R. Weaver Oxf. Bk. Canad. Short Stories (1986) 24 He was studious and read a great deal, and was always talking to the curé about studying the law. 1913 Crisis May 18/1 He studied medicine at Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Boston University. 1967 J. B. Keane Lett. of Successful TD viii, in Celebrated Lett. (1996) 55 You should have studied Economics, not Medicine. You're the best warrant I ever knew to screw money out of a person. 2001 Y. Berg Power of Kabbalah (2004) v. 188 Dr. Artur Spokojny..is a board-certified internist and cardiologist. He studied medicine at Harvard and graduated summa cum laude from Düsseldorf University. ΘΚΠ society > education > [verb (intransitive)] read?1458 study1569 educationize1835 1569 E. Fenton tr. P. Boaistuau Certaine Secrete Wonders Nature f. 63 Were they not so finely studied [Fr. si rusez] nor so well armed in the secretes of their sciences. 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost i. i. 80 Studie me how to please the eye in deede, By fixing it vppon a fayrer eye. View more context for this quotation 1645 E. Calamy England's Antidote Ep. Ded. sig. A4v The Lord make you Students of such things, which..will study you into Christ, and into Heaven. a1662 P. Heylyn Aerius Redivivus (1670) 54 The State of Avignion,..being visited with such of the French Preachers as had been studied at Geneva. 1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. ii. §5 And after, speaking of their Kings being studied in their arts as well as others of the Priests, he adds, [etc.]. 1690 T. Betterton Prophetess i. 10 Knowing my Fortune so precisely, Mother, Methinks you should be studied in your own, In your own Destiny, methinks, most perfect. 1818 E. Toner Let. 7 June in K. Miller et al. Irish Immigrants in Land of Canaan (2003) 229 If he had five Boys he would study them himself. 15. a. transitive. To examine in detail; to try to understand or become minutely acquainted with (a phenomenon, state of circumstances, series of events, person's character, etc.); (also) to investigate, look into. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > close examination, scrutiny > scrutinize [verb (transitive)] through-seekOE gropea1250 to search outa1382 ensearch1382 boltc1386 examinea1387 ransackc1390 ripea1400 search1409 overreach?a1425 considerc1425 perquirec1460 examec1480 peruse?1520 grounda1529 study1528 oversearch1532 perscrute1536 scrute1536 to go over ——1537 scan1548 examinate1560 rifle1566 to consider of1569 excuss1570 ripe1573 sift1573 sift1577 to pry into ——1581 dive1582 rub1591 explore1596 pervestigate1610 dissecta1631 profound1643 circumspect1667 scrutinize1671 perscrutatea1679 introspect1683 rummage1690 reconnoitre1740 scrutinate1742 to look through1744 scrutiny1755 parse1788 gun1819 cat-haul1840 vivisect1876 scour1882 microscope1888 tooth-comb1893 X-ray1896 comb1904 fine-tooth comb1949 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xliii He shal haue an accyon of det for the nonpayment of the .xl. [shillings]. Nat withstandynge the sayd release. Study the cause of the dyuersyte betwene these two causes. 1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio Hist. Uniting Portugall to Castill 131 Who had sent John de Noghera to the Vniuersitie of Coimbra, to studie the point of their pretended election. 1658 R. Flecknoe Enigmaticall Characters 76 In Grammer Schools, where they study Boyes so long, they are marr'd for ever studying men. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) x. 70 So as it becomes a Trade to study and make Advantages of these Irregularities [in the value of coin]. 1727 D. Defoe Syst. Magick i. ii. 47 Among these, some studied the Microcosm of human Bodies, and searcht both Distemper and Medicin. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 40 A man must not presume to use his reason, unless he has studied the categories, and can chop logic by mode and figure. a1807 J. Opie Lect. on Painting (1809) 144 In studying and copying the works of old and celebrated masters, it is proper, however, that [etc.]. 1830 R. Knox tr. P. A. Béclard Elements Gen. Anat. 42 The anatomist may study the human body in two different states. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 105 Over the room which he occupied in the King's Bench prison lodged another offender whose character well deserves to be studied. 1885 ‘H. Conway’ Family Affair III. iii. 40 The more he studied the situation the more apparent it became that, to use his own words, he was in a cleft stick. 1907 A. W. Stewart Stereochem. 546 Brion studied the action of the animal organism upon the four tartaric acids. 1918 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Mar. 126/2 It is through the writings of Tolstoy and others that the intelligent public has studied Russia. 1983 ABA Jrnl. May 566 After studying the issue for 18 months, the California Commission on Personal Privacy..issued its report last winter. 2002 J. McGahern That they may face Rising Sun (2003) 178 ‘Do you know what I'm thinking?’ said Mary, who had been studying it all quietly. ‘That woman may be more than he bargained for.’ b. transitive. To scrutinize (a visible object) in order to ascertain its nature or to interpret or become familiar with its appearance; (also) to look at intently.In quot. 1616 with punning reference to sense 12b. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > examine or inspect through-lookc1175 spyc1325 to see overc1475 to see over ——1490 view1544 overview1549 sight1556 pervise1577 speculate1616 study1616 to have (also take) a look1673 to have a look1725 to eye over1795 scan1798 search1811 survey1860 skin1876 1616 R. Anton Philosophers Satyrs 5 But that my dutie, bids me shew my hart; Ladies, not Subiects faces, studie Art. 1630 W. Davenant Just Ital. i. sig. C1v The Geographicke Captaine shall no more Studie the Town Mappe. 1662 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 3rd Pt. 528 The curious Limner studies the face of the man before he makes his draught. 1700 J. Dryden Fables Ded. sig. C You have studied every Spot of Ground in Flanders, which..has been the Scene of Battles and of Sieges. 1763 C. Pitt in F. Fawkes & W. Woty Poet. Cal. X. 89 That two-legg'd dog, still pawing on the Peer: Studying his looks, and, watching at the board, He gapes to catch the droppings of my lord. 1801 M. Edgeworth Prussian Vase in Moral Tales III. 33 Many studied the countenance of the king, to discover what his wishes might be. 1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen xiv. 200 By ravishing, and studying the contents of my dearest portmanteaus. 1878 A. M. M. Stedman Oxf.: Social & Intellect. Life 286 Finally he will study the specimens in the Court with the aid of the Catalogues of the Oxford Museum. 1889 Cent. Mag. May 85/2 He was studying the toe of his foot visible through a rift in his well-worn brogan. 1908 R. Bagot Anthony Cuthbert xxi. 257 She was engaged in studying her sister-in-law's figure and personality attentively. 1958 ‘R. Crompton’ William's Television Show vi. 162 William took his ‘Bob-a-Job’ book from his pocket and studied it complacently. 1978 A. Maupin Tales of City (1989) xxxv. 119 DeDe dug into her Obiko shoulder bag and produced the..scarf. Frannie studied it at arm's length, sipping her Mai Tai all the time. 2005 New Yorker 13 June 146/3 I studied the blank expanse of the floor wall, searching for the thing to say. Phrasal verbs to study up 1. transitive. colloquial. To work at acquiring knowledge of (a subject), esp. for a specific purpose. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [verb (intransitive)] > study diligently or hard porec1387 muzz?1744 sap1830 bone1832 to study up1846 mug1848 grind1855 swot1860 stew1866 swank1890 groise1913 society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > cram prepare1586 cram1825 to get up1828 to study up1846 1846 Amer. Rev. June 670/1 The philosophic and classical Scotsman did not half study up the subject. 1880 ‘M. Twain’ Tramp Abroad xxiv. 412 Studying up the subject of Alpine climbing. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xviii. [Penelope] 694 He knows a lot..about the body and the insides I often wanted to study up that myself. 1983 J. Richman Traffic Wardens vi. 156 Our purpose is now centred on ‘studying up’ the traffic warden organisation. 2. intransitive. Chiefly U.S. colloquial. To learn about something by close study, esp. for a specific purpose. Frequently with on, in. ΚΠ 1857 Cultivator Feb. 50 Every young farmer who has not already ‘studied up’ on chemistry, would be benefitted by its careful perusal. 1871 W. Whitman Democratic Vistas 4 Bear in mind, too, that they are not the result of studying up in political economy. 1946 Chicago Daily News 25 June 31/3 Ah'll git a li'l closer, an' study up on him! 1970 N. Armstrong et al. First on Moon vi. 131 He had studied up on vineyards so he could tell wonderful stories about them. 1980 J. Ball Then came Violence ii. 10 ‘We know quite a lot about Pasadena,’ he said. ‘Have you been studying up?’ the chief asked. 2008 Herald (Austral.) Sun (Nexis) 22 Mar. 101 Good Easter campers like to be organised. They study up on the fauna and flora, the nearest ice shops, petrol stations and hospitals. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2015; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < |
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