† starklyadj.

Forms: early Middle English starlich, early Middle English starclich, early Middle English sterclich.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: stark adj., -ly suffix¹.

Etymology: < stark adj. + -ly suffix¹. Compare earlier starkly adv.With the form starlich (from the Otho manuscript of Laȝamon's Brut) compare note at starkly adv.

Obsolete.

Violent, fierce.Only in Laȝamon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective]

retheeOE

hotOE

strongOE

woodlyc1000

un-i-rideOE

stoura1122

brathc1175

unridec1175

unrudec1225

starklyc1275

toughc1275

wood1297

ragec1330

unrekena1350

biga1375

furialc1386

outrageousc1390

savagea1393

violenta1393

bremelya1400

snarta1400

wrothlya1400

fightingc1400

runishc1400

dour?a1425

derfc1440

churlousa1450

roida1450

fervent1465

churlish1477

orgulous1483

felona1500

brathfula1522

brathlya1525

fanatic1533

furious1535

boisterous1544

blusterous1548

ungentle1551

sore1563

full-mouthed1594

savage wild1595

Herculean1602

shrill1608

robustious1612

efferous1614

thundering1618

churly1620

ferocient1655

turbulent1656

efferate1684

knock-me-down1760

haggard-wild1786

ensanguined1806

rammish1807

fulminatory1820

riproarious1830

natural1832

survigrous1835

sabre-toothed1849

cataclysmal1861

thunderous1874

fierce1912

cataractal1926

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12641 & astured weoren Rom-weren alle. mid sterclichere wræððe.

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 11954 Arthur..igrop his seald godne..and to-ȝenes Frolle mid starcliche maine [c1275 Calig. mid feondliche lechen] breid bi-vore breoste.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

starklyadv.

Brit.

/ˈstɑːkli/, U.S.

/ˈstɑrkli/

Forms: see stark adj. and -ly suffix²; also early Middle English starliche, early Middle English starlige, 1500s starlie (Scottish, transmission error).

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: stark adj., -ly suffix².

Etymology: < stark adj. + -ly suffix². Compare stark adv.The early Middle English forms starliche, starlige are attested only in the Otho manuscript of Laȝamon's Brut and may show simplification of the consonant cluster (compare similar variation in forms of starkly adj. from this manuscript, and perhaps compare also stær at stark adj. and adv. α. forms, from the (earlier) Caligula manuscript of the same text).

1. Strongly, powerfully, with force; stoutly, boldly; strenuously. Also: harshly, sternly, strictly. Now rare (Scottish in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adverb]

hardlyeOE

strongeOE

hardOE

fastOE

starklyOE

stalworthlyc1175

starkc1225

mainlyc1300

fellc1330

snellc1330

stout1338

wightlya1340

sadlya1375

sharplyc1380

tough1398

stoutly1399

throa1400

wighta1400

lustilyc1400

sorec1400

vigourslyc1400

stiff1422

vigoriouslya1450

vigorouslya1450

actuallya1470

stourlyc1480

forcely?a1500

lustly1529

fricklyc1540

dingilya1555

livelily?1565

crankly1566

forcibly1578

crank1579

wightily?a1600

proudly1600

energetically1609

stiffly1623

ding-dong1628

greenly1633

hard and fast1646

slashingly1659

thwackingly1660

warmlya1684

robustly1709

sonsily1729

forcefullya1774

vim1843

zippily1924

vibrantly1926

punchily1934

zingily1951

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adverb]

sternlyc897

sharplyc900

stitha1000

hardlyOE

starklyOE

sterna1175

stithlya1300

hardilyc1300

ruggedlya1382

austerely?a1400

smartlya1400

unsternlya1400

acerbly?a1425

brussly1481

sore1484

shrewdly1490

dourlya1500

severely1548

roundly1567

severe1599

strictly1602

fiercely1611

Draconically1641

rugged1661

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adverb] > so as to be physically strong

mightily?a1425

forcely?a1500

starkly1816

staunchly1825

OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1016 Þa gewende se here sona to Lundenne, & þa buruh utan ymbesæton, & hyre stearclice on feaht ægðær ge be wætere ge be lande.

OE tr. Chrodegang of Metz Regula Canonicorum (Corpus Cambr. 191) xlvi. 261 Ealdor.., þe beo afandodes lifes broðor, þe..hi swa stearclice healde, þæt hig mægen beon an cyrclicum larum gelærede.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 121 Summe þer weren þet his eȝan bundan and hine on þet neb mid heore hondan stercliche beoten.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10567 Nu fusen we hom to & stærcliche [c1300 Otho starlige] heom leggen on.

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 5194 Hii bi-gonne to fihte starliche [c1275 Calig. feondliche] swiþe.

a1460 Knyghthode & Bataile (Pembr. Cambr. 243) l. 437 (MED) Starkly the lifte arm holde with the bowe; Drawe with the right.

c1480 (a1400) Seven Sleepers 128 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 429 Þai cane ete, to ma þame stark, confort to get to þat end, & in entent þat starklyare to thole þe torment.

a1505 R. Henryson Test. Cresseid 280 in Poems (1981) 120 I say this by ȝone wretchit Cresseid, The quhilk..Me and my mother starklie can reprufe.

c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1905) III. Acts xix. 20 So starkli the word of God waxit, and was confermyt.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 305 The Castel of Dunbar starklie, and stoutlie suld be defendet with the ffrenche wappounes.

a1600 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 281 Bot his freindis advertissit thairof watchit starklie that night.

1721 A. Ramsay Poems I. 271 How starkly can her sma' white Arms Fetter the Lad wha looks but at her.

1802 in W. Scott Minstrelsy Sc. Border I. 86 The Scots they rade, the Scots they ran, Sae starkly and sae steadilie!

1816 W. Scott Old Mortality vi, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. III. 118 Was never wight so starkly made, But time and years would overthrow.

1900 C. Murray Hamewith 51 An' starkly did he gie him 't back.

a1978 A. S. Borrowman Buik o Ruth & Ither Wark in Lallans (1979) (Psalms 100:5) 11 His [sc. God's] guidwill isna for ae day. His truth at aa times sterkly staunds And sall gae on for aye and aye.

a. Stiffly, rigidly.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [adverb] > stiffly or rigidly

rigorouslyc1425

starkly?1523

stricklinga1642

starchedly1670

stiffly1678

rigidly1759

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxviii^v There be beestes that woll haue the gout..in the hynder fete, and woll cause hym to haulte and go starkely.

1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vii. sig. V.ij And euery feeld with swordes vpright, As stubble starckly stands.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iv. ii. 65 Pro. Where's Barnardine? Cla. As fast lock'd vp in sleepe, as guiltlesse labour, When it lies starkely in the Trauellers bones.

1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Starkly, stiffly.

1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxvii. 6 A corpse outstretch'd starkly.

1926 Washington C. H. (Ohio) Herald 12 July 4/7 What was it *** that starkly stiff thing leaning against the wall?

2003 M. Dean Rock 'n' Roll Gold Rush xiii. 131 He stood starkly rigid, garbed in Johnny Cash black, armed with an ebony guitar and deadeye voice.

†b. Tightly, firmly. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > condition of being fast bound or firmly fixed > [adverb]

fasteOE

fastlyeOE

hardOE

hetefastea1225

file-fasta1250

sickerlyc1275

stiff1525

tighta1625

soundly1632

starkly1819

tightlya1865

bracingly1874

1819 Ld. Byron Mazeppa xvi. 636 With feeble effort still I tried To rend the bonds so starkly tied.

a1822 P. B. Shelley Homer's Hymn to Mercury lxx, in Posthumous Poems (1824) 318 The withy bands, though starkly interknit, Fell at the feet of the immortal child.

1869 C. Merivale tr. Homer Iliad II. xiii. 19 His buckler o'er his shoulder dropp'd, and helmet starkly tied.

3. Barely, nakedly; with minimal adornment. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adverb]

barely1483

nakedlya1625

starkly1829

1829 T. Wade Woman's Love iii. i. 39 Wiser 'twere, by holding of your peace, To put a garment (albeit 'tis but slight) O'er ignorance; than by pie-chattering thus, To strip it starkly naked.

1840 Family Mag. 8 390/2 Hill-slope and vale lie starkly bare.

1858 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire VI. lv. 366 Many noble trees were stripped of their branches under the Cæsars as starkly as the Cæsars themselves.

1913 Blackwood's Mag. Sept. 309/2 The place was starkly furnished.

1939 ‘N. Shute’ Ordeal iv. 109 From the bows, she had a forecastle where a water closet stood starkly between the chain locker and the cooking gallery.

1986 R. Strange Catholic Faith (1996) ii. 7 I have stated these convictions starkly on purpose. Then, as we proceed, I hope gradually to explain them a little.

2012 Women's Wear Daily (Nexis) 10 Oct. 10 Starkly decorated, the house's combined dining-living room could use some color.

4. In a sharply clear manner; distinctly.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > clearness, lucidity > [adverb]

sutelichec900

openlyOE

redelya1250

redlyc1275

in (also on) opena1382

distinctly1382

plainlya1393

lightsomely?1510

markly1533

natively1542

pervially?1611

dilucidly1638

unmistakably1665

realizingly1786

unambiguously1790

starkly1928

accessibly2003

1928 R. McKeon Philos. Spinoza i. ii. 68 In the Ethics the doctrine of infinite attributes is stated starkly for theologians to confound if they wish.

1952 T. Armstrong Adam Brunskill ix. 310 As a pulse throbbed more plainly on his temple and veins stood out ever more starkly, he sought to break the relentless hold.

2012 Independent 3 May 22/3 It's the detailed unfolding of these 10,000-mile odysseys, through some of the most starkly differing landscapes on the planet, which has been so captivating.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	starkly
释义	† starklyadj. Forms: early Middle English starlich, early Middle English starclich, early Middle English sterclich. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: stark adj., -ly suffix¹. Etymology: < stark adj. + -ly suffix¹. Compare earlier starkly adv.With the form starlich (from the Otho manuscript of Laȝamon's Brut) compare note at starkly adv. Obsolete. Violent, fierce.Only in Laȝamon. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] retheeOE hotOE strongOE woodlyc1000 un-i-rideOE stoura1122 brathc1175 unridec1175 unrudec1225 starklyc1275 toughc1275 wood1297 ragec1330 unrekena1350 biga1375 furialc1386 outrageousc1390 savagea1393 violenta1393 bremelya1400 snarta1400 wrothlya1400 fightingc1400 runishc1400 dour?a1425 derfc1440 churlousa1450 roida1450 fervent1465 churlish1477 orgulous1483 felona1500 brathfula1522 brathlya1525 fanatic1533 furious1535 boisterous1544 blusterous1548 ungentle1551 sore1563 full-mouthed1594 savage wild1595 Herculean1602 shrill1608 robustious1612 efferous1614 thundering1618 churly1620 ferocient1655 turbulent1656 efferate1684 knock-me-down1760 haggard-wild1786 ensanguined1806 rammish1807 fulminatory1820 riproarious1830 natural1832 survigrous1835 sabre-toothed1849 cataclysmal1861 thunderous1874 fierce1912 cataractal1926 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12641 & astured weoren Rom-weren alle. mid sterclichere wræððe. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 11954 Arthur..igrop his seald godne..and to-ȝenes Frolle mid starcliche maine [c1275 Calig. mid feondliche lechen] breid bi-vore breoste. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020). starklyadv. Brit. /ˈstɑːkli/, U.S. /ˈstɑrkli/ Forms: see stark adj. and -ly suffix²; also early Middle English starliche, early Middle English starlige, 1500s starlie (Scottish, transmission error). Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: stark adj., -ly suffix². Etymology: < stark adj. + -ly suffix². Compare stark adv.The early Middle English forms starliche, starlige are attested only in the Otho manuscript of Laȝamon's Brut and may show simplification of the consonant cluster (compare similar variation in forms of starkly adj. from this manuscript, and perhaps compare also stær at stark adj. and adv. α. forms, from the (earlier) Caligula manuscript of the same text). 1. Strongly, powerfully, with force; stoutly, boldly; strenuously. Also: harshly, sternly, strictly. Now rare (Scottish in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adverb] hardlyeOE strongeOE hardOE fastOE starklyOE stalworthlyc1175 starkc1225 mainlyc1300 fellc1330 snellc1330 stout1338 wightlya1340 sadlya1375 sharplyc1380 tough1398 stoutly1399 throa1400 wighta1400 lustilyc1400 sorec1400 vigourslyc1400 stiff1422 vigoriouslya1450 vigorouslya1450 actuallya1470 stourlyc1480 forcely?a1500 lustly1529 fricklyc1540 dingilya1555 livelily?1565 crankly1566 forcibly1578 crank1579 wightily?a1600 proudly1600 energetically1609 stiffly1623 ding-dong1628 greenly1633 hard and fast1646 slashingly1659 thwackingly1660 warmlya1684 robustly1709 sonsily1729 forcefullya1774 vim1843 zippily1924 vibrantly1926 punchily1934 zingily1951 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adverb] sternlyc897 sharplyc900 stitha1000 hardlyOE starklyOE sterna1175 stithlya1300 hardilyc1300 ruggedlya1382 austerely?a1400 smartlya1400 unsternlya1400 acerbly?a1425 brussly1481 sore1484 shrewdly1490 dourlya1500 severely1548 roundly1567 severe1599 strictly1602 fiercely1611 Draconically1641 rugged1661 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adverb] > so as to be physically strong mightily?a1425 forcely?a1500 starkly1816 staunchly1825 OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1016 Þa gewende se here sona to Lundenne, & þa buruh utan ymbesæton, & hyre stearclice on feaht ægðær ge be wætere ge be lande. OE tr. Chrodegang of Metz Regula Canonicorum (Corpus Cambr. 191) xlvi. 261 Ealdor.., þe beo afandodes lifes broðor, þe..hi swa stearclice healde, þæt hig mægen beon an cyrclicum larum gelærede. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 121 Summe þer weren þet his eȝan bundan and hine on þet neb mid heore hondan stercliche beoten. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10567 Nu fusen we hom to & stærcliche [c1300 Otho starlige] heom leggen on. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 5194 Hii bi-gonne to fihte starliche [c1275 Calig. feondliche] swiþe. a1460 Knyghthode & Bataile (Pembr. Cambr. 243) l. 437 (MED) Starkly the lifte arm holde with the bowe; Drawe with the right. c1480 (a1400) Seven Sleepers 128 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 429 Þai cane ete, to ma þame stark, confort to get to þat end, & in entent þat starklyare to thole þe torment. a1505 R. Henryson Test. Cresseid 280 in Poems (1981) 120 I say this by ȝone wretchit Cresseid, The quhilk..Me and my mother starklie can reprufe. c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1905) III. Acts xix. 20 So starkli the word of God waxit, and was confermyt. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 305 The Castel of Dunbar starklie, and stoutlie suld be defendet with the ffrenche wappounes. a1600 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 281 Bot his freindis advertissit thairof watchit starklie that night. 1721 A. Ramsay Poems I. 271 How starkly can her sma' white Arms Fetter the Lad wha looks but at her. 1802 in W. Scott Minstrelsy Sc. Border I. 86 The Scots they rade, the Scots they ran, Sae starkly and sae steadilie! 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality vi, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. III. 118 Was never wight so starkly made, But time and years would overthrow. 1900 C. Murray Hamewith 51 An' starkly did he gie him 't back. a1978 A. S. Borrowman Buik o Ruth & Ither Wark in Lallans (1979) (Psalms 100:5) 11 His [sc. God's] guidwill isna for ae day. His truth at aa times sterkly staunds And sall gae on for aye and aye. 2. a. Stiffly, rigidly. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [adverb] > stiffly or rigidly rigorouslyc1425 starkly?1523 stricklinga1642 starchedly1670 stiffly1678 rigidly1759 ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxviii^v There be beestes that woll haue the gout..in the hynder fete, and woll cause hym to haulte and go starkely. 1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vii. sig. V.ij And euery feeld with swordes vpright, As stubble starckly stands. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iv. ii. 65 Pro. Where's Barnardine? Cla. As fast lock'd vp in sleepe, as guiltlesse labour, When it lies starkely in the Trauellers bones. View more context for this quotation 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Starkly, stiffly. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxvii. 6 A corpse outstretch'd starkly. 1926 Washington C. H. (Ohio) Herald 12 July 4/7 What was it *** that starkly stiff thing leaning against the wall? 2003 M. Dean Rock 'n' Roll Gold Rush xiii. 131 He stood starkly rigid, garbed in Johnny Cash black, armed with an ebony guitar and deadeye voice. †b. Tightly, firmly. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > condition of being fast bound or firmly fixed > [adverb] fasteOE fastlyeOE hardOE hetefastea1225 file-fasta1250 sickerlyc1275 stiff1525 tighta1625 soundly1632 starkly1819 tightlya1865 bracingly1874 1819 Ld. Byron Mazeppa xvi. 636 With feeble effort still I tried To rend the bonds so starkly tied. a1822 P. B. Shelley Homer's Hymn to Mercury lxx, in Posthumous Poems (1824) 318 The withy bands, though starkly interknit, Fell at the feet of the immortal child. 1869 C. Merivale tr. Homer Iliad II. xiii. 19 His buckler o'er his shoulder dropp'd, and helmet starkly tied. 3. Barely, nakedly; with minimal adornment. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adverb] barely1483 nakedlya1625 starkly1829 1829 T. Wade Woman's Love iii. i. 39 Wiser 'twere, by holding of your peace, To put a garment (albeit 'tis but slight) O'er ignorance; than by pie-chattering thus, To strip it starkly naked. 1840 Family Mag. 8 390/2 Hill-slope and vale lie starkly bare. 1858 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire VI. lv. 366 Many noble trees were stripped of their branches under the Cæsars as starkly as the Cæsars themselves. 1913 Blackwood's Mag. Sept. 309/2 The place was starkly furnished. 1939 ‘N. Shute’ Ordeal iv. 109 From the bows, she had a forecastle where a water closet stood starkly between the chain locker and the cooking gallery. 1986 R. Strange Catholic Faith (1996) ii. 7 I have stated these convictions starkly on purpose. Then, as we proceed, I hope gradually to explain them a little. 2012 Women's Wear Daily (Nexis) 10 Oct. 10 Starkly decorated, the house's combined dining-living room could use some color. 4. In a sharply clear manner; distinctly. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > clearness, lucidity > [adverb] sutelichec900 openlyOE redelya1250 redlyc1275 in (also on) opena1382 distinctly1382 plainlya1393 lightsomely?1510 markly1533 natively1542 pervially?1611 dilucidly1638 unmistakably1665 realizingly1786 unambiguously1790 starkly1928 accessibly2003 1928 R. McKeon Philos. Spinoza i. ii. 68 In the Ethics the doctrine of infinite attributes is stated starkly for theologians to confound if they wish. 1952 T. Armstrong Adam Brunskill ix. 310 As a pulse throbbed more plainly on his temple and veins stood out ever more starkly, he sought to break the relentless hold. 2012 Independent 3 May 22/3 It's the detailed unfolding of these 10,000-mile odysseys, through some of the most starkly differing landscapes on the planet, which has been so captivating. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.c1275adv.OE
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