bodyn.

Brit.

/ˈbɒdi/, U.S.

/ˈbɑdi/

Forms: early Old English bodæi, early Old English bodeg, Old English bodig, Old English (rare)–Middle English bodi, early Middle English bodiȝ ( Ormulum), Middle English boady, Middle English bodd (transmission error), Middle English boddie, Middle English bode, Middle English boode, Middle English boody, Middle English–1500s bodye, Middle English–1600s bodie, Middle English– body, 1500s boadye, 1500s (1700s North American) bodey, 1500s (1800s– English regional (northern)) boddy, 1600s boddye; Scottish pre-1700 bodde, pre-1700 boddie, pre-1700 bode, pre-1700 bodey, pre-1700 bodye, pre-1700 boiddis (plural), pre-1700 boidye, pre-1700 bothy, pre-1700 1700s– bodie, pre-1700 1700s– body, 1800s bothie, 1800s– boady, 1800s– buddy (in sense 11), 1900s– buddie (in sense 11), 1900s– budy (in sense 11); also Irish English 1700s bodhee (Wexford), 1700s bothige (Wexford), 1800s buthee (Wexford), 1900s– bodie (northern), 1900s– buddy (northern, in sense 11).

Origin: Probably a word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Related to, and probably cognate with, Old High German botah, boteh, botec, potah, potach, podech body, corpse, trunk (of the body) (Middle High German botech, early modern German bottich, German regional (Bavarian, Austrian, and Swabian) Bottig, Pottich, Podach, also (in Bavarian and Austrian use) the main body or underpart of a woman's garment); further etymology unknown.The ending of the Old English word could show -y suffix¹, but if so the forms in German apparently reflect a different suffix with Germanic *-k- . It is possible that such suffixation could have occurred on a derivative in Indo-European *-to- (see -ed suffix¹) < the Indo-European base of be v. (for a *-to- formation on the same base compare ancient Greek ϕυτόν plant: see phyto- comb. form). For the suggested semantic development ‘grow’ > ‘body’ perhaps compare Gothic laudi figure < liudan to grow. However, it is notable that ‘grow’ and related meanings are not common among the cognates of be v. in Germanic (although they are in other branches of Indo-European). Alternatively attempts have been made to connect the word with the same base as bottom n., which is itself of very uncertain etymology and presents many formal difficulties. From the semantic point of view, this explanation assumes that the sense ‘trunk’ was original, although this is rare in Old High German (but is common in Old English). A similar semantic assumption underlies an attempt to link the word with Old Icelandic bútr log (see butt n.⁶), but this encounters serious formal difficulties. There is almost certainly no etymological connection with Old High German botega cask, vat (Middle High German botech , German Bottich ), ultimately < post-classical Latin apotheca apothec n. (compare post-classical Latin butica cask (8th cent.)); the two Old High German words are consistently distinguished in form in early sources. Old Icelandic buðkr small box, which is sometimes suggested as a cognate of body n., is probably also ultimately < this Latin word. Scottish Gaelic bodhaig (of uncertain origin), is unlikely to be related on phonological grounds. The sense development has been influenced by association with classical Latin corpus (see corpus n.) and probably also with Old French, Middle French cors , corps , French corps (see corpse n., corse n., corps n.¹). In sense 4b(b) after classical Latin corpus body, wood of a tree (see corpus n.). In sense 12b after classical Latin corpus compendium of writings on a subject, textbook (e.g. corpus iūris law textbook). With sense 14 compare classical Latin totum corpus reipublicae the whole body of the state (Cicero). In body of Christ at Phrases 1 after post-classical Latin corpus Christi (lit. body of Christ; compare Corpus Christi n.) the Church as the mystical body of Christ, bread consecrated in the Eucharist and regarded as the body of Christ (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), itself after Hellenistic Greek σῶμα Χριστοῦ , in both senses. In Scots (including Ulster Scots) sometimes distinguished in form as buddy when used denoting a person (in sense 11), a form which is never used of the human body (see further Sc. National Dict. at body n.). Earlier currency in sense 11 (and hence of branch III. as a whole) is suggested by surnames: Eustace frebodi (1207), Richard Godbodi (1221), Roger Trewebodi (1277), etc. With use in oaths and asseverations (see Phrases 3) compare Middle French le corps Dieu (1388).

I. The physical form of a person, animal, or plant.

(a) The complete physical form of a person or animal; the assemblage of parts, organs, and tissues that constitutes the whole material organism.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > [noun]

lichamc888

bodyeOE

earthOE

lichOE

bone houseOE

dustc1000

fleshOE

utter mana1050

bonesOE

bodiȝlichc1175

bouka1225

bellyc1275

slimec1315

corpsec1325

vesselc1360

tabernaclec1374

carrion1377

corsec1386

personc1390

claya1400

carcass1406

lump of claya1425

sensuality?a1425

corpusc1440

God's imagea1450

bulka1475

natural body1526

outward man1526

quarrons1567

blood bulk1570

skinfula1592

flesh-rind1593

clod1595

anatomy1597

veil1598

microcosm1601

machine1604

outwall1608

lay part1609

machina1612

cabinet1614

automaton1644

case1655

mud wall1662

structure1671

soul case1683

incarnation1745

personality1748

personage1785

man1830

embodiment1850

flesh-stuff1855

corporeity1865

chassis1930

soma1958

eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. xii. 194 Wæs he Oswine se cyning ge on onsyne fæger ge on bodie heah [L. statura sublimis].

OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 33 Drihten on his godspelle cwæþ..þæt nan mon ne mæg ane feþme to his bodige [L. ad staturam suam] geecean.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4773 Hiss bodiȝ..All samenn. brest. & wambe. & þes. & cnes. & fet. & shannkess, etc.

c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 668 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 318 (MED) Man hath of eorþe al is bodi..of watere..wete, Of þe Eyr..breth..of fuyr..hete.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 423 (MED) A litel man of body, with a fat wombe.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 869 Our bodis ar now al bare.

1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. lxxviii. 64 He shold come fyght with hym body for body.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. clv. 186 To fight body to body, or power to power.

1557 F. Seager Schoole of Vertue in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 347 Thy bodie vprighte, Thy fete iuste to-gether.

1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. ii. sig. Aa5 A Lark..lighted among some clods of Earth..of the colour of her Body.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 121. ¶3 That great Variety of Arms with which Nature has differently fortified the Bodies of..Animals, such as Claws, Hoofs and Horns.

1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 208. ⁋10 A body languishing with disease.

1802 J. Playfair Illustr. Huttonian Theory 178 The bodies of amphibious animals which now make part of the fossil kingdom.

1847 W. B. Carpenter Zool.: Systematic Acct. II. §870 The common Oyster..always appears inclined to adapt its shell to the form of the body.

1881 T. H. Huxley in Nature 11 Aug. 346/1 The body is a machine of the nature of an army, not of that of a watch, or of a hydraulic apparatus. Of this army each cell is a soldier, an organ a brigade.

1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 48/4 (advt.) Those sturdy little bodies are built up by long, healthful hours of sleep.

1935 Geogr. Jrnl. 86 417 The most striking feature is their colour, a vivid brick red which is entirely artificial and is induced by the application of the juice of the Achiote plant (Bixa orellana) over the whole of their bodies.

1953 H. Mellanby Animal Life in Fresh Water (ed. 5) viii. 140 Most water-bugs are harmless to plants because they are carnivorous and live on the live or dead bodies of other animals.

2000 N.Y. Mag. 8 May 6/3 I—and most trainers I know—have a healthy, athletic body but am far from perfect.

(b) The complete physical form or assemblage of parts of a plant.

1613 T. Milles tr. P. Mexia et al. Treasurie Auncient & Moderne Times 32 The vegetative Bodies; as Plants, Trees, and such like.

1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. v. 4 That all the Bodies of the first Animals and Plants were shuffled into their several Forms and Structures fortuitously.

1729 J. Martyn 1st Lect. Bot. 3 A Plant is an..organical Body..destitute of Sense and spontaneous Motion.

1786 T. Clarkson Ess. Slavery & Commerce Human Species ii. ix. 112 The same kind Providence, who tempered the body of an animal, tempered also, the body of the tree.

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. II. xxi. 470 Secreted by the fine capillaries..in the bodies of plants and animals.

1875 J. W. Dawson Life's Dawn on Earth viii. 214 Their bodies like those of plants..show tendencies to spiral modes of growth.

1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 222 The individual cells of which the body of the plant is made up.

1907 F. E. Clements Plant Physiol. & Ecol. iii. 38 Primitive water plants..ordinarily use the entire surface of the plant body for absorbing water.

1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. iii. 34 Each and every cell of the very many making up the plant body starts off in the embryonical condition as a result of division of a pre-existing cell.

1998 R. Dawkins in Skeptic Summer 24/2 The best we can do is probably to forget about the genome itself and look at its product, the ‘phenotype’, the working body of the animal or plant itself.

b. Contrasted with the soul. Cf. soul body n. at soul n. Compounds 4.to keep body and soul together: see to keep together 1 at keep v. Phrasal verbs 1.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9672 Þatt manness sawle deȝeþþ þær, Whær swa þe bodiȝ deȝeþþ.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ix. i. 517 Þe body meoviþ as þe soule wole.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xlii. l. 112 Bothe body & sowle distroyed ȝe be.

1481 tr. Cicero De Senectute sig. i2^*^v If aftir this presente life I be dede, aswele in soule as in body as that some yong and smale philosophers..Certayne it is, that I shall feele nothyng.

1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory ii. iii. sig. b5 A man is a body with a soule sensytyf and reasonable.

1593 A. Willet Tetrastylon Papisticum ii. 88 Why did Christ take vppon him our flesh and soule, but to redeeme man that was lost, both in body and soule?

1651 Let. in Severall Proc. Parl. No. 81. 1241 A great comfort to the godly, both to their soules and bodies.

1680 W. Bates Soveraign & Final Happiness of Man ii. 28 The Soul and Body are the essential parts of Man... Good Actions are design'd by the Counsel and Resolution of the Spirit, but perform'd by the Ministry of the Flesh.

1733 A. Pope Ess. Man i. 262 All are but parts of one stupendous Whole, Whose Body Nature is, and God the Soul.

1759 T. Marriott Female Conduct 61 Some modern Ladies only learn to dress, Despising Arts, that teach them, how to please; To Dress, add Science, and learn both, ye Fair, Dress Soul, and Body, with an equal Care.

1864 Ld. Tennyson Aylmer's Field in Enoch Arden, etc. 70 The foul adulteries That saturate soul with body.

1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 459/1 No drunkard after a debauch ever suffered in body and in soul what Mr. Morley was suffering after this not too luxuriant good square meal.

1927 V. Woolf To Lighthouse iii. iii. 237 She had a few moments of nakedness when she seemed like an unborn soul, a soul reft of body.

1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 21 Oct. 1044/1 Medicine-men looked after the body; clergymen looked after the soul.

2003 J. Haldane Intelligent Person's Guide to Relig. vii. 190 The non-materiality of mind or soul, and of its actual separability from the physical body.

c. The physical or mortal nature, state, or aspect of man. Frequently in in (the) body, out of (the) body and variants, sometimes contrasted with in spirit.Recorded earliest in body sin n. at Compounds 1a(a).Cf. out-of-body adj.

ΘΠ

the world > people > person > [noun] > corporeal or material nature

bodyc1175

the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [adverb]

in (the) bodyc1175

substantiallya1398

materiallyc1443

in substance1649

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 15124 To clennsenn þeȝȝre bodiȝ swa. Off all þe bodiȝ sinne.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Cor. xii. 2 I woot a man in Crist bifore fourtene ȝeer; wher in body, wher out of body, I woot not [L. sive in corpore nescio, sive extra corpus nescio].

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 4 (MED) Joon Baptist..haþ passinge beyng in bodi.

1529 T. Paynell tr. Assaute & Conquest Heuen xii. sig. Eiv The poytrell of this horse betokeneth the remembrance of dethe, and knowlege of the vilany and filthynesse of the body. The croper sygnifyeth confession of our sinnes.

1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 5 This Phœa was a woman robber..and naught of her bodye.

1611 Bible (King James) 2 Cor. xii. 2 Whether in the body, I cannot tell, whether out of the body, I cannot tell.

1670 T. Case Mt. Pisgah iii. 115 Witness holy David and Paul, whose indifferency about the present, and contention about the future estate, was such, as if they had forgotten they were in the body.

1750 J. Wesley Let. 9 Feb. (1931) III. 32 God forbid that I should cease to pray for you as long as I am in the body.

1816 W. Scott Old Mortality vi, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 115 While we are yet in the body.

1871 E. B. Tylor Primitive Culture I. 451 The notion of a ghost-soul animating man while in the body.

1911 C. S. Churchill Let. Sept. in W. S. Churchill & C. S. Churchill Speaking for Themselves (1999) iii. 56 I am very happy here, tho' I am kept in great subjection by Granny who tho' infirm in body is active & even agile in mind.

1981 A. Gray Lanark xx. 209 Do you promise to attend your mathematic lessons, not only in body but in spirit?

2006 P. Williams Rise & Fall Yummy Mummy xl. 265 Feeling strangely out of body, I wander into the kitchen, sink on to a chair and prod the keys of my mobile phone.

2. A corpse. [Perhaps originally a euphemistic shortening of ‘dead body’, although this sense is common in Old High German (see discussion in main etymology).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > dead body > [noun]

lichc893

dust?a1000

holdc1000

bonesOE

stiff onea1200

bodyc1225

carrion?c1225

licham?c1225

worms' food or ware?c1225

corsec1250

ashc1275

corpsec1315

carcass1340

murraina1382

relicsa1398

ghostc1400

wormes warec1400

corpusc1440

scadc1440

reliefc1449

martc1480

cadaverc1500

mortc1500

tramort?a1513

hearse1530

bulk1575

offal1581

trunk1594

cadaverie1600

relicts1607

remains1610

mummya1616

relic1636

cold meat1788

mortality1827

death bone1834

deader1853

stiff1859

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 2242 (MED) & leauen hare bodies unbiburiet alle.

?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 110 (MED) He nem þat swet bodi adoun And biriid hir in a fair plas.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14309 And quar haf yee his bode laid?

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae 357 We shal brenne here body.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Kings xiii. 24 The lyon stode by the body [1382 Wyclif careyn, 1388 deed bodi].

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 7150 Þai..brent vp the bodies vnto bare askis.

1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 269 They had..before his buriall, enbaulmed his body.

1619 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 19 Choose a bodie that is sound and vntainted, and either hanged, smothered, or drowned.

1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar iii. (Advt. section) xvi. 173 The freinds and Disciples of the H. Jesus having devoutly composed his body to buriall, anointed it, washed it, and condited it with spices and perfumes.

1721–2 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. (1838) I. i. iv. §4. 357/1 That he should be hanged at the cross of Edinburgh..and after he was hanged dead, that his head be severed from his body.

1782 W. F. Martyn Geogr. Mag. 1 34 They affirm, that as soon as the body is deposited in the grave, it is repossessed by the soul.

1835 T. Hood Dead Robbery ii To steal a body.

1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud i. ii, in Maud & Other Poems 2 In the ghastly pit long since a body was found.

1932 ‘B. Ross’ Trag. of X ii. i. 97 A heavy object was dragged across the deck. A body, by God... Might be murder.

1961 I. Khan Jumbie Bird vii. 112 When I dead an' gone I don' care you know, you could feed my body to dog.

2000 G. Santoro Myself when I am Real (2001) 9 He had decided to have his body cremated and scattered over the Ganges River.

3. Christian Church. = host n.⁴ 2. Cf. Phrases 1b.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun]

fleshc1000

ofleteOE

mannaa1200

breada1225

bread of lifea1300

host1303

bodya1325

obleya1325

God's bodya1387

cakec1390

singing bread1432

bread of wheata1450

singing loaf1530

God's bread1535

bread god?1548

round robin?1548

holy bread1552

singing cake1553

Jack-in-the-box1554

wafer-cake?1554

wafer1559

wafer-bread1565

breaden god1570

mass cake1579

wafer-god1623

hostel1624

maker1635

hostie1641

oblata1721

altar bread1839

prosphora1874

a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 190 (MED) Þerffore me makeþ his swete body [sc. the Host] of þe whete-corn al-on.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxvi. 27 Take ȝee, and ete; this is my body [L. corpus].

c1455 Speculum Misericordie in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1939) 54 427 Iudas..Atte thee sopere on schere thursday, Cristis body resseyuede hee thoo.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Svpper of the Lorde f. cxxiii The holy Communion of the bodye & bloude of our sauior Christe.

1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 82 He caried the Lords body in a wicker basket.

1686 H. More Brief Disc. Real Presence vii. 55 Not as one scoptically would make us to profess, that this real participation of the Body and Blood of Christ, has no reality any where but in our phancy.

1767 N. Sievwright Princ., Polit. & Relig. ii. 169 The fruit of the vine, which our Saviour consecrated at the institution of the Sacrament of his most blessed Body and Blood.

c1880 J. Candlish Sacraments 98 All who believe in Him receive that one body that was broken for all.

1909 Biblical World 34 231 In the great symbolic act of his last supper..even the breaking of his body and the shedding of his blood must lie within the divine purpose of good to men.

1947 M. E. Boylan This Tremendous Lover (new ed.) v. 49 The Blessed Sacrament of the body and Blood our Lord is the sacrament of union par excellence.

1996 F. McCourt Angela's Ashes (1997) iv. 127 She says, Isn't it remarkable he can swally all kinds of sweets and buns but if he has to swally the body of Our Lord he goes into a fit?

II. The main portion; the trunk.

a. The main portion of the animal frame, to which the head, neck, extremities, etc., are attached; the trunk. Frequently opposed to the limbs or to the head.In quot. 1774: the abdomen of an insect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > [noun]

bodyeOE

lichOE

bouka1225

stocka1387

trunka1513

corsage?1518

torso1864

core1972

eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in J. J. Quinn Minor Lat.-Old Eng. Glossaries in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1956) 27 Truncus, bodig.

OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1900) II. 324 Hi næfdon þæt heafod [sc. of St Edmund] to þam bodige.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 46 (MED) Me hire heued..to-tweamde from þe bodie.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. v. xxv. 217 Þe necke is a rounde membre and mene bytwene þe body and þe heed.

c1450 Contin. Lydgate's Secrees (Sloane 2464) l. 1657 (MED) Fyssh..Medlyd with mylk Causith boody and fas With lepre to be smet.

1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) ix. f. 120 ^v The countrie where Chymæra that same pooke Hath Goatish body, Lions head and brist, and Dragons tayle.

c1600 Countess of Southampton in C. M. Ingleby & L. T. Smith Shakespeare's Cent. Prayse (1879) 40 All heade and veri litel body.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) iv. viii. 26 When the Fox hath once got in his Nose, Hee'le soone finde meanes to make the Body follow.

1677 Hall Papers 30 Jan. in H. Stocks Rec. Borough Leicester (1923) IV. 546 Then Mr Mayor may as the head Rule the Body and choose which of the members is best Able to serve the Rest.

1722 B. Marten New Theory Consumptions i. 28 The Calves of their Legs, and all the fleshy Parts of the Body and Limbs, waste away by Degrees.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VIII. 35 [The butterfly has] three parts; the head, the corselet, and the body.

1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. lv. 86 A body without a head, unable either to act or to deliberate.

1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling x. 320 Body, orange-yellow, merging into..burnt sienna at the shoulder.

1904 E. Tregear Maori Race 336 [The priest] cast the niu rods, or interpreted the ‘jerkings’ (takin) of the limbs or body of a sleeping man.

1958 W. E. Swinton Fossil Amphibians & Reptiles (ed. 2) ii. 6 The fore limbs are attached to the body by means of muscles.

1998 Cycling Today May 45/2 Arms sometimes need to be free, but bodies generally have to be warm which is where bodywarmers, vests or Gilets come into their own.

(a) The main stem of a plant; spec. the trunk of a tree. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stem, trunk, or bole

stovenc1000

bolec1314

bodyc1330

stock1340

shaft1398

stealc1440

truncheonc1449

trunk1490

stud1579

leg1597

butt1601

truncus1706

stam1839

c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) l. 2512 (MED) His clob was..A lite bodi of an ok.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xli. 935 Þe roote of saffroun is continued to þe body.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 6783 (MED) A tree..Of whiche..þe body as a mast was riȝt.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xliii Cutte the bough on bothe sydes a fote or two fote fro the body of the tree.

1572 J. Bossewell Wks. Armorie ii. f. 95 ^v These trees are truncated, that is to saie, ye boughes cut of from the body, and laide in the forme of a Saltier.

1623 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie (rev. ed.) ii. sig. E1 Boughes hanging out alone from the bodies.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 352 He got into the Body of the Tree.

1738 W. Ellis Timber-tree Improved I. i. 6 The knotty, mossy Bodies and brousy Heads of Oaks, Ashes, and Beeches.

1815 E. Polehampton Gallery Nat. & Art (1821) V. 186 The gum..is obtained by wounding the bark in different parts of the body of the tree, or by what has been called jagging.

1861 Amer. Agriculturist July 197/3 Pruning White Pine.—‘Querist’ may prune his pine trees in June or July. Nip the shoots with thumb and finger if a dense shrubby habit be desired, and cut off the lower branches if a tall naked body be the object.

1902 Auk 19 287 When I reached the nest I found that a limb large enough to hold me ran out from the body of the tree so that I could get about eight feet from the nest.

†(b) The wood beneath the bark of a tree. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > young wood or alburnum

sapc1374

body?1523

wood?1523

alburnum1664

whitewood1668

blea1736

softwood1751

sap-wood1791

alburn1864

included sapwood1933

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xliii That..pulleth away the barke from the body of the tree.

1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Hist. Descr. Worlde 167 The black rinde of a certaine tree..betweene the bodie and the barke.

1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 391 The Teredo, Cossi, and other Worms lying between the Body and the Bark, poison the passage of the Sap.

1789 J. Adam Pract. Ess. Agric. II. xi. iii. 487 The bark often outlives the body of the tree, and remains found when the wood is rotten.

c. The part of a dress or other garment which covers the body, as distinct from the arms; (also) the part of a woman's dress above the waist, as distinguished from the less fitted skirt.a pair of bodies: see bodice n. See also petticoat body n. at petticoat n. Compounds 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > doublet

doublet1326

body1542

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > coat > parts of > body

stump1506

body1542

shell1802

1542 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1908) VIII. 82 Item..v quarteris bombacye fustiane to be the body of ane doublet to the Kingis grace.

1580 Second & Third Blast Plaies 106 The shreds of whose curiositie our Historians haue now stolen from them, being by practise become as cunning as the Tailor to set a new vpper bodie to an old coate; and a patch of their owne to a peece of anothers.

1585 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 114 One petticote of house-wyfe clothe..An upper bodye of durance.

1611 in J. B. Heath Some Acct. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1869) 92 That none should wear..any body or sleeves of wire, whalebone or with any other stiffing.

1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 387 Twelue brest and back-peeces (like womens close Bodyes).

1696 J. F. Merchant's Ware-house 38 Cut of Ell ¹/ ₈ off of one of the half bredths..which take for the body of your Shifts.

1714 tr. H. Joutel Jrnl. Last Voy. M. de la Sale 104 We discover'd three Men a Horseback..one dress'd after the Spanish Fashion, with a little Doublet, the Body wherof was of blue, and the Sleeves of white Fustian.

1799 J. Strutt Compl. View Dress & Habits People of Eng. II. v. iii. 242 In winter, the hood and surcoat appear again, with the addition of large loose sleeves, which seem, indeed, intended more for ornament than for use, the hands being kept under the body of the surcoat.

a1854 E. Grant Mem. Highland Lady (1988) I. xvi. 338 I had a blue satin body to mine made by myself, and a number of frills at the bottom of the skirt.

1883 M. K. Waddington Let. 15 May (1903) I. 18 I have been out..to get a light blouse, my cloth body is unbearable.

1922 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 42 97 He is represented..wearing a short dress with plain body.

1951 G. Heyer Quiet Gentleman ii. 22 Her gown..was of white sarsnet, with a pink body, and long sleeves.

2003 Daily Tel. 19 Sept. i. 27/1 The body defined with seaming and inserts of contrast colour in bra-dresses and contour-cut jackets.

d. Chiefly British. A woman's or girl's close-fitting one-piece garment for the upper body, resembling a leotard, made of a soft stretchable fabric, and fastening at the crotch.Outside the United Kingdom, generally called a bodysuit (though that term also applies more widely).

ΚΠ

1986 Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 11/1 The Body is quite simply a sweater or a T-shirt that follows the body-line and is anchored between your legs by a couple of buttons or poppers.

1994 Guardian 24 Sept. (Weekend Suppl.) 42/1 Karan is perhaps most famous for inventing the body, the leotard-like, three-stud crotch snapper designed to be worn under everything thus removing the tyranny of bunched shirts shoved into skirts.

2000 M. Barrowcliffe Girlfriend 44 xii. 328 That's what made me wonder what Alice would look like in a knee-length shiny plastic boots and one of those see-through bodies.

5. The main, central, or principal part, as distinguished from subordinate or less important parts; the part round which others are grouped, or to which they are attached as appendages, etc. Frequently with of.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > the main part

bodyOE

trunk1615

stump1634

the solid1776

masterpiece1825

OE Metrical Charm: For Unfruitful Land (Calig. A.vii) 50 Nim þonne þæt sæd, sete on þæs sules bodig.

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 351 (MED) Loke þou haue a strong vessel..& loke þat þe couercle þerof & þe bodi be wel closyng.

1532 in F. Palgrave Antient Kalendars & Inventories (1836) II. 280 Item a cuppe of golde wt a cover chasid bulliones wt two bordures aboute the body and cover.

1598 R. Barret Theorike & Pract. Mod. Warres vi. 244 The Tenaza or Keepe, which stands without the body of the Castell.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. ii. 112 Neuer such a powre..Was leuied in the body of a land.

1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon i. i. 35 The body of the Emblem was a figure of the Duke himself.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 352 He got into the Body of the Tree.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 234 The body of all true religion consists..in obedience to the will of the sovereign of the world.

1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. ii. x. 562 Crimes committed at sea, or on the coast out of the body of any County.

1869 C. Boutell tr. J. P. Lacombe Arms & Armour ix. 173 The body of the blade.

1965 F. Gerrard Macgregor's Struct. Meat Animals (ed. 2) ix. 178 The Placenta..lines both horns and the body of the uterus.

1984 E. P. DeGarmo et al. Materials & Processes in Manuf. (ed. 6) xxi. 589 Twist drills..have three basic parts: the body, the point, and the shank.

1991 Alabama Game & Fish Mar. 42/3 A discernible mud line flows into the body of the lake from the feeder streams.

2002 T. Shimoda Fourth Treasure (2003) 15/1 The slender, wirelike tissue trailing from the cell body.

6. Particular technical uses.

a. The part of a vehicle fitted to receive the load; spec. the part of a motor car in which driver and passengers sit, or the fuselage of an aeroplane. Cf. cart-body n. at cart n. Compounds 2, wide-body n.Recorded earliest in bodytray n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > parts of > body

cart-bodyc1325

body1353

1353 Manorial Documents in Mod. Philol. (1936) 34 53 (MED) In j pare de Boditrayes [belonging to a cart].

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. iiii The body of the wayn of oke.

1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania i. 99 The other fifty..got Swords for the accomplishing of their wills, priuately hid in the Chariot..the Hilts onely out, which were taken to bee but artificially made to seeme Swords, and placed for ornaments round about the body of the Chariot.

1669 S. Pepys Diary 30 Apr. (1976) IX. 537 There I do find a great many ladies sitting in the body of a coach.

1794 W. Felton Treat. Carriages I. 56 Though..this word implies a carriage complete..it is usually distinguished as the under part only on which the body is placed.

1881 J. W. Burgess Pract. Treat. Coach-building 42 The body is a species of box, fitted with doors and windows, and lined and wadded for the purpose of comfort.

1888 Science 21 Dec. 302/2 The springs rest on the journal-boxes, and support the body of the car.

1896 Horseless Age May 20 Width of body [of motorcar] 32 inches; length of body 8 feet 6 inches.

1909 A. Berget Conquest of Air 166 The body..is the space designed to carry the motor, propeller, and the aviator.

1934 Pacific Hist. Rev. 3 393 The mode of construction..permitted the body of the coach to rock fore and aft and make of it what Mark Twain termed a ‘cradle on wheels’.

1969 Folklore 80 6 On the body of the latter wagon the reticulated pattern..is clearly visible.

1990 Material Handling Engin. (Nexis) Oct. 99 After car bodies are painted, they are moved into storage to coordinate the production schedule with the number of bodies painted a specific color.

b. The middle aisle, or the whole nave, of a church. Cf. bodystead n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > nave > [noun]

bodyc1390

boukc1420

middle pace1499

bulk1518

holy place1526

ship1613

bodystead1623

cella1652

nave1673

cella1676

nef1687

auditorium1728

c1390 (?c1350) St. Ambrose l. 1051 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 24 (MED) Þe emperour..Out of þe chauncel tok his going and stod adoun in þe bodi Of þe chirche.

1418 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 30 To the werkis of the body of the Parisshe Chirche.

1501 in J. Gairdner Lett. Reigns of Richard III & Henry VII (1861) I. App. A. 413 And as for the haulte place, it is devised to be set in the navy and body of the churche.

1552 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16279) Administr. Lordes Supper sig. M.vi The Table..shall stande in the body of the Churche.

1637 P. Heylyn Antidotum Lincolniense ii. vii. 71 The Areas of their Temples, the Porticos, and the Nave or bodie of them, were suffered to be used sometimes for walking, conference, and such civill businesses.

c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1641 (1955) II. 50 In the Nave or body of the Church, hang the goodliest branches of brasse for tapers that ever I had seene.

1712 H. Prideaux Direct. Church-wardens (ed. 4) 24 In the City of London..the Parishioners repair the Chancel as well as the Body of the Church.

1760 J. Lockman Hist. Cruel Sufferings Protestants 154 The great church of the Holy Ghost at Heidelberg, had..been shared by both Calvinists and Roman catholicks; the latter celebrating mass in the choir; and the former performing divine service in the nave or body of the church.

1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 484/2 The nave or body of the church is 246 feet by 43, and upwards of 80 feet high.

1929 D. N. Arms Churches of France 30 We looked down on the congregation assembled in the body of the church below us.

1963 B. Modisane Blame me on Hist. xii. 193 I was physically lifted..off the pew and force-marched up the aisle, through the body of the church.

2003 R. Taylor How to read Church 21 The main body of the church, the nave, is the area where the congregation takes part in the service.

c. The main portion of a document or other text, as distinguished from the introduction or preamble, and esp. from an appendix, a codicil, or other supplementary matter. Cf. body text n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > body of composition

textc1369

bodyc1405

contexta1530

contexturea1619

body text1892

body copy1926

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 42 First with heigh stile he enditeth Er he the body of his tale writeth A prohemie.

1559 Abp. Hethe in J. Strype Ann. Reformation I. ii. App. vi. 7 The body of this acte touchinge the supremacy.

1589 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1881) 1st Ser. IV. 442 Thay wer nocht contenit in the body of the said principall letter..bot interlynnit on the mairgeane thairof.

1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. iv. 80 The incroachments..mentioned in the body of that Law.

1695 W. J. tr. R. Le Bossu Treat. Epick Poem iii. iii. 117 The Epick Proposition is that first part of the Poem, wherein the Author proposes briefly, and in the General, what he has to say in the Body of his Work.

1736 Dr. King in J. Swift Lett. (1768) IV. 179 The tracts..may be printed by way of appendix. This will be indeed less trouble than the interweaving them in the body of the history.

1784 J. Barnard Life R. Challoner ix. 67 In the Body of the Book he explains the Nature of the Sacraments and the Scripture Proofs on which they are founded.

1861 A. Trollope Orley Farm (1862) I. i. 3 The body of the will was in the handwriting of the widow, as was also the codicil.

1878 H. H. Gibbs Game of Ombre (ed. 2) Pref. 7 Bringing the supplementary Chapter into the body of the Book.

1906 Auk 23 304 Five of the species of the Folio are suppressed in the body of the text.

1955 Internat. Affairs 31 498 Part III, which is the main body of the book, deals with each article of the charter in turn.

2005 Phi Delta Kappan (Nexis) 1 Jan. 396 On the printed page, the structured abstract appears between the title and the main body of the article.

d. Nautical. The hull of a ship; the section of this as viewed from different positions (cf. body plan n. at Compounds 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun]

bulka1450

bodyc1550

hull?a1560

hulk1632

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 40 He beand in the body of the said schip quhen he hes tynt the sycht of his mark than he montis and passis vp to the top of the schip and then he persauis his mark perfytly.

1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten Disc. Voy. E. & W. Indies i. xcvi. 178/2 Three English ships..did vs hurt in the body of our shippe, but spoyled all our sayles and ropes.

1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ii. 4 By the hull is meant, the full bulke or body of a ship without masts or any rigging from the stem to the sterne.

1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions 22 The whole Bodies of their Ships under Water.

1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 25 The next thing requisite is to fortify and make provision to bear the Ship's Body, and also for laying the Bulge-ways on.

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at Architecture The fore-body of the ship, i.e. before the midship frame.

1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 99 The figure of a ship, abstractedly considered, is supposed to be divided into different parts,..to each of which is given the appellation of Body. Hence we have the terms Fore Body, After Body, Cant Bodies, and Square Body. Thus the Fore Body is the figure, or imaginary figure, of that part of the ship afore the midships or dead-flat, as seen from ahead... The Square Body comprehends all the timbers whose areas or planes are perpendicular to the keel and square with the middle line of the ship; which is all that portion of a ship between the cant bodies.

1926 Harvard Stud. Classical Philol. 37 52 Half decks..were used in the Homeric boats at bow and stern, the main body of the boat not being decked.

1994 Daily Mail 29 Sept. 7/2 With conventional ships, a series of bulkheads divide the body of the ship into compartments.

e. The shaft of a pillar.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > pillar > [noun] > shaft

body1563

1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Bi^v They also fashioned the body of the pilloure, and filled it with Canalicoli, and Striges, as thoughe it were the plates of her garmentes.

1574 J. Baret Aluearie B 806 The bodie of a pillour, betweene the chapitre, and the base.

1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xv. xxvii. 570 Let your posts..be as thick as the maine body of your piller..and let them be mortaised together.

1669 R. Pricke Mauclerc's New Treat. Archit. ii. sig. C (side-note) The diminishing of the body of the Pillar.

1702 W. J. tr. C. de Bruyn Voy. Levant xliii. 171/1 The Body of the Pillar it self consists only of one single Stone, which some believe to be of Granit.

1747 J. Wood Choir Gaure 52 The Central Line of this Work passes thro' the Body of the Pillar.

1831 G. Crabb Family Encycl. (Enlarged ed.) 218/1 The body of the pillar is usually channeled or furrowed with twenty-four gutters.

1999 P. Ho in F. H. Cheung & M. Lai Politics & Relig. in Anc. & Medieval Europe & China 111 The body of the pillar was engraved with a passage written by Wu Sansi.

f. Anatomy. The main portion or shaft of a bone; esp. the cylindrical portion (centrum) of a vertebra, to which the processes are attached.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > parts of bones > [noun] > main part

body1578

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 19^v (margin) The bodie of the Vertebre is the corpulent and grosse parte therof.

1697 R. Baker Cursus Osteologicus 25 Also the Ossa Pubis are united by it [sc. synchondrosis], so are the Bodies of the Vertebræ one to another.

1747 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 44 199 This Distemper was found to be a Spina ventosa, or Cariosity in the Body of the Os Humeri, whereby about four Inches of the solid Bone had been destroyed.

1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 17 In every Vertebra..there are distinguished a body, seven processes, four notches, and a hole.

1873 Nature 11 Dec. 109 The eighth vertebra has a concavity at each end of its ‘body’.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1298 Each vertebra shows a substantial ventral (or anterior) ‘body’ or centrum, which works against its neighbours with the intervention of a gristly cushion at each end.

1956 Bios 27 174 The ventral portion [of the fifth vertebra], which is somewhat cylindrical, is the body or centrum.

2000 Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. 73 1078 In the control mice, bone marrow occupied a large space in the centre of the body of the femur.

g. In a walled city or fortress: the main enclosure or innermost ring of fortification; (also) the area within this. Also figurative. Cf. enceinte n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fort or fortified town > [noun] > main enclosure of fort

bawn1537

body1579

enceinte1708

1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin xvii. 996 The Imperials..turned all their diligence to fortifie Myllan, Not the body of the city as they did in the beginning of the warre, but the rampars & bastillions of the subburbs.

1591 W. Garrard & R. Hitchcock Arte of Warre v. 323 Touching the proportion and body of the fortification, as Curtins, bulwarks, sholders, flanckes, and Caualieres, I presuppose that they are made in such due forme and order as hath been accustomed to be vsed, of those y^t be perfect Maisters in this arte.

1658 T. Tanner Entrance of Mazzarini Continued 26 The Governour..being glad to draw his souldiers to secure the body of the place.

1686 R. Blome Gentlemans Recreation i. x. 186/1 If the Garison be but weak, then the Governor is to manage it to the best Advantage; and is not obstinately to defend the Out-Works, but rather to look to the defence of the Ditch, and the Body of the place.

1707 J. Barker Treasury of Fortification 248 The Bridges of the Body of the Place, are generally from 14 to 16 Feet wide.

1762 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy VI. xxii. 92 A practicable breach had been made by the duke of Marlborough, in the main body of the place.

1802 W. Coxe Trav. Poland, Russia, Sweden & Denmark (ed. 5) IV. 337 The college has inspection and care of..the body of fortification.

1862 F. A. Griffiths Artillerist's Man. (ed. 9) 262 The Body of the place, (or Enceinte) consists of the work next to, and surrounding the town, in the form of a polygon, whether regular, or irregular.

1934 Amer. Hist. Rev. 39 630 Revised instructions..required the commander to repulse only one assault on the body of the place.

1973 Anatolian Stud. 23 29 The bastions were separated from the body of the fortification wall.

2006 H. White tr. J. H. Merle D'Aubigné Hist. Reformation II. v. viii. 287 They busied themselves in defending the outworks, while their intrepid adversary was advancing into the body of the place.

h. The main part of a musical instrument, which in the case of traditional stringed instruments forms a resonating chamber.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > [noun] > parts generally > body

body1657

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl.) (1871) III. 211 In the monocorde, when the wire extendede on a holowe body is distreynede diametrally by an instrumente..callede magada.]

1657 R. Ligon True Hist. Barbados 48 When I had done [he] took the Theorbo in his hand, and strooke one string, stopping it by degrees upon every fret, and finding the notes to varie, till it came to the body of the instrument; and that the neerer the body of the instrument he stopt, the smaller or higher the sound was.

1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. i. sig. B4^v/1 The sound-posts that stand up within the body of a musical Instrument.

1773 J. Herries Elements Speech i. i. 19 The palate or roof of the mouth..answers a purpose somewhat similar to the body of a violin or guitar, to collect, rebound, and render melodious the tone.

1842 Mag. Sci. 3 228/2 The reason why the body of an instrument increases the tone, does not seem to be because it is hollow, so as to cause a reverberation or echo, as is generally imagined, but merely because it presents a larger surface against the air.

1889 Proc. Musical Assoc. 16th Sess. 144 Still there is this peculiarity of air, that sounding bodies have the power of making resonance chambers.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xv. 398 The body of a violin acts as a resonator for the vibrating strings.

1969 Music Educators Jrnl. 56 18 (advt.) On top of all the tuning improvements Chroma II™ has a brand new body which produces up to 55% more resonance.

2004 Herald-Sun (Durham, N. Carolina) (Nexis) 16 May e7 There is a fiddle player leaning back as he casually passes the bow over the body of his instrument.

i. The foundation of a felt or silk hat. Cf. body-maker n. (c) at Compounds 2, hat body n. at hat n. Compounds 5.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > parts of headgear > [noun] > body or foundation

body1799

bonnet shape1824

foundation1845

shape1880

1799 Jrnl. Nat. Philos. May 75 After the body is got up to a certain size, the workmen put on gloves made of the sole of a shoe, to shield their hands from the vitriol, to enable them to work the hat tighter.

1845 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. 5th Ser. 159 The ‘body’, or ‘foundation’, of a good beaver hat is..made of eight parts rabbits' fur [etc.].

1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 519/2 A silk hat consists of a light stiff body covered with a plush of silk.

1906 E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter Org. Chem. 65 The stiffening and proofing of hat forms or ‘bodies’.

1994 Denver Post (Nexis) 26 June c5 The hat body, which is made of rough felt, is then sanded by hand to smooth it.

j. = body carpet n. at Compounds 2. Frequently attributive, as body goods, body width.

ΘΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > carpet > composed of joined strips

body carpet1813

body carpeting1817

body1936

1936 Carpet Ann. 61 There are a number of qualities made, and squares, rugs, body goods, and stairs are available in a great variety of designs and colours.

1947 J. F. C. Brinton Carpets v. 37 Originally, carpeting was only made in body or filling 27 in. wide, and border 22½ or 18 in. wide.

1955 Carpet Rev. Mar. 54 (caption) An Ispahan Design on a Venetian red ground, made in ‘Glenbarr’ Axminster Body.

1985 R. Ashcroft Constr. for Interior Designers 379 Axminster and Wilton carpets are made in ‘body widths’ (widths of up to approximately 1 m) or in ‘broadloom widths’ (widths of up to 4.5 m).

k. Computing. The actual information or message contained in a set of transmitted data, as opposed to automatically generated data such as a header; spec. (a) the part of an email which is intended to be read by the recipient; (b) the part of an HTML document which is displayed by a web browser. Cf. header n. 10.

ΚΠ

1969 S. Crocker Request for Comments (Network Working Group) (Electronic text) No. 1. 6 We propose that each message carry a message number, bit count, and a checksum in its body, that is transparent to the IMP.

1986 U.S. Patent 4,581,734 4 All packets include a header, a message body, and two redundancy checks.

2008 News of World (Nexis) 13 July Please put crunch in the subject line and your name and address in the body of the email.

7. The main part of a pot or vessel (as opposed to the neck, lid, spout, etc.); spec. the rounded lower part of a retort. In early use also: †a vessel in which a substance to be distilled is placed; a retort (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > distillation apparatus

bodya1400

descensoryc1405

circulatory1559

receiver1576

bolt-glass1594

adopter1741

Woulfe's apparatus1800

alcogene1828

fractionating column1908

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 351 (MED) Loke þou haue a strong vessel..& loke þat þe couercle þerof & þe bodi be wel closyng.

?c1450 in G. Müller Aus Mittelengl. Medizintexten (1929) 29 (MED) Take a vessel of erthe þat be made in þe maner of a juste, þat hath a long nekke and a wyd body bynethe, wyth a styllotorie ordeynyd and grawyn acordande to þe vessell.

1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 1 Moist thinges put into a body (for so do they cal the bigger vessell from whence the vapur is lifted up) by the force of heate are extenuated into a vapour.

1594 H. Plat Diuers Chimicall Concl. Distillation 3 in Jewell House Put them into your pot, or body.

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique iii. lxi. 565 The containing vessell [in distilling]..some call it the body or corpulent vessell, or the gourd.

1651 J. French Art Distillation i. 28 Put this bread into a Glass-body, and distill it in Balneo.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 398/1 An Infuser, or a Glass Body with a long Neck..also termed a Distillatory.

1724 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. (ed. 2) Body, (in Chymistry) is the Vessel which holds the Matter in distilling the Spirits of Vegetables.

1758 R. Dossie Elaboratory laid open i. i. 35 The body of the pot must be of a cylindrical figure, with a concave bottom: and converging at the top so as to make a kind of wide conical neck.

1832 J. L. Comstock Syst. Nat. Philos. (ed. 3) 95 The coffee, we know, stands exactly at the same height, both in the body of the pot, and in its spout.

1865 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 90 221 The retort..is placed in such a position that the neck shall slightly incline towards the body of the retort.

1933 Man 33 11 He added the pattern, produced by stroking the body of the pot with a splinter of palm reed wound round with a coarse thread.

1977 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Process Design & Develop. 16 126/2 The entire retort body was insulated with 1 in. of silica alumina ceramic fiber.

2004 M. R. Waters Lone Star Stalag v. 178 The shallow lid..fits over a slightly recessed lip on the body of the pot.

8. The main portion of a group or class, esp. of people; the majority; the larger part, the bulk of anything.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a great part or proportion > the greater part, the majority

the more partOE

the best part ofOE

(the) more parta1350

(the) most parta1350

(the) most part alla1350

(the) most party1372

for (also be, in) the most part (also deal, party)a1387

the better part ofa1393

the mo?a1400

most forcea1400

substancea1413

corsec1420

generalty?c1430

the greater partc1430

three quartersc1470

generalityc1485

the most feck1488

corpse1533

most1553

nine-tenths?1556

better half1566

generality?1570

pluralityc1570

body1574

the great body (of)1588

flush1592

three fourths1600

best1601

heap1609

gross1625

lump1709

bulk1711

majority1714

nineteen in twenty1730

balance1747

sweighta1800

heft1816

chief1841

the force1842

thick end1847

1574 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Job (new ed.) clviii. 815/2 Inasmuch as our Lorde hath..extended his mercie to those that were not the bodie of his (peculiar) people.

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. vi. sig. E2^v The great bodie of them beginning to shake, and stagger.

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing i. i. 268 The body of your discourse is sometime guarded with fragments.

1621 Knolles's Gen. Hist. Turkes (ed. 3) 1359 The bodie of the Turkes armie followed behinde.

1678 N. Wanley Wonders Little World v. ii. §64. 471/2 The main body of the Empire.

1732 D. Neal Hist. Puritans I. 19 The Body of the inferiour Clergy were disguised Papists.

1781 E. Gibbon tr. Ammianus Marcellinus in Decline & Fall III. xxxi. 206 The main body is..increased by the accidental concourse of idle or dependent plebeians.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 166 The great body of the people leaned to the royalists.

1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 66 Under Henry [VIII] the body of the people were prosperous.

1922 F. Schevill Hist. Balkan Penins. vii. 86 However, amongst the great body of the clergy it was the monks who were particularly hit by Leo's measures.

1958 W. Willetts Chinese Art I. iv. 178 The main body of the Huns had by this time retreated to the northern edge of the Gobi Desert.

1995 Times 9 June 19/6 Then the new titular Archbishop was only Dr. Manning, and in the estimation of the great body of English Catholics had no more chance of the Archiepiscopate than of the triple crown.

9. Type-founding. The size of the shank of a type or slug measured from top to bottom of the end bearing the printing face; (hence) size or height of type.The body measurement is the same throughout a font, while the width of the shank varies with the letter (e.g. I and W).

ΚΠ

1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. Dict. 377 Fount, is the whole number of Letters that are Cast of the same Body and Face at one time.

1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 98 A whole Set of Punches of the same Body of Roman and Italica.

1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. 20 The difference betwixt Two Lines Pica and Double Pica as well in Face, as Body, is but inconsiderable.

1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 467 The Powers of the Hebrew Alphabet are distinguished by Points that letters have either in their venter, or over their body.

1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. ii. 11 The several bodies to which printing letters are cast..are nineteen in number.

1867 T. MacKellar Amer. Printer (ed. 3) 48 Ascenders, all the capital letters, and the b, d, f, h, i, j, k, l, t, so called because they ascend to the top of the body of the types.

1900 H. Hart Cent. Typogr. 23 Five packets of types of the same face, but cast on a Pica body and Dutch ‘height-to-paper’, were found at the Oxford Press in 1898.

1938 D. Megaw in Typography vii. 28/2 Normal stem projection..is a little more than half the body... Recognizability is aided by the slight differentiation caused by the recurrent shapes of a narrower set (this is where ‘extruders’ come in).

2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam Type & Typogr. v. 109/1 Point size refers not to the appearing size of the type but to the ‘body’ on which it is made.

III. A person.

10.

a. One's person, esp. as a party in law; one's self. body and goods n. (and variants) one's person and possessions.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 168 (MED) Ich chulle..biteache þi bodi to eleusium.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 3468 (MED) Sche hath hir oghne bodi feigned, For feere as thogh sche wolde flee Out of hir lond.

1413 in F. A. Page-Turner Bedfordshire Wills (1914) 18 Ȝyf eny man kan treuly say þat y haue do hym harme in body or in good.

a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 1860 They nolde..Put his body in such Iupartie.

1511 H. Watson tr. Noble Hist. King Ponthus (new ed.) sig. H.i Yf there be ony that dare saye it nowe I am redy for to preue it with my body that he lyeth falsely saue your honour.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Matrimonie f. xiiii*^v With thys ring I thee wed..with my body I thee wurship.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. D1 We must depose and lay foorth our selues both bodie, and goods, life, and time..into the hands of the prince.

1652 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 135. 2100 A Warrant in the nature of a Habeas Corpus..to bring without delay the body of the same prisoner.

1710 London Gaz. No. 4695/3 A barbarous Murder was committed on the Body of Mr. Henry Widdrington.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word) A man is said to be bound or held in Body and goods; that is, he is liable to remain in prison; in default of payment.

1885 A. V. Dicey Introd. Lect. Law of Constit. v. 172 No man is punishable or can be made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law.

1901 Columbia Law Rev. 1 65 If any of the said children should die, leaving issue of his body, said issue to receive the same proportion that the parent would have been entitled to.

1946 Columbia Law Rev. 46 306 The grantors, husband and wife, executed a deed of realty to their daughter ‘and the children of her body’.

1983 Law & Philos. 2 167 The intervention of a third party..is to be justified by invoking a woman's property right to her body.

2005 M. W. Bruening Calvinism's First Battleground iii. 66 By placing the conscience and the spirit in the hands of God but the body and goods under temporal jurisdiction, the Synodus effectively gave all discipline and correction to the secular government.

b. heir of the body n. (also heir male of the body and variants) an heir who is a lineal descendant, spec. (in the United Kingdom) one who is entitled to inherit freehold land under the rules relating to intestacy in force before the Administration of Estates Act of 1925. [Probably after Anglo-Norman heir de sun cors, heir masle de sun cors (early 14th cent. or earlier), hence Middle English plural forms of the type heirs males of the body (compare quots. 1425, 1473-4).]

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > direct descendant

heir of the body1391

lineal1757

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > succession > [noun] > descent by inheritance > heir > heir who is direct descendant

heir of the body1391

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 110 (MED) Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr.]

1391 in J. Robertson Illustr. Topogr. & Antiq. Aberdeen & Banff (1862) IV. 163 Failliand of the ayrez of hir body.

1425 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Apr. 1425 §13. m. 5 By cause þe name of duc of Norff' is tailled to me, and to my heirs males of my body commyng; and þe name of erel of Norff' is tailled to me, and to my heirs of my body commyng generaly.

1473–4 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §10. m. 15 That this acte..extend not..to Sir Thomas Bourghchier, knyght, ne to his heires masles of his body lawfully begoten,..duryng the seid astate taille, of, to, or for any graunte or grauntes unto hym made.

1518 H. Watson tr. Hystorye Olyuer of Castylle i. sig. A.j^v They desyred no thynge soo moche as to se an heyre of his body that myght be successour of the realme after y^e decease of this good kynge.

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. iii If..the lande is gyuen to the son and to the heyres of the body of his father ingendred, this is a good tayle.

a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 24 The heires males of his bodie.

1688 London Gaz. No. 2348/1 God Almighty, as we hope and pray, will grant You an Heir Masculine of your Body.

1732 D. Neal Hist. Puritans I. i. 13 An Act of Parliament for settling the Crown upon the Heirs of her Body.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 114 As the word heirs is necessary to create a fee, so, in farther imitation of the strictness of the feodal donation, the word body, or some other words of procreation, are necessary to make it a fee-tail.

1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 469 You here find a child described as an heir of the body.

1861 G. Meredith Evan Harrington II. xi. 194 But as Mr. Goren had no natural heirs of his body, he did not care for that.

1907 Times 13 July 6/5 The Act meant to give the annuity to the first duke and to the heirs male of his body.

1956 Virginia Law Rev. 42 1027 Thereafter both brothers married and died without heirs of their body.

2001 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Mar. 140/1 The phrase ‘heirs of her body’ means principle of primogeniture, under which not only do sons take precedence over daughters, but the sons and daughters of sons take precedence over the progeny of daughters, and over daughters themselves.

c. In titles of those who provide personal attendance upon someone. Cf. Compounds 1a(c), bodyguard n., esquire of the body at esquire n.¹ 1c, and squire of the body at squire n. 3a. Now historical.

ΚΠ

1442 T. Bekington Let. in G. Williams Mem. Reign Henry VI (1872) II. 181 (MED) Our trusty &c. squier for our body, Edward Hull, is commyn unto us.

1480 Wardrobe Accts. Edward IV in N. H. Nicolas Privy Purse Expenses Elizabeth of York (1830) 165 To Sir Edward Wydevile and to Sir James Radcliff, Knyghtes for the Body of oure saide Souverain Lorde.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Herts. 32 Surely he was a man of merit, being Penon or Ensign-bearer to one, Esquire of the body to three successive Kings, and M^r. of the Horse to one of their Queens.

1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel III. iii. 65 One valet-of-the-chamber, two pages of the body.

2007 R. J. Meyer-Lee Poets & Power from Chaucer to Wyatt iii. v. 179 Although it was lower in status than knight of the body or gentleman of the privychamber.., it nonetheless promoted its occupant as one who potentially had the ear of the king.

11. An individual; a person, typically one of a specified type or character. Now regional and colloquial.See also the combinations anybody pron., everybody pron., nobody pron. and n., somebody n., etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > [noun]

hadc900

lifesmaneOE

maneOE

world-maneOE

ghostOE

wyeOE

lifeOE

son of manOE

wightc1175

soulc1180

earthmanc1225

foodc1225

person?c1225

creaturec1300

bodyc1325

beera1382

poppetc1390

flippera1400

wat1399

corsec1400

mortal?a1425

deadly?c1450

hec1450

personagec1485

wretcha1500

human1509

mundane1509

member1525

worma1556

homo1561

piece of flesh1567

sconce1567

squirrel?1567

fellow creature1572

Adamite1581

bloat herringa1586

earthling1593

mother's child1594

stuff1598

a piece of flesh1600

wagtail1607

bosom1608

fragment1609

boots1623

tick1631

worthy1649

earthlies1651

snap1653

pippin1665

being1666

personal1678

personality1678

sooterkin1680

party1686

worldling1687

human being1694

water-wagtail1694

noddle1705

human subject1712

piece of work1713

somebody1724

terrestrial1726

anybody1733

individual1742

character1773

cuss1775

jig1781

thingy1787

bod1788

curse1790

his nabs1790

article1796

Earthite1814

critter1815

potato1815

personeityc1816

nibs1821

somebody1826

tellurian1828

case1832

tangata1840

prawn1845

nigger1848

nut1856

Snooks1860

mug1865

outfit1867

to deliver the goods1870

hairpin1879

baby1880

possum1894

hot tamale1895

babe1900

jobbie1902

virile1903

cup of tea1908

skin1914

pisser1918

number1919

job1927

apple1928

mush1936

face1944

jong1956

naked ape1965

oke1970

punter1975

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 10016 (MED) Þe beste bodi of þe world in bendes was ibrouȝt.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 3360 (MED) A better body drank neyuer wine.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. x. l. 258 Ac blame þow neuere body and þow be blame-worthy.

1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 121 Euery noble body ought sonner chese the deth thenne to do..thing that sholde be ayenst their honour.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xiii[i]. 1 The foolish bodyes saye in their hertes: Tush, there is no God.

1539 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 137 I will that my executors gyve..in breade to iiij poore bodies j d.

a1591 H. Smith Poore Mans Teares (1592) 19 There are a number that will denie a poore bodie of a pennie, and pleade pouertie to them.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 95 'Tis a great charge to come vnder one bodies hand.

1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler 56 It shall be given away to some poor body .

1693 J. Locke Some Thoughts conc. Educ. §143. iv One angry body discomposes the whole Company.

1704 B. Jenks Second Cent. Medit. lxv. 265 Let me be Open-handed, to Relieve Poor bodies on Earth; And Open-hearted also; to help my Neighbours Souls towards Heaven.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 112 The countess was a good sort of a body.

1781 R. B. Sheridan Trip to Scarborough iii. iv, in Wks. 505 What do you din a body's ears for?

1833 H. Martineau Loom & Lugger i. ii. 17 His wife was a more tidy body.

1895 ‘I. Maclaren’ Beside Bonnie Brier Bush iv. iii. 141 Keep's a', wumman, what are ye stravagin' about there for out o' a body's sicht? a' near set aff withoot ye.

1946 L. Lenski Blue Ridge Billy viii. 109 Lordy mercy! How's a body to git histed up?

1994 E. McNamee Resurrection Man (1998) xi. 96 I have always held that there is a want in him. Something in the eye that would lead a body to say here is someone that is not just right.

IV. A collective mass.

12.

a. A united or organized whole; an aggregate of individuals characterized by some common attribute; a collective mass.

(a) Of persons. Frequently in in a body: together, collectively. Cf. student body n. at student n.¹ Compounds 1b.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > [noun] > a complex whole > an organized or collective whole

altogethereOE

body1340

corpse1533

universality1561

globe?1594

orb1603

ensemble1703

organism1768

organity1929

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of people or animals > regarded as a whole or a body of people gathered

weredc725

trumec893

thrumOE

wharfOE

flockOE

farec1275

lithc1275

ferd1297

companyc1300

flotec1300

routc1300

rowc1300

turbc1330

body1340

numberc1350

congregation1382

presencec1390

meiniec1400

storec1400

sum1400

manya1425

collegec1430

peoplec1449

schoola1450

turm1483

catervea1492

garrison?a1513

shoal1579

troop1584

bevy1604

roast1608

horde1613

gross1617

rhapsody1654

sortment1710

tribe1715

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 221 (MED) Þerhuyle þet hy byeþ y-uestned togidere be spoushod, þe on to þe oþre, hi byeþ o body.

1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Descr. Germanie vi, in Annales 269 The Semnones..by their great bodie, they take themselues to be the head of the Sueuians.

1637 Abp. J. Williams Holy Table i. 6 He should do to bring them in; and would all in a body make a journey to the Bishop.

1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 10 A whole Body (consisting of number of Persons).

1677 C. Hatton Let. 23 Oct. in E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 152 The clergy did not goe in a body.

1705 Boston News-let. 23 Sept. 2/1 Forces were sent out of the Fort to suppress them, and the Sheriff, Officers and some men belonging to Her Majesties Ships made a Body to do the same.

1755 S. Johnson in J. Boswell Life Johnson (1831) I. 275 We might go and drink tea with Mr. Wise in a body.

1832 H. Martineau Life in Wilds viii. 100 All formed in a body to go and meet the new arrivals.

1932 A. Bell Cherry Tree x. 136 They saw no obstacle in anything and charged the fence in a body. It flung them back like a catapult.

1963 K. S. Inglis Churches & Working Classes in Victorian Eng. ii. 86 But as a body the Wesleyans were proud of their prosperity.

1992 B. Unsworth Sacred Hunger xxxix. 447 But there was safety in numbers. They might have made northwards in a body for Georgia or Louisiana.

(b) Of things.With reference to areas of knowledge or belief sometimes merging into sense 12b.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. iv. 454 In þe body of þe worlde [L. in corpore mundi] þe kynde of heuen is fairest.

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. x. l. 2598 Swiche is þe nature of parties or of membris, þat dyuerse membris compounen a body.

1566 J. Barthlet Pedegrewe Heretiques sig. A.j^v There is not thorowout the whole body of Diuinitie, any one common place, that hath not a number such sorte of writers..who will addresse themselues to thencombraunce, both of the common cause and wealth therein.

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. xiv. 88 The intire bodie of the scripture.

1615 J. Ainsworth Trying out of Truth 113 I say the least error in any of these transcendental doctrinal points doth shake the whole body of beleef.

1671 E. Howard Womens Conquest Pref. sig. b2 So the Poets disposition of his characters, ought in as high a degree to be proportionable to that body of thought he designs for them.

1747 Candid & Impartial Discuss. 19 I believe there is no Body of Opinion, that if either of those Acts had been committed in England, they would have been passed over more lightly, or the Persons concerned in them punished with less Severity.

1796 E. Burke Let. to Noble Lord 5 Since the total body of my services..have obtained the acceptance of my Sovereign.

1874 J. P. Mahaffy Social Life Greece x. 309 This large and respectable body of opinion.

1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. x. 181 The High-German body of dialects.

1923 D. A. Mackenzie Myths China & Japan xi. 161 Behind the corpse-painting custom there was, no doubt, a body of definite beliefs.

1963 A. Baraka Blues People xii. 204 There is no body of opinion quite as parochial as the hobbyist's.

2000 Daily Tel. 8 Feb. 20/3 The ability to behave in the most nominally acceptable grown-up way constitutes a body of ‘soft skills’ which must be instilled by a specialised government project.

b. A comprehensive and systematic collection of information, or of the details of any subject, esp. law; a textbook, a pandect. Usually with of.

ΘΠ

society > communication > book > kind of book > textbook or book of instructions > [noun]

handbookOE

doctrinalc1450

directory1543

school1545

instruction book1546

companion1621

body1647

tutor1665

self-instructor1700

tutorer1702

preceptorc1710

textbook1779

self-instructer1800

bench book1887

user guide1936

user manual1936

text1955

1647 A. Cowley Mistresse 26 If shee doe neare thy Body prize Her Bodyes of Philosophies.

1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 169 Whether they comment upon the bodie of Justinian.

1659 J. Milton Considerations touching Hirelings 92 Som wholesom bodie of divinitie, as they call it.

1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 361 A Body of Laws.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 121. ¶8 I could wish our Royal Society would compile a body of Natural History.

1773 R. Graves Spiritual Quixote I. v. 15 Such a multifarious body of divinity indeed quite unsettled Mr. Geoffry's mind; and filled his head with such a farraginous medley of opinions, as almost turned his brain.

1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. iii. vi. 352 Digests and bodies of science.

1860 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 5) Introd. 10 Science is a body of principles and deductions, Art is a body of precepts.

1923 T. Whittaker Macrobius i. 13 They are more than mere compilations; for they do in fact set forth an organic body of science and criticism.

1986 G. R. Evans Thought of Gregory the Great iii. 120 The Theodosian Code..was intended to constitute a definitive body of Roman law.

13.

a. A group of people with a common purpose or function acting as an organized unit, as for deliberation, government, or business; a society, organization, league, or council. Cf. body politic n. 3, governing body n. at governing adj. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > a company or body of persons > [noun]

ferec975

flockOE

gingc1175

rout?c1225

companyc1300

fellowshipc1300

covinc1330

eschelec1330

tripc1330

fellowred1340

choira1382

head1381

glub1382

partya1387

peoplec1390

conventc1426

an abominable of monksa1450

body1453

carol1483

band1490

compernagea1500

consorce1512

congregationa1530

corporationa1535

corpse1534

chore1572

society1572

crew1578

string1579

consort1584

troop1584

tribe1609

squadron1617

bunch1622

core1622

lag1624

studa1625

brigadea1649

platoon1711

cohort1719

lot1725

corps1754

loo1764

squad1786

brotherhood1820

companionhood1825

troupe1825

crowd1840

companionship1842

group1845

that ilk1845

set-out1854

layout1869

confraternity1872

show1901

crush1904

we1927

familia1933

shower1936

society > law > legal capacity > [noun] > legal person > artificial person

body1453

body politic1536

corporation1579

corporalty1603

1453 in R. W. Ingram Rec. Early Eng. Drama: Coventry (1981) 27 Then schall the masters felow pay vnto the Body of the Crafte v s.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. f. ccxxiiiiv/1 [They] so playnely and truely excused them selfe..suche as haue done this great outrage, slayne & may med our burgesses, the whiche is a great inconuenyence to the hole body of the towne.

1556 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 261 The bargayne..shalbe no bargayne allowed for the body of the Citie.

1645 J. Winthrop Declar. Former Passages 2 More lately the English had many strong & concurrent Indian testimonies..of Miantonimo's ambitious designes, travailing through all the plantations of the neighbouring Indians..perswading and ingaging them, at once to cut off the whole body of the English in these parts.

1689 Bp. G. Burnet Tracts I. 71 There are three different Bodies or Leagues.

1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos II. ix. 271 The Governor..had not time to form a defensive body.

1761 Hist. in Ann. Reg. 82/2 A large body of pitmen came into the town.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 165 It is seldom that a man inrolls himself in a proscribed body from any but conscientious motives.

1852 J. Bright Let. 25 Oct. in Speeches Public Policy (1868) II. 537 Grants of public money to any public body.

1866 H. P. Liddon Bampton Lect. (1875) i. 10 That little Body the disciples of Christ, and nucleus of His future Church.

1919 Times 2 July 16/3 The Bill must commend itself to the legislative body.

1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) Introd. 10 There is an increasing urgency to expand the membership of the V.A.D. Reserve of the Royal Navy, the National Hospital Service Reserve and the Civil Defence Corps, in order that these bodies may be in a position to render service in an emergency.

2002 Hist. Scotl. Mar. 57/3 The conclusion seems to be that the right message has not been successfully transmitted by the appropriate government-sponsored bodies.

b. An organized group of soldiers or other aggressive or fighting force. Cf. body of reserve at reserve n. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warriors collectively > [noun]

trumec893

wic897

ferredc1200

knight-weredc1275

preyc1300

legion?1316

companyc1325

punyec1330

virtuec1350

fellowshipc1380

knightheada1382

knighthooda1382

strengtha1382

sop?a1400

strengh?a1400

tropelc1425

armyc1450

framec1450

preparing1497

armourya1500

cohortc1500

cohortationc1500

cateran?a1513

venlin1541

troop1545

guidon1560

crew1570

preparation1573

esquadron1579

bodya1616

armada1654

expedition1693

armament1698

host1807

war-party1921

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (1623) i. iii. 66 I thinke we are a Body strong enough (Euen as we are) to equall with the King.

1651 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 84. 1278 Leaving moving bodies behind to prevent their designes.

1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely ii. 151 Some pierced even to the Body of Reserve.

1745 Mrs. Cibber Let. in Private Corr. David Garrick (1835) I. 39 I should be very glad to command a body of regular troops, but I have no ambition to head the Drury-lane militia.

1769 W. Robertson Hist. Charles V II. iv. 253 Escorted by a body of horse.

1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) III. 117 The Athenians..sent a body of troops to garrison it.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 4 The bodies now designated as the first six regiments of dragoon guards, etc.

1918 Times 19 Mar. 5/5 Austro-German prisoners of war..have formed themselves into a well-armed body, and taken possession of the town.

1963 Compar. Stud. Society & Hist. 5 297 He controlled a ready physical force, an armed body of executioners.

1988 Mod. Asian Stud. 22 483 A large body was employed to garrison bases and fortresses.

14. The people of a state considered collectively. Also in figurative contexts. Cf. body politic n. 1 and politic body at politic adj. 1c.

ΘΠ

society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun]

commona1382

commontya1382

policya1393

communitya1398

commonweal?a1400

politic1429

commonwealth1445

well public1447

public thinga1450

public weala1470

body politica1475

weal-public1495

statea1500

politic bodyc1537

body1545

public state1546

civil-wealth1547

republic?1549

state1553

polity1555

publica1586

estate1605

corps politic1696

negara1955

negeri1958

1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 35 Thys peruerse iudgement of y^e worlde, when men mesure them selfe a misse, bringeth muche mysorder and greate vnsemelynesse to the hole body of the common wealth.

1570 Act 13 Eliz. xviii. Pream. Beneficial Causes..to insue to the Body of this Common Wealth.

1625 C. Burges New Discouery Personal Tithes 20 The Lawes..enacted by the King and the whole Body of the Kingdome.

1660 S. Tuke Char. Charles II 6 The best means to restore the crazie Body of the Kingdom to its former health and vigour, is not to cure one part, by afflicting of the other.

1717 Eng. Realm 41 Rebellion [is] an unfit and unwholesome Medicine to reform small Lacks in a Prince..such lewd Remedies being far worse than any other Maladies, and Disorders, that can be in the Body of a Commonwealth.

1763 J. Tucker Case of Going to War 52 What if the Men of landed Property, and the numerous Band of English Artificers and Manufacturers, who continue..the great Body of the Kingdom..should not be as military in their Dispositions as these Gentlemen would wish they were?

1850 Gentleman's Mag. Jan. 592/1 It was shrewdly remarked by Catilina that the body of the commonwealth lacked a head, and the head of the commonwealth lacked a body.

1888 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 2 430 Such inequality cannot be shown in the abstract to be either advantageous or disadvantageous to the body of the nation.

1916 E. Root Addr. Govt. & Citizenship 369 The intervention..would have been wholly unnecessary if the states themselves had been alive to their duty toward the general body of the country.

1963 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 24 168 Power originally resides in the body of the commonwealth.

1998 B. J. Bergen Banality of Evil iv. 141 The often-conflicting interests of the different social classes that made up the body of the nation.

V. Substance; matter; a portion of matter.

15. Substance, as opposed to representation, shadow, etc.; reality. rare before 17th cent. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > reality or real existence or actuality > [noun] > the reality as opposed to what is apparent

bodyc1384

truth1531

substance1533

person1548

effect1592

hypostasis1605

reality1620

reala1637

essence1646

hypostase1867

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Coloss. ii. 18 Whiche ben schadowe of thingis to come; forsoth the body is of Crist [L. corpus Christi].

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 24 To shew vertue her feature..and the very age and body of the time his forme and pressure.

1656 H. Jeanes Treat. Fulnesse of Christ 131 in Mixture Scholasticall Divinity Body is opposed unto shadowes; and so a bodily inhabitation unto an umbratile.

1702 Eng. Theophrastus 327 Men suffer themselves to be enchanted with the shadow and appearance of a thing whose real body does not so much as affect them.

1843 J. Sherman tr. J. Daillé Epist. St. Paul to Philippians 142/1 If seeing and having in hand the very body of a thing, we should occupy ourselves in following after and embracing the shadow of it?

1961 E. Rugg & D. Marín tr. J. O. y Gasset Medit. on Quixote i. ix. 89 No, it is not enough for me to have the material body of a thing; I need, besides, to know its ‘meaning’, that is to say, the mystic shadow which the rest of the universe casts on it.

16.

a. Alchemy. Any of the seven metals supposed to correspond to the sun, moon, and five major planets. Now historical.The seven metals were gold (the sun), silver (the moon), iron (Mars), quicksilver (Mercury), lead (Saturn), tin (Jupiter), and copper (Venus). Gold and silver were considered perfect bodies, and the others imperfect bodies.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > alchemy > other alchemical substances or theories > [noun] > ancient metals

bodya1393

corpse1393

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 2466 The bodies whiche I speke of hiere Of the Planetes ben begonne.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) G. §3. l. 820 I wol yow telle..The seuene spirites and the bodies seuene... The bodyes seuene eek, lo hem heere anoon Sol gold is, and Luna siluer we threpe Mars Iren, Mercurie quyk siluer we clepe Saturnus leed, and Iuppiter is tyn And Venus Coper, by my fader kyn.

a1500 in D. W. Singer Catal. Lat. & Vernacular Alchemical MSS (1928) I. 159 (MED) Bodies imperfit aren copir, iren, tynne, led..Parfit bodies longe and perteynen to the werke of alkemye.

a1550 ( G. Ripley Compend of Alchemy (Bodl. e Mus.) f. 63^v Those oiles will fix crud mercurie & conuerte bodies all Into parfit sol & lune.

1692 W. Salmon Medicina Practica ii. xii. 247/1 The seven Bodies are the seven Metals, the first of which is Gold, and the most perfect of them.

1983 Stud. Eng. Lit. 1500–1900 23 203 Rafe is no more successful in learning the ‘four spirits’ and ‘seven bodies’ of alchemy than he was in conquering the points of the compass.

1987 A. U. Chapman in Essent. Articles Henry Vaughan 168 ‘Bodyes’ could be a punning reference to ‘the seven bodies terrestrial’, the seven metals of alchemy, a term with which we may assume Vaughan to have been familiar.

1994 W. R. Newman Gehennical Fire i. 49 Here we learn that Alcocke and Starkey, under Palgrave's guidance, were working on ‘the perfect bodies’, an alchemical term for gold and silver.

b. Chemistry. Originally: †any of the four elements (earth, fire, water, and air) believed to constitute matter; a material substance made from one or more of these elements (obsolete). In later use: a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance; spec. a chemical element or compound. Now rare.combined, compound, ketone, mixed, protein, simple body, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical elements > [noun]

elementa1300

spirita1393

bodya1398

originalsc1484

red mana1500

principlea1550

principium1684

the world > the earth > minerals > [noun] > mineral substance

mineral?a1425

body1594

fossil1606

mineraloid1913

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > [noun]

thingeOE

substancea1550

body1594

magnesium chloride1866

magnesium sulphate1871

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ix. i. 516 Fire and aier and oþir suche liȝt bodies..watir and erþe & oþir suche heuy bodies.

a1500 in D. W. Singer Some Plague Tractates (1916) 163 (MED) The aire..is a symple þing or an unmedled body.

1594 H. Plat Diuerse Sorts of Soyle 13 in Jewell House Niter, and other Aromaticall bodies.

1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. vi. 67 From these are thus denominated, homiomerious mixt bodies, as Metalls, Gold, Brass, Silver, Stone and the like.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) i. 12 A gummous body and dissoluble also in water.

1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 10 The said Metallick and Mineral Bodies.

1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 54 It entirely resists the vitriolick acid, which dissolves or corrodes every other known metallick body, except Gold.

1812 M. Faraday Let. Sept. in P. Day Philosopher's Tree (1999) ii. 8 Consequently it must be a different substance & Chlorine must be a simple body.

1841 Liebig's Lett. Chem. (1844) iv. 63 The employment of symbols enables the chemist to express..the constitution of every compound body.

1841 Liebig's Lett. Chem. vi The ultimate particles of bodies, or atoms, must occupy a certain space.

1854 Orr's Circle Sci. I. 118 Musical sounds, then, are produced either by the vibrations of solid bodies, of liquid bodies, or of aëriform bodies, or by a combination of the vibrations of two or more of these.

1881 H. E. Roscoe & C. Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. III. i. 162 Cyanides of the alcohol radicals. These bodies are formed when an alcoholic iodide is heated with silver cyanide.

1920 J. M. Fortescue-Brickdale Text Bk. Pharmacol. ix. 74 Phenoloids are bodies having similar properties [to cresols], and are obtained from the distillation of coke.

1955 B. C. L. Kemp Elem. Org. Chem. (new ed.) ii. 36 It appears that in high temperature distillation, the aliphatic substances liberated from coal undergo a type of chemical change known as ‘condensation’, forming a complex mixture of aromatic bodies, most of which are found in ordinary coal-tar.

1992 W. H. Brock Fontana Hist. Chem. iii. 119 Lavoisier's list included substances such as barytes, magnesia and silica, which later proved to be compound bodies.

c. The mixture of clays and other materials used in the manufacture of a ceramic item; frequently with modifying word to indicate the particular type.biscuit, mortar body: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > pottery or ceramics > [noun] > porcelain > paste for making porcelain

petuntse1728

paste1735

body1774

frit1791

service paste1839

1774 J. Wedgwood Let. 21 July in Sel. Lett. (1965) 163 At one time the body is white and fine as it should be, the next we make..is a Cinamon color.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1020 Mortar body, is a paste composed of 6 parts of clay [etc.].

1893 E. A. Barber Pottery & Porcelain U.S. 127 The proportion of phosphate of lime..being..a very much smaller percentage than in the English bone body.

1902 A. Bennett Anna of Five Towns viii. 169 The four sorts of clay used in a common ‘body’—ball clay, China clay, flint clay and stone clay.

1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxxiv. 664 A glaze is produced on the surface by dipping the porous product (biscuit-ware) into water holding in suspension either pure felspar or a mixture richer in lime than that used for the porcelain ‘body’ and melting this by firing at a higher temperature in the kiln.

1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World iv. 132 Most steatite electrical products..are most commonly shaped by dust-pressing, but because the body contains little clay the ceramist adds artificial plasticizers such as waxes or polyvinyl alcohol.

2003 Oxoniensia 67 296 The pottery was sorted into fabrics based on the main inclusions macroscopically visible in the clay body.

17.

a. Frequently with distinguishing word. A celestial object (sun, moon, planet, etc.); = heavenly body n. at heavenly adj. and n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun]

candle937

lightOE

starsc1225

ballc1300

bodya1398

celestinec1430

heavenly bodya1475

luminair1477

luminary1489

streamer1513

host or hosts of heaven1535

globe1555

orb1565

sphere1598

planet1640

superstar1910

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. xvi. 484 Þe sonne..is þe welle of alle lyȝt, and by his bemes þe ouere bodyes and neþir ben ischined.

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §2. 15 (heading) To knowe the altitude of the sonne, or of othre celestial bodies.

1642 D. Rogers Naaman 348 Cannot the Lord..restraine the influence of the upper bodies from the lower at his pleasure?

1798 Philos. Mag. 2 8 We may therefore conjecture that iron..is the principal matter employed in the formation of new planetary bodies.

1836 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 30 393 In endeavoring to fix the periodic time of the meteoric body..several considerations induced the belief, that half a year was the true period.

1881 Nature 1 Dec. 107/1 So far as we know, every body in the universe is capable of producing, and actually does produce, tides in every other body.

1905 W. Hampson Radium Explained 51 Do single astronomical bodies, such as the satellites or developed planets, ever disintegrate into the masses of which they are composed?

1984 A. C. Duxbury & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans ix. 286 Relationships between the oceans and the tide-raising bodies, the moon and the sun.

2000 M. M. Woolfson Origin & Evol. of Solar Syst. p. xv One central body, the Sun, containing most of the mass of the system has a family of attendant planets in more-or-less circular orbits around it.

b. More widely: a material thing, an object; something that has physical existence and extension in space.black, foreign, many-, three-body: see the first element.

ΘΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > thing or material object

thingOE

bodya1398

objecta1398

substance1525

cheat1567

solidity1604

article1618

material objecta1651

res extensa1652

extensum1678

businessa1684

animal1729

materiate1755

affair1763

thingy1787

fellow1816

concern1824

jockey1827

toy1895

yoke1910

doojigger1927

bitch1951

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxxxi. 1387 Sowne comeþ of ayre ysmyte aȝeins an harde body.

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) v. pr. iv. l. 4764 Þe same roundenes of a body..oþer weyes þe syȝt of þe eye knoweþ it, and oþer weyes þe touching.

?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 179 Of bodyes inanymate, as..a swerde,..a stone.

?1555 M. Coverdale tr. Hope of Faythful xiv. 85 A wal is a body.

1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 20 A bodie is a masse or lump, which, asmuch as lieth in it, resisteth touching, and occupieth a place.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiv. 207 The Word Body..signifieth that which..occupyeth some certain room.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe Pref. sig. *2 The onely Principles of Bodies, are Magnitude, Figure, Site, Motion, and Rest.

1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 207. ⁋9 All attraction is increased by the approach of the attracting body.

1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. ix. 84 The effect produced by the rotatory motion of each body..is expressed by the product of the mass multiplied by the square of the velocity.

1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. (Gloss.) 1023 Ramp,..applied to any concave form, as in coping, &c., where a higher is to be joined by a continued line to a lower body.

1846 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic (ed. 2) i. iii. §7 A body..may be defined, the external cause to which we ascribe our sensations.

1868 Chambers's Encycl. I. 56 One of the most important inquiries in Aerodynamics is the resistance offered to a body moving in air.

1930 J. H. Jeans Universe around Us (ed. 2) iv. 248 The earth's atmosphere fails to dissipate it entirely, and what remains of it strikes the earth as a solid body—a meteorite.

1946 L. Toft & A. T. J. Kersey Theory of Machines (ed. 5) ii. 30 Iω is the angular momentum, or moment of momentum of the body about the axis of rotation.

2004 New Scientist 23 Oct. 16/1 Einstein's famous theory says that a massive rotating body should drag space-time around with it.

18.

a. Originally: †size or bulk; quantity (obsolete). In later use: a quantity, mass, or area of something.

ΘΠ

the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > [noun]

greatness1381

measurea1382

quantitya1387

muchnessa1398

sizea1400

largec1400

micklec1400

moisonc1400

of suingc1400

bignessc1475

assize1481

proportions1481

bodya1500

dimension1529

measuring1529

wideness1535

bind1551

corporance1570

magnitude1570

mickledom1596

amplitude1599

breadth1609

extendure1613

extension1614

extent1623

extensure1631

dimense1632

dimensity1655

bulkiness1674

bulksomeness1674

admeasurement1754

calliper1819

acreage1846

the world > relative properties > quantity > [noun] > a quantity or amount

fother13..

minda1325

quantitya1325

bodya1500

qt.1640

volume1702

some deal1710

lot1789

chance1805

mess1809

grist1832

jag1834

mense1841

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 208 (MED) By the eyghen know we..coloure, body, shape.

1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 388 Ezekiels Temple had not the same body with Solomons, but greater.

1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 38 A proportionable Body to the..weight it is to bear.

1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis iii. iii. 350 A sort of Brown Earth, very light; lying in Veins, incompassed with a Body of greenish Sand.

1704 D. Defoe Storm 15 Which Lands at least lying under Water every Spring-Tide..were like a stagnated standing body of Water.

1772 Town & Country Mag. 161 A large body of land, extending thirty miles up the Coofaw river.

1828 O. Gregory Hutton's Course Math. (ed. 9) II. 139 Body is the mass, or quantity of matter, in any material substance.

1854 R. I. Murchison Siluria v. 104 Another body of igneous rock lies subjacent to the Caradoc conglomerate.

1899 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1898 251 There must have been a sudden sub-oceanic displacement of a very large body of material, accompanying some form of bradyseismical adjustment.

1930 Condor 32 273 In wind the moving body of air is held back in its lower levels by the irregularities of the terrain.

1972 M. J. Ursin Life in & around Salt Marshes 79 Mallards do not restrict their habitat and may be found in nearly any body of water.

2008 Sunday Mail (Nexis) 27 Jan. 13 Let me explore the stunning Columbia Icefield..the largest body of ice in the Rocky Mountains.

b. Mining. A deposit (of ore, coal, etc.) suitable for mining. Cf. orebody n. at ore n.² Compounds 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > of ore

pipe1635

pipe vein1653

squat1671

body1672

moor1778

ore bed1787

1672 G. Sinclair Hydrostaticks xxiv. 269 Which body of Coal will be in length two miles, and in some places, as much in breadth.

1712 Projector Mine-adventure detected & laid Open 58 Certainly all experienc'd Miners may and do justly blame that unnecessary Charge to spend several thousand Pounds in two Levels when one would command the whole Hill, and to begin the second before the first had discover'd the Body of Ore.

1751 R. Barton Lect. Nat. Philos. v. 146 In the County of Tir-Oen side of the lake..there is a vast body of coal.

1814 H. M. Brackenridge Views Louisiana ii. vii. 147 What is called a discovery, by those engaged in working the mines, is, when any one happens upon an extensive body of ore.

1833 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 19 Oct. 658/2 This extensive body of one of the most useful metals, being discovered in the immediate vicinity of extensive deposits of bituminous coal, renders it the more important and certain for profitable investments.

1909 Westm. Gaz. 9 Feb. 11/4 The opening of an entirely new body carrying on an average 3 per cent. copper and 15 ounces of silver to the ton.

1956 E. W. Titterton Facing Atomic Future 152 It is to be expected that thorium bodies will then be sought as diligently as uranium deposits.

1998 M. Dolipski et al. in R. K. Singhal Mine Planning & Equipm. Select. 1998 581/2 The load level and its run are conditioned by..the state of stresses and strain in the body of coal being mined.

19. Geometry. A figure of three dimensions; a solid characterized by certain geometrical properties.Platonic, regular body: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [noun] > three-dimensional

solid1495

body1551

1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. i. Defin. A dye, whiche is called a cubike bodie by geometricians.

1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 3 A superficies being moued maketh a solide or bodie.

1705 E. Scarburgh Eng. Euclide 282 The five Platonick Bodies, so much fam'd, Pythagoras first found.

1820 N. J. Larkin (title) An introduction to solid geometry and the study of crystallography, containing an investigation of some of the properties belonging to the platonic bodies.

1917 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 56 183 Characteristics of the propellor as a geometrical body.

1945 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 10 629/1 Sociologists do not often deal with universes comparable to simple geometric bodies or decks of identical cards.

2004 M. Kemp Leonardo (2005) ii. 86 Leonardo became directly embroiled in the beguiling mathematics and formal beauties of the regular and semi-regular bodies when he collaborated with the mathematician Luca Pacioli.

†20. Philosophy. An entity; a thing which exists. Obsolete.Chiefly with reference to Stoic philosophy.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > [noun] > entity, being, or thing

thingeOE

warec1200

beinga1393

matterc1450

body1587

essence1587

entity1596

existence1605

existency1628

existent1635

essency1647

exister1700

beënt1865

thang1932

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > being or entity

body1587

ens1614

real1615

beënt1865

1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. ii. 24 To drawe some peculiar good..out of another bodies workes..as out of Poyson, health..from the night, rest.

1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. viii. 99 A body is that which doeth or sufficeth. It is the sense with essence or substance, and finite: whatsoever is, is a body, for whatsoever is, either doeth or suffereth.

1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. viii. 99 Night and day are bodies. Voice is a body, for it maketh that which is heard; in a word, whatsoever is, is a body and a subject.

21.

a. Comparative solidity, weight, fullness, richness, or complexity; substantial character or flavour, esp. in a wine, colour, fabric, etc. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [noun]

fastness?a1200

spissitudec1440

solidiousness1495

grossness1527

massiveness1530

substantialness1530

substantiality1535

crassness1545

massiness1559

stiffness1577

spissness1598

solidness1600

density1603

solidity1603

crassitude1604

condensity1611

thightness1615

compactedness1644

compactness1646

body1647

crassities1659

denseness1669

tightnessa1728

corporeity1750

substantiability1816

the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [noun] > substantiality or subsistence

substancec1430

subsistence?a1475

substantialityc1480

subsisting1578

body1647

substantivity1851

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > qualities or characteristics of wine > [noun]

body1647

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 141 In Greece there are no wines that have bodies enough to beare the sea for long voyages.

1689 R. Milward Selden's Table-talk 29 Allodium..signifies Land that holds of no body, we have no such Land in England.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia v. iii. 242 The Wine..being of so stout a Body that it is not subject to decay presently.

1735 Dict. Polygraph. (at cited word) To bear a body, a term us'd of painting colours..capable of being ground so fine, and mixing with the oil so intirely, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same colour.

1787 A. Young Jrnl. 2 June in Trav. France (1792) i. 13 Vatan is a little town that subsists chiefly by spinning. We drank there excellent Sancere wine, of a deep colour, rich flavour, and good body.

a1806 J. Barry in R. N. Wornum Lect. on Painting (1848) 216 Those colours without body, which are more immediately considered as transparent.

1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in Wks. I. 80/2 I hate both poetry and wine without body.

1862 Times 12 Aug. Staffordshire cannot produce fine-grained iron equal to theirs in body, i.e. in its power of standing the fire.

1884 Spectator 4 Oct. 1304/1 Metaphor and language..meant to conceal the want of body in the thought and emotion beneath.

1937 Life 22 Mar. (verso front cover) (advt.) You'll save money too for it's richer and has more body than most ready-to-serve soups.

1962 Times 2 July 15/2 As a result its wine has the greatest body, fire and sweetness.

1991 Garden (Royal Hort. Soc.) Jan. 13/2 The main ingredient, described as medium loam, was, in the words of the researchers, to give the composts body, supplying clay and actively decomposing humus.

2000 PS Nov. 83/1 The wool is combed, spun and twisted into soft-yet-strong two-ply yarns which add more body, drape and better resistance to pilling than lesser cashmere or cashmere blends.

b. As a characteristic of a person's hair: thickness, fullness, volume; the appearance of this.

1948 Chicago Tribune 25 June a2 (advt.) Retains hair's loose, natural beauty—adds body to hair of fine texture.

1966 J. Stevens Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing & Wigmaking 22/2 Body wave, a curling process that is claimed to put ‘body’ into the hair and make it more suitable for bouffant styles.

1997 Shetland Times 21 Nov. (Suppl.) 4/2 An intensive conditioning treatment..to deposit moisture deep into the hair shaft leaving hair with maximum body and shine.

22. Philosophy. As a mass noun: that which is perceptible to the sense of touch; matter, substance. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > [noun] > matter or substance

substancea1398

first substance1551

subject1590

hypostasis1605

byss1649

body1651

substratum1651

support1660

general substance1697

supporter1697

substrate1730

object-subject1867

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > [noun] > matter or substance > portion of

body1651

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiv. 208 Whatsoever has dimension, is Body.

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 413 Spirit. The Opposite to which..is Body.

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxiii. 142 The primary Ideas we have peculiar to Body, as contradistinguished to Spirit, are the cohesion of solid, and consequently separable parts, and a power of communicating Motion by impulse.

1702 W. Coward Second Thoughts xi. 443 The very Conception of Extention cannot possibly be without the Conception of Matter, or Body with it.

1762 Ld. Kames Elements Crit. III. App. 376 The subject or substratum of visible qualities, is termed substance, of audible qualities, sound; of tangible qualities, body.

1870 F. C. Bowen Logic iii. 55 We cannot think of body without extension.

1953 Philos. Rev. 62 333 Descartes does indeed define the nature of body as extension before he proves that body exists as conceived.

1997 Early Sci. & Med. 2 326 It is widely believed that the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century definitively set aside the matter and form of the Aristotelian schoolmen, and replaced it with a broadly geometrical conception of body.

†23. A substance which forms the basis of something; a fundamental constituent. Obsolete.

ΘΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] > essence or essential constituent

substancec1480

basea1550

marrowbone1554

ground1580

subsistence1581

basis1601

essence1656

body1664

hardpan1842

1664 P. Belon tr. N. Le Fèvre Disc. Rawleigh's Great Cordial 47 We have as yet two other matters to speak of..that enter in our Remedy..which are Sugar and the Spirit of Wine. The first serves as a body to receive and retain the dry things and the extractions which compose this Cordial.

1787 G. Winter New Syst. Husbandry 109 Every soil must contain as sufficient a body for those manures to act upon.

24.

a. Anatomy. A discrete mass of tissue or group of cells. Frequently with distinguishing word.In early use, often forming the names of glands, esp. endocrine glands, as pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid body, etc.ciliary, fat, geniculate body, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily substance > [noun] > separate portion of

body1698

1698 W. Cowper Anat. Humane Bodies Table 4 sig. C/1 These Piliferous Bodies or Glands, are furnished at their Roots with Importing and Exporting Blood Vessels, Nerves, &c. the Hairs being as it were their Excretory Ducts.

1702 R. Eliot Anat. Ess. i. 4 Those cribrous glands may also containe certain Acini or such like substances, but those Acini or small Bodies are alwayes perforate.

1767 R. Ingram Gout 162 The innumerable number of glandular bodies in the liver, filtrate it from the vena portæ.

1833 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 123 711 The small bodies of which the liver is composed, and which have been known to anatomists, since the time of Malpighi, by the various names of acini, lobules, [etc.].

1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (1869) 143 Nothing certain is known of the functions of any of these bodies [sc. the ductless glands].

1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (1869) 143 The spheroidal bodies called corpuscles of the spleen,..consist of a solid aggregation of minute bodies.

1903 Practitioner June 745 Each of these two glandular bodies, or prostates, is enveloped by a thin, strong, fibrous capsule.

1954 H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxxiv. 637 The original lesion caused by the lodgement of tubercle bacilli is microscopic but, with growth, the tubercles eventually become visible as minute bodies, at first less than a millimetre in diameter.

b. Cell Biology. Any of various normal or abnormal structures found within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell. Frequently with distinguishing word.basal, Golgi, molluscum, Negri body, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > other organelles or contents

raphide1831

body1839

raphid1863

mucigen1874

cell sap1875

globoid1875

raphis1879

pyrenoid1883

mucinogen1884

plastid1885

molluscum corpuscle1886

hyalosome1889

molluscum body1892

statolith1892

dictyosome1893

centrosome1895

Nissl body1898

Nissl granule1898

Nissl substance1899

archespore1901

blepharoplast1907

liposome1910

statocone1910

kinetosome1912

Golgi body1916

kinetoplast1925

lipochondrion1936

microsome1943

kappa1945

Pappenheimer body1947

microbody1954

lysosome1955

siderosome1957

ribosome1958

melanosome1961

cisterna1962

microtubule1962

plasmalemmasome1962

phagolysosome1963

informosome1964

monosome1964

mucocyst1965

peroxisome1965

rhoptry1967

spectrin1968

virosome1970

1839 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 129 358 The membrane of each vesicle or ‘cell’ is formed at the surface of a previously existing nucleus, which is a minute, spherical or elliptical, and often flattened body.

1882 Bot. Gaz. 7 90 It is a well marked body inside the nucleus, round or slightly oval in outline, and exhibits a clear bounding wall differentiating it from the substance of the nucleolus.

1899 Proc. Royal Soc. 1898–9 64 435 There are certain cancers..in which there are, in enormous numbers, intracellular bodies of the kind described by Ruffer, myself, and others, as parasitic Protozoa.

1924 L. Hogben & F. R. Winton Introd. Rec. Adv. Compar. Physiol. 197 In the cytoplasm are present granular bodies, of which two sorts are commonly distinguished, namely, the mitochondria and Golgi rods.

1960 K. Esau Anat. Seed Plants iv. 38 The mitochondria (or chondriosomes) are small cytoplasmic bodies ranging between those that are near the limit of resolution by the light microscope and those several microns in length.

1990 EMBO Jrnl. 9 2625/1 Some p53 colocalized with the E1B protein in a cytoplasmic body.

Phrases

P1. Christian Church. body of Christ. usually with the.

a. The Church regarded as a unified entity of many members, of which Christ is the head.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > person > [noun] > collective

holy churchc897

churcheOE

brideOE

ChristendomOE

Christ's churchOE

Christianitya1300

motherc1300

brotherheadc1384

Peter's bargea1393

Church of Christc1400

faithfulc1400

body of Christ?1495

congregation1526

husbandry1526

Peter's ship1571

mother church1574

St. Peter's ship1678

Peter's bark1857

Peter's boat1893

priest1897

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1555 Swa þatt teȝȝ shulen alle ben. An bodiȝ. & an sawle. & iesu crist himm sellf shall ben Vpp o þatt bodiȝ hæfedd.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Eph. iv. 12 He ȝaf summe sotheli apostlis..into the work of mynisterie, into edificacioun of Cristis body [L. corporis Christi].]

?1495 R. Fitzjames Sermo die Lune in Ebdomada Pasche sig. gii Thou refusest to be of the body of Chyste: yf thou wole not wyth hym be vnder an heed.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Coloss. i. B And he is the heade of the body, namely, of the congregacion.]

1570 A. Golding tr. D. Chytræus Postil 153 The very maner of Baptim whereby wee are first graffed intoo the churche or body of Chryste, betokeneth that wee looke assuredly for the resurrection from death.

1611 Bible (King James) 1 Cor. xii. 27 Now yee are the body of Christ, and members in particular.

1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. ii. 28 From hence it appeareth plainly..who are Schismatiques; whosoever doth uncharitably make ruptures in the mystical body of Christ.

1704 W. Sherlock Disc. Happiness v. §vi. 553 Our first admission into the Christian Church the Mystical Body of Christ, is by Baptism.

1766 T. Amory Life John Buncle II. iv. 107 He found that even Bellarmine's notes of his church were so far from being a clear and necessary proof that the church of Rome is the body of Christ, or true church, that they proved it to be the Great Babylon, or that great enemy of God's church, which the apostles describe.

1891 Old & New Test. Student 12 235 It is affirmed frequently..that the Church is the body of Christ.

1938 Jrnl. Relig. 18 93 These are interpreted by the church, the continuing body of Christ.

2000 O. Davies in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 639/1 The Pauline theology of the holiness of the corporate church, or Body of Christ, in which all its members have their specific gifts and parts to play.

b. = sense 3.

a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 261 The body of Crist liyng vpon the awter.

1562 39 Articles xxviii The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner.

1624 T. Gataker Discuss. Transubstant. 4 In like manner is the bread said to be the Body of Christ..not really or essentially, but typically and sacramentally, as a type and signe of the same.

a1745 J. Hoole Serm. (1748) II. xvi. 310 What a contradiction to all reason and decorum must it be, first to receive the Body of Christ into our bodies, and thereby become one with him; and afterwards prostitute the same bodies to vile lusts, and sensual and sinful pleasures.

1763 T. Haweis Communicant’s Spiritual Compan. v. 83 Can we receive the body of Christ in one hand, whilst we grasp the world in the other?

1848 R. I. Wilberforce Doctr. Incarnation (1852) xii. 305 The earthly sacrificer truly exhibits to the Father that body of Christ which is the one only Sacrifice for sins.

1884 A. R. Pennington Wiclif viii. 253 When it has come to be sacramentally the body of Christ, it is still bread substantially.

1976 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Jrnl. 15 Apr. a11/4 The blessed sacrament, the consecrated bread which Catholics revere as the body of Christ.

2005 Centre Daily Times (State College, Pa.) (Nexis) 20 Aug. b3 I open the small pyx containing communion,..and raise what appears to be bread but is actually the precious body of Christ.

c. to tear the body of Christ: see tear v.¹ 3b.

P2. body and bones (also body and bone).

a. Originally: flesh and bone; the whole body. Now chiefly figurative: the main constituent; the core.

c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 54 (MED) Þe fairest leuedi, for þe nones, Þat miȝt gon on bodi and bones.

a1425 Celestine l. 454 in Anglia (1878) 1 78 Maydenes and wiues failede þe nought, Mikel shame hastou wroughte Wiþ body and bon.

a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 30 (MED) Sir Jason was..ffayre man of body and bones.

1653 J. Howell German Diet sig. B2^v He came home all transvers'd, not only in his braine, but in his body and bones.

1736 S. Chandler Hist. Persecution 269 Wickliff's Body and Bones were ordered to be dug up and burnt.

1854 T. C. Porter tr. J. W. von Goethe Hermann & Dorothea 117 Willingly do I entrust soul and spirit to you;..but body and bone are not in the safest condition, when the spiritual hand takes hold of the worldly rein.

1858 H. Mayhew Upper Rhine 322 This is what appears to us should form the body and bones of education.

1914 McClure's Mag. Feb. 51/2 This feeling, which is the raison d'ètre, the body and bones of the book, is distinctly hostile.

1988 E. N. Anderson Food of China 201 In most of China it [sc. the noodle] is basically a fast food or snack, but in many Fukienese areas it becomes the body and bones of much of the most favored cuisine.

b. As an adverbial phrase: in the entirety of the body or person; (more generally) completely, entirely.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 8236 Þe kyng himself was brent þer inne, & alle his folk, euerilkone brent to dede, bodi & bone.

1557 tr. Erasmus Mery Dialogue sig. Aiii The deuyl take me bodye and bones but I had leuer lye by a sow with pigges, then with suche a bedfelowe.

1665 J. Wilson Projectors iv. 47 I like the young man so well, that if I had twentie daughters he should have 'em all,..Body and bones, and all I have after my death.

1776 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 115/1 About midnight he should be burnt body and bones to ashes, and his ashes flung into the air.

1837 J. Hogg Tales & Sketches II. 327 Down with feminity, body and bone.

1898 Strand June 638/1 I barked my knuckles against the harsh, scaly skin of the beast itself—against the skin of this anachronism, which ought to have perished body and bones ten million years ago.

1922 E. Bancroft Jane Allen: Senior i. 7 When a social service case is assigned a student she takes it, body and bones.

2000 B. Morgan Topogr. of Love (2002) 250 It took all four of them to drag me, body and bones away from the window.

P3. In oaths and asseverations, as body of me!, body of our Lord!, God's body!, by cocks body!, etc. Cf. bodikin n. Now archaic and rare.See also by Gog's body at Gog n.¹ 2, God's precious body at precious adj. 1b, od's body int. at od n.¹ and int. Compounds 1.

ΚΠ

1493 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Pynson) ii. xii. sig. hviii ^v/1 What sayst thou of theym y^t swere by the cock for god, summe by god..summe by cockes bodye, summe by their hode some by their tepat & cap, and many suche other nyce othes men vse nowe these dayes.]

c1520 tr. Terence Andria v. ii, in Terens in Eng. sig. D.ii Goddis body my master what shall I do.

a1547 J. Redford Moral Play Wit & Sci. (1848) 7 Oh the bodye of me! What kaytyves be those.

1573 New Custome ii. ii. sig. Cij^v Body of our Lorde is hee come into the countrye?

1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII v. ii. 21 Body a me: where is it?

1695 W. Congreve Love for Love ii. i. 23 Body of me, I have a Shoulder of an Egyptian King, that I purloyn'd from one of the Pyramids.

1739 D. Bellamy Rival Priests i. i. 18 I'll peep once again.—Bless us! the Devil has got the upper Hand, as I imagin'd.—Body of me, they kiss, and cling, and Prayer is turn'd to Rapture.

1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle IV. cxi. 289 Body of me!..these are the best tidings I have heard since I first went to sea. Here, my lad, take my purse, and stow thyself chocque-full of the best liquor in the land.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth ii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 47 ‘Body of me,’ exclaimed Simon, ‘I should know that voice!’

1911 ‘M. Field’ Dian i. i, in Trag. Pardon 138 By God's Body, I beg a royal thing of you, ma Belle.

2004 J. L. Nelson Only Life that Mattered xxviii. 281 Oh, body of me, Mary, I have never been so happy to see anything in my life!

P4. over my dead body and variants: (chiefly hyperbolically, expressing vehement opposition to or scepticism towards something proposed by another person) ‘only if I am unable to prevent it’; under no circumstances.

ΘΠ

the mind > language > statement > negation > [phrase]

I'll be far (enough) if1752

I'll be shot (occasionally shortened to shot!) if1761

over my dead body1796

let's don't1854

I'll see you shot first1894

1796 J. N. Brewer Mansion House II. 8 She had fainted on the discharge of the musquets, and..her brother had flown to that which secured her room, determined, he said, they should enter it over his dead body.

1800 S. T. Coleridge tr. F. Schiller Death Wallenstein v. v. 147 No, monster! First over my dead body thou shalt tread. I will not live to see the accursed deed!

1833 S. Smith Life & Writings Major Jack Downing xxxv. 137 You dont go through this door to-night, without you pass over the dead body of Jack Downing.

1936 H. Brighouse New Leisure in Best One-act Plays 1936 81 Elsie Dixon doing confidential secretary! Over my dead body.

1987 C. Reid Tea in China Cup ii, in Plays: One (1997) 55 Youth. We've orders to burn these houses... Sarah. Over my dead body.

2001 C. Glazebrook Madolescents 65 ‘Celebrate without you?’ says Filthy, like the idea's unthinkable. ‘Over my dead body.’

P5. Originally North American. to know where the bodies are buried: to have personal knowledge of the secrets or confidential affairs of an organization or individual.

ΚΠ

1940 H. J. Mankiewicz & O. Welles Citizen Kane (film script) 199 If you're smart, you'll talk to Raymond. That's the butler. You can learn a lot from him. He knows where the bodies are buried.

1976 R. J. Huckshorn Party Leadership in States iv. 75 I was the governor's finance chairman and I know where the bodies are buried.

2006 Scotsman (Nexis) 11 July 35 Finance directors, perhaps on the theory that they know where the bodies are buried, last 4.8 years.

Compounds

C1.

(a) General attributive.

body armour n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > body armour > [noun]

body armour1709

mail-quilt?1770

mail-plate1776

1709 I. Littlebury tr. Herodotus Hist. I. i. 134 Their Helmets, Belts, and Body-Armour, are adorn'd with Gold.

1829 P. F. Tytler Hist. Scotl. II. iii. 438 A breastplate and back-piece,..greaves for the legs, and iron gauntlets formed the body armour.

1958 W. E. Swinton Fossil Amphibians & Reptiles (ed. 2) x. 68 The limbs are all typically crocodilian in plan and arrangement. The body armour is heavy.

2005 BBC Focus Dec. 18/1 Scientists..are analysing the nanostructure of the tough inner layer of mollusc shells, known as nacre, to try to improve the strength of body armour for soldiers and police officers.

body-being n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > [noun] > state or quality of having or being

manheadc1330

in (the) fleshc1384

carnalitya1400

bodilihedec1440

fleshlihoodc1440

incarnating1549

corporeity1628

incarnation1646

body-beinga1652

corporeality1651

bodyhood1674

carneity1697

corporealness1731

avatar1816

pre-incarnation1903

a1652 J. Smith Select Disc. (1660) iv. vi. 98 If all Body-Being in the world were destroyed.

2006 P. Ralston Zen Body-being v. 71 The most effective body-being condition is for the body to be relaxed and the mind to be calm.

body bolt n.

ΘΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > parts and equipment of vehicles generally > [noun] > other parts

body bolt1810

safety chain1832

footplate1833

aisle1835

headlining1848

bumper1867

floor-plate1869

tension bar1879

suicide door1960

bull bar1967

roo bar1973

1810 Port Folio Jan. 301 Through the axletree of the carriage a strong body bolt let through the end of the coupling pole, passes.

1886 Ripon Chron. 4 Sept. 3/5 The body bolt of the phaeton suddenly gave way, and the occupants were thrown out.

2005 Product News Network (Nexis) 17 June Units have engineered plastic gauge fronts with stainless steel body bolts for corrosion resistance in mobile and salt air environments.

body contact n.

1890 Jrnl. Cutaneous & Genito-urin. Dis. Nov. 442 I think that..the habit of body contact..will largely explain the greater prevalence of parasitic diseases among one people than among another.

1948 Life 13 Dec. 113/1 The Roller Derby is a teeth-jarring contest, with enough spills and body contact..to gratify even an ice hockey fan.

2001 W. Martino & M. Pallotta-Chiarolli Boys' Stuff 64 It's like he's scared that any body contact with a gay guy might be interpreted as an open invitation to some kind of sexual involvement.

body contour n.

1876 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. July 285 This renders itself evident..externally by a change of place and by the alteration of the body-contour.

1918 J. T. Nichols Fishes Vicinity N.Y. City 98 At the outer angles of the triangle are two stout protrusions from the body contour on which the pectoral fins are situated.

2006 Women's Health July 132 After liposuction, patients sometimes develop bulges or indentations in their body contours.

body dissatisfaction n.

1966 Jrnl. Social Psychol. 68 323 (title) Body image and body dissatisfaction in Japanese Americans.

2008 R. Weis Introd. Abnormal Child & Adolescent Psychol. xiv. 515 This increase in weight and change in shape can lead to body dissatisfaction in some girls, causing them to diet.

body ease n.

1551 J. Bale Actes Eng. Votaryes: 2nd Pt. f. iiijv Fournyshed the clergy there with such possessyons and body ease.

1999 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) June 114/2 Claire has a kind of body ease—the way she holds herself is what I love the most.

body garment n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun] > garment or article of

raileOE

i-wedeOE

reafOE

shroudc1000

weedOE

back-cloth?c1225

hatter?c1225

clouta1300

coverturec1300

garment1340

vesturec1384

clothc1385

vestmentc1386

jeryne?a1400

clothinga1425

gilla1438

raiment1440

haterella1450

vestimenta1500

indumenta1513

paitclaith1550

casceis1578

attire1587

amice1600

implements1601

cladment1647

enduement1650

vest1655

body garment1688

wearable1711

sledo1719

rag1855

number1894

opaque1903

daytimer1936

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. ii. 18/2 Some call it a Cordy Robe Garment, because it was the ancient fashion of the old Romans to have such Labells hanging at the shoulder Wings, and from under the skirts of their Body Garment, which they call Cordilans, and Cordy Robes.

1798 J. C. Davie Let. Feb. in Lett. from Paraguay (1805) 261 His shirt, or body-garment as I may call it—for they wear no other—was of blue and white striped cotton.

1857 R. W. Emerson Solitude & Society in Atlantic Monthly Dec. 227/2 Dressed in arts and institutions as well as in body-garments.

1988 Atlantic Insight Jan. 17/1 The ample dowager on this side of the Atlantic now fits herself into a body shaper , body garment , controller , form persuader , or outerwear enhancer.

body girth n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > girth

wanty1297

wame-towc1310

womb ropea1325

girth1377

surcingle1390

warrok1392

garthc1425

cinglec1430

girt1563

wanty rope1569

girse1591

saddle banda1604

mail girt1607

saddle girt1613

saddle girth1635

mail-girth1673

girding1680

body girth1688

roller1688

wombtack1729

breast-girth1805

girthing1805

cinch1866

latigo1873

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. iii. 93/1 Rowler, or Body Girth,..which slippeth too and again on the body Girth, or Sursingle..to keep the Girth from fretting of the hair.

1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 148 Wrapt round her very Tight, like a Body-girt to a Horse.

1842 Med. Times 6 Aug. 294/2 There is a long pillow for the splint, a body girth, and padded strap for the groin.

1990 Amer. Jrnl. Epidemiol. 132 701 A peripheral body girth pattern was associated with combined site osteoarthritis of the hands and feet.

body lining n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > parts of clothing > [noun] > lining

lining1401

interline?1577

underlining1580

body lining1676

buggy1890

liner1947

1676 N. Strong England's Perfect School-master (rev. ed.) 146 For Sleeve and Body Linings.

1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. iv. 14 Your jerkin..and the body-lining to it.

1814 F. Burney Wanderer II. iv. xxxii. 292 How much will the body-lining come to? I hope you know of a cheap mantua-maker?

1990 Littlewoods Catal. Spring–Summer 570/2 (caption) Snorkel Coat in shower-resistant fabric. Windproof knitted cuffs. Fully-quilted body lining.

body lotion n.

1913 Los Angeles Times 24 Aug. ii. 10/7 There is no exercising..in her treatment, no harmful massage or worthless poison body lotions.

1919 Washington Post 28 Sept. 15/1 (advt.) Body lotions under various names.

2001 L. Voss To be Someone 317 I dried myself, then slathered Issey Miyake body lotion over every inch of my skin.

body medicine n. rare before 20th cent.

ΚΠ

1647 T. Fuller Cause Wounded Conscience iv. 25 There is such a gulfe of disproportion betwixt a Mind-malady and Body-medicines.

1903 H. Fletcher New Menticulture p. xxv The best body-medicine is good food, selected by a normal appetite.

2006 Jrnl. Psychiatric Res. 40 677/1 Unfortunately, mind and body medicine often appear to run on parallel, non-intersecting paths.

body paint n.

1848 Sci. Amer. 3 June 290/4 The white oxide antimony is superior as a body paint to the white oxide of lead.

1929 Amer. Anthropologist 31 645 A black stripe is painted over the bridge of the nose and under the eyes of the impersonator, and until the body paint is washed off.., he remains taboo.

2003 P. Delamar Compl. Make-up Artist iv. 77 The tools used to apply the body paints are various sponges, brushes, or any type of tool which gives the desired coverage.

† body plague n. Obsolete rare

ΚΠ

1667 T. Vincent God's Terrible Voice 191 And what are body plagues here, in comparison of soul plagues hereafter?

1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh iv. 173 And that's the odds 'twixt soul and body-plague!

body play n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > [noun] > collectively

sport1793

body play1881

1881 Gentleman's Mag. 250 163 Ready equally for mind-play or body-play.

1944 T. S. C. Dagg Hockey in Ireland ii. 84 An absence of the slogging, wild rushes and body play which..were characteristic of English and Continental hockey.

1993 Utne Reader Jan. 30/2 The reasons people engage in body play, body art, or body mutilation (the term you use depends on your view of the phenomenon) are as varied as their personalities.

body post n.

1839 E. W. Tucker Five Months Labrador vi. 118 Rafters are then extended from each of these body posts or poles.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Body-post, an additional stern~post introduced at the fore-part of an aperture cut in the deadwood in a ship fitted with a screw-propeller.

2008 Chicago Sun Times (Nexis) 7 Jan. a2 The Polara came as a coupe, sedan, convertible and as a pillarless station wagon, with no center body posts.

body scent n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animals hunted > trail > [noun] > scent

body scent1839

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fetor > [noun] > fetid smells

stenchc893

reekeOE

weffea1300

stink1382

fise14..

smeek?c1425

fist1440

fetorc1450

stew1487

moisture1542

putor1565

pouant1602

funk1606

graveolence1623

hogo1654

whiff1668

fogo1794

stythe1823

malodour1825

pen and ink1859

body scent1875

pong1900

niffa1903

hum1906

taint1927

honk1953

bowf1985

stank1996

1839 F. P. D. Radcliffe Noble Sci.: Ideas Fox-hunting xi. 229 To come to the question of body scent—Mr. Smith says, that a fox ‘will lay’..till hounds ‘almost tread on him’.

1875 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports (ed. 12) i. i. vii. §8 Few retrievers can hit off the body-scent of a dead cock.

1996 E. Lovelace Salt xi. 216 She held him the way grieving people hold each other at a funeral..and he could smell her body scent, a smell of marigold, or yellow.

body shape n.

1847 B. H. Smart Gram. on its True Basis 46 Ghosts, they say, come in body shape, but not in body substance.

1930 Auk 47 163 The bird seen from a distance resembles in size and body shape, a Black-crowned Night Heron.

2007 Guardian 4 Dec. 16/2 The compulsion to exercise is driven by a need to control and change one's body shape.

body sin n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > sin > kinds of sin > [noun] > of flesh

body sinc1175

c1175Bodiȝ sinne [see sense 1c].

a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 189 (MED) Þe ilke fif wallen þet of þi blisfulle bodi sprungen..wasche mine fif wittes of alle bodi sunnen.

1658 A. Burgess Doctr. Orig. Sin iii. ix. 407 We may conclude, that all kind of actual sinne, whether internal or external, soul sinnes, or body-sinnes, do either mediately, or immediately flow from it [sc. original sin].

1986 S. Fisher Devel. & Struct. Body Image II. 645 One of the greatest body sins in our culture is to be obese.

body swing n.

ΘΠ

the world > movement > motion in specific manner > alternating or reciprocating motion > oscillation > [noun] > swaying > specifically of the body or limbs

swinga1739

arm swing1859

body swing1869

1869 Times 9 Mar. 12/2 The rowing of the crew was still very rough, and there was far too much work done with the arms to the exclusion of body-swing.

1896 Daily News 13 Mar. 8/4 The form of the men at the slow stroke was admirable, body-swing and feather alike being capital.

1950 W. Hammond Cricketers' School v. 54 Thus gaining the sort of body-swing that won Maurice Tate his wickets.

2008 Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness (Nexis) 1 Mar. Raise the weights until they're about even with your body, maintaining the bent-over position to reduce body swing.

body weight n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > [noun] > weight

body weight1848

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > amount determined by weighing > weight of person's body

body weight1848

1848 Amer. Agriculturist 7 76/2 The incapacity of Crafts to manage Eclipse..was apparent to all—he being a slender-made lad, in body weight about 100 lbs., only.

1907 Westm. Gaz. 23 Aug. 4/2 He [sc. the batsman] throws his body-weight on the left, the forward foot.

1966 Lancet 24 Dec. 1380/1 No patient was preselected on the basis of serum-lipid level or body-weight.

2004 Washington Post 17 May (Home ed.) a7/2 The animals' body weight returned to normal within weeks.

†(b) attributive, with the sense ‘physical, corporeal, material, real’. Obsolete.See also body sin n. at Compounds 1a(a).

ΘΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective]

bodyc1175

materialc1390

corporal?1520

physical1547

substantialc1550

materiate1588

elementated1605

corporeala1620

corpulenta1620

crass1649

materiable1652

corporeous1669

bodysome1674

hylical1708

hylic1853

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 13589 Cumm nu wiþþ me to sen þin godd Wiþþ erþliȝ bodiȝ sihhþe.

c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 900 (MED) Þu art kniȝt..of grete strengþe & fair o bodie lengþe.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 90^v Wiþ..harde passiouns of þe sowle, In þe body half is heuynesse.

a1450 St. Edith l. 3140 Þis miracle was þus at Wyltone y-do..after hurre bodydyenge..Nexste after þat hurre soule departyd hurre body fro.

1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 112 A fresh train of hangers on in the body kind.

(c) attributive, with the sense ‘reserved for personal attendance or use (esp. with reference to royalty)’. Now chiefly historical and rare.See also bodyguard n.

body carriage n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > personal carriage

body coach1702

body-chariot1704

body carriage1766

1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 54 Wheels of body carriages.

1817 Ann. Rev. (1818) 111 His Majesty's body carriage, Drawn by a full set of His Majesty's horses.

body-chariot n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > personal carriage

body coach1702

body-chariot1704

body carriage1766

1704 London Gaz. No. 4052/1 Her Majesty's Body Chariot.

1852 A. Strickland Lives Queens of Eng. (rev. ed.) VIII. 230 Her majesty's ‘body-chariot’.

body coach n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > personal carriage

body coach1702

body-chariot1704

body carriage1766

1702 London Gaz. No. 3862/1 Then Her Majesty, habited in Purple..in her Body Coach drawn by 8 Horses.

1862 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia VI. xii. iv. 223 King's Body-Coach very grand indeed.

body coachman n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > driving or operating a vehicle > driver or operator of vehicle > [noun] > driver of coach > personal

body coachman1710

Wap-John1826

1710 S. Palmer Moral Ess. Prov. ix. 25 'Tis said [he] had been Body-Coachman to Apollo, and a Fellow of admirable Skill in his Profession.

1735 Swift's Lett. (1768) IV. 135 Were his majesty inclined to-morrow to declare his body-coachman his first minister.

1845 C. G. F. Gore Self I. viii. 173 Broad-backed bean-fed horses, strong and heavy in proportion, dozed over by a portly body-coachman.

1984 Burlington Mag. June 325/1 Queen Charlotte was driven to Ranelagh by the King's body coachman.

body physician n. now historical

ΚΠ

1704 C. S. Trip to Portugal 58 This Account I had since my Arrival from Dr. Reis, who was then Body Physician to the King.

1805 Times 27 May 3/1 The Minister Talleyrand, and the Body Physician, Croisart, have been here some days.

1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 Nov. 7/1 Dr. S., the locum tenens body physician of his Imperial and Royal Highness.

1967 Lancet 1 July 2/1 Galen was not only a great anatomist and a successful clinician, he was also a philosopher, and body-physician to a philosopher-emperor, Marcus Aurelius.

body servant n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > attendant or personal servant > [noun]

thanea700

yeoman1345

squirec1380

foot followera1382

handservanta1382

servitora1382

ministera1384

servera1425

squire of (or for) the body (or household)1450

attender1461

waitera1483

awaiter1495

tender?a1505

waiting-man1518

satellite?1520

attendant1555

sitter-byc1555

pediseque1606

asseclist?1607

tendant1614

assecle1616

fewterera1625

escudero1631

peon1638

wait1652

under spur-leather1685

body servant1689

slavey1819

tindal1859

maid-attendant1896

1689 R. Cox Hibernia Anglicana: Pt. 1 320 To entertain Mac Carty and his Body-Servants.

1760 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy II. v. 34 Besides what he gained..as a body-servant.

1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 484/1 His body-servant, a gentle, affectionate, faithful creature..was constantly straying over to a neighboring plantation.

1931 J. W. Fortescue Following Drum vi. 105 He..engaged a native cook, body-servant, washerman and syce.

2005 S. Rushdie Shalimar the Clown 31 A silent yet utterly solicitous body servant who understood what Max needed before he knew it himself.

† body-slave n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos I. i. 39 Those who sounded these instruments..and the twelve body-slaves..were clad in their festival habits.

body valet n.

ΚΠ

1874 Times 20 Feb. 11/2 The plaintiff had been for about seven years body valet to the late Emperor of the French.

(d) North American. attributive, with the sense ‘designating firewood cut in cords from the trunk of a tree’. Cf. cord n.¹ 9a.

ΚΠ

1855 Daily Free Democrat (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) 26 Feb. The poor of that city are now furnished with..body wood, at $5.50 per cord.

1896 Dubuque (Iowa) Daily Herald 18 Dec. 4/1 (advt.) A choice lot of second growth oak and body maple.

1911 W. L. Hall & H. Maxwell Uses Commerc. Woods U.S. 33 Fagots, split from the bodywood of this pine.

1941 Wisconsin: Guide to Badger State (Federal Writers' Project) iii. 310 The timber chap who lives like an Indian and can cut seven cords of body maple in a day.

1967 Bulletin (Bend, Oregon) 13 Mar. 13/4 Dry body pine and jackpine. Any length.

2005 J. A. Mott Growing up in White House District 4 Wood was piled to the left of the entrance. Each year bids were made to furnish solid body wood of beech, birch or maple.

(e) attributive, objective, and objective genitive, with the sense ‘of or relating to a vehicle body’ (see sense 6a).See also body-maker n., body-making n. at Compounds 2, and bodywork n. 1.

1909 Westm. Gaz. 17 June 4/1 The body-painting, smithy, and upholstery shops.

1914 C. W. Terry Motor Body-building 58 Materials used by body-builders.

1920 T. H. Jones & J. D. Frier Aeroplane Design 99 The outer, inner, and body struts.

1967 Autocar 28 Dec. 2/1 The Hillman Super Minx, with which the previous Vogue had shared a common body-shell.

1976 Railway Mag. Aug. 391/1 Coach structure..with a 3-mm. alloy sheet skin rivetted to the bodyside and roof framing.

2001 Chicago Tribune 2 Nov. iii. 12 (advt.) After all, the Maxima is designed with a rigid, steel body structure which includes crumple zones and hood-buckling creases.

b. Objective and objective genitive.

body-bending n.

1841 in D. Jerrold et al. Heads of People (new ed.) II. facing p. 33 Twisting, twirling, body bending, On the light, fantastic toe.

1942 Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin) 6 Jan. 1/7 The champion..went through a rigid course of body-bending exercises.

2003 Seguin (Texas) Gaz.-Enterprise 23 Mar. Children and adults alike will enjoy the body-bending antics of this 26-member acrobatic troupe.

body-breaking n. and adj.

ΘΠ

society > authority > punishment > torture > [noun] > infliction of > breaking of body

body-breaking1533

1533 J. Frith Bk. answeringe Mores Let. sig. Oij^v They beleve not in his bodye breakynge and bloude shedding.

1843 Law Mag. 39 264 Body-breaking work, from nine in the morning till late in the evening.

1995 Jrnl. Blacks in Higher Educ. 10 112 They have done body-breaking, grueling, heartless, mindless work.

body-curer n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > [noun]

botenera1400

guarisher1474

body-curer1602

healer1611

dukun1817

bomoh1851

1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor iii. i. 90 Soule curer, and bodie curer.

1846 R. H. Bonnycastle Canada & Canadians I. ii. 87 Their places have been supplied by..restless, acute lawyers, and metaphysical body-curers.

body-killing n. and adj.

1604 Abp. G. Abbot Reasons Dr. Hill Vnmasked iv. 139 Such body-killing, & soulemurthering spiritual enemies, who destroy many a weake woman and vnadvised rash young man.

1790 J. Graham Short Treat. Qualities of Simple Earth 9 Body-killing poisons Opium, Tobacco, fermented and spirituous Liquors.

a1837 T. Campbell Poet. Wks. (1837) 223 Body-killing tyrants cannot kill The public soul—the hereditary will.

1927 Lima (Ohio) News 25 Jan. 7/2 It releases the worker from the old body-killing exertion and frees him for creative achievement and recreation outside his job.

body-wearing adj.

1844 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 1 Mar. The most slavish, body-wearing, and soul-debasing drudgery.

2005 R. Stoecker Res. Methods for Community Change iii. 60 Repairing pipes, digging foundations, or any manner of other highly skilled but dirty, body-wearing activities.

C2.

body axis n. (a) each of a set of geometrical axes which define directions with respect to a three-dimensional object; (Aeronaut.) each of a set of rectangular coordinate axes having their origin at the centre of gravity of an aircraft and the x-axis along its longest dimension; (b) Biology a main line of growth, direction, organization, or symmetry within the body of an organism.

1830 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 3 325 These expressions are the results of a skilful transformation of the general equations in the case of rotation round a body-axis which forms with its mean direction a very small but variable angle.

1906 Biol. Bull. 12 23 The abdomen is strongly extended so that the body axis is a straight line.

1984 F. J. Hale Introd. Aircraft Performance i. 4 The wind axes are not body axes; that is, they are not fixed to the aircraft other than at the cg [= centre of gravity].

1993 New Scientist 24 Apr. 36/2 Genes in the Hox-D cluster, which define the head-to-tail body axis, are activated one after another and at a precise time during development of the embryo.

body bag n. †(a) a sleeping bag (obsolete); (b) (originally U.S.) a strong bag in which a corpse is carried, esp. from a battlefield or the scene of an accident or crime.

ΘΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > bed > bedding > [noun] > sleeping bag

fleabag1811

body bag1885

bedroll1910

fart sack1943

bivouac sack1961

bivvy bag1982

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > removal of corpse > [noun] > bag (from scene of accident, etc.)

body bag1954

1885 Harper's Mag. Apr. 820/1 Retire to an ice-house, with..a fur over-coat and body-bag.

1947 Life 7 Apr. 51/1 Homer Collyer, in police body bag, is lowered from the second story of his house.

1954 Amer. Speech 29 273 Body-bag, a canvas bag for removing bodies of persons killed in fires.

1967 N.Y. Times 11 Oct. 35/3 The bodies were found beneath the approximate center of the dam... They were placed in ‘body bags’ and taken to Jackson, the state capital, for an autopsy.

1984 J. Didion Democracy iv. iii. 224 Before he zipped the body bag closed the Tamil doctor went through the pockets of Jack Lovett's seersucker jacket.

2001 Nation (N.Y.) 23 Apr. 31/1 Hundreds of soldiers on both sides came back in body bags.

body belt n. a belt worn close to the body.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > belt or sash > types of > other

breechgirdlea1300

demiceint1483

demi-girdle1533

bracing-girdle1552

purse-girdle1559

yellow ribbon1651

burdash1707

body belt1823

subcingulum1824

zoster1824

bell-girdle1833

hip girdle1853

Sam Browne belt1878

belly-band1888

waspie1957

tie belt1964

1823 Investigator 7 443 The two men..wore gaiters..and had dirks or daggers..with body belts.

1911 Alfred Weeks's Sales Catal. All Wool Body Belts..to clear 6¾d.

1962 T. C. H. Jacobs Red Net xviii. 178 A wide body-belt which Carlo had worn next to his skin... Two rows of tiny pockets ran its entire length.

1994 L. de Bernières Capt. Corelli's Mandolin xlvi. 276 With his bodybelt full of gold sovereigns he covered Cephallonia on foot.

body blow n. (a) (originally and chiefly Boxing) a heavy punch to the torso; (b) figurative a severe disappointment, a crushing setback.

ΘΠ

the world > movement > impact > striking > striking on specific part of the body > [noun] > on the body

body blow1789

the world > action or operation > adversity > calamity or misfortune > [noun] > misfortune or ill-luck > instance of misfortune or ill-luck > severe or sudden > very or completely

finisher1771

body blow1901

1789 Mod. Art Boxing ii. 12 In this rule of parrying the blows of your adversary's left hand with your right, and his right with your left, may be included the maxim of not bringing down both arms to defend yourself from a body blow.

1792 Sporting Mag. 1 43/2 After sparring some time..Stanyard put in a body blow.

1829 P. Egan Boxiana New Ser. II. 589 Samson received a smart body-blow.

1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days i. ii. 43 That body-blow left Joe's head unguarded.

1901 G. Ade 40 Mod. Fables 16 ‘If I had lived here for twenty-seven Years..I think I'd be downright Anxious to Die.’ But the crafty Biologist did not release this Body Blow until he was good and sure that the Train had started to move.

1950 J. Dempsey Championship Fighting 39 Face-punches and body-blows.

1958 Times 22 Apr. 6/7 It is a body blow. I am carrying the can for somebody else.

1996 Big Issue 15 July 4/1 With a rancid edge and a festering punch, like a body blow from an enraged boxer, it sends me recoiling and leaves me rasping, gasping for breath.

2002 Sunday Times of India 22 Sept. 14/1 Television channels have dealt a body blow to Hindi films by airing all those Hollywood films that our filmmakers snitch from.

body box n. Bee-keeping = brood box n. at brood n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > bee-keeping > [noun] > beehive > parts of

moutha1398

stool?1523

skirt1555

hackle1609

smoot1615

imp1618

bolster1623

cop1623

underlaya1642

hack1658

tee-hole1669

frame1673

hood1686

alighting board1780

body box1823

superhive1847

super1855

quilt1870

queen excluder1881

bar-super1884

brood box1888

1823 Amer. Farmer 31 Oct. 253/1 The body box should be made of thick two inch white pine.

1881 T. W. Cowan Brit. Bee-keeper's Guide Bk. 37 A second hive, having eight frames the same size as those used in the body-box, is provided for use on the top of the other.

1964 Brit. Bee Jrnl. 92 124/2 Add to this body box the two remaining drawn-out combs with syrup.

body build n. the proportions of a person's or animal's body; cf. build n. 2c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > [noun]

featurec1325

making1340

staturec1380

statea1387

bonea1400

figurec1400

makec1425

corpulence1477

corsage1481

makdom1488

mouldc1550

corporature1555

frame1566

dimension1600

limit1608

set1611

timber1612

compact1646

taille1663

fabric1695

moulding1815

physique1826

tournure1827

build1832

form1849

body type1866

body build1907

somatotype1940

size1985

1907 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 21 221 Brain-weight is influenced by many factors, including..body-build, state of nutrition and mode of death.

1923 C. B. Davenport (title) Body-build and its inheritance.

1961 Lancet 12 Aug. 341/2 On admission her weight was 129 lb., which was proportional to her height and body-build.

1991 S. Gibson & R. Gibson Homoeopathy for Everyone (new ed.) 196 Many genes are involved in the transmission of even simple characteristics like height, body build or eye colour.

body burden n. the total amount of a radioactive element or other (usually toxic) substance in a human or animal body.

ΚΠ

1954 Lancet 15 May 1036/1 The accepted permissible body burden of radium today is 0·1 μg.

1972 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Jrnl. 9 Apr. a12/8 The available evidence suggests that the small human intake and consequent body burden [of aldrin and dieldrin] are harmless.

1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xxv. 462/1 Measurement of ‘body burdens’ of bioaccumulated contaminants in fish tissues gives a broader picture but can vary with season.

body butter n. an unguent or lotion applied to the body; spec. an emollient with a thick, butter-like consistency used to moisturize the skin.

1981 Mountain Democrat (Placerville, Calif.) 1 Apr. c10/3 (advt.) The Original Country Road ‘Body Butter’. Take your skin where it's never been!

1982 Kenosha (Wisconsin) News 11 Aug. 13/4 (advt.) European soothing body butter.

1991 A. Roddick Body & Soul ix. 207 The Kayapo use red beads from the urukum shrub for body painting; The Body Shop now uses the same beads, gathered by the Kayapo, as colouring for our mango body butter.

2015 Cosmopolitan Apr. 38 Indulging in long baths with salts, oils and body butter post-bath is a must for me this month.

body carpet n. carpeting manufactured in strips that are joined together to form the required size (originally used to fill the space defined by a separate border carpet); a length of this; cf. sense 6j.

ΘΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > carpet > composed of joined strips

body carpet1813

body carpeting1817

body1936

1813 ‘T. Martin’ Circle Mech. Arts 117/2 He then takes a length of the body carpet, and tacking it up to the border at one end, resents [sic] to the strainer.

1886 Liverpool Mercury 30 Oct. 1/8 (advt.) Border and Body Carpets woven together. Handsome Medallion Corners in place of clumsy mitres.

1946 Carpet Rev. Oct. 15/2 A large quantity of special heavy Wilton body carpet..was also made by the firm for the cabin class.

1963 Which? Mar. 71/1 This..carpet..is made on a broad loom (6 ft. wide or more) instead of the usual ‘body’ carpet which is in rolls 18–54 in. wide.

1993 Collins Compl. DIY Man. (new ed.) ii. 119/1 Carpet widths of 2.74m (9ft) and over are called broadlooms; narrower widths are called body or strip carpets.

body carpeting n. = body carpet n.

ΘΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > carpet > composed of joined strips

body carpet1813

body carpeting1817

body1936

1817 Morning Chron. (Electronic text) 1 Nov. (advt.) One hundred and fifty large and small Brussels Carpets, several pieces of Brussels body Carpeting and other valuable Effects of a Merchant.

1919 Times 8 Apr. 7/1 (advt.) Axminster body Carpeting.

1971 Times 25 May 3/7 With broadloom or body carpeting the operation is more complex.

body cavity n. originally and chiefly Zoology a cavity or system of cavities in the body of vertebrates and some invertebrates, in which the internal organs are located; the coelom.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [noun] > cavity

body cavity1857

1857 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 147 324 It appears to lie loosely in the midst of the granular amorphous matter that occupies the posterior region of the body-cavity.

1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) Introd. p. xxix The cavity, or series of cavities, known as body cavities or coelome.

1927 J. B. S. Haldane & J. S. Huxley Animal Biol. i. 10 The stomach and intestine lie in a space, the general body-cavity or coelom.

2001 P. Barham Sci. of Cooking vi. 80 Put the chestnut stuffing on the bottom of the body cavity of the turkey leaving about 1cm clear space above the stuffing.

body cell n. Biology a cell forming part of the body of an organism; spec. a somatic cell (as opposed to a germ cell).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells

reticular cell1832

torula1833

reserve cell1842

subcell1844

parenchyma cell1857

pedicel cell1858

nettle cell1870

heterocyst1872

prickle cell1872

angioblast1875

palisade cell1875

sextant1875

spindle cell1876

neuroblast1878

body cell1879

plasma cell1882

reticulum cell1882

stem cell1885

Langhans1886

basal cell1889

pole cell1890

myelocyte1891

statocyst1892

mast cell1893

thrombocyte1893

iridocyte1894

precursor1895

nurse cell1896

amacrine1900

statocyte1900

mononuclear1903

oat cell1903

myeloblast1904

trochoblast1904

adipocyte1906

polynuclear1906

fibrocyte1911

akaryote1920

Rouget cell1922

Sternberg–Reed1922

amphicyte1925

monoblast1925

pericyte1925

promyelocyte1925

pituicyte1930

agamete1932

sympathogonia1934

athrocyte1938

progenitor1938

Reed–Sternberg cell1939

submarginal1941

delta cell1942

mastocyte1947

squame1949

podocyte1954

transformed cell1956

transformant1957

spheroplast1958

pinealocyte1961

immunocyte1963

lactotroph1966

mammotroph1966

minicell1967

proheterocyst1970

myofibroblast1971

cybrid1974

1879 Proc. Royal Soc. 30 63 The ectoderm cells of the tentacles also differ from those of the body from the fact that their nuclei are non-nucleolate, resembling indeed the nucleoli of the body cells, rather than their nuclei.

1886 Nature 28 Oct. 631/1 Amongst these [sc. unicellular Protozoan ancestors] there is no distinction between body-cells and germ-cells.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 982 As development goes on, the body-cells or somatic cells become nerve-cells, muscle-cells, gland-cells, and so forth.

2007 N. Angier Canon vii. 197 They are stuffed into all our body cells, unabridged copies of the DNA molecule that each of our parents had bequeathed to us in demipart at the moment of our conception.

body-centred adj. Crystallography designating a lattice structure in which an atom or ion occurs at each corner and in the centre of a cubic unit cell; having such a structure; cf. face-centred adj. at face n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > crystallography (general) > crystal (general) > structures and forms > [adjective] > miscellaneous other

primitive1807

subtractive1807

based1810

emarginated1816

planoconvex1816

primary1823

hemisystematic1878

face-centred1913

body-centred1918

mosaic1934

1918 Amer. Mineralogist 3 146 Iron proves to have a body-centered cubic lattice.

1944 Electronic Engin. 17 142 In the case of iron the atoms form a regular cubic pattern known as ‘body-centred’ in which, if we consider an elemental cube of the crystal or unit cell, there will be an atom at each corner of the cube and another at the centre.

1999 Nature 5 Aug. 512/2 Over a narrow range of pressures and temperatures..this structure changes allotropically to a body-centred cubic..form.

body chamber n. Zoology and Palaeontology (in a shelled cephalopod mollusc) the outermost and largest chamber of the shell, which (in life) is occupied by the body of the animal; cf. body whorl n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell > part of

auricle1665

heel1673

lip1681

mouth1681

whirl1681

rib1711

antihelix1721

canal1734

columella1755

vesture1755

body whirl1776

fent1776

pillar1776

pillar-lip1776

septum1786

aperture1794

body whorl1807

costa1812

seam1816

spine1822

umbo1822

varix1822

peristome1828

summit1828

nucleus1833

concameration1835

lunula1835

nympha1836

nymph1839

lunule1842

peritreme1848

body chamber1851

axis1866

umbone1867

liration1904

1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 79 The body-chamber is always very capacious.

1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 306 The body of the animal occupies the last or body-chamber.., to the walls of which it is attached by the mantle and the muscles.

2003 Jrnl. Paleontol. 77 1196/2 The holotype retains approximately three-quarters volution of body chamber.

body check n. Sport (esp. Lacrosse, Ice Hockey, and Association Football) an act of obstructing an opponent using the body (typically the shoulder or hip).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > lacrosse > [noun] > specific movement

body-checking1884

body check1892

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > ice hockey > [noun] > actions

goaltending1891

stick-handling1891

assist1925

body-checking1936

screenshot1940

slap shot1942

poke-check1945

spearing1957

deke1960

penalty killing1960

body check1962

poke-checking1963

takeaway1967

saucer pass1986

1892 Lacrosse: Laws 6 Body-check is the placing one's body in the way of an approaching opponent, so that the latter is simply impeded. No checker shall use force in the body-check.

1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 608/1 When a player is dodging, no notice should be taken of his crosse, the Checker simply taking care to place his body in the way of the dodger. This is known as the body check, and no force may be imparted to it, or it becomes a charge, which is forbidden. Body checking is of most use out of the field.

1962 Amer. Speech 37 126 Bodychecks and unpermitted blows occurred [in ice-hockey].

1996 Ice Hockey News Rev. 28 Sept. 7/3 Lindros..won the puck with a bone-shaking bodycheck on Mattias Norstrom in the attacking zone.

2001 FourFourTwo Sept. 46/3 Last season there were the wild shirt-swinging celebrations after his goal against Zaragoza and the body-check on Gilles Grimandi.

body-check v. Sport (esp. Lacrosse, Ice Hockey, and Association Football) transitive and intransitive to block (an opponent) using a body check; also in extended use.

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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > lacrosse > play lacrosse [verb (intransitive)] > employ body-check

cross-check1900

body-check1909

1909 Westm. Gaz. 17 Dec. 12/2 It might be a hint to Forster to body check more efficiently [in lacrosse].

1970 D. Coleman World Cup 70 Preview 30/1 On the Continent..they will obstruct and body-check, but it seems that if a player shows his studs on the Continent they want a free kick.

1998 R. L. Fleming She's All That (film script, revised) (O.E.D. Archive) 89 (stage direct.) Chandler body checks Naylon into the lockers, pinning him and sending his flyers, well, flying.

2001 B. Weeks Curling for Dummies x. 130 The third on the other team body-checked me.

body-checking n. Sport (esp. Lacrosse, Ice Hockey, and Association Football) the action of blocking an opponent using a body check.

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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > lacrosse > [noun] > specific movement

body-checking1884

body check1892

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > ice hockey > [noun] > actions

goaltending1891

stick-handling1891

assist1925

body-checking1936

screenshot1940

slap shot1942

poke-check1945

spearing1957

deke1960

penalty killing1960

body check1962

poke-checking1963

takeaway1967

saucer pass1986

1884 N.Y. Times 13 Apr. 3/5 An enviable reputation for pluck and skill in body checking and throwing.

1936 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Mar. 227/2 It [sc. ice hockey] offers to the eye the clash of bodies (for all the rules about body-checking).

1960 Times 29 Nov. 17/5 Oxford and Cambridge completed their lacrosse programmes for the term... Cambridge started slowly. Their defence was open, there was little body-checking.

2004 J. Byl 101 Fun Warm-up & Cool-down Games 148 The other player gets to dribble the ball three paces from her goal line before her opponent can defend against her... No body checking is permitted.

body clock n. the mechanism regulating circadian rhythms; cf. biological clock n.

1916 H. W. Conn Physiol. & Health I. v. 28 The body clock, however, works for the baby just as it does for us.

1965 Times 8 Dec. 10/3 Others flown from Oklahoma City to Rome, through seven time zones, had the greatest difficulty in switching their ‘body clocks’ to Italian time.

2005 K. Williamson Sleep Deep (2007) 5 Your body clock controls your temperature and sleepiness so that at night your temperature drops as you go to sleep and rises as you wake.

body-cloth n. (a) a cloth or rug used to cover horses or other animals (now rare); (b) any of various types of garment consisting of a piece of cloth which is wrapped around or draped over a person's body.

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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > other equipment

body-cloth1630

1630 G. Markham Markhams Faithfull Farrier (rev. ed.) 27 After you haue thus giuen him his Mash, you shall see that he be very warmely cloathed, as namely, a good woollen Body-Cloath to come round about his heart.

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. xlviii. 323 They cover their cows with body-cloths.

1818 R. Jamieson in E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (ed. 5) II. xxii. 104 A square body-cloth, still worn round the shoulders by the Highland women, is called a tunic.

1825 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Agric. 945 When horses are in general work, a little walking exercise in the morning in body cloths, if the condition be very high, or the weather be very cold, is all that is necessary.

1881 W. G. Hughes Hill Tracks Arakan 12 The women of both tribes wear much the same dress, which is a body-cloth..fastened round the waist with cords.

1917 Times 29 Nov. 9/4 In Béarn..the oxen..wear a body cloth which is embroidered with a red heart on the hood, just between the eyes.

2002 P. Heehs Indian Relig. xvii. 416 Here he lived a simple life, wearing a plain white lungi and body-cloth, and eating almost nothing.

body-clothes n. now rare clothes for the body.

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the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun]

clothesc888

hattersOE

shroudc1000

weedOE

shrouda1122

clothc1175

hatteringa1200

atourc1220

back-clout?c1225

habit?c1225

clothingc1275

cleadinga1300

dubbinga1300

shroudinga1300

attirec1300

coverturec1300

suitc1325

apparel1330

buskingc1330

farec1330

harness1340

tire1340

backs1341

geara1350

apparelmentc1374

attiringa1375

vesturec1385

heelinga1387

vestmentc1386

arraya1400

graitha1400

livery1399

tirementa1400

warnementa1400

arrayment1400

parelc1400

werlec1400

raiment?a1425

robinga1450

rayc1450

implements1454

willokc1460

habiliment1470

emparelc1475

atourement1481

indumenta1513

reparel1521

wearing gear1542

revesture1548

claesc1550

case1559

attirement1566

furniture1566

investuring1566

apparelling1567

dud1567

hilback1573

wear1576

dress1586

enfolding1586

caparison1589

plight1590

address1592

ward-ware1598

garnish1600

investments1600

ditement1603

dressing1603

waith1603

thing1605

vestry1606

garb1608

outwall1608

accoutrementa1610

wearing apparel1617

coutrement1621

vestament1632

vestiment1637

equipage1645

cask1646

aguise1647

back-timbera1656

investiture1660

rigging1664

drapery1686

vest1694

plumage1707

bussingc1712

hull1718

paraphernalia1736

togs1779

body clothing1802

slough1808

toggery1812

traps1813

garniture1827

body-clothes1828

garmenture1832

costume1838

fig1839

outfit1840

vestiture1841

outer womana1845

outward man1846

vestiary1846

rag1855

drag1870

clo'1874

parapherna1876

clobber1879

threads1926

mocker1939

schmatte1959

vine1959

kit1989

1706 London Gaz. No. 4212/4 A white Streak down the Side, occasioned by Body-Clothes.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth v, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 114 God-a-mercy, wench, it were hard to deny thee time to busk thy body-clothes.

body clothing n. clothing for the body.

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the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun]

clothesc888

hattersOE

shroudc1000

weedOE

shrouda1122

clothc1175

hatteringa1200

atourc1220

back-clout?c1225

habit?c1225

clothingc1275

cleadinga1300

dubbinga1300

shroudinga1300

attirec1300

coverturec1300

suitc1325

apparel1330

buskingc1330

farec1330

harness1340

tire1340

backs1341

geara1350

apparelmentc1374

attiringa1375

vesturec1385

heelinga1387

vestmentc1386

arraya1400

graitha1400

livery1399

tirementa1400

warnementa1400

arrayment1400

parelc1400

werlec1400

raiment?a1425

robinga1450

rayc1450

implements1454

willokc1460

habiliment1470

emparelc1475

atourement1481

indumenta1513

reparel1521

wearing gear1542

revesture1548

claesc1550

case1559

attirement1566

furniture1566

investuring1566

apparelling1567

dud1567

hilback1573

wear1576

dress1586

enfolding1586

caparison1589

plight1590

address1592

ward-ware1598

garnish1600

investments1600

ditement1603

dressing1603

waith1603

thing1605

vestry1606

garb1608

outwall1608

accoutrementa1610

wearing apparel1617

coutrement1621

vestament1632

vestiment1637

equipage1645

cask1646

aguise1647

back-timbera1656

investiture1660

rigging1664

drapery1686

vest1694

plumage1707

bussingc1712

hull1718

paraphernalia1736

togs1779

body clothing1802

slough1808

toggery1812

traps1813

garniture1827

body-clothes1828

garmenture1832

costume1838

fig1839

outfit1840

vestiture1841

outer womana1845

outward man1846

vestiary1846

rag1855

drag1870

clo'1874

parapherna1876

clobber1879

threads1926

mocker1939

schmatte1959

vine1959

kit1989

1802 J. Clark Coll. Papers 102 Some articles of bed and body clothing.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xvi. 168 Blankets were served out as the material for body-clothing.

2006 Independent (Nexis) 17 Oct. (Sports Suppl.) 46 Now you have jockeys wearing protective body clothing as well as safer head gear.

body coat n. a coat fitting more or less closely to the body, †a dress coat (obsolete).

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the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > coat > types of > dress-coat

body coat1697

dress coat1749

spike-tail1894

1697 C. K. Art's Master-piece 13 The finer the Drapery is, the finer and sharper must the Folds be, and the Shadow the stronger and finer to the Eye, always observing that the Garment that sits close, as the Body Coat of a Man..require no Folding.

1786 H. Lemoine Kentish Curate II. vii. 128 Without farther ceremony..the mock serjeant, in waiting, also despoiled me of my waistcoat, as my body coat was inadequate to their purpose.

1820 T. Mitchell in tr. Aristophanes Comedies I. Introd. p. lxii His ring, his seal, his body-coat, his perfume-box, his upper and under mantle.

2006 Agence France Presse (Nexis) 26 Oct. Iranian women wear..a combination of full hair-covering (hijab) headscarf and long body coat (manto).

body colour n. Painting colour that has consistency or depth, in distinction to a tint or wash (cf. sense 21a), spec. pigment rendered opaque by the addition of white paint and typically used in a water-based medium; gouache; an example of this.

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society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > art of colouring > [noun] > quality of colour

body colour1735

1735 J. Barrow Dict. Polygraphicum I. at Colouring As to glaz'd colours, care is to be taken that the under colour be painted strong, and that it be a body colour and laid smooth.

a1806 J. Barry in R. N. Wornum Lect. on Painting (1848) 215 Employing stiff body colour on a white ground.

1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 107 The difficulty of calculating when ‘wet’ the difference of tone the body-colour will assume when dry.

1994 Antique Dealer & Collectors Guide Nov. 30/1 The original rules of the Watercolour Society forbade the use of body colour (i.e. admixture of white to produce opaque or oil-like effects) but the precept was..widely ignored by many popular innovators.

body composition n. (a) a composite material used in a manufacturing process, esp. to form a base coat of enamel or the body of a piece of pottery; (b) the chemical constituents or tissues of which a living organism is composed; esp. the relative proportion of fat and lean tissue in the body of a human or animal.

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1853 A. Ure Dict. Arts (ed. 4) I. 652 The inside of pipes is enamelled..by pouring the above body composition through them while the pipe is being turned about.

1895 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 17 610 In order to show more clearly the variation in the body composition of different germs the following table is appended.

1908 Iowa Year Bk. Agric. 1907 606 While a considerable amount of fat is contained in the body composition, this is amply supplied in the ordinary grains which are to be had on any farm.

1932 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 40 662 (note) In terms of texture or body composition, tableware may be broadly classified into earthenware or chinaware (or porcelain).

2003 S. J. Segal & L. Mastroianni Hormone Use Menopause & Male Andropause 90 As men age, their body composition changes. Lean body mass (mainly muscle) decreases while fat increases.

body contouring n. the action or process of altering the shape of the body in order to improve personal appearance, (now) esp. by means of cosmetic surgery.

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1933 N.Y. Times 2 Feb. 3/7 (advt.) The Wilson Method is a patented process of Body Contouring without the use of mechanical devices or other unnatural means.

1979 U.S. News & World Rep. (Nexis) 5 Mar. 79 Many surgeons are now moving into ‘body contouring’ that can flatten stomachs, reconstruct or augment breasts, reshape hips and thighs.

2007 V. Pitts-Taylor Surg. Junkies 1 Dr. McCullen..now devotes much of his practice to body contouring, which includes body lifts, breast implants, and liposuction.

body copy n. the main body of text in an advertisement (or occasionally other document), excluding the headline, captions, etc.; cf. sense 6c.

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society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > body of composition

textc1369

bodyc1405

contexta1530

contexturea1619

body text1892

body copy1926

1926 Bankers' Mag. Dec. 834/2 Let us next consider headline and body copy as a unit.

1971 F. K. Baskette Art of Editing (1977) xiv. 268 The editor gives the dummy to the printer, who assembles the type for body copy, headlines and pictures.

2005 E. Applegate Strategic Copywriting iv. 55 Now that the headline, subhead.., and slogan..have been written, it is time to write the body copy of the advertisement.

body count n. the number of casualties in a battle or other conflict, esp. as officially listed or reported; also in extended use.

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the world > life > death > [noun] > death roll > military

butcher's bill1829

casualty returns1846

casualty list1864

body count1962

1962 Tulane Drama Rev. 6 iii. 26 If the body count is any criterion, Frank V is at least as classical as Richard III.

1968 Economist 29 June 25/2 The Americans have largely abandoned the ‘body count’ system, according to which a Vietcong was supposed to be reported dead only if his body was actually seen and counted.

1984 Listener 22 Mar. 6/1 According to the body-count kept by the American Embassy, the rate of killings has dropped to around 100 a month.

2000 A. Bourdain Kitchen Confid. (2001) 30 I..racked up a serious body count of lobsters on the double-decker steamer.

body double n. a stand-in for a film or television actor, esp. during a nude scene.

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society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > a film > actors or characters > [noun] > other actors

lens louse1928

stand-in1929

baddie1934

goody1934

narrator1941

voice actor1958

playback singer1963

voice-over1966

voice actress1974

body double1981

1981 Washington Post 22 June c1/4 She is too innocent, too sweet... She won't do the nude scenes, so we have to use a body double. It is frustrating.

1983 People 26 Dec. 98/2 The footwork was done not by star Jennifer Beals, but by her body double, Jahan, 25.

2002 J. Cartwright White Lightning iii. 16 We hired a body double for the more explicit scenes.

body drop n. [after Japanese tai-otoshi tai-otoshi n.] Ju-jitsu and Judo a throw in which an opponent is made to fall over an extended leg.

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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > martial arts > [noun] > judo or ju-jitsu > actions or positions

armlock1841

hip throw1850

neck lock1876

breakfall1906

sutemi-waza1906

tomoe-nage1906

tsurikomi-goshi1906

uchimata1906

uki-goshi1906

uki-otoshi1906

ura-nage1906

corner throw1911

sumi-gaeshi1918

yoko-shiho-gatame1918

kesa-gatame1932

o-goshi1932

osaekomi-waza1932

seoi nage1932

take-down1939

harai goshi1941

osae-waza1941

tsukuri1941

uki-waza1941

body drop1948

tsurikomi-ashi1948

jigotai1950

kuzushi1950

tai-otoshi1950

tsugi ashi1950

hold-down1954

reaping1954

shime-waza1954

ude-garami1954

ude-gatame1954

uki-gatame1954

osotogari1956

shoulder throw1956

tsurikomi1956

ukemi1956

reap1968

1948 G. Koizumi Twelve Judo Throws 26 Body-drop (Taiotoshi)..is one of the hand throws.

1960 Oxf. Mail 10 Mar. 8/3 Buley scored a point with a body drop throw, but Garnett scored points with hip and body drop throws.

1993 WWF Mag. Apr. 30/1 Rick went on the prowl and nailed Black with a back bodydrop and a wicked belly-to-back suplex.

body dysmorphic disorder n. Psychiatry a disorder in which a person becomes excessively preoccupied with an imagined or slight defect in his or her appearance, typically causing some impairment of social and occupational functioning, and often resulting in repeated plastic surgery; cf. dysmorphophobia n.; abbreviated BDD.

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1987 Diagnostic & Statist. Man. Mental Disorders (Amer. Psychiatric Assoc.) (rev. ed.) 255 The first disorder in this category is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (previously called Dysmorphophobia).

1993 Times (Nexis) 21 Dec. Andrew has a complaint known as body dysmorphic disorder... Sufferers' fears may focus on facial characteristics, such as wrinkles, spots, scars and the size of the nose, or on other parts of the body, such as genitals, breasts, buttocks, hands or feet.

2000 Independent 1 June i. 8/5 A report today in the Psychiatric Bulletin says that one-third of patients suffering from body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) had tried to alter their appearance drastically by doing operations at home.

body face n. Typography = body type n. (a).

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society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > style of type > [noun] > type face or font > for printing books

book type1826

body type1866

body face1898

1898 J. Southward Mod. Printing I. 134 Body or text faces.

2004 W. Ryan & T. Conover Graphic Communications Today (ed. 4) iii. 100/1 Many publications like to mix a roman body face with a crisp, heavier sans serif type.

body fascism n. preoccupation with, or prejudice or discrimination based on, body shape and appearance; the promotion of an unrealistic body image; cf. lookism n.

1980 Times 10 July 2/8 Most descriptions of Anna Ford have been what she is wearing or how she is looking. Miss Ford described such stereotyping as ‘body fascism’.

1994 N.Y. Times 29 May 6/4 The night life columnist for The Village Voice, who is accustomed to the ‘body fascism’ of the gay club scene, discovered that straight clubs are not so different anymore.

2003 Independent 13 Jan. i. 13/2 It gives their obsessions a respectable face, another excuse to push their body fascism into every cell of our lives and those of our children.

body fascist n. a person who is preoccupied with, or discriminates on the basis of, body shape or appearance; (in early use) a person preoccupied with health issues; cf. lookist n.

1978 Business Week 22 May 10/1 Psychotherapy-as-recreation..has contributed in no small way to the kindred plagues of jogging and vegetarianism that are now so thoroughly disrupting wholesome social intercourse across our land. An acquaintance aptly dismisses such folk as ‘body fascists’.

1982 Times 1 Oct. 22/8 She said that what was needed was more ‘attractive women candidates’. Feminists hissed... ‘And handsome men candidates’ she added desperately. That only made it worse. The dame was a closet body fascist.

2002 Big Issue 25 Feb. 10/3 She doesn't eat sugar and does yoga at dawn, but not to lose weight. Earl Dittman hears how Gwyneth Paltrow is fighting the body fascists.

body fat n. fat stored within the body, esp. in adipose tissue.

1877 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. ii. v. 298 The carbon elements of the newly-formed fat may be supplied either from amylaceous food, or from the carbon surplus of proteid food, or from fats taken as food which are not the natural constituents of the body-fat.

1964 Daily Tel. 3 Jan. 19/2 Pesticide residues in the fat of birds, animals and human beings were absorbed into the body and gradually built up in the body fat.

2002 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Apr. 76/3 Testosterone (or T, as researchers call it) contributes to men's higher percentage of muscle mass and lower percentage of body fat.

† bodyfaunt n. Obsolete (perhaps) offspring.

ΘΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > progeny or offspring

bairn-teamc885

childeOE

tudderc897

seedOE

teamOE

wastum971

offspringOE

i-cundeOE

fostera1175

i-streonc1175

strainc1175

brooda1300

begetc1300

barm-teamc1315

issuea1325

progenyc1330

fruit of the loinsa1340

bowel1382

young onec1384

suita1387

engendrurea1400

fruitinga1400

geta1400

birth?a1425

porturec1425

progenityc1450

bodyfauntc1460

generation1477

fryc1480

enfantement1483

infantment1483

blood issue1535

propagation1536

offspring1548

race1549

family?1552

increase1552

breed1574

begetting1611

sperm1641

bed1832

fruitage1850

c1460 My Fayr Lady in J. O. Halliwell Select. Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1840) 201 Hire lemys not smal, but liche a spere..The greet clocher up for to bere, A belfry for the bodyfaunt.

body fluid n. the aqueous fluid contained within the body; the total amount of this; (as a count noun) any fluid contained in or excreted or secreted by the body (blood, haemolymph, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, semen, etc.).In phrases with exchange often used euphemistically for sexual intercourse.

1871 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 7 306 The amount of fat in the blood [of insects]..may in general determine the colour of the body-fluid to which the name of ‘blood’ is given.

1956 T. Astrup in Blood 11 783 In blood, human milk, tears, and in other body fluids enzymatically acting activators of plasminogen are also found.

1989 T. C. Boyle If River was Whiskey 20 There was no exchange of body fluids on the first date.

2006 Chillicothe (Missouri) Constitution-Tribune 17 May 5/3 Studies indicate that even a 2 percent loss of body fluid affects short-term memory.

body hair n. hair on the body, esp. as opposed to that on the head or face; (also) an individual hair in this location.

1796 Lett. & Papers Agric. (Bath & West of Eng. Soc.) VIII. 4 Wool, like the body hair of most animals, is an annual production, springing from the skin of an animal.

1870 Jrnl. Ethnol. Soc. London 1869–70 2 405 The beard and body-hair commonly scanty.

1913 F. W. L. Sladen Queen-rearing in Eng. (ed. 2) 85 Dry pollen which falls upon the body hairs [of a bee] becomes moist when brought into contact with the wet brushes or with wet pollen.

2003 Glamour Aug. 102/1 Because strippers can't afford to walk around with a week's regrowth stubbling their legs or other regions, shaving body hair is preferable to waxing.

body heat n. heat produced within the body; (also) body temperature (rare); cf. animal heat n. at animal n. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1861 MacMillan's Mag. June 133/2 Its [sc. a tree's] wood is of service, and it screens cattle, and checks the waste of body-heat, which is a waste of good.

1868 Lancet 28 Nov. 710/1 The observations on the pulse and body heat were taken by Dr. Buckle.

1930 Lancet 27 Sept. 686/2 The recently prepared solution is warmed to body heat and may be quite safely injected all at once provided it is injected slowly.

1996 National Trust Thames & Chilterns Newslet. Spring 2/3 This induces a greater intake of food by the birds thus helping to create extra body heat.

body-hoop n. Nautical a type of mast hoop fitted tightly around a made mast.

ΚΠ

1836 W. N. Glascock Naval Service I. 210 It is common to take off the cheeks, drive the body-hoops off, and take out the aris pieces.

1987 D. Larsen Stitching Porcelain (1991) iii. 48 With such freight gathering below, glossed body-hoops may well fault and buckle.

body horror n. chiefly Film horror elicited by the depiction of destruction or disfigurement of the human body; an instance of this; (also) a genre of film characterized by this.Used originally with reference to the films of Canadian filmmaker David Cronenberg (b. 1943).

ΚΠ

1983 W. Beard in P. Handling Shape of Rage 41 There is some bloody shooting, but there is no sex at all and little to compare with the messily explicit body horrors of the other features.

1996 Guardian 5 Apr. (Arts section) 5/5 If body horror ran its course as a genre, it may be because over the last decade..the taboo on the body as object has been weakened.

1998 J. Taylor (title) Body horror: photojournalism, catastrophe and war.

2008 Variety 26 May 28 Gondry handles the light intrusion of Cronenbergian body-horror with minimal f/x.

body horse n. (also body hoss) now chiefly regional a shaft horse, a wheel horse; (also) a horse in the middle of a larger team.

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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [noun] > draught-horse > team of > horse(s) attached to or between shafts

thill-horsec1325

limoneer1524

thiller1552

body horse1558

fill-horse1600

limber1632

filler1695

pole horse1725

shaft-horse1769

wheel-pair1794

wheeler1813

shafter1840

1558 in E. Roberts & K. Parker Southampton Probate Inventories, 1447–1575 (1992) I. 109 Traces for a bodie horse, xij d.

1597 F. Bacon Of Coulers Good & Euill (Arb.) x. 154 The body-horse in the Cart, that draweth more then the forehorse.

1759–60 Whole Proc. King's Comm. Peace (City of London & County of Middlesex) vi. ii. 231/2 He turn'd his horse round, and came and struck the fore horse again 2 or 3 times, and likewise the body horse.

1831 I. K. Brunel Treat. Draught in W. Youatt Horse 414 The leader, by tightening the traces, is continually relieving the strain from the body horse.

1854 A. E. Baker Gloss. Northants. Words I. 61 In some parts of the county the team is not used unless the team consists of four horses, in which case the shaft-horse is the thiller, the second the body-horse, the third the lash, and the fourth the leader or for-horse.

1988 J. Lavers Dict. Isle of Wight Dial. 21 Body hoss, the horse in the team nearest the ‘thiller hoss’ (the horse between the shafts).

2006 Record (Stockton, Calif.) (Nexis) 21 June In front of them, body horses and swing horses turn the wagon.

body-hugging adj. (of clothing) that fits closely to the body; cf. figure-hugging adj. at figure n. Additions, hip-hugging adj.

1917 Outing Sept. 848/1 Comfortable, body-hugging garments that will keep you enjoyably warm on the coldest days.

1952 Times 5 Feb. 7/6 His topcoats are body-hugging with a swinging, canvas-stiffened skirt.

2004 Cape Gay Guide (ed. 9) 20 All the gym boys who are draped in designer swimwear, speedo's and body hugging shorts.

body image n. Psychology the subjective picture or mental image which a person has of his or her body, esp. (in later popular use) in relation to its shape; cf. body schema n.

ΚΠ

1934 P. Schilder in Proc. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 13 466 (title) Localization of the body image.

1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 1505/2 Sensations of apparent movement, however, are clearly pseudo-hallucinations, as they involve a projection of the body image into external space.

1992 Utne Reader May 53/1 Our narcissistic culture has turned us into a nation of body-image ‘junkies’.

2006 Observer 19 Nov. i. 7/1 The notion that being very thin was desirable..meant body image was the greatest pressure facing teenage girls.

† body lifter n. Obsolete = body snatcher n. 2.

ΘΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > bodysnatcher > [noun]

resurrectionist1777

resurrection man1781

resurrection woman1815

body snatcher1819

resurrection cove1819

resurrectioner1822

resurrection jarvey1825

grab1831

snatcher1831

body lifter1832

all-night man1861

resurrector1861

1832 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 47 517 Not coming from a professional body-lifter.

1861 E. B. Ramsay Reminisc. Sc. Life 2nd Ser. 133 I have heard quiet and worthy men speak of the body-lifters, or ‘all-night-men’..with a ferocity in striking contrast to their ordinary bearing and character.

body linen n. now historical any of various types of clothing, typically nightwear or underwear.

ΚΠ

1715 New, Exact List Officers Civil & Mil. 17 Laundress of the Body Linen.

1822 Times 7 May 4/5 Of what description his property was, he did not deign to state. It should seem, however, it did not consist of body linen, as he was without that usual appendage of a high sheriff—viz., a shirt.

1926 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 26 781/2 The body linen and linen on which the patient has lain..must be boiled before it is used again.

2000 K. Lasky Marie Antoinette 26 A highborn lady only is allowed to help with petticoats and camisoles and the ‘body linen’.

body louse n. a louse of the subspecies Pediculus humanus humanus (family Pediculidae), which infests the human body and clothing, especially where hygiene is poor, and can transmit several diseases; cf. head louse n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > group Anoplura > order Siphunculata > member of genus Pediculus (louse) > pediculus corporis (body-louse)

body louse1545

crumb1863

typhus louse1910

coot1915

cootie1917

pants rabbits1917

1545 J. Bale Mysterye Inyquyte P. Pantolabus f. 64 Now steppeth forth Pantolabus as bragge a bodye lowse and as one depelye lerned in þ^e scole of scornefulnesse.

a1652 R. Brome Court Begger Epil. sig. S8^v, in Five New Playes (1653) As briske as a Body-lowse in a new Pasture.

1787 C. Taylor Surv. Nature II. 270 Linnæus is of opinion, that the head and the body louse differ in no respect from each other. They seldom attack any in our climate but such as from sloth or famine invite their company.

1861 R. T. Hulme tr. C. H. Moquin-Tandon Elements Med. Zool. ii. vi. i. 294 The Body (or Clothes) Louse..was for a long time confounded with the former [sc. the Head Louse].

1940 W. H. Holmes Bacillary & Rickettsial Infections V. 76 They discovered that trench fever is a true rickettsial disease transmitted by the body louse.

2001 J. O'Brien At Home in Heart of Appalachia xii. 196 Everyone was infested with body lice—‘graybacks’—which bit and stung.

body-maker n. a maker of bodies (in various senses); spec. †(a) a maker of dress bodies or bodices, a dressmaker (see sense 4c, and cf. bodice-maker at bodice n. Compounds) (obsolete); (b) a maker of vehicle bodies (see sense 6a); (c) a maker of hat bodies (see sense 6i).

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making other clothing > [noun] > making other items of clothing > one who makes other items of clothing

wimpler1260

paltock-maker1376

wimplester1379

point-maker1405

girdler1428

silk-maid1474

pointer1500

middlemana1525

jack-maker1541

paste-wife1550

silkman1553

body-maker1573

linen-armourer1603

bodice-maker1672

costumier1798

costumer1830

costumist1842

rober1852

stock-maker1858

tie-maker1901

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > makers of other articles > [noun] > of parts of vehicle bodies

body-maker1802

coach-smith1837

coach trimmer1840

bodybuilder1870

budget-trimmer?1881

panel beater1908

1573 I. Whitney Sweet Nosgay sig. Eiiii^v For the men, few Steetes or Lanes, but Bodymakers bee: And such as make the sweeping Cloakes, with Gardes beneth the Knee.

1616 B. Rich My Ladies Looking Glasse 12 These new fangled Tailers, these Body-makers, these Perfumers, these Imbroderers, these Attire-makers..are the instruments of sinne.

1710 Alphabet. Draft Poll of R. Bene & R. Berney 5 Samuel Garrett, Body-maker.

1802 Sporting Mag. 19 205/1 In the first shop [of a coach manufactory] the body-makers are employed.

1846 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. 6th Ser. 113 ‘Body-makers’ [are] employed principally on delicate framework and panelling.

?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 74 Silk Hat Making: Body Maker. Finisher. Shaper.

1921 Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §409 Body-maker [of hats].

1961 Times 27 May 5/2 A felt hat body-maker, of Oldham Road.

1990 Jrnl. Decorative & Propaganda Arts 15 63 The third alternative was to let a larger independent bodymaker style the car.

body-making n. the making of a body or bodies (in various senses); spec. the making of vehicle bodies (see sense 6a).

1544 H. Latimer in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) v. x. 980/1 The Papish consecration: whiche hath bene called a Gods body makyng.

1833 Times 7 Jan. 1/5 (advt.) Wanted, an apprentice, in the carriage and body-making department.

1891 Daily News 29 Dec. 6/4 The body-making and harness departments.

2002 Sociol. Theory 20 385 Family life is organized around the solidarities of needful body-making.

body mark n. Typography = body stroke n.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > printed matter > printed character(s) > [noun] > stem or thick stroke

body line1741

body mark1876

body stroke1898

1876 U.S. Patent D9186 1/1 The shaded part of the letter is colored by lines running from the body-mark toward the outer shade line.

1899 T. L. De Vinne Pract. Typogr. (1902) 30 The body mark, or stem, is the thick line of the face which most clearly indicates the character and the height of the letter. It is better known among printers as the thick-stroke.

1948 M. E. Skillin & R. M. Gay Words into Type 82 The main upright heavy element is the stem, sometimes called the body mark or thick stroke.

body mass index n. chiefly Medicine (originally) any of several formulae relating body weight and height (or length), usually in humans; (now) spec. weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres, used esp. as an indicator of obesity or general nutritional status; also called Quetelet index; abbreviated BMI.

ΚΠ

1940 W. H. Sheldon Varieties Human Physique 266 This is simply one variation of the ‘ponderal index’, or index of bodily mass.]

1959 Psychol. Rep. 5 495 No significant correlation..existed between weight and the ‘body mass index’ (BMI).

1975 Jrnl. Chronic Dis. 28 113 Table 4 shows a significant quadratic relationship for both relative weight and body mass index with total mortality.

1989 Acta Endocrinologica 121 456 However, ‘adapted body mass index’ (aBMI = gram body weight/(mm radial length)²) decreased in each of the IGF-I infused animals, whereas it increased in each of the control dogs.

2000 Business Rev. Weekly 16 June 43/2 Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30; overweight is between 25 and 30.

body mechanics n. originally U.S. the positioning and movement of the body according to principles of ergonomics and posture.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > posture > [noun]

standing1540

gesture?1548

site1573

posture1605

positure1621

figure1658

pose1818

body mechanics1922

1922 L. C. Thomas & J. E. Goldthwait 13 Good body mechanics means the correct poise and control of the body with the normal functioning of every organ.

1930 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 151 105/1 The posture of the preschool child has received continued consideration with our increasing comprehension that the child with poor body mechanics is prone to infections such as tuberculosis, nervous disorders, and poor nutrition.

2000 Massage Mag. May 15/1 Even practitioners who have excellent body mechanics can become injured due to past medical history, lack of physical conditioning, joint hypermobility, etc.

body memory n. (a) a memory associated with the body, as opposed to the soul or spirit (rare); (b) the capacity for experiencing memories as physical sensations, rather than intellectually; a physical sensation believed to be the manifestation of a (traumatic) memory.

1909 A. Blackwood Jimbo viii. 93 You'll forget quick enough when you get back into your body, and have only the body-memories.

1922 D. E. Core Functional Nerv. Disorders i. 33 There is the foreshadowing of memory among the lower animals in the atmosphere of a centripetal emotional tone, but this is a ‘body-memory’ dependent on visceral dispositions that are specific to the emotional tone.

1976 Drama Rev. 20 58 The actor does not necessarily need to recall consciously the sensory details of an early childhood experience; his body memory can throw him back into that experience.

2009 K. Sabbagh Remembering our Childhood 144 Headaches and migraines, gastrointestinal problems, or pelvic pain, could all be ‘body memories’ of abuse.

body mike n. originally U.S. a small microphone attached to the body or clothing.

ΚΠ

1964 Washington Post 27 Sept. g3/4 [Live theatre] does have ever more gadgets in hand—floor mikes, body mikes, soundtracked supplementary scores.

1990 J. Cantalupo & T. C. Renner Body Mike Pref. p. xii He became a professional paid informer for the FBI and wore a body mike to record the conversations of the criminals he worked and dealt with.

2008 Cornish Guardian (Nexis) 9 July 6 All Abba songs featured in the movie were pre-recorded before shooting began and then recorded live on set with body mikes.

body-mind n. and adj. Philosophy = mind-body n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > philosophy of mind-body interrelation > [noun]

mind-body1873

body-mind1877

1877 G. H. Lewes Physical Basis of Mind iii. iii. 350 We know ourselves as Body-Mind; we do not know ourselves as Body and Mind, if by that be meant two coexistent independent Existents.

1906 Amer. Jrnl. Theol. 10 526 The possibility of extra-mental things-in-themselves seemed to be refuted by the earlier argument, while here at the close they have become the explanatory principle in the body-mind relationship.

1945 Mind 54 58 The defenders of this view have recently been making quite a point of speaking not of ‘a mind’ and ‘a body’ but of a ‘body-mind’, seeking to emphasize by the hyphen in this compound word the monistic identity or inseparableness of the mental and bodily components.

1999 Isis 90 639/2 Popper disputes..the monistic approach to the body-mind problem.

body odour n. the smell of a person's body, esp. the unpleasant smell caused by bacteria growing on the skin (abbreviated B.O.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fetor > [noun] > fetid smells > body odour

body odour1885

B.O.1933

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > perspirations > [noun] > body odour

body odour1885

B.O.1933

1885 Titusville (Pa.) Morning Herald 17 Sept. A keen faculty of recognizing differences in the body odor has been known in some individuals.

1933 D. L. Sayers Murder must Advertise iv. 69 Do you ever ask yourself about Body-Odour?

2006 S. Turow in N.Y. Times Mag. 7 May 35/1 For one thing, Koll does not bathe. Having to smell his body odor is like dragging a tree saw through your nose.

body-pierced adj. designating a person with one or more body piercings.

1993 Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 5 May How do you find the clubs with the beer-soaked floors and body-pierced bartenders.

2008 D. Baker Dolly Departed xiii. 95 Imagine chasing a tattooed, body-pierced, crazy man through the streets of Scottsdale.

body piercer n. a person who practises body piercing, either on himself or herself, or on others as a profession.

ΘΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the body > [noun] > other forms of decorating the body > one who pierces

body piercer1977

piercer1990

1977 E. J. Trimmer et al. Visual Dict. Sex v. 60/3 Among Western body-piercers, another form of infibulation is practised, in which partners put a padlock through the foreskin or the labia, and keep the keys with each other's consent.

1992 Guardian 4 Dec. ii. 9/1 According to body piercer Teena Maree, ‘The number and variety of people coming to be pierced has increased outrageously in the past year or so.’

2008 S. Wales Evening Post (Nexis) 14 Mar. 10 When I was 13, I trained to become a body piercer and all my school projects were on tattoos.

body piercing n. the piercing of parts of the body (esp. other than the ear), in order to insert a ring, stud, bar, etc., typically as a form of adornment or to enhance sexual pleasure; (also as a count noun) = piercing n. 2b.

ΘΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the body > [noun] > other forms of decorating the body > body piercing

body piercing1977

1977 E. J. Trimmer et al. Visual Dict. Sex v. 60/2 Infibulation is a form of body-piercing that is found among a few primitive communities, and is usually intended to restrict sexual intercourse.

1994 Spy (N.Y.) July 11/1 Your dis of body piercing suggests that..[you] don't know the special bink a pierced tongue adds to oral sex.

1997 Escape Mar. 47/1 Both of us..have recently started collecting body piercings. I have a PA (Prince Albert—a ring in the end of your todger) and tongue piercing.

2004 S. B. Anderson Serving Older Teens ii. 33 Body piercing, body art and painting, and tattooing are also popular with teens, and the purpose of these practices is to enhance beauty.

body pillow n. chiefly U.S. (originally) a particularly soft mattress or mattress pad; (now chiefly) a long pillow used to support the body while sleeping.

ΚΠ

1911 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press 29 Sept. It's ‘a pillow for the body’—a big, buoyant, undulating body pillow that conforms to every curve, every position of the sleeper.

1989 Washington Post 26 Oct. t9 Feather Bed: Traditionally a down- or feather-filled sleeping pad, the term today refers to a bed-size body pillow used over a boxspring.

1993 Los Angeles Times 30 June 1 Sometimes we even snuggle up with inanimate objects, such as the full-length body pillows that are the vogue in catalogues and department stores.

2002 S. Brown Crush (2003) 220 Wick lay on his left side, propped up in that position by a body pillow.

body plan n. (a) Shipbuilding an end elevation of a ship, showing the breadth, contour of the sides, etc., at various points along its length (in wooden ships at the principal timbers); (b) Zoology the general anatomical organization typical of animals of a particular phylum or other major group.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > [noun] > shipbuilding > lines, sections, or elevations

middle line?c1400

sweep1627

lines1680

touch1711

waterline1750

station1754

sheer-draught1769

body plan1781

sheer-line1797

sheer-plan1797

touchline1797

water plane1798

centreline1806

buttock line1816

crown1830

scrieve1830

top-breadth line1846

wave-line1846

floor-plan1867

1781 M. Stalkartt Naval Archit. ii. vi. 37 In the body plan..the heads of the timbers are drawn and distinguished by FHd. meaning floor-head, and 1st FHd. meaning first futtock-head.

1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 137 The plan of projection, commonly called the body plan, which exhibits the outline of the principal timbers, and the greatest heights and breadths of the same.

1883 Proc. Royal Soc. 34 381 The conception of the body plan of Brachiopoda arising in this way involves an entirely new view of the homologies of the body surfaces.

1996 Trailer Boats Oct. 24/2 Vertical slices crosswise through the boat are taken at ordinates called stations and show in the body plan as sections.

2004 Washington Post 4 June (Home ed.) a10/5 The little fossils are the first evidence of what are called bilaterians—animals with a two-sided body plan.

body-pop v. intransitive to perform body-popping.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other popular 20th-century dances > [verb (intransitive)]

black bottom1926

hand-jive1958

Watusi1961

frug1964

dancercise1967

moonwalk1970

bop1979

slam dance1981

mosh1983

body-pop1984

slam1991

1984 Times 13 July 10/8 Dwellers on Planet Rock..are often to be seen on pavements, body-popping.

1986 J. Savarin Naja ii. 35 The black disc-jockey body-popped with unbelievable athleticism.

2005 Word Feb. 92/2 On stage at Hammersmith, the prince of melancholy was body-popping like a demented scarecrow.

body-popper n. a person who body-pops.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other popular 20th-century dances > [noun] > dancer

bunny-hugger1914

line dancer1928

slam dancer1981

body-popper1983

slammer1983

moonwalker1986

mosher1990

1983 Melody Maker 27 Aug. 8/1 We've got The Crew now, which is generally rollerskaters, bodypoppers..and people that help us out.

1984 N.Y. Times 15 Apr. x. 51/2 The girls wanted to go back to Covent Garden to watch the punks and body-poppers.

2007 Independent 28 Feb. (Extra section) 21/7 A team of six of the UK's best break-dancers and body-poppers, who become ‘physical calligraphy’ alongside..on-stage video animations.

body-popping n. and adj. (a) n.a style of street dance characterized by robotic, jerky movements of the joints; (b) adj. that performs this style of dance.This style of dance is sometimes said to have originated in the United States in the late 1970s or early 1980s, but the earliest written evidence for body-popping and related terms is from U.K. sources.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other popular 20th-century dances > [noun]

mashed potato1747

bunny hug1912

chicken scratch1912

bunny-hugging1916

jazz1919

black bottom1925

shuffle1925

Mess Around1926

snake hips1933

Susie-Q1936

Lambeth Walk1937

bunny hop1938

bop1956

pony1961

Watusi1961

locomotion1962

mash potato1962

frug1964

hully gully1964

dancercise1967

pogo1977

moonwalking1980

slam dance1981

slam dancing1981

body-popping1982

b-boying1984

mosh1985

moshing1987

society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other popular 20th-century dances > [adjective]

body-popping1982

moshing1987

mosh1990

1982 New Musical Express 25 Dec. 5/1 Bodypopping is more of an art form. There's a hint of mime and an element of robot dancing.

1984 Financial Times 26 Mar. 11 A mute, body-popping robot.

2007 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 27 Nov. c5 Snap dancing, from Atlanta, resurrects body-popping moves from the 1980s and 1990s.

body-positive adj. that has or promotes a tolerant, progressive, or candid attitude towards the human body; that accepts, appreciates, or celebrates a realistic body image.

1989 G. Feuerstein Enlightened Sexuality 8 These body-positive traditions..were hampered by the strong body- and sex-negative attitudes prevalent in their respective cultures at large.

2008 K. Inckle in V. Pitts-Taylor Cultural Encycl. Body II. 411 This pathologization of menstruation..has led many feminists to cultivate a countercultural, body-positive attitude towards periods.

2020 South China Morning Post (Nexis) 20 Sept. 27 As a body-positive role model, she continues to challenge stereotypes about female beauty in Asia.

body positivity n. acceptance and appreciation of the human body, esp. one's own; (also) the promotion and celebration of a realistic body image.Frequently as a modifier, designating a campaign or movement promoting such an attitude.

1994 soc.bi 1 Feb. (Usenet newsgroup, accessed 9 Sept. 2020) You give fine examples..that fit a trend of physical intimacy while young translating to body-positivity when older.

2016 Teen Vogue Sept. 100/1 The stigma surrounding ‘that time of the month’ may be on its way out, thanks in part to social media and body positivity campaigns.

2019 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 26 Oct. 38 At the heart of the discussion is the Body Positivity movement which reclaims the word fat, rejects all forms of body shaming and encourages plus-size people to be proud of their bodies.

body press n. Wrestling a move in which the weight of a wrestler's body is used to pin an opponent to the floor.

ΚΠ

1926 Salt Lake Tribune 22 Jan. 12/7 The second fall was with a body press and the third was with a head and armlock combined.

1975 Mail-Star (Halifax, Nova Scotia) 14 May 24 Brown recovered and knocked Burk to the canvas... Taylor came to and saw Brown with a body press on Burk.

2004 H. Race & G. Tritz King of Ring vii. 53 He jumped into me with a flying body press.

body rhythm n. (a) a recurring cyclic variation in the physiology or functioning of a person or animal (cf. biorhythm n. 1); (b) rhythm in the movement of the body; an instance of this.

ΚΠ

1889 H. Campbell Causation Dis. i. viii. 49 The body rhythms due to the rhythmical changes of our planetary system afford the best examples of the former.

1908 Eagle 29 248 Has a good idea of body rhythm;..when rowing he shows some tendency to bucket.

1991 N. Feil in P. K. H. Kim Serving Elderly iv. 110 Move with the person, pick up their breathing, match their arm movements, their body rhythms, genuinely match their repetitive motions, their gait, dance to their tempo.

2007 L. Gratton Hot Spots vi. 128 When Pertti steps off the plane from Helsinki to Beijing, his body rhythms are still operating on Finnish time.

body rope n. Nautical rare a single rope sewn along the sides and foot of a square sail in place of separate leech and foot ropes.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > sail > [noun] > rope sewn at edge to prevent tearing > parts of

foot ropeOE

head ropec1625

body rope1759

leech-rope1769

foot line1813

1759 News-readers Pocket-bk. 71 Cringles, are small pieces of Rope spliced into the body Rope of Courses, and Top-sails.

1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships Royal Navy 42 The ropes [for royals] are of two sizes only—viz., head rope from earring to earring, and a body rope on the foot and leeches.

1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships Royal Navy 46 The largest or body rope, down one leech through the foot, and up the other leech..; and the head rope.

body schema n. Psychology the subjective picture or mental image which a person has of his or her body, esp. in relation to spatial awareness and movement; cf. body image n.

ΚΠ

1935 P. Schilder Image & Appearance of Human Body 11 The body schema is the tri-dimensional image everybody has about himself. We may call it ‘body-image’.

1962 J. Hoenig & M. W. Hamilton tr. K. T. Jaspers Gen. Psychopathol. i. 89 The car I drive, if I am a good driver, becomes part of my body-schema or image and is like an extended body which I invest fully with my own senses.

2000 Science 3 Nov. 1782/2 These neurons..could form the basis of the complex body schema that we constantly use to adjust posture and guide movement.

body scissors n. Wrestling a scissor hold applied to an opponent's torso; see scissors n. 4b.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > wrestling > [noun] > manoeuvres

swengOE

turn?c1225

castc1400

trip1412

fall?a1425

foil1553

collar1581

lock1598

faulx1602

fore-hip1602

forward1602

inturn1602

mare1602

hug1617

disembracement1663

buttock1688

throw1698

back-lock1713

cross-buttock1713

flying horse1713

in holds1713

buttocker1823

chip1823

dogfall1823

cross-buttocker1827

hitch1834

bear hug1837

backfall1838

stop1840

armlock1841

side hug1842

click1846

catch-hold1849

back-breaker1867

back-click1867

snap1868

hank1870

nelson1873

headlock1876

chokehold1886

stranglehold1886

hip lock1888

heave1889

strangle1890

pinfall1894

strangler's grip1895

underhold1895

hammer-lock1897

scissor hold1897

body slam1899

scissors hold1899

armbar1901

body scissors1903

scissors grip1904

waist-hold1904

neck hold1905

scissors1909

hipe1914

oshi1940

oshi-dashi1940

oshi-taoshi1940

pindown1948

lift1958

whip1958

Boston crab1961

grapevine1968

powerbomb1990

1903 Lowell (Mass.) Sun 15 Dec. 19/2 Finally Lundstrom..got a bar hold and body scissors and slowly but surely Reinecke's shoulders went down to the mat.

1940 R. Chandler Farewell, my Lovely 173 The Indian threw me sideways and got a body scissors on me as I fell.

1991 R. Mistry Such Long Journey (1992) 42 The drop-kicks, flying mares, body scissors and airplane spins that whizzed around the arena.

body scrub n. (a) a grainy cosmetic preparation applied to the body in order to cleanse and exfoliate the skin; (b) a type of beauty treatment in which the body is cleansed and exfoliated, esp. using a cosmetic preparation.

ΚΠ

1975 Chicago Tribune 8 Dec. iii. 6/1 It's even more effective when used with a body scrub such as Clinique's or Diane von Furstenberg's.

1985 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 27 Jan. (Travel section) 8 [He] proceeded to show me the immaculately kept indoor and outdoor pools, a multi-nozzle Swiss shower, four indoor racquetball courts and various baths, massage, body scrub, sauna and steam rooms.

1992 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Nov. 196 As my handsome young Korean masseur started in on me, I felt pulverized... ‘It felt’, she said as we staggered off for a ‘body scrub’ and ‘body care’, ‘like they were trying to get information.’

2000 Daily Tel. 24 Nov. 25/1 A good body scrub, such as this one from Origins, is essential shower kit to ensure your skin is smooth and buff.

body sculpting n. chiefly U.S. the action or process of altering the shape of the body, esp. by means of exercise or cosmetic surgery, in order to improve physical appearance; frequently attributive.

ΚΠ

1939 N.Y. Times 18 June 2/7 My wonderful ‘body sculpting’ treatment gives your figure that utterly feminine, tiny waist.

1980 N.Y. Mag. 20 Oct. 103 Body sculpting: tummy tucks, thigh lifts, buttocks, arms slimmed.

1997 M. Keyes Rachel's Holiday xx. 165 I had meant to go round the grounds and find the gym and do an hour or so of body sculpting, but I just couldn't be arsed.

2009 S. J. Aston et al. Aesthetic Plastic Surg. xii. 775 Ultrasound assisted lipoplasty (UAL) has since evolved into a useful, practical tool in body sculpting surgery.

body serve n. Tennis a serve aimed at the receiver's body.

ΚΠ

1988 C. Kriese Total Tennis Training xxi. 206/1 He can direct a body serve to Target 2 by aligning his opponent's feet with a corresponding spot at the top of the net.

1997 Daily Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 1 July 66 I decided to stop..trying to hit body serves and started going for aces.

2016 Daily Mirror (Nexis) 7 Mar. 44 She..battled back to force match point, which she took with an unreturnable body serve.

body shaper n. any of various tight-fitting women's undergarments designed to give a smoother silhouette to the body.

1964 Los Angeles Times 14 June b5/3 (advt.) Save now on Charmode Body Shapers that S-t-r-e-t-c-h... Bras with Cordtex Cup Inserts have straps that stretch to a perfect fit.

1998 Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 14 Feb. 11 All these body shaper tights are fantastic. If you are going out for a meal in a tight dress they are brilliant at hiding bulges.

2006 S. Galvez Thrifty Girl's Guide to Glamour v. xxii. 182 Unlike the old-fashioned constricting girdle, a body shaper simply creates a smoother look at the waist, hips, thighs and bum by holding everything firm.

body shirt n. any of various close-fitting garments or undergarments for the upper body; spec. (in later use) a fitted shirt, esp. one forming part of a one-piece garment and fastening at the crotch (cf. sense 4d).

1780 T. Jefferson Let. 8 Oct. in Papers (1951) IV. 23 Mr. Martin receives body shirts and hunting shirts for the regiment of guards.

1864 Times 24 Nov. 6/4 I took him into a cell and made him give up all his clothing, consisting of coat, waistcoat, trousers, drawers, cotton body shirt, and an over shirt.

1992 Toronto Star (Nexis) 18 June d3 Chest-hugging bodyshirts for men. (Though how many men are willing to unsnap a bodyshirt in order to go to the bathroom?).

2004 G. Laskaris Spirited Greeks 19 Paisley body shirts with monstrous lapels, hugged the upper body like a second skin, making it dangerous for the wearer to breathe in too deeply for fear of shirt buttons becoming menacing projectiles.

body shop n. †(a) a workshop where the bodies of hats are manufactured; cf. sense 6i (obsolete rare); (b) chiefly North American a workshop or garage where repairs to the bodywork of vehicles are carried out.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > workshop > [noun] > other types of workshop

shopc1325

tavern1521

machine shop1827

fitting-shop1840

planing mill1844

body shop1845

job shop1851

farm shop1862

craft workshop1906

fixit shop1949

speed shop1954

chop shop1971

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > testing, servicing, and storage of motor vehicles > [noun] > service station

pump station1871

body shop1906

service station1910

petrol station1912

gas station1914

filling-station1921

garage1934

1845 Times 4 June 8/5 The basement story was used for manufacturing the bodies of hats... Witness had been into the body-shop as late as half-past 11.

1906 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 20 June 17/3 General foreman for machine shop, foreman for body shop on aluminum and wood bodies.

2004 J. E. Duffy & R. Scharff Auto Body Repair Technol. i. 4 A body shop or collision repair facility has well-trained technicians, specialized tools, and heavy equipment for restoring damaged vehicles to their preaccident condition.

body-soul n. body and soul regarded as a unified whole; frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > [noun] > body and soul regarded as unified whole

body-soula1897

the world > life > the body > [adjective] > body and soul regarded as unified whole

body-soul1956

a1897 W. Wallace Lect. Nat. Theol. (1898) 152 As if we were to say of a human being (and it is what perhaps we dare say of the fewest), that he or she was body-soul: the body the transparent and perfect temple of the spirit.

1956 E. L. Mascall Christian Theol. & Nat. Sci. vii. 271 The doctrine that the human soul..is only one part of the twofold body-soul unity of the man.

1958 D. M. Baillie Out of Nazareth ii. i. 150 Man is a body-soul organism.

1999 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 2 Dec. 38/2 In his poetry he developed a theory of essential gestures, archetypal movements of the body-soul.

† body-spirit n. Obsolete = esprit de corps n. at esprit n. 2a.

ΘΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > a company or body of persons > [noun] > spirit of

fellow-feeling1575

spirit of (the) corps1767

esprit de corps1780

body-spirit1794

simpatico1893

1794 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 13 39 He endeavoured to inspire the senate with a body-spirit.

1804 Crit. Rev. 3rd Ser. 2 296 It has generated a body-spirit, a sectarian cohesion, among many of the German writers.

body spray n. (a) a shower head positioned at body height rather than above the head; (b) a lightly perfumed spray for the body; a deodorant in aerosol form; also as a mass noun.

1923 Fresno (Calif.) Bee 8 Dec. 6 c/7 There are many different models [of shower]: one has six body sprays which can be set at any angle.

1932 Fitchburg (Mass.) Sentinel 12 May 5/4 Novelty Toiletries, bathsalts, body sprays, face powders.

1991 Record (Kitchener-Waterloo, Ont.) (Nexis) 25 May r7 The [shower] unit is enclosed completely in clear acrylic and features a series of body sprays built into four pillars.

2005 G. J. G. Asmundson & S. Taylor It's not all in your Head i. ii. 13 She is certain that her extraordinary efforts to stay clean and mask body odor..—showering at least six times a day and using a can of body spray daily—are entirely ineffective.

† bodystead n. Obsolete the nave of a church.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > nave > [noun]

bodyc1390

boukc1420

middle pace1499

bulk1518

holy place1526

ship1613

bodystead1623

cella1652

nave1673

cella1676

nef1687

auditorium1728

1623 Resol. Ch. Cartmell in Sat. Rev. (1884) 5 July 14 The bodystead of the Church shall be decentlye repaired.

body stealing n. = body-snatching n. 1.

ΘΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > bodysnatching > [noun]

body stealing1818

body-snatching1819

resurrectionizing1819

resurrectionism1849

1818 Times 8 Dec. 2/3 Whatever number of bodies were given for dissection, by so many would the necessity of body-stealing be diminished.

1832 S. Warren Passages from Diary of Late Physician I. 368 My..exploit in the way of body stealing.

2005 Victorian Poetry (Nexis) 22 Sept. Memories of the depradations of body stealing by ‘resurrection men’ were still fresh.

body stocking n. a close-fitting one-piece undergarment covering the torso and legs, and sometimes the arms.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > underwear > [noun] > combined clothing for upper or lower parts of body

combination1684

union suit1868

combination garment1884

combi1891

pantywaist1910

cami-knickers1915

cami-petticoat1923

teddy1924

cami-bocker1926

corselette1926

combs1931

all-in-one1939

body stocking1964

teddy bear1978

1964 Drapery & Fashion Weekly 6 Nov. 21/2 Intended to be worn under ‘teaser’ dresses and those with transparent necklines,..the ‘Body stocking’, in stretch nylon, is knitted to shape with bra cups fashioned in the same way as heels on hosiery.

1969 P. Roth Portnoy's Complaint 203 Walking into a restaurant with a long-legged kurveh on his arm! An easy lay in a body stocking!

1994 I. Welsh Acid House 133 His father was clad in a black nylon body-stocking with a hole at the crotch.

body strike n. fly strike that affects the body, typically the withers, back, or sides, of a sheep (as opposed to the head, tail area, or penis).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of sheep > [noun] > other disorders of sheep

pocka1325

soughta1400

pox1530

mad1573

winter rot1577

snuffa1585

leaf1587

leaf-sickness1614

redwater1614

mentigo1706

tag1736

white water1743

hog pox1749

rickets1755

side-ill1776

resp1789

sheep-fag1789

thorter-ill1791

vanquish1792

smallpox1793

shell-sicknessc1794

sickness1794

grass-ill1795

rub1800

pine1804

pining1804

sheep-pock1804

stinking ill1807

water sickness1807

core1818

wryneck1819

tag-belt1826

tag-sore1828

kibe1830

agalaxia1894

agalactia1897

lupinosis1899

trembling1902

struck1903

black disease1906

scrapie1910

renguerra1917

pulpy kidney1927

dopiness1932

blowfly strike1933

body strike1934

sleepy sickness1937

swayback1938

twin lamb disease1945

tick pyaemia1946

fly-strike1950

maedi1952

nematodiriasis1957

visna1957

maedi-visna1972

visna-maedi1972

1934 F. G. Holdaway & C. R. Mulhearn (Commonwealth of Austral. Council Sci. & Industr. Res.) Pamphlet No. 48 (title) Field observations on weather stain and blowfly strike of sheep with special reference to body strike.

1990 J. B. D'arcy Sheep Managem. & Wool Technol. (ed. 3) xxx. 314 Body strike occurs after prolonged wet weather and is frequently associated with fleece rot or mycotic dermatitis.

2006 Small Ruminant Res. 62 110/2 The major predisposing causes of body strike in sheep are fleece rot and dermatophilosis.

body stroke n. chiefly Typography the thick stroke or stem of a letterform, esp. a printed one; cf. body mark n.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > printed matter > printed character(s) > [noun] > stem or thick stroke

body line1741

body mark1876

body stroke1898

1898 J. Southward Mod. Printing I. 140 The thick lines..are called the body strokes.

1920 Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 39 160 The shaded or body strokes are usually made one unit wide and the hair lines are usually made one-half unit wide.

1990 N. Barker Morison's Early Ital. Writing-bks. v. 62 He begins by listing three essential pen movements (the addition to Arrighi's two is the vertical body-stroke).

bodysuit n. a close-fitting one-piece garment covering the torso (and sometimes the legs), esp. a women's garment resembling a leotard and often worn as underwear (cf. sense 4d).

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > one-piece garment > [noun]

playsuit1609

romper1902

romper suit1904

diving-suit1908

bunting1914

teddy bear1917

leotard1920

Sidcot1921

sleeper1921

romper1922

pressure suit1923

boiler suit1928

maillot1928

mono1937

footy1938

all-in-one1939

siren suit1939

goonskin1943

anti-g suit1945

G-suit1945

jump suit1948

immersion suit1951

moon suit1953

poopy suit1953

dry suit1955

wetsuit1955

sleepsuit1958

Babygro1959

tank suit1959

cat-suit1960

penguin suit1961

unitard1961

bodysuit1963

shortall1966

steamer1982

1963 Star-News (Pasadena, Calif.) 26 July 6/5 He has eliminated..body suits and coats from his collection preferring dresses that follow the natural body line.

1969 Good Housek. (N.Y.) July 130/1 The new improved bra slip and the never-before body suit.

1975 C. Calasibetta Fairchild's Dict. Fashion 45/1 Body suit, one-piece fitted garment without legs having a snap crotch.

2006 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) Aug. 99/2 The comfortable bodysuit stretched from just above my knee to under my boobs.

body temperature n. the (normal or abnormal) temperature of the body (typically measured in humans by means of a thermometer inserted into the mouth, rectum, or ear).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > temperature and regulation > [noun] > normal temperature

heat1340

warmth1599

animal heat1603

body temperature1865

normothermia1898

1865 J. Lubbock Prehist. Times xii. 400 As, nevertheless, the body temperature of the Esquimaux is almost the same as ours, it is evident that they must require a large amount of animal food.

1939 E. D. Laborde tr. E. de Martonne Shorter Physical Geogr. (rev. ed.) xx. 302 In the marmot, for example, this [sc. hibernation] takes the form of slowing down the circulation and breathing, so the body temperature falls to 50° F.

2007 Guardian 27 Feb. (G2 section) 16/1 STM [= the sympto-thermal method of family planning] uses two indicators—body temperature and changes in cervical mucus—to identify the most fertile phase of a woman's menstrual cycle.

body text n. the main section of a piece of printed text, excluding items such as headings and footnotes; cf. sense 6c.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > body of composition

textc1369

bodyc1405

contexta1530

contexturea1619

body text1892

body copy1926

1892 Old & New Test. Student 14 252 One conspicuous merit of the edition is the throwing of the more detailed and technical discussions into smaller type than the body text.

1964 Times 21 May (Aspects of Advertising section) p. vii/1 The importance of good type design in displayed headlines and for legibility in body text.

2006 T. Rabinowitz Exploring Typogr. v. 226 Block quotations are usually indented, single spaced, and often set in a smaller point size than the body text.

† bodytray n. Obsolete a sideboard for a cart; cf. sense 6a.

1353 Manorial Documents in Mod. Philol. (1936) 34 53 (MED) In j pare de Boditrayes [belonging to a cart].

body tube n. rare the main tube forming the body of an organ pipe or wind instrument.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > pipe > other parts of pipes

tongue1551

mouth1727

lip1728

reed1728

wind-cuttera1834

labium1847

beak1852

beard1852

underlip1852

wedge1852

body tube1854

plate-of-wind1875

wind-way1875

1854 J. S. Bushnan in J. Wylde Circle of Sci. (c1865) I. 283/2 The air..passes out in undulating movements from the body-tube.

2008 New Moon (Nexis) 1 Mar. 40 The reed..is attached to the clarinet by the ligature..which lets the vibration in the reed travel through the clarinet's body tube.

body type n. (a) Typography the typeface used for printing the main text of a publication; (b) a type or class of physique; cf. somatotype n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > [noun]

featurec1325

making1340

staturec1380

statea1387

bonea1400

figurec1400

makec1425

corpulence1477

corsage1481

makdom1488

mouldc1550

corporature1555

frame1566

dimension1600

limit1608

set1611

timber1612

compact1646

taille1663

fabric1695

moulding1815

physique1826

tournure1827

build1832

form1849

body type1866

body build1907

somatotype1940

size1985

society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > style of type > [noun] > type face or font > for printing books

book type1826

body type1866

body face1898

1866 W. D. Howells Let. 20 Feb. in Sel. Lett. (1979) I. 251 Mr. Fields doesn't like the notion of the long minion note, and suggests that you add the note..in the body-type of the magazine.

1874 Army Med. Dept. Rep. 14 326 To associate them with any inherent hereditary tendency would be to assume a concentration of the tubercular diathesis in the army strangely at variance with the body-type..of this class.

1898 J. Southward Mod. Printing 134 Body or text types, used for plain paragraph matter.

1947 Life 17 Nov. 135/2 (advt.) We all fall into three basic body types. If tall and thin, anthropologists call us the Linear type, or ectomorphs.

1992 Step-by-Step 8 i. 73/2 When Koepke began to play around with body type, he knew that he wanted a face that wouldn't compete with the magazine's nonstop visuals.

2002 L. Henderson Broken Rec. Technique 113 Twenty women of different ages, body types, colours, and intelligence, all toe-slicing the air in tandem.

body-urge n. sexual instinct or desire.

ΘΠ

the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual desire > [noun]

willOE

loveOE

likinga1200

jollityc1330

desirec1340

fire1340

naturec1387

ragea1425

pride1486

lovered1487

Venus1513

courage1541

passion1648

lusting1760

philogenitiveness1815

body-urge1930

hots1940

hard-on1949

1930 G. B. Stern Mosaic iii. i. 205 The Viennese composer made his first awed acquaintance with the words pep, kick, body-urge, sex-appeal, a hundred-per-cent. stuff, spin it along, put it over, and It.

1932 S. Gibbons Cold Comfort Farm xvii. 237 Teck's a good kid..but he's got no body-urge.

2001 K. Greenwood Away with Fairies xii. 169 But I was listening to Julia talking about the body-urge, the poetry of the flesh, and I thought I'd like to try it, but I had no idea of how to go about it.

body wall n. (a) a wall forming the main part of something; (b) Zoology the layer of tissue surrounding an animal's body.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > other parts > [noun] > wall

body wall1755

the world > life > the body > part of body > [noun] > surface

surface1594

body wall1861

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [noun] > body-wall

body wall1861

1755 J. Muller Treat. Pract. Part Fortification iii. §vii. 158 A trench is dug all round for the foundation of the body-wall.

1847 Ld. Lindsay Sketches Hist. Christian Art I. 25 The body-wall bulging out and lapping over like an Egyptian temple.

1861 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom II. 40 Processes of the body-wall, within which are developed true generative organs, the ‘spermaria’ and ‘ovaria’, constitute the reproductive apparatus of the Hydrozoa.

1909 Westm. Gaz. 28 Aug. 13/2 A special series of muscles in the body-wall.

1959 E. F. Linssen Beetles Brit. Isles i. 14 Another characteristic feature of insects is the hard, horny body-wall consisting of plates..composed mostly of chitin.

1986 G. F. Dales & J. M. Kenoyer Excavations at Mohenjo Daro ii. iii. 29 A vessel can have any possible rim form, ranging from simple unmodified extensions of the body wall, to complex modifications built up on the edge of the orifice.

1988 Zool. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 92 368 The intestines are visible through the near transparent body-wall and this gives the animals a reticulate appearance.

1995 C. Nielsen Animal Evol. xxxv. 276 The body wall consists of a cuticle, a layer of ectodermal cells (often called hypodermis), a basement membrane, and a layer of longitudinal body-wall muscle cells.

2002 P. Herring Biol. Deep Ocean App. 290 Holothuroids..are echinoderms that lack arms and have a leathery body wall in which the skeleton is reduced to microscopic ossicles.

body warmer n. an item of clothing intended to provide warmth to the (upper) body, spec. a sleeveless quilted or padded jacket.

1906 Manitoba Free Press 6 Oct. 36/2 Body warmers, felt with chamois lining.

1985 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 28 May 15/4 She had on navy blue tracksuit trousers.., a navy quilted ‘body warmer’, and green wellington boots.

1998 Cycling Today May 45/2 Arms sometimes need to be free, but bodies generally have to be warm which is where bodywarmers, vests or Gilets come into their own.

body wash n. a liquid cleansing product intended for use on the body; also as a mass noun.

1908 Washington Post 2 Aug. (Sporting section) 4/1 His driver..has been with the horse ever since and..rubs him all over with body wash composed of various liquids calculated to relieve that tired feeling.

1974 Naples (Florida) Daily News 15 Dec. 15 b (advt.) Strawberry body wash for bath or shower.

2000 L. Nazarko NVQs in Nursing & Resid. Homes (ed. 2) xii. 207 Some residents prefer to use shower gels or body washes that can also be used as shampoos.

body wax n. see wax n.¹ Additions.

bodywear n. any of various types of close-fitting clothing, esp. underwear.

1971 N.Y. Times 25 May 40 (advt.) Bodywear, hottest new fashion. The under-everything basic.

1990 Fashion Forecast Internat. Sept. 122/1 Bodywear can often double as outerwear.

2004 H. Strachan Make a Skyf, Man! iv. 38 She has spent the afternoon in her martial arts place nogal, all togged up in padded black leather bodywear and a mesh mask.

body whirl n. Zoology and Palaeontology (now rare) = body whorl n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell > part of

auricle1665

heel1673

lip1681

mouth1681

whirl1681

rib1711

antihelix1721

canal1734

columella1755

vesture1755

body whirl1776

fent1776

pillar1776

pillar-lip1776

septum1786

aperture1794

body whorl1807

costa1812

seam1816

spine1822

umbo1822

varix1822

peristome1828

summit1828

nucleus1833

concameration1835

lunula1835

nympha1836

nymph1839

lunule1842

peritreme1848

body chamber1851

axis1866

umbone1867

liration1904

1776 E. M. da Costa Elements Conchol. 117 Umbilicated shells are those that have a navel or hollow placed on the first or body whirl.

1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 101 The last turn of the shell, or body-whirl, is usually very capacious.

1906 Maryland Geol. Surv.: Pliocene & Pleistocene 182 Beak not distinguished from the body whirl by any profound depression.

body whorl n. Zoology and Palaeontology (in the shell of a gastropod mollusc) the last and largest whorl, which (in life) contains the body of the animal; cf. body chamber n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell > part of

auricle1665

heel1673

lip1681

mouth1681

whirl1681

rib1711

antihelix1721

canal1734

columella1755

vesture1755

body whirl1776

fent1776

pillar1776

pillar-lip1776

septum1786

aperture1794

body whorl1807

costa1812

seam1816

spine1822

umbo1822

varix1822

peristome1828

summit1828

nucleus1833

concameration1835

lunula1835

nympha1836

nymph1839

lunule1842

peritreme1848

body chamber1851

axis1866

umbone1867

liration1904

1807 W. Turton Brit. Fauna I. 186 Aperture suborbicular, contracted and joined to the body whorl.

1901 E. Step Shell Life xiv. 244 The Poached Egg (Ovula patula) has a mouth that is much longer than the shell proper, and it appears to be all body-whorl.

2003 Jrnl. Paleontol. 77 52/2 Body whorl evenly rounded with wide-spaced and beaded spiral threads.

body wrap n. a beauty treatment in which a person's body is wrapped tightly in cloth or plastic film which is either placed over a layer of or impregnated with a substance intended to soothe, detoxify, improve the appearance of skin, encourage slimming, etc. (frequently with prefixed word indicating the type of substance used); cf. earlier herbal wrap n. at herbal adj. Additions.

1969 Elk Grove (Illinois) Herald 11 Dec. iii. 4/1 (advt.) We guarantee three inch loss on full body wrap treatment or there's no charge to you!

1972 N.Y. Times 28 Sept. 58/5 The nation is being swept with gadgets and pills and body wraps that claim to take inches off a person's body.

2001 Men's Exercise July 102/3 Body wraps are also a good idea early in your stay because they might help you relax a little.

Derivatives

ˈbody-wise adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > [adverb]

lichamlyc900

fleshlyc1230

bodilyc1370

(to raise or rise) in flesh and fellc1375

after the fleshc1384

outwardc1390

in flesh and bonea1400

naturally1439

corporally1483

corporate1495

corporatelya1513

animally1535

carnally1539

in flesh and blood1598

physicallyc1600

fleshlily1614

body-wise1620

all over1633

in (the) flesh1651

corporeally1664

body-like1674

somatically1847

bodily-wise1869

1620 G. Downame Christian Arte of Thriuing 31 We are to reprooue the folly of worldlings, who throughout the whole booke of the Prouerbs are Salomons fooles: who are not, as wee say, penny-wise and pound-foolish, but body-wise and soule-foolish.

1873 Addr. at Induction Rev. Francis L. Patton (Presbyterian Theol. Seminary N.W.) 28 Mr. Mivart holds that bodywise he has monkey ancestors, but..that God is the Father of his spirit.

1884 Homiletic Monthly Apr. 409 If..man were body-wise related by descent to the brute creation.

2008 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 17 Jan. b2 He reminds me of Reggie, body-wise.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	body
释义	bodyn. Brit. /ˈbɒdi/, U.S. /ˈbɑdi/ Forms: early Old English bodæi, early Old English bodeg, Old English bodig, Old English (rare)–Middle English bodi, early Middle English bodiȝ ( Ormulum), Middle English boady, Middle English bodd (transmission error), Middle English boddie, Middle English bode, Middle English boode, Middle English boody, Middle English–1500s bodye, Middle English–1600s bodie, Middle English– body, 1500s boadye, 1500s (1700s North American) bodey, 1500s (1800s– English regional (northern)) boddy, 1600s boddye; Scottish pre-1700 bodde, pre-1700 boddie, pre-1700 bode, pre-1700 bodey, pre-1700 bodye, pre-1700 boiddis (plural), pre-1700 boidye, pre-1700 bothy, pre-1700 1700s– bodie, pre-1700 1700s– body, 1800s bothie, 1800s– boady, 1800s– buddy (in sense 11), 1900s– buddie (in sense 11), 1900s– budy (in sense 11); also Irish English 1700s bodhee (Wexford), 1700s bothige (Wexford), 1800s buthee (Wexford), 1900s– bodie (northern), 1900s– buddy (northern, in sense 11). Origin: Probably a word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Related to, and probably cognate with, Old High German botah, boteh, botec, potah, potach, podech body, corpse, trunk (of the body) (Middle High German botech, early modern German bottich, German regional (Bavarian, Austrian, and Swabian) Bottig, Pottich, Podach, also (in Bavarian and Austrian use) the main body or underpart of a woman's garment); further etymology unknown.The ending of the Old English word could show -y suffix¹, but if so the forms in German apparently reflect a different suffix with Germanic -k- . It is possible that such suffixation could have occurred on a derivative in Indo-European -to- (see -ed suffix¹) < the Indo-European base of be v. (for a -to- formation on the same base compare ancient Greek ϕυτόν* plant: see phyto- comb. form). For the suggested semantic development ‘grow’ > ‘body’ perhaps compare Gothic laudi figure < liudan to grow. However, it is notable that ‘grow’ and related meanings are not common among the cognates of be v. in Germanic (although they are in other branches of Indo-European). Alternatively attempts have been made to connect the word with the same base as bottom n., which is itself of very uncertain etymology and presents many formal difficulties. From the semantic point of view, this explanation assumes that the sense ‘trunk’ was original, although this is rare in Old High German (but is common in Old English). A similar semantic assumption underlies an attempt to link the word with Old Icelandic bútr log (see butt n.⁶), but this encounters serious formal difficulties. There is almost certainly no etymological connection with Old High German botega cask, vat (Middle High German botech , German Bottich ), ultimately < post-classical Latin apotheca apothec n. (compare post-classical Latin butica cask (8th cent.)); the two Old High German words are consistently distinguished in form in early sources. Old Icelandic buðkr small box, which is sometimes suggested as a cognate of body n., is probably also ultimately < this Latin word. Scottish Gaelic bodhaig (of uncertain origin), is unlikely to be related on phonological grounds. The sense development has been influenced by association with classical Latin corpus (see corpus n.) and probably also with Old French, Middle French cors , corps , French corps (see corpse n., corse n., corps n.¹). In sense 4b(b) after classical Latin corpus body, wood of a tree (see corpus n.). In sense 12b after classical Latin corpus compendium of writings on a subject, textbook (e.g. corpus iūris law textbook). With sense 14 compare classical Latin totum corpus reipublicae the whole body of the state (Cicero). In body of Christ at Phrases 1 after post-classical Latin corpus Christi (lit. body of Christ; compare Corpus Christi n.) the Church as the mystical body of Christ, bread consecrated in the Eucharist and regarded as the body of Christ (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), itself after Hellenistic Greek σῶμα Χριστοῦ , in both senses. In Scots (including Ulster Scots) sometimes distinguished in form as buddy when used denoting a person (in sense 11), a form which is never used of the human body (see further Sc. National Dict. at body n.). Earlier currency in sense 11 (and hence of branch III. as a whole) is suggested by surnames: Eustace frebodi (1207), Richard Godbodi (1221), Roger Trewebodi (1277), etc. With use in oaths and asseverations (see Phrases 3) compare Middle French le corps Dieu (1388). I. The physical form of a person, animal, or plant. 1. a. (a) The complete physical form of a person or animal; the assemblage of parts, organs, and tissues that constitutes the whole material organism. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > [noun] lichamc888 bodyeOE earthOE lichOE bone houseOE dustc1000 fleshOE utter mana1050 bonesOE bodiȝlichc1175 bouka1225 bellyc1275 slimec1315 corpsec1325 vesselc1360 tabernaclec1374 carrion1377 corsec1386 personc1390 claya1400 carcass1406 lump of claya1425 sensuality?a1425 corpusc1440 God's imagea1450 bulka1475 natural body1526 outward man1526 quarrons1567 blood bulk1570 skinfula1592 flesh-rind1593 clod1595 anatomy1597 veil1598 microcosm1601 machine1604 outwall1608 lay part1609 machina1612 cabinet1614 automaton1644 case1655 mud wall1662 structure1671 soul case1683 incarnation1745 personality1748 personage1785 man1830 embodiment1850 flesh-stuff1855 corporeity1865 chassis1930 soma1958 eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. xii. 194 Wæs he Oswine se cyning ge on onsyne fæger ge on bodie heah [L. statura sublimis]. OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 33 Drihten on his godspelle cwæþ..þæt nan mon ne mæg ane feþme to his bodige [L. ad staturam suam] geecean. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4773 Hiss bodiȝ..All samenn. brest. & wambe. & þes. & cnes. & fet. & shannkess, etc. c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 668 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 318 (MED) Man hath of eorþe al is bodi..of watere..wete, Of þe Eyr..breth..of fuyr..hete. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 423 (MED) A litel man of body, with a fat wombe. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 869 Our bodis ar now al bare. 1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. lxxviii. 64 He shold come fyght with hym body for body. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. clv. 186 To fight body to body, or power to power. 1557 F. Seager Schoole of Vertue in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 347 Thy bodie vprighte, Thy fete iuste to-gether. 1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. ii. sig. Aa5 A Lark..lighted among some clods of Earth..of the colour of her Body. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 121. ¶3 That great Variety of Arms with which Nature has differently fortified the Bodies of..Animals, such as Claws, Hoofs and Horns. 1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 208. ⁋10 A body languishing with disease. 1802 J. Playfair Illustr. Huttonian Theory 178 The bodies of amphibious animals which now make part of the fossil kingdom. 1847 W. B. Carpenter Zool.: Systematic Acct. II. §870 The common Oyster..always appears inclined to adapt its shell to the form of the body. 1881 T. H. Huxley in Nature 11 Aug. 346/1 The body is a machine of the nature of an army, not of that of a watch, or of a hydraulic apparatus. Of this army each cell is a soldier, an organ a brigade. 1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 48/4 (advt.) Those sturdy little bodies are built up by long, healthful hours of sleep. 1935 Geogr. Jrnl. 86 417 The most striking feature is their colour, a vivid brick red which is entirely artificial and is induced by the application of the juice of the Achiote plant (Bixa orellana) over the whole of their bodies. 1953 H. Mellanby Animal Life in Fresh Water (ed. 5) viii. 140 Most water-bugs are harmless to plants because they are carnivorous and live on the live or dead bodies of other animals. 2000 N.Y. Mag. 8 May 6/3 I—and most trainers I know—have a healthy, athletic body but am far from perfect. (b) The complete physical form or assemblage of parts of a plant. Π 1613 T. Milles tr. P. Mexia et al. Treasurie Auncient & Moderne Times 32 The vegetative Bodies; as Plants, Trees, and such like. 1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. v. 4 That all the Bodies of the first Animals and Plants were shuffled into their several Forms and Structures fortuitously. 1729 J. Martyn 1st Lect. Bot. 3 A Plant is an..organical Body..destitute of Sense and spontaneous Motion. 1786 T. Clarkson Ess. Slavery & Commerce Human Species ii. ix. 112 The same kind Providence, who tempered the body of an animal, tempered also, the body of the tree. 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. II. xxi. 470 Secreted by the fine capillaries..in the bodies of plants and animals. 1875 J. W. Dawson Life's Dawn on Earth viii. 214 Their bodies like those of plants..show tendencies to spiral modes of growth. 1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 222 The individual cells of which the body of the plant is made up. 1907 F. E. Clements Plant Physiol. & Ecol. iii. 38 Primitive water plants..ordinarily use the entire surface of the plant body for absorbing water. 1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. iii. 34 Each and every cell of the very many making up the plant body starts off in the embryonical condition as a result of division of a pre-existing cell. 1998 R. Dawkins in Skeptic Summer 24/2 The best we can do is probably to forget about the genome itself and look at its product, the ‘phenotype’, the working body of the animal or plant itself. b. Contrasted with the soul. Cf. soul body n. at soul n. Compounds 4.to keep body and soul together: see to keep together 1 at keep v. Phrasal verbs 1. Π c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9672 Þatt manness sawle deȝeþþ þær, Whær swa þe bodiȝ deȝeþþ. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ix. i. 517 Þe body meoviþ as þe soule wole. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xlii. l. 112 Bothe body & sowle distroyed ȝe be. 1481 tr. Cicero De Senectute sig. i2^^v If aftir this presente life I be dede, aswele in soule as in body as that some yong and smale philosophers..Certayne it is, that I shall feele nothyng. 1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory* ii. iii. sig. b5 A man is a body with a soule sensytyf and reasonable. 1593 A. Willet Tetrastylon Papisticum ii. 88 Why did Christ take vppon him our flesh and soule, but to redeeme man that was lost, both in body and soule? 1651 Let. in Severall Proc. Parl. No. 81. 1241 A great comfort to the godly, both to their soules and bodies. 1680 W. Bates Soveraign & Final Happiness of Man ii. 28 The Soul and Body are the essential parts of Man... Good Actions are design'd by the Counsel and Resolution of the Spirit, but perform'd by the Ministry of the Flesh. 1733 A. Pope Ess. Man i. 262 All are but parts of one stupendous Whole, Whose Body Nature is, and God the Soul. 1759 T. Marriott Female Conduct 61 Some modern Ladies only learn to dress, Despising Arts, that teach them, how to please; To Dress, add Science, and learn both, ye Fair, Dress Soul, and Body, with an equal Care. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Aylmer's Field in Enoch Arden, etc. 70 The foul adulteries That saturate soul with body. 1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 459/1 No drunkard after a debauch ever suffered in body and in soul what Mr. Morley was suffering after this not too luxuriant good square meal. 1927 V. Woolf To Lighthouse iii. iii. 237 She had a few moments of nakedness when she seemed like an unborn soul, a soul reft of body. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 21 Oct. 1044/1 Medicine-men looked after the body; clergymen looked after the soul. 2003 J. Haldane Intelligent Person's Guide to Relig. vii. 190 The non-materiality of mind or soul, and of its actual separability from the physical body. c. The physical or mortal nature, state, or aspect of man. Frequently in in (the) body, out of (the) body and variants, sometimes contrasted with in spirit.Recorded earliest in body sin n. at Compounds 1a(a).Cf. out-of-body adj. ΘΠ the world > people > person > [noun] > corporeal or material nature bodyc1175 the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [adverb] in (the) bodyc1175 substantiallya1398 materiallyc1443 in substance1649 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 15124 To clennsenn þeȝȝre bodiȝ swa. Off all þe bodiȝ sinne. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Cor. xii. 2 I woot a man in Crist bifore fourtene ȝeer; wher in body, wher out of body, I woot not [L. sive in corpore nescio, sive extra corpus nescio]. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 4 (MED) Joon Baptist..haþ passinge beyng in bodi. 1529 T. Paynell tr. Assaute & Conquest Heuen xii. sig. Eiv The poytrell of this horse betokeneth the remembrance of dethe, and knowlege of the vilany and filthynesse of the body. The croper sygnifyeth confession of our sinnes. 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 5 This Phœa was a woman robber..and naught of her bodye. 1611 Bible (King James) 2 Cor. xii. 2 Whether in the body, I cannot tell, whether out of the body, I cannot tell. View more context for this quotation 1670 T. Case Mt. Pisgah iii. 115 Witness holy David and Paul, whose indifferency about the present, and contention about the future estate, was such, as if they had forgotten they were in the body. 1750 J. Wesley Let. 9 Feb. (1931) III. 32 God forbid that I should cease to pray for you as long as I am in the body. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality vi, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 115 While we are yet in the body. 1871 E. B. Tylor Primitive Culture I. 451 The notion of a ghost-soul animating man while in the body. 1911 C. S. Churchill Let. Sept. in W. S. Churchill & C. S. Churchill Speaking for Themselves (1999) iii. 56 I am very happy here, tho' I am kept in great subjection by Granny who tho' infirm in body is active & even agile in mind. 1981 A. Gray Lanark xx. 209 Do you promise to attend your mathematic lessons, not only in body but in spirit? 2006 P. Williams Rise & Fall Yummy Mummy xl. 265 Feeling strangely out of body, I wander into the kitchen, sink on to a chair and prod the keys of my mobile phone. 2. A corpse. [Perhaps originally a euphemistic shortening of ‘dead body’, although this sense is common in Old High German (see discussion in main etymology).] ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > dead body > [noun] lichc893 dust?a1000 holdc1000 bonesOE stiff onea1200 bodyc1225 carrion?c1225 licham?c1225 worms' food or ware?c1225 corsec1250 ashc1275 corpsec1315 carcass1340 murraina1382 relicsa1398 ghostc1400 wormes warec1400 corpusc1440 scadc1440 reliefc1449 martc1480 cadaverc1500 mortc1500 tramort?a1513 hearse1530 bulk1575 offal1581 trunk1594 cadaverie1600 relicts1607 remains1610 mummya1616 relic1636 cold meat1788 mortality1827 death bone1834 deader1853 stiff1859 c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 2242 (MED) & leauen hare bodies unbiburiet alle. ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 110 (MED) He nem þat swet bodi adoun And biriid hir in a fair plas. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14309 And quar haf yee his bode laid? ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae 357 We shal brenne here body. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Kings xiii. 24 The lyon stode by the body [1382 Wyclif careyn, 1388 deed bodi]. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 7150 Þai..brent vp the bodies vnto bare askis. 1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 269 They had..before his buriall, enbaulmed his body. 1619 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 19 Choose a bodie that is sound and vntainted, and either hanged, smothered, or drowned. 1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar iii. (Advt. section) xvi. 173 The freinds and Disciples of the H. Jesus having devoutly composed his body to buriall, anointed it, washed it, and condited it with spices and perfumes. 1721–2 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. (1838) I. i. iv. §4. 357/1 That he should be hanged at the cross of Edinburgh..and after he was hanged dead, that his head be severed from his body. 1782 W. F. Martyn Geogr. Mag. 1 34 They affirm, that as soon as the body is deposited in the grave, it is repossessed by the soul. 1835 T. Hood Dead Robbery ii To steal a body. 1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud i. ii, in Maud & Other Poems 2 In the ghastly pit long since a body was found. 1932 ‘B. Ross’ Trag. of X ii. i. 97 A heavy object was dragged across the deck. A body, by God... Might be murder. 1961 I. Khan Jumbie Bird vii. 112 When I dead an' gone I don' care you know, you could feed my body to dog. 2000 G. Santoro Myself when I am Real (2001) 9 He had decided to have his body cremated and scattered over the Ganges River. 3. Christian Church. = host n.⁴ 2. Cf. Phrases 1b. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun] fleshc1000 ofleteOE mannaa1200 breada1225 bread of lifea1300 host1303 bodya1325 obleya1325 God's bodya1387 cakec1390 singing bread1432 bread of wheata1450 singing loaf1530 God's bread1535 bread god?1548 round robin?1548 holy bread1552 singing cake1553 Jack-in-the-box1554 wafer-cake?1554 wafer1559 wafer-bread1565 breaden god1570 mass cake1579 wafer-god1623 hostel1624 maker1635 hostie1641 oblata1721 altar bread1839 prosphora1874 a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 190 (MED) Þerffore me makeþ his swete body [sc. the Host] of þe whete-corn al-on. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxvi. 27 Take ȝee, and ete; this is my body [L. corpus]. c1455 Speculum Misericordie in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1939) 54 427 Iudas..Atte thee sopere on schere thursday, Cristis body resseyuede hee thoo. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Svpper of the Lorde f. cxxiii The holy Communion of the bodye & bloude of our sauior Christe. 1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 82 He caried the Lords body in a wicker basket. 1686 H. More Brief Disc. Real Presence vii. 55 Not as one scoptically would make us to profess, that this real participation of the Body and Blood of Christ, has no reality any where but in our phancy. 1767 N. Sievwright Princ., Polit. & Relig. ii. 169 The fruit of the vine, which our Saviour consecrated at the institution of the Sacrament of his most blessed Body and Blood. c1880 J. Candlish Sacraments 98 All who believe in Him receive that one body that was broken for all. 1909 Biblical World 34 231 In the great symbolic act of his last supper..even the breaking of his body and the shedding of his blood must lie within the divine purpose of good to men. 1947 M. E. Boylan This Tremendous Lover (new ed.) v. 49 The Blessed Sacrament of the body and Blood our Lord is the sacrament of union par excellence. 1996 F. McCourt Angela's Ashes (1997) iv. 127 She says, Isn't it remarkable he can swally all kinds of sweets and buns but if he has to swally the body of Our Lord he goes into a fit? II. The main portion; the trunk. 4. a. The main portion of the animal frame, to which the head, neck, extremities, etc., are attached; the trunk. Frequently opposed to the limbs or to the head.In quot. 1774: the abdomen of an insect. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > [noun] bodyeOE lichOE bouka1225 stocka1387 trunka1513 corsage?1518 torso1864 core1972 eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in J. J. Quinn Minor Lat.-Old Eng. Glossaries in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1956) 27 Truncus, bodig. OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1900) II. 324 Hi næfdon þæt heafod [sc. of St Edmund] to þam bodige. c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 46 (MED) Me hire heued..to-tweamde from þe bodie. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. v. xxv. 217 Þe necke is a rounde membre and mene bytwene þe body and þe heed. c1450 Contin. Lydgate's Secrees (Sloane 2464) l. 1657 (MED) Fyssh..Medlyd with mylk Causith boody and fas With lepre to be smet. 1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) ix. f. 120 ^v The countrie where Chymæra that same pooke Hath Goatish body, Lions head and brist, and Dragons tayle. c1600 Countess of Southampton in C. M. Ingleby & L. T. Smith Shakespeare's Cent. Prayse (1879) 40 All heade and veri litel body. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) iv. viii. 26 When the Fox hath once got in his Nose, Hee'le soone finde meanes to make the Body follow. View more context for this quotation 1677 Hall Papers 30 Jan. in H. Stocks Rec. Borough Leicester (1923) IV. 546 Then Mr Mayor may as the head Rule the Body and choose which of the members is best Able to serve the Rest. 1722 B. Marten New Theory Consumptions i. 28 The Calves of their Legs, and all the fleshy Parts of the Body and Limbs, waste away by Degrees. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VIII. 35 [The butterfly has] three parts; the head, the corselet, and the body. 1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. lv. 86 A body without a head, unable either to act or to deliberate. 1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling x. 320 Body, orange-yellow, merging into..burnt sienna at the shoulder. 1904 E. Tregear Maori Race 336 [The priest] cast the niu rods, or interpreted the ‘jerkings’ (takin) of the limbs or body of a sleeping man. 1958 W. E. Swinton Fossil Amphibians & Reptiles (ed. 2) ii. 6 The fore limbs are attached to the body by means of muscles. 1998 Cycling Today May 45/2 Arms sometimes need to be free, but bodies generally have to be warm which is where bodywarmers, vests or Gilets come into their own. b. (a) The main stem of a plant; spec. the trunk of a tree. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stem, trunk, or bole stovenc1000 bolec1314 bodyc1330 stock1340 shaft1398 stealc1440 truncheonc1449 trunk1490 stud1579 leg1597 butt1601 truncus1706 stam1839 c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) l. 2512 (MED) His clob was..A lite bodi of an ok. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xli. 935 Þe roote of saffroun is continued to þe body. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 6783 (MED) A tree..Of whiche..þe body as a mast was riȝt. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xliii Cutte the bough on bothe sydes a fote or two fote fro the body of the tree. 1572 J. Bossewell Wks. Armorie ii. f. 95 ^v These trees are truncated, that is to saie, ye boughes cut of from the body, and laide in the forme of a Saltier. 1623 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie (rev. ed.) ii. sig. E1 Boughes hanging out alone from the bodies. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 352 He got into the Body of the Tree. 1738 W. Ellis Timber-tree Improved I. i. 6 The knotty, mossy Bodies and brousy Heads of Oaks, Ashes, and Beeches. 1815 E. Polehampton Gallery Nat. & Art (1821) V. 186 The gum..is obtained by wounding the bark in different parts of the body of the tree, or by what has been called jagging. 1861 Amer. Agriculturist July 197/3 Pruning White Pine.—‘Querist’ may prune his pine trees in June or July. Nip the shoots with thumb and finger if a dense shrubby habit be desired, and cut off the lower branches if a tall naked body be the object. 1902 Auk 19 287 When I reached the nest I found that a limb large enough to hold me ran out from the body of the tree so that I could get about eight feet from the nest. †(b) The wood beneath the bark of a tree. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > young wood or alburnum sapc1374 body?1523 wood?1523 alburnum1664 whitewood1668 blea1736 softwood1751 sap-wood1791 alburn1864 included sapwood1933 ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xliii That..pulleth away the barke from the body of the tree. 1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Hist. Descr. Worlde 167 The black rinde of a certaine tree..betweene the bodie and the barke. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 391 The Teredo, Cossi, and other Worms lying between the Body and the Bark, poison the passage of the Sap. 1789 J. Adam Pract. Ess. Agric. II. xi. iii. 487 The bark often outlives the body of the tree, and remains found when the wood is rotten. c. The part of a dress or other garment which covers the body, as distinct from the arms; (also) the part of a woman's dress above the waist, as distinguished from the less fitted skirt.a pair of bodies: see bodice n. See also petticoat body n. at petticoat n. Compounds 3. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > doublet doublet1326 body1542 the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > coat > parts of > body stump1506 body1542 shell1802 1542 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1908) VIII. 82 Item..v quarteris bombacye fustiane to be the body of ane doublet to the Kingis grace. 1580 Second & Third Blast Plaies 106 The shreds of whose curiositie our Historians haue now stolen from them, being by practise become as cunning as the Tailor to set a new vpper bodie to an old coate; and a patch of their owne to a peece of anothers. 1585 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 114 One petticote of house-wyfe clothe..An upper bodye of durance. 1611 in J. B. Heath Some Acct. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1869) 92 That none should wear..any body or sleeves of wire, whalebone or with any other stiffing. 1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 387 Twelue brest and back-peeces (like womens close Bodyes). 1696 J. F. Merchant's Ware-house 38 Cut of Ell ¹/ ₈ off of one of the half bredths..which take for the body of your Shifts. 1714 tr. H. Joutel Jrnl. Last Voy. M. de la Sale 104 We discover'd three Men a Horseback..one dress'd after the Spanish Fashion, with a little Doublet, the Body wherof was of blue, and the Sleeves of white Fustian. 1799 J. Strutt Compl. View Dress & Habits People of Eng. II. v. iii. 242 In winter, the hood and surcoat appear again, with the addition of large loose sleeves, which seem, indeed, intended more for ornament than for use, the hands being kept under the body of the surcoat. a1854 E. Grant Mem. Highland Lady (1988) I. xvi. 338 I had a blue satin body to mine made by myself, and a number of frills at the bottom of the skirt. 1883 M. K. Waddington Let. 15 May (1903) I. 18 I have been out..to get a light blouse, my cloth body is unbearable. 1922 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 42 97 He is represented..wearing a short dress with plain body. 1951 G. Heyer Quiet Gentleman ii. 22 Her gown..was of white sarsnet, with a pink body, and long sleeves. 2003 Daily Tel. 19 Sept. i. 27/1 The body defined with seaming and inserts of contrast colour in bra-dresses and contour-cut jackets. d. Chiefly British. A woman's or girl's close-fitting one-piece garment for the upper body, resembling a leotard, made of a soft stretchable fabric, and fastening at the crotch.Outside the United Kingdom, generally called a bodysuit (though that term also applies more widely). ΚΠ 1986 Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 11/1 The Body is quite simply a sweater or a T-shirt that follows the body-line and is anchored between your legs by a couple of buttons or poppers. 1994 Guardian 24 Sept. (Weekend Suppl.) 42/1 Karan is perhaps most famous for inventing the body, the leotard-like, three-stud crotch snapper designed to be worn under everything thus removing the tyranny of bunched shirts shoved into skirts. 2000 M. Barrowcliffe Girlfriend 44 xii. 328 That's what made me wonder what Alice would look like in a knee-length shiny plastic boots and one of those see-through bodies. 5. The main, central, or principal part, as distinguished from subordinate or less important parts; the part round which others are grouped, or to which they are attached as appendages, etc. Frequently with of. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > the main part bodyOE trunk1615 stump1634 the solid1776 masterpiece1825 OE Metrical Charm: For Unfruitful Land (Calig. A.vii) 50 Nim þonne þæt sæd, sete on þæs sules bodig. a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 351 (MED) Loke þou haue a strong vessel..& loke þat þe couercle þerof & þe bodi be wel closyng. 1532 in F. Palgrave Antient Kalendars & Inventories (1836) II. 280 Item a cuppe of golde wt a cover chasid bulliones wt two bordures aboute the body and cover. 1598 R. Barret Theorike & Pract. Mod. Warres vi. 244 The Tenaza or Keepe, which stands without the body of the Castell. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. ii. 112 Neuer such a powre..Was leuied in the body of a land. View more context for this quotation 1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon i. i. 35 The body of the Emblem was a figure of the Duke himself. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 352 He got into the Body of the Tree. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 234 The body of all true religion consists..in obedience to the will of the sovereign of the world. View more context for this quotation 1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. ii. x. 562 Crimes committed at sea, or on the coast out of the body of any County. 1869 C. Boutell tr. J. P. Lacombe Arms & Armour ix. 173 The body of the blade. 1965 F. Gerrard Macgregor's Struct. Meat Animals (ed. 2) ix. 178 The Placenta..lines both horns and the body of the uterus. 1984 E. P. DeGarmo et al. Materials & Processes in Manuf. (ed. 6) xxi. 589 Twist drills..have three basic parts: the body, the point, and the shank. 1991 Alabama Game & Fish Mar. 42/3 A discernible mud line flows into the body of the lake from the feeder streams. 2002 T. Shimoda Fourth Treasure (2003) 15/1 The slender, wirelike tissue trailing from the cell body. 6. Particular technical uses. a. The part of a vehicle fitted to receive the load; spec. the part of a motor car in which driver and passengers sit, or the fuselage of an aeroplane. Cf. cart-body n. at cart n. Compounds 2, wide-body n.Recorded earliest in bodytray n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > parts of > body cart-bodyc1325 body1353 1353 Manorial Documents in Mod. Philol. (1936) 34 53 (MED) In j pare de Boditrayes [belonging to a cart]. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. iiii The body of the wayn of oke. 1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania i. 99 The other fifty..got Swords for the accomplishing of their wills, priuately hid in the Chariot..the Hilts onely out, which were taken to bee but artificially made to seeme Swords, and placed for ornaments round about the body of the Chariot. 1669 S. Pepys Diary 30 Apr. (1976) IX. 537 There I do find a great many ladies sitting in the body of a coach. 1794 W. Felton Treat. Carriages I. 56 Though..this word implies a carriage complete..it is usually distinguished as the under part only on which the body is placed. 1881 J. W. Burgess Pract. Treat. Coach-building 42 The body is a species of box, fitted with doors and windows, and lined and wadded for the purpose of comfort. 1888 Science 21 Dec. 302/2 The springs rest on the journal-boxes, and support the body of the car. 1896 Horseless Age May 20 Width of body [of motorcar] 32 inches; length of body 8 feet 6 inches. 1909 A. Berget Conquest of Air 166 The body..is the space designed to carry the motor, propeller, and the aviator. 1934 Pacific Hist. Rev. 3 393 The mode of construction..permitted the body of the coach to rock fore and aft and make of it what Mark Twain termed a ‘cradle on wheels’. 1969 Folklore 80 6 On the body of the latter wagon the reticulated pattern..is clearly visible. 1990 Material Handling Engin. (Nexis) Oct. 99 After car bodies are painted, they are moved into storage to coordinate the production schedule with the number of bodies painted a specific color. b. The middle aisle, or the whole nave, of a church. Cf. bodystead n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > nave > [noun] bodyc1390 boukc1420 middle pace1499 bulk1518 holy place1526 ship1613 bodystead1623 cella1652 nave1673 cella1676 nef1687 auditorium1728 c1390 (?c1350) St. Ambrose l. 1051 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 24 (MED) Þe emperour..Out of þe chauncel tok his going and stod adoun in þe bodi Of þe chirche. 1418 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 30 To the werkis of the body of the Parisshe Chirche. 1501 in J. Gairdner Lett. Reigns of Richard III & Henry VII (1861) I. App. A. 413 And as for the haulte place, it is devised to be set in the navy and body of the churche. 1552 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16279) Administr. Lordes Supper sig. M.vi The Table..shall stande in the body of the Churche. 1637 P. Heylyn Antidotum Lincolniense ii. vii. 71 The Areas of their Temples, the Porticos, and the Nave or bodie of them, were suffered to be used sometimes for walking, conference, and such civill businesses. c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1641 (1955) II. 50 In the Nave or body of the Church, hang the goodliest branches of brasse for tapers that ever I had seene. 1712 H. Prideaux Direct. Church-wardens (ed. 4) 24 In the City of London..the Parishioners repair the Chancel as well as the Body of the Church. 1760 J. Lockman Hist. Cruel Sufferings Protestants 154 The great church of the Holy Ghost at Heidelberg, had..been shared by both Calvinists and Roman catholicks; the latter celebrating mass in the choir; and the former performing divine service in the nave or body of the church. 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 484/2 The nave or body of the church is 246 feet by 43, and upwards of 80 feet high. 1929 D. N. Arms Churches of France 30 We looked down on the congregation assembled in the body of the church below us. 1963 B. Modisane Blame me on Hist. xii. 193 I was physically lifted..off the pew and force-marched up the aisle, through the body of the church. 2003 R. Taylor How to read Church 21 The main body of the church, the nave, is the area where the congregation takes part in the service. c. The main portion of a document or other text, as distinguished from the introduction or preamble, and esp. from an appendix, a codicil, or other supplementary matter. Cf. body text n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > body of composition textc1369 bodyc1405 contexta1530 contexturea1619 body text1892 body copy1926 c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 42 First with heigh stile he enditeth Er he the body of his tale writeth A prohemie. 1559 Abp. Hethe in J. Strype Ann. Reformation I. ii. App. vi. 7 The body of this acte touchinge the supremacy. 1589 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1881) 1st Ser. IV. 442 Thay wer nocht contenit in the body of the said principall letter..bot interlynnit on the mairgeane thairof. 1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. iv. 80 The incroachments..mentioned in the body of that Law. 1695 W. J. tr. R. Le Bossu Treat. Epick Poem iii. iii. 117 The Epick Proposition is that first part of the Poem, wherein the Author proposes briefly, and in the General, what he has to say in the Body of his Work. 1736 Dr. King in J. Swift Lett. (1768) IV. 179 The tracts..may be printed by way of appendix. This will be indeed less trouble than the interweaving them in the body of the history. 1784 J. Barnard Life R. Challoner ix. 67 In the Body of the Book he explains the Nature of the Sacraments and the Scripture Proofs on which they are founded. 1861 A. Trollope Orley Farm (1862) I. i. 3 The body of the will was in the handwriting of the widow, as was also the codicil. 1878 H. H. Gibbs Game of Ombre (ed. 2) Pref. 7 Bringing the supplementary Chapter into the body of the Book. 1906 Auk 23 304 Five of the species of the Folio are suppressed in the body of the text. 1955 Internat. Affairs 31 498 Part III, which is the main body of the book, deals with each article of the charter in turn. 2005 Phi Delta Kappan (Nexis) 1 Jan. 396 On the printed page, the structured abstract appears between the title and the main body of the article. d. Nautical. The hull of a ship; the section of this as viewed from different positions (cf. body plan n. at Compounds 2). ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] bulka1450 bodyc1550 hull?a1560 hulk1632 c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 40 He beand in the body of the said schip quhen he hes tynt the sycht of his mark than he montis and passis vp to the top of the schip and then he persauis his mark perfytly. 1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten Disc. Voy. E. & W. Indies i. xcvi. 178/2 Three English ships..did vs hurt in the body of our shippe, but spoyled all our sayles and ropes. 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ii. 4 By the hull is meant, the full bulke or body of a ship without masts or any rigging from the stem to the sterne. 1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions 22 The whole Bodies of their Ships under Water. 1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 25 The next thing requisite is to fortify and make provision to bear the Ship's Body, and also for laying the Bulge-ways on. 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at Architecture The fore-body of the ship, i.e. before the midship frame. 1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 99 The figure of a ship, abstractedly considered, is supposed to be divided into different parts,..to each of which is given the appellation of Body. Hence we have the terms Fore Body, After Body, Cant Bodies, and Square Body. Thus the Fore Body is the figure, or imaginary figure, of that part of the ship afore the midships or dead-flat, as seen from ahead... The Square Body comprehends all the timbers whose areas or planes are perpendicular to the keel and square with the middle line of the ship; which is all that portion of a ship between the cant bodies. 1926 Harvard Stud. Classical Philol. 37 52 Half decks..were used in the Homeric boats at bow and stern, the main body of the boat not being decked. 1994 Daily Mail 29 Sept. 7/2 With conventional ships, a series of bulkheads divide the body of the ship into compartments. e. The shaft of a pillar. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > pillar > [noun] > shaft body1563 1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Bi^v They also fashioned the body of the pilloure, and filled it with Canalicoli, and Striges, as thoughe it were the plates of her garmentes. 1574 J. Baret Aluearie B 806 The bodie of a pillour, betweene the chapitre, and the base. 1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xv. xxvii. 570 Let your posts..be as thick as the maine body of your piller..and let them be mortaised together. 1669 R. Pricke Mauclerc's New Treat. Archit. ii. sig. C (side-note) The diminishing of the body of the Pillar. 1702 W. J. tr. C. de Bruyn Voy. Levant xliii. 171/1 The Body of the Pillar it self consists only of one single Stone, which some believe to be of Granit. 1747 J. Wood Choir Gaure 52 The Central Line of this Work passes thro' the Body of the Pillar. 1831 G. Crabb Family Encycl. (Enlarged ed.) 218/1 The body of the pillar is usually channeled or furrowed with twenty-four gutters. 1999 P. Ho in F. H. Cheung & M. Lai Politics & Relig. in Anc. & Medieval Europe & China 111 The body of the pillar was engraved with a passage written by Wu Sansi. f. Anatomy. The main portion or shaft of a bone; esp. the cylindrical portion (centrum) of a vertebra, to which the processes are attached. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > parts of bones > [noun] > main part body1578 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 19^v (margin) The bodie of the Vertebre is the corpulent and grosse parte therof. 1697 R. Baker Cursus Osteologicus 25 Also the Ossa Pubis are united by it [sc. synchondrosis], so are the Bodies of the Vertebræ one to another. 1747 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 44 199 This Distemper was found to be a Spina ventosa, or Cariosity in the Body of the Os Humeri, whereby about four Inches of the solid Bone had been destroyed. 1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 17 In every Vertebra..there are distinguished a body, seven processes, four notches, and a hole. 1873 Nature 11 Dec. 109 The eighth vertebra has a concavity at each end of its ‘body’. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1298 Each vertebra shows a substantial ventral (or anterior) ‘body’ or centrum, which works against its neighbours with the intervention of a gristly cushion at each end. 1956 Bios 27 174 The ventral portion [of the fifth vertebra], which is somewhat cylindrical, is the body or centrum. 2000 Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. 73 1078 In the control mice, bone marrow occupied a large space in the centre of the body of the femur. g. In a walled city or fortress: the main enclosure or innermost ring of fortification; (also) the area within this. Also figurative. Cf. enceinte n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fort or fortified town > [noun] > main enclosure of fort bawn1537 body1579 enceinte1708 1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin xvii. 996 The Imperials..turned all their diligence to fortifie Myllan, Not the body of the city as they did in the beginning of the warre, but the rampars & bastillions of the subburbs. 1591 W. Garrard & R. Hitchcock Arte of Warre v. 323 Touching the proportion and body of the fortification, as Curtins, bulwarks, sholders, flanckes, and Caualieres, I presuppose that they are made in such due forme and order as hath been accustomed to be vsed, of those y^t be perfect Maisters in this arte. 1658 T. Tanner Entrance of Mazzarini Continued 26 The Governour..being glad to draw his souldiers to secure the body of the place. 1686 R. Blome Gentlemans Recreation i. x. 186/1 If the Garison be but weak, then the Governor is to manage it to the best Advantage; and is not obstinately to defend the Out-Works, but rather to look to the defence of the Ditch, and the Body of the place. 1707 J. Barker Treasury of Fortification 248 The Bridges of the Body of the Place, are generally from 14 to 16 Feet wide. 1762 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy VI. xxii. 92 A practicable breach had been made by the duke of Marlborough, in the main body of the place. 1802 W. Coxe Trav. Poland, Russia, Sweden & Denmark (ed. 5) IV. 337 The college has inspection and care of..the body of fortification. 1862 F. A. Griffiths Artillerist's Man. (ed. 9) 262 The Body of the place, (or Enceinte) consists of the work next to, and surrounding the town, in the form of a polygon, whether regular, or irregular. 1934 Amer. Hist. Rev. 39 630 Revised instructions..required the commander to repulse only one assault on the body of the place. 1973 Anatolian Stud. 23 29 The bastions were separated from the body of the fortification wall. 2006 H. White tr. J. H. Merle D'Aubigné Hist. Reformation II. v. viii. 287 They busied themselves in defending the outworks, while their intrepid adversary was advancing into the body of the place. h. The main part of a musical instrument, which in the case of traditional stringed instruments forms a resonating chamber. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > [noun] > parts generally > body body1657 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl.) (1871) III. 211 In the monocorde, when the wire extendede on a holowe body is distreynede diametrally by an instrumente..callede magada.] 1657 R. Ligon True Hist. Barbados 48 When I had done [he] took the Theorbo in his hand, and strooke one string, stopping it by degrees upon every fret, and finding the notes to varie, till it came to the body of the instrument; and that the neerer the body of the instrument he stopt, the smaller or higher the sound was. 1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. i. sig. B4^v/1 The sound-posts that stand up within the body of a musical Instrument. 1773 J. Herries Elements Speech i. i. 19 The palate or roof of the mouth..answers a purpose somewhat similar to the body of a violin or guitar, to collect, rebound, and render melodious the tone. 1842 Mag. Sci. 3 228/2 The reason why the body of an instrument increases the tone, does not seem to be because it is hollow, so as to cause a reverberation or echo, as is generally imagined, but merely because it presents a larger surface against the air. 1889 Proc. Musical Assoc. 16th Sess. 144 Still there is this peculiarity of air, that sounding bodies have the power of making resonance chambers. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xv. 398 The body of a violin acts as a resonator for the vibrating strings. 1969 Music Educators Jrnl. 56 18 (advt.) On top of all the tuning improvements Chroma II™ has a brand new body which produces up to 55% more resonance. 2004 Herald-Sun (Durham, N. Carolina) (Nexis) 16 May e7 There is a fiddle player leaning back as he casually passes the bow over the body of his instrument. i. The foundation of a felt or silk hat. Cf. body-maker n. (c) at Compounds 2, hat body n. at hat n. Compounds 5. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > parts of headgear > [noun] > body or foundation body1799 bonnet shape1824 foundation1845 shape1880 1799 Jrnl. Nat. Philos. May 75 After the body is got up to a certain size, the workmen put on gloves made of the sole of a shoe, to shield their hands from the vitriol, to enable them to work the hat tighter. 1845 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. 5th Ser. 159 The ‘body’, or ‘foundation’, of a good beaver hat is..made of eight parts rabbits' fur [etc.]. 1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 519/2 A silk hat consists of a light stiff body covered with a plush of silk. 1906 E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter Org. Chem. 65 The stiffening and proofing of hat forms or ‘bodies’. 1994 Denver Post (Nexis) 26 June c5 The hat body, which is made of rough felt, is then sanded by hand to smooth it. j. = body carpet n. at Compounds 2. Frequently attributive, as body goods, body width. ΘΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > carpet > composed of joined strips body carpet1813 body carpeting1817 body1936 1936 Carpet Ann. 61 There are a number of qualities made, and squares, rugs, body goods, and stairs are available in a great variety of designs and colours. 1947 J. F. C. Brinton Carpets v. 37 Originally, carpeting was only made in body or filling 27 in. wide, and border 22½ or 18 in. wide. 1955 Carpet Rev. Mar. 54 (caption) An Ispahan Design on a Venetian red ground, made in ‘Glenbarr’ Axminster Body. 1985 R. Ashcroft Constr. for Interior Designers 379 Axminster and Wilton carpets are made in ‘body widths’ (widths of up to approximately 1 m) or in ‘broadloom widths’ (widths of up to 4.5 m). k. Computing. The actual information or message contained in a set of transmitted data, as opposed to automatically generated data such as a header; spec. (a) the part of an email which is intended to be read by the recipient; (b) the part of an HTML document which is displayed by a web browser. Cf. header n. 10. ΚΠ 1969 S. Crocker Request for Comments (Network Working Group) (Electronic text) No. 1. 6 We propose that each message carry a message number, bit count, and a checksum in its body, that is transparent to the IMP. 1986 U.S. Patent 4,581,734 4 All packets include a header, a message body, and two redundancy checks. 2008 News of World (Nexis) 13 July Please put crunch in the subject line and your name and address in the body of the email. 7. The main part of a pot or vessel (as opposed to the neck, lid, spout, etc.); spec. the rounded lower part of a retort. In early use also: †a vessel in which a substance to be distilled is placed; a retort (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > distillation apparatus bodya1400 descensoryc1405 circulatory1559 receiver1576 bolt-glass1594 adopter1741 Woulfe's apparatus1800 alcogene1828 fractionating column1908 a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 351 (MED) Loke þou haue a strong vessel..& loke þat þe couercle þerof & þe bodi be wel closyng. ?c1450 in G. Müller Aus Mittelengl. Medizintexten (1929) 29 (MED) Take a vessel of erthe þat be made in þe maner of a juste, þat hath a long nekke and a wyd body bynethe, wyth a styllotorie ordeynyd and grawyn acordande to þe vessell. 1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 1 Moist thinges put into a body (for so do they cal the bigger vessell from whence the vapur is lifted up) by the force of heate are extenuated into a vapour. 1594 H. Plat Diuers Chimicall Concl. Distillation 3 in Jewell House Put them into your pot, or body. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique iii. lxi. 565 The containing vessell [in distilling]..some call it the body or corpulent vessell, or the gourd. 1651 J. French Art Distillation i. 28 Put this bread into a Glass-body, and distill it in Balneo. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 398/1 An Infuser, or a Glass Body with a long Neck..also termed a Distillatory. 1724 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. (ed. 2) Body, (in Chymistry) is the Vessel which holds the Matter in distilling the Spirits of Vegetables. 1758 R. Dossie Elaboratory laid open i. i. 35 The body of the pot must be of a cylindrical figure, with a concave bottom: and converging at the top so as to make a kind of wide conical neck. 1832 J. L. Comstock Syst. Nat. Philos. (ed. 3) 95 The coffee, we know, stands exactly at the same height, both in the body of the pot, and in its spout. 1865 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 90 221 The retort..is placed in such a position that the neck shall slightly incline towards the body of the retort. 1933 Man 33 11 He added the pattern, produced by stroking the body of the pot with a splinter of palm reed wound round with a coarse thread. 1977 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Process Design & Develop. 16 126/2 The entire retort body was insulated with 1 in. of silica alumina ceramic fiber. 2004 M. R. Waters Lone Star Stalag v. 178 The shallow lid..fits over a slightly recessed lip on the body of the pot. 8. The main portion of a group or class, esp. of people; the majority; the larger part, the bulk of anything. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a great part or proportion > the greater part, the majority the more partOE the best part ofOE (the) more parta1350 (the) most parta1350 (the) most part alla1350 (the) most party1372 for (also be, in) the most part (also deal, party)a1387 the better part ofa1393 the mo?a1400 most forcea1400 substancea1413 corsec1420 generalty?c1430 the greater partc1430 three quartersc1470 generalityc1485 the most feck1488 corpse1533 most1553 nine-tenths?1556 better half1566 generality?1570 pluralityc1570 body1574 the great body (of)1588 flush1592 three fourths1600 best1601 heap1609 gross1625 lump1709 bulk1711 majority1714 nineteen in twenty1730 balance1747 sweighta1800 heft1816 chief1841 the force1842 thick end1847 1574 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Job (new ed.) clviii. 815/2 Inasmuch as our Lorde hath..extended his mercie to those that were not the bodie of his (peculiar) people. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. vi. sig. E2^v The great bodie of them beginning to shake, and stagger. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing i. i. 268 The body of your discourse is sometime guarded with fragments. View more context for this quotation 1621 Knolles's Gen. Hist. Turkes (ed. 3) 1359 The bodie of the Turkes armie followed behinde. 1678 N. Wanley Wonders Little World v. ii. §64. 471/2 The main body of the Empire. 1732 D. Neal Hist. Puritans I. 19 The Body of the inferiour Clergy were disguised Papists. 1781 E. Gibbon tr. Ammianus Marcellinus in Decline & Fall III. xxxi. 206 The main body is..increased by the accidental concourse of idle or dependent plebeians. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 166 The great body of the people leaned to the royalists. 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 66 Under Henry [VIII] the body of the people were prosperous. 1922 F. Schevill Hist. Balkan Penins. vii. 86 However, amongst the great body of the clergy it was the monks who were particularly hit by Leo's measures. 1958 W. Willetts Chinese Art I. iv. 178 The main body of the Huns had by this time retreated to the northern edge of the Gobi Desert. 1995 Times 9 June 19/6 Then the new titular Archbishop was only Dr. Manning, and in the estimation of the great body of English Catholics had no more chance of the Archiepiscopate than of the triple crown. 9. Type-founding. The size of the shank of a type or slug measured from top to bottom of the end bearing the printing face; (hence) size or height of type.The body measurement is the same throughout a font, while the width of the shank varies with the letter (e.g. I and W). ΚΠ 1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. Dict. 377 Fount, is the whole number of Letters that are Cast of the same Body and Face at one time. 1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 98 A whole Set of Punches of the same Body of Roman and Italica. 1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. 20 The difference betwixt Two Lines Pica and Double Pica as well in Face, as Body, is but inconsiderable. 1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 467 The Powers of the Hebrew Alphabet are distinguished by Points that letters have either in their venter, or over their body. 1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. ii. 11 The several bodies to which printing letters are cast..are nineteen in number. 1867 T. MacKellar Amer. Printer (ed. 3) 48 Ascenders, all the capital letters, and the b, d, f, h, i, j, k, l, t, so called because they ascend to the top of the body of the types. 1900 H. Hart Cent. Typogr. 23 Five packets of types of the same face, but cast on a Pica body and Dutch ‘height-to-paper’, were found at the Oxford Press in 1898. 1938 D. Megaw in Typography vii. 28/2 Normal stem projection..is a little more than half the body... Recognizability is aided by the slight differentiation caused by the recurrent shapes of a narrower set (this is where ‘extruders’ come in). 2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam Type & Typogr. v. 109/1 Point size refers not to the appearing size of the type but to the ‘body’ on which it is made. III. A person. 10. a. One's person, esp. as a party in law; one's self. body and goods n. (and variants) one's person and possessions. Π c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 168 (MED) Ich chulle..biteache þi bodi to eleusium. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 3468 (MED) Sche hath hir oghne bodi feigned, For feere as thogh sche wolde flee Out of hir lond. 1413 in F. A. Page-Turner Bedfordshire Wills (1914) 18 Ȝyf eny man kan treuly say þat y haue do hym harme in body or in good. a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 1860 They nolde..Put his body in such Iupartie. 1511 H. Watson tr. Noble Hist. King Ponthus (new ed.) sig. H.i Yf there be ony that dare saye it nowe I am redy for to preue it with my body that he lyeth falsely saue your honour. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Matrimonie f. xiiii^v With thys ring I thee wed..with my body I thee wurship. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses* sig. D1 We must depose and lay foorth our selues both bodie, and goods, life, and time..into the hands of the prince. 1652 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 135. 2100 A Warrant in the nature of a Habeas Corpus..to bring without delay the body of the same prisoner. 1710 London Gaz. No. 4695/3 A barbarous Murder was committed on the Body of Mr. Henry Widdrington. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word) A man is said to be bound or held in Body and goods; that is, he is liable to remain in prison; in default of payment. 1885 A. V. Dicey Introd. Lect. Law of Constit. v. 172 No man is punishable or can be made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law. 1901 Columbia Law Rev. 1 65 If any of the said children should die, leaving issue of his body, said issue to receive the same proportion that the parent would have been entitled to. 1946 Columbia Law Rev. 46 306 The grantors, husband and wife, executed a deed of realty to their daughter ‘and the children of her body’. 1983 Law & Philos. 2 167 The intervention of a third party..is to be justified by invoking a woman's property right to her body. 2005 M. W. Bruening Calvinism's First Battleground iii. 66 By placing the conscience and the spirit in the hands of God but the body and goods under temporal jurisdiction, the Synodus effectively gave all discipline and correction to the secular government. b. heir of the body n. (also heir male of the body and variants) an heir who is a lineal descendant, spec. (in the United Kingdom) one who is entitled to inherit freehold land under the rules relating to intestacy in force before the Administration of Estates Act of 1925. [Probably after Anglo-Norman heir de sun cors, heir masle de sun cors (early 14th cent. or earlier), hence Middle English plural forms of the type heirs males of the body (compare quots. 1425, 1473-4).] ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > direct descendant heir of the body1391 lineal1757 society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > succession > [noun] > descent by inheritance > heir > heir who is direct descendant heir of the body1391 c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 110 (MED) Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr.] 1391 in J. Robertson Illustr. Topogr. & Antiq. Aberdeen & Banff (1862) IV. 163 Failliand of the ayrez of hir body. 1425 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Apr. 1425 §13. m. 5 By cause þe name of duc of Norff' is tailled to me, and to my heirs males of my body commyng; and þe name of erel of Norff' is tailled to me, and to my heirs of my body commyng generaly. 1473–4 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §10. m. 15 That this acte..extend not..to Sir Thomas Bourghchier, knyght, ne to his heires masles of his body lawfully begoten,..duryng the seid astate taille, of, to, or for any graunte or grauntes unto hym made. 1518 H. Watson tr. Hystorye Olyuer of Castylle i. sig. A.j^v They desyred no thynge soo moche as to se an heyre of his body that myght be successour of the realme after y^e decease of this good kynge. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. iii If..the lande is gyuen to the son and to the heyres of the body of his father ingendred, this is a good tayle. a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 24 The heires males of his bodie. 1688 London Gaz. No. 2348/1 God Almighty, as we hope and pray, will grant You an Heir Masculine of your Body. 1732 D. Neal Hist. Puritans I. i. 13 An Act of Parliament for settling the Crown upon the Heirs of her Body. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 114 As the word heirs is necessary to create a fee, so, in farther imitation of the strictness of the feodal donation, the word body, or some other words of procreation, are necessary to make it a fee-tail. 1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 469 You here find a child described as an heir of the body. 1861 G. Meredith Evan Harrington II. xi. 194 But as Mr. Goren had no natural heirs of his body, he did not care for that. 1907 Times 13 July 6/5 The Act meant to give the annuity to the first duke and to the heirs male of his body. 1956 Virginia Law Rev. 42 1027 Thereafter both brothers married and died without heirs of their body. 2001 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Mar. 140/1 The phrase ‘heirs of her body’ means principle of primogeniture, under which not only do sons take precedence over daughters, but the sons and daughters of sons take precedence over the progeny of daughters, and over daughters themselves. c. In titles of those who provide personal attendance upon someone. Cf. Compounds 1a(c), bodyguard n., esquire of the body at esquire n.¹ 1c, and squire of the body at squire n. 3a. Now historical. ΚΠ 1442 T. Bekington Let. in G. Williams Mem. Reign Henry VI (1872) II. 181 (MED) Our trusty &c. squier for our body, Edward Hull, is commyn unto us. 1480 Wardrobe Accts. Edward IV in N. H. Nicolas Privy Purse Expenses Elizabeth of York (1830) 165 To Sir Edward Wydevile and to Sir James Radcliff, Knyghtes for the Body of oure saide Souverain Lorde. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Herts. 32 Surely he was a man of merit, being Penon or Ensign-bearer to one, Esquire of the body to three successive Kings, and M^r. of the Horse to one of their Queens. 1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel III. iii. 65 One valet-of-the-chamber, two pages of the body. 2007 R. J. Meyer-Lee Poets & Power from Chaucer to Wyatt iii. v. 179 Although it was lower in status than knight of the body or gentleman of the privychamber.., it nonetheless promoted its occupant as one who potentially had the ear of the king. 11. An individual; a person, typically one of a specified type or character. Now regional and colloquial.See also the combinations anybody pron., everybody pron., nobody pron. and n., somebody n., etc. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > [noun] hadc900 lifesmaneOE maneOE world-maneOE ghostOE wyeOE lifeOE son of manOE wightc1175 soulc1180 earthmanc1225 foodc1225 person?c1225 creaturec1300 bodyc1325 beera1382 poppetc1390 flippera1400 wat1399 corsec1400 mortal?a1425 deadly?c1450 hec1450 personagec1485 wretcha1500 human1509 mundane1509 member1525 worma1556 homo1561 piece of flesh1567 sconce1567 squirrel?1567 fellow creature1572 Adamite1581 bloat herringa1586 earthling1593 mother's child1594 stuff1598 a piece of flesh1600 wagtail1607 bosom1608 fragment1609 boots1623 tick1631 worthy1649 earthlies1651 snap1653 pippin1665 being1666 personal1678 personality1678 sooterkin1680 party1686 worldling1687 human being1694 water-wagtail1694 noddle1705 human subject1712 piece of work1713 somebody1724 terrestrial1726 anybody1733 individual1742 character1773 cuss1775 jig1781 thingy1787 bod1788 curse1790 his nabs1790 article1796 Earthite1814 critter1815 potato1815 personeityc1816 nibs1821 somebody1826 tellurian1828 case1832 tangata1840 prawn1845 nigger1848 nut1856 Snooks1860 mug1865 outfit1867 to deliver the goods1870 hairpin1879 baby1880 possum1894 hot tamale1895 babe1900 jobbie1902 virile1903 cup of tea1908 skin1914 pisser1918 number1919 job1927 apple1928 mush1936 face1944 jong1956 naked ape1965 oke1970 punter1975 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 10016 (MED) Þe beste bodi of þe world in bendes was ibrouȝt. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 3360 (MED) A better body drank neyuer wine. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. x. l. 258 Ac blame þow neuere body and þow be blame-worthy. 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 121 Euery noble body ought sonner chese the deth thenne to do..thing that sholde be ayenst their honour. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xiii[i]. 1 The foolish bodyes saye in their hertes: Tush, there is no God. 1539 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 137 I will that my executors gyve..in breade to iiij poore bodies j d. a1591 H. Smith Poore Mans Teares (1592) 19 There are a number that will denie a poore bodie of a pennie, and pleade pouertie to them. a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 95 'Tis a great charge to come vnder one bodies hand. View more context for this quotation 1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler 56 It shall be given away to some poor body . View more context for this quotation 1693 J. Locke Some Thoughts conc. Educ. §143. iv One angry body discomposes the whole Company. 1704 B. Jenks Second Cent. Medit. lxv. 265 Let me be Open-handed, to Relieve Poor bodies on Earth; And Open-hearted also; to help my Neighbours Souls towards Heaven. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 112 The countess was a good sort of a body. 1781 R. B. Sheridan Trip to Scarborough iii. iv, in Wks. 505 What do you din a body's ears for? 1833 H. Martineau Loom & Lugger i. ii. 17 His wife was a more tidy body. 1895 ‘I. Maclaren’ Beside Bonnie Brier Bush iv. iii. 141 Keep's a', wumman, what are ye stravagin' about there for out o' a body's sicht? a' near set aff withoot ye. 1946 L. Lenski Blue Ridge Billy viii. 109 Lordy mercy! How's a body to git histed up? 1994 E. McNamee Resurrection Man (1998) xi. 96 I have always held that there is a want in him. Something in the eye that would lead a body to say here is someone that is not just right. IV. A collective mass. 12. a. A united or organized whole; an aggregate of individuals characterized by some common attribute; a collective mass. (a) Of persons. Frequently in in a body: together, collectively. Cf. student body n. at student n.¹ Compounds 1b. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > [noun] > a complex whole > an organized or collective whole altogethereOE body1340 corpse1533 universality1561 globe?1594 orb1603 ensemble1703 organism1768 organity1929 the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of people or animals > regarded as a whole or a body of people gathered weredc725 trumec893 thrumOE wharfOE flockOE farec1275 lithc1275 ferd1297 companyc1300 flotec1300 routc1300 rowc1300 turbc1330 body1340 numberc1350 congregation1382 presencec1390 meiniec1400 storec1400 sum1400 manya1425 collegec1430 peoplec1449 schoola1450 turm1483 catervea1492 garrison?a1513 shoal1579 troop1584 bevy1604 roast1608 horde1613 gross1617 rhapsody1654 sortment1710 tribe1715 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 221 (MED) Þerhuyle þet hy byeþ y-uestned togidere be spoushod, þe on to þe oþre, hi byeþ o body. 1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Descr. Germanie vi, in Annales 269 The Semnones..by their great bodie, they take themselues to be the head of the Sueuians. 1637 Abp. J. Williams Holy Table i. 6 He should do to bring them in; and would all in a body make a journey to the Bishop. 1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 10 A whole Body (consisting of number of Persons). 1677 C. Hatton Let. 23 Oct. in E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 152 The clergy did not goe in a body. 1705 Boston News-let. 23 Sept. 2/1 Forces were sent out of the Fort to suppress them, and the Sheriff, Officers and some men belonging to Her Majesties Ships made a Body to do the same. 1755 S. Johnson in J. Boswell Life Johnson (1831) I. 275 We might go and drink tea with Mr. Wise in a body. 1832 H. Martineau Life in Wilds viii. 100 All formed in a body to go and meet the new arrivals. 1932 A. Bell Cherry Tree x. 136 They saw no obstacle in anything and charged the fence in a body. It flung them back like a catapult. 1963 K. S. Inglis Churches & Working Classes in Victorian Eng. ii. 86 But as a body the Wesleyans were proud of their prosperity. 1992 B. Unsworth Sacred Hunger xxxix. 447 But there was safety in numbers. They might have made northwards in a body for Georgia or Louisiana. (b) Of things.With reference to areas of knowledge or belief sometimes merging into sense 12b. Π a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. iv. 454 In þe body of þe worlde [L. in corpore mundi] þe kynde of heuen is fairest. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. x. l. 2598 Swiche is þe nature of parties or of membris, þat dyuerse membris compounen a body. 1566 J. Barthlet Pedegrewe Heretiques sig. A.j^v There is not thorowout the whole body of Diuinitie, any one common place, that hath not a number such sorte of writers..who will addresse themselues to thencombraunce, both of the common cause and wealth therein. 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. xiv. 88 The intire bodie of the scripture. 1615 J. Ainsworth Trying out of Truth 113 I say the least error in any of these transcendental doctrinal points doth shake the whole body of beleef. 1671 E. Howard Womens Conquest Pref. sig. b2 So the Poets disposition of his characters, ought in as high a degree to be proportionable to that body of thought he designs for them. 1747 Candid & Impartial Discuss. 19 I believe there is no Body of Opinion, that if either of those Acts had been committed in England, they would have been passed over more lightly, or the Persons concerned in them punished with less Severity. 1796 E. Burke Let. to Noble Lord 5 Since the total body of my services..have obtained the acceptance of my Sovereign. 1874 J. P. Mahaffy Social Life Greece x. 309 This large and respectable body of opinion. 1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. x. 181 The High-German body of dialects. 1923 D. A. Mackenzie Myths China & Japan xi. 161 Behind the corpse-painting custom there was, no doubt, a body of definite beliefs. 1963 A. Baraka Blues People xii. 204 There is no body of opinion quite as parochial as the hobbyist's. 2000 Daily Tel. 8 Feb. 20/3 The ability to behave in the most nominally acceptable grown-up way constitutes a body of ‘soft skills’ which must be instilled by a specialised government project. b. A comprehensive and systematic collection of information, or of the details of any subject, esp. law; a textbook, a pandect. Usually with of. ΘΠ society > communication > book > kind of book > textbook or book of instructions > [noun] handbookOE doctrinalc1450 directory1543 school1545 instruction book1546 companion1621 body1647 tutor1665 self-instructor1700 tutorer1702 preceptorc1710 textbook1779 self-instructer1800 bench book1887 user guide1936 user manual1936 text1955 1647 A. Cowley Mistresse 26 If shee doe neare thy Body prize Her Bodyes of Philosophies. 1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 169 Whether they comment upon the bodie of Justinian. 1659 J. Milton Considerations touching Hirelings 92 Som wholesom bodie of divinitie, as they call it. 1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 361 A Body of Laws. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 121. ¶8 I could wish our Royal Society would compile a body of Natural History. 1773 R. Graves Spiritual Quixote I. v. 15 Such a multifarious body of divinity indeed quite unsettled Mr. Geoffry's mind; and filled his head with such a farraginous medley of opinions, as almost turned his brain. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. iii. vi. 352 Digests and bodies of science. 1860 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 5) Introd. 10 Science is a body of principles and deductions, Art is a body of precepts. 1923 T. Whittaker Macrobius i. 13 They are more than mere compilations; for they do in fact set forth an organic body of science and criticism. 1986 G. R. Evans Thought of Gregory the Great iii. 120 The Theodosian Code..was intended to constitute a definitive body of Roman law. 13. a. A group of people with a common purpose or function acting as an organized unit, as for deliberation, government, or business; a society, organization, league, or council. Cf. body politic n. 3, governing body n. at governing adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > a company or body of persons > [noun] ferec975 flockOE gingc1175 rout?c1225 companyc1300 fellowshipc1300 covinc1330 eschelec1330 tripc1330 fellowred1340 choira1382 head1381 glub1382 partya1387 peoplec1390 conventc1426 an abominable of monksa1450 body1453 carol1483 band1490 compernagea1500 consorce1512 congregationa1530 corporationa1535 corpse1534 chore1572 society1572 crew1578 string1579 consort1584 troop1584 tribe1609 squadron1617 bunch1622 core1622 lag1624 studa1625 brigadea1649 platoon1711 cohort1719 lot1725 corps1754 loo1764 squad1786 brotherhood1820 companionhood1825 troupe1825 crowd1840 companionship1842 group1845 that ilk1845 set-out1854 layout1869 confraternity1872 show1901 crush1904 we1927 familia1933 shower1936 society > law > legal capacity > [noun] > legal person > artificial person body1453 body politic1536 corporation1579 corporalty1603 1453 in R. W. Ingram Rec. Early Eng. Drama: Coventry (1981) 27 Then schall the masters felow pay vnto the Body of the Crafte v s. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. f. ccxxiiiiv/1 [They] so playnely and truely excused them selfe..suche as haue done this great outrage, slayne & may med our burgesses, the whiche is a great inconuenyence to the hole body of the towne. 1556 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 261 The bargayne..shalbe no bargayne allowed for the body of the Citie. 1645 J. Winthrop Declar. Former Passages 2 More lately the English had many strong & concurrent Indian testimonies..of Miantonimo's ambitious designes, travailing through all the plantations of the neighbouring Indians..perswading and ingaging them, at once to cut off the whole body of the English in these parts. 1689 Bp. G. Burnet Tracts I. 71 There are three different Bodies or Leagues. 1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos II. ix. 271 The Governor..had not time to form a defensive body. 1761 Hist. in Ann. Reg. 82/2 A large body of pitmen came into the town. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 165 It is seldom that a man inrolls himself in a proscribed body from any but conscientious motives. 1852 J. Bright Let. 25 Oct. in Speeches Public Policy (1868) II. 537 Grants of public money to any public body. 1866 H. P. Liddon Bampton Lect. (1875) i. 10 That little Body the disciples of Christ, and nucleus of His future Church. 1919 Times 2 July 16/3 The Bill must commend itself to the legislative body. 1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) Introd. 10 There is an increasing urgency to expand the membership of the V.A.D. Reserve of the Royal Navy, the National Hospital Service Reserve and the Civil Defence Corps, in order that these bodies may be in a position to render service in an emergency. 2002 Hist. Scotl. Mar. 57/3 The conclusion seems to be that the right message has not been successfully transmitted by the appropriate government-sponsored bodies. b. An organized group of soldiers or other aggressive or fighting force. Cf. body of reserve at reserve n. 1a. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warriors collectively > [noun] trumec893 wic897 ferredc1200 knight-weredc1275 preyc1300 legion?1316 companyc1325 punyec1330 virtuec1350 fellowshipc1380 knightheada1382 knighthooda1382 strengtha1382 sop?a1400 strengh?a1400 tropelc1425 armyc1450 framec1450 preparing1497 armourya1500 cohortc1500 cohortationc1500 cateran?a1513 venlin1541 troop1545 guidon1560 crew1570 preparation1573 esquadron1579 bodya1616 armada1654 expedition1693 armament1698 host1807 war-party1921 a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (1623) i. iii. 66 I thinke we are a Body strong enough (Euen as we are) to equall with the King. 1651 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 84. 1278 Leaving moving bodies behind to prevent their designes. 1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely ii. 151 Some pierced even to the Body of Reserve. 1745 Mrs. Cibber Let. in Private Corr. David Garrick (1835) I. 39 I should be very glad to command a body of regular troops, but I have no ambition to head the Drury-lane militia. 1769 W. Robertson Hist. Charles V II. iv. 253 Escorted by a body of horse. 1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) III. 117 The Athenians..sent a body of troops to garrison it. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 4 The bodies now designated as the first six regiments of dragoon guards, etc. 1918 Times 19 Mar. 5/5 Austro-German prisoners of war..have formed themselves into a well-armed body, and taken possession of the town. 1963 Compar. Stud. Society & Hist. 5 297 He controlled a ready physical force, an armed body of executioners. 1988 Mod. Asian Stud. 22 483 A large body was employed to garrison bases and fortresses. 14. The people of a state considered collectively. Also in figurative contexts. Cf. body politic n. 1 and politic body at politic adj. 1c. ΘΠ society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun] commona1382 commontya1382 policya1393 communitya1398 commonweal?a1400 politic1429 commonwealth1445 well public1447 public thinga1450 public weala1470 body politica1475 weal-public1495 statea1500 politic bodyc1537 body1545 public state1546 civil-wealth1547 republic?1549 state1553 polity1555 publica1586 estate1605 corps politic1696 negara1955 negeri1958 1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 35 Thys peruerse iudgement of y^e worlde, when men mesure them selfe a misse, bringeth muche mysorder and greate vnsemelynesse to the hole body of the common wealth. 1570 Act 13 Eliz. xviii. Pream. Beneficial Causes..to insue to the Body of this Common Wealth. 1625 C. Burges New Discouery Personal Tithes 20 The Lawes..enacted by the King and the whole Body of the Kingdome. 1660 S. Tuke Char. Charles II 6 The best means to restore the crazie Body of the Kingdom to its former health and vigour, is not to cure one part, by afflicting of the other. 1717 Eng. Realm 41 Rebellion [is] an unfit and unwholesome Medicine to reform small Lacks in a Prince..such lewd Remedies being far worse than any other Maladies, and Disorders, that can be in the Body of a Commonwealth. 1763 J. Tucker Case of Going to War 52 What if the Men of landed Property, and the numerous Band of English Artificers and Manufacturers, who continue..the great Body of the Kingdom..should not be as military in their Dispositions as these Gentlemen would wish they were? 1850 Gentleman's Mag. Jan. 592/1 It was shrewdly remarked by Catilina that the body of the commonwealth lacked a head, and the head of the commonwealth lacked a body. 1888 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 2 430 Such inequality cannot be shown in the abstract to be either advantageous or disadvantageous to the body of the nation. 1916 E. Root Addr. Govt. & Citizenship 369 The intervention..would have been wholly unnecessary if the states themselves had been alive to their duty toward the general body of the country. 1963 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 24 168 Power originally resides in the body of the commonwealth. 1998 B. J. Bergen Banality of Evil iv. 141 The often-conflicting interests of the different social classes that made up the body of the nation. V. Substance; matter; a portion of matter. 15. Substance, as opposed to representation, shadow, etc.; reality. rare before 17th cent. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > reality or real existence or actuality > [noun] > the reality as opposed to what is apparent bodyc1384 truth1531 substance1533 person1548 effect1592 hypostasis1605 reality1620 reala1637 essence1646 hypostase1867 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Coloss. ii. 18 Whiche ben schadowe of thingis to come; forsoth the body is of Crist [L. corpus Christi]. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 24 To shew vertue her feature..and the very age and body of the time his forme and pressure. View more context for this quotation 1656 H. Jeanes Treat. Fulnesse of Christ 131 in Mixture Scholasticall Divinity Body is opposed unto shadowes; and so a bodily inhabitation unto an umbratile. 1702 Eng. Theophrastus 327 Men suffer themselves to be enchanted with the shadow and appearance of a thing whose real body does not so much as affect them. 1843 J. Sherman tr. J. Daillé Epist. St. Paul to Philippians 142/1 If seeing and having in hand the very body of a thing, we should occupy ourselves in following after and embracing the shadow of it? 1961 E. Rugg & D. Marín tr. J. O. y Gasset Medit. on Quixote i. ix. 89 No, it is not enough for me to have the material body of a thing; I need, besides, to know its ‘meaning’, that is to say, the mystic shadow which the rest of the universe casts on it. 16. a. Alchemy. Any of the seven metals supposed to correspond to the sun, moon, and five major planets. Now historical.The seven metals were gold (the sun), silver (the moon), iron (Mars), quicksilver (Mercury), lead (Saturn), tin (Jupiter), and copper (Venus). Gold and silver were considered perfect bodies, and the others imperfect bodies. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > alchemy > other alchemical substances or theories > [noun] > ancient metals bodya1393 corpse1393 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 2466 The bodies whiche I speke of hiere Of the Planetes ben begonne. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) G. §3. l. 820 I wol yow telle..The seuene spirites and the bodies seuene... The bodyes seuene eek, lo hem heere anoon Sol gold is, and Luna siluer we threpe Mars Iren, Mercurie quyk siluer we clepe Saturnus leed, and Iuppiter is tyn And Venus Coper, by my fader kyn. a1500 in D. W. Singer Catal. Lat. & Vernacular Alchemical MSS (1928) I. 159 (MED) Bodies imperfit aren copir, iren, tynne, led..Parfit bodies longe and perteynen to the werke of alkemye. a1550 ( G. Ripley Compend of Alchemy (Bodl. e Mus.) f. 63^v Those oiles will fix crud mercurie & conuerte bodies all Into parfit sol & lune. 1692 W. Salmon Medicina Practica ii. xii. 247/1 The seven Bodies are the seven Metals, the first of which is Gold, and the most perfect of them. 1983 Stud. Eng. Lit. 1500–1900 23 203 Rafe is no more successful in learning the ‘four spirits’ and ‘seven bodies’ of alchemy than he was in conquering the points of the compass. 1987 A. U. Chapman in Essent. Articles Henry Vaughan 168 ‘Bodyes’ could be a punning reference to ‘the seven bodies terrestrial’, the seven metals of alchemy, a term with which we may assume Vaughan to have been familiar. 1994 W. R. Newman Gehennical Fire i. 49 Here we learn that Alcocke and Starkey, under Palgrave's guidance, were working on ‘the perfect bodies’, an alchemical term for gold and silver. b. Chemistry. Originally: †any of the four elements (earth, fire, water, and air) believed to constitute matter; a material substance made from one or more of these elements (obsolete). In later use: a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance; spec. a chemical element or compound. Now rare.combined, compound, ketone, mixed, protein, simple body, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical elements > [noun] elementa1300 spirita1393 bodya1398 originalsc1484 red mana1500 principlea1550 principium1684 the world > the earth > minerals > [noun] > mineral substance mineral?a1425 body1594 fossil1606 mineraloid1913 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > [noun] thingeOE substancea1550 body1594 magnesium chloride1866 magnesium sulphate1871 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ix. i. 516 Fire and aier and oþir suche liȝt bodies..watir and erþe & oþir suche heuy bodies. a1500 in D. W. Singer Some Plague Tractates (1916) 163 (MED) The aire..is a symple þing or an unmedled body. 1594 H. Plat Diuerse Sorts of Soyle 13 in Jewell House Niter, and other Aromaticall bodies. 1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. vi. 67 From these are thus denominated, homiomerious mixt bodies, as Metalls, Gold, Brass, Silver, Stone and the like. a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) i. 12 A gummous body and dissoluble also in water. 1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 10 The said Metallick and Mineral Bodies. 1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 54 It entirely resists the vitriolick acid, which dissolves or corrodes every other known metallick body, except Gold. 1812 M. Faraday Let. Sept. in P. Day Philosopher's Tree (1999) ii. 8 Consequently it must be a different substance & Chlorine must be a simple body. 1841 Liebig's Lett. Chem. (1844) iv. 63 The employment of symbols enables the chemist to express..the constitution of every compound body. 1841 Liebig's Lett. Chem. vi The ultimate particles of bodies, or atoms, must occupy a certain space. 1854 Orr's Circle Sci. I. 118 Musical sounds, then, are produced either by the vibrations of solid bodies, of liquid bodies, or of aëriform bodies, or by a combination of the vibrations of two or more of these. 1881 H. E. Roscoe & C. Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. III. i. 162 Cyanides of the alcohol radicals. These bodies are formed when an alcoholic iodide is heated with silver cyanide. 1920 J. M. Fortescue-Brickdale Text Bk. Pharmacol. ix. 74 Phenoloids are bodies having similar properties [to cresols], and are obtained from the distillation of coke. 1955 B. C. L. Kemp Elem. Org. Chem. (new ed.) ii. 36 It appears that in high temperature distillation, the aliphatic substances liberated from coal undergo a type of chemical change known as ‘condensation’, forming a complex mixture of aromatic bodies, most of which are found in ordinary coal-tar. 1992 W. H. Brock Fontana Hist. Chem. iii. 119 Lavoisier's list included substances such as barytes, magnesia and silica, which later proved to be compound bodies. c. The mixture of clays and other materials used in the manufacture of a ceramic item; frequently with modifying word to indicate the particular type.biscuit, mortar body: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > pottery or ceramics > [noun] > porcelain > paste for making porcelain petuntse1728 paste1735 body1774 frit1791 service paste1839 1774 J. Wedgwood Let. 21 July in Sel. Lett. (1965) 163 At one time the body is white and fine as it should be, the next we make..is a Cinamon color. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1020 Mortar body, is a paste composed of 6 parts of clay [etc.]. 1893 E. A. Barber Pottery & Porcelain U.S. 127 The proportion of phosphate of lime..being..a very much smaller percentage than in the English bone body. 1902 A. Bennett Anna of Five Towns viii. 169 The four sorts of clay used in a common ‘body’—ball clay, China clay, flint clay and stone clay. 1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxxiv. 664 A glaze is produced on the surface by dipping the porous product (biscuit-ware) into water holding in suspension either pure felspar or a mixture richer in lime than that used for the porcelain ‘body’ and melting this by firing at a higher temperature in the kiln. 1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World iv. 132 Most steatite electrical products..are most commonly shaped by dust-pressing, but because the body contains little clay the ceramist adds artificial plasticizers such as waxes or polyvinyl alcohol. 2003 Oxoniensia 67 296 The pottery was sorted into fabrics based on the main inclusions macroscopically visible in the clay body. 17. a. Frequently with distinguishing word. A celestial object (sun, moon, planet, etc.); = heavenly body n. at heavenly adj. and n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun] candle937 lightOE starsc1225 ballc1300 bodya1398 celestinec1430 heavenly bodya1475 luminair1477 luminary1489 streamer1513 host or hosts of heaven1535 globe1555 orb1565 sphere1598 planet1640 superstar1910 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. xvi. 484 Þe sonne..is þe welle of alle lyȝt, and by his bemes þe ouere bodyes and neþir ben ischined. c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §2. 15 (heading) To knowe the altitude of the sonne, or of othre celestial bodies. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman 348 Cannot the Lord..restraine the influence of the upper bodies from the lower at his pleasure? 1798 Philos. Mag. 2 8 We may therefore conjecture that iron..is the principal matter employed in the formation of new planetary bodies. 1836 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 30 393 In endeavoring to fix the periodic time of the meteoric body..several considerations induced the belief, that half a year was the true period. 1881 Nature 1 Dec. 107/1 So far as we know, every body in the universe is capable of producing, and actually does produce, tides in every other body. 1905 W. Hampson Radium Explained 51 Do single astronomical bodies, such as the satellites or developed planets, ever disintegrate into the masses of which they are composed? 1984 A. C. Duxbury & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans ix. 286 Relationships between the oceans and the tide-raising bodies, the moon and the sun. 2000 M. M. Woolfson Origin & Evol. of Solar Syst. p. xv One central body, the Sun, containing most of the mass of the system has a family of attendant planets in more-or-less circular orbits around it. b. More widely: a material thing, an object; something that has physical existence and extension in space.black, foreign, many-, three-body: see the first element. ΘΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > thing or material object thingOE bodya1398 objecta1398 substance1525 cheat1567 solidity1604 article1618 material objecta1651 res extensa1652 extensum1678 businessa1684 animal1729 materiate1755 affair1763 thingy1787 fellow1816 concern1824 jockey1827 toy1895 yoke1910 doojigger1927 bitch1951 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxxxi. 1387 Sowne comeþ of ayre ysmyte aȝeins an harde body. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) v. pr. iv. l. 4764 Þe same roundenes of a body..oþer weyes þe syȝt of þe eye knoweþ it, and oþer weyes þe touching. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 179 Of bodyes inanymate, as..a swerde,..a stone. ?1555 M. Coverdale tr. Hope of Faythful xiv. 85 A wal is a body. 1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 20 A bodie is a masse or lump, which, asmuch as lieth in it, resisteth touching, and occupieth a place. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiv. 207 The Word Body..signifieth that which..occupyeth some certain room. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe Pref. sig. 2 The onely Principles of Bodies, are Magnitude, Figure, Site, Motion, and Rest. 1752 S. Johnson Rambler* No. 207. ⁋9 All attraction is increased by the approach of the attracting body. 1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. ix. 84 The effect produced by the rotatory motion of each body..is expressed by the product of the mass multiplied by the square of the velocity. 1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. (Gloss.) 1023 Ramp,..applied to any concave form, as in coping, &c., where a higher is to be joined by a continued line to a lower body. 1846 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic (ed. 2) i. iii. §7 A body..may be defined, the external cause to which we ascribe our sensations. 1868 Chambers's Encycl. I. 56 One of the most important inquiries in Aerodynamics is the resistance offered to a body moving in air. 1930 J. H. Jeans Universe around Us (ed. 2) iv. 248 The earth's atmosphere fails to dissipate it entirely, and what remains of it strikes the earth as a solid body—a meteorite. 1946 L. Toft & A. T. J. Kersey Theory of Machines (ed. 5) ii. 30 Iω is the angular momentum, or moment of momentum of the body about the axis of rotation. 2004 New Scientist 23 Oct. 16/1 Einstein's famous theory says that a massive rotating body should drag space-time around with it. 18. a. Originally: †size or bulk; quantity (obsolete). In later use: a quantity, mass, or area of something. ΘΠ the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > [noun] greatness1381 measurea1382 quantitya1387 muchnessa1398 sizea1400 largec1400 micklec1400 moisonc1400 of suingc1400 bignessc1475 assize1481 proportions1481 bodya1500 dimension1529 measuring1529 wideness1535 bind1551 corporance1570 magnitude1570 mickledom1596 amplitude1599 breadth1609 extendure1613 extension1614 extent1623 extensure1631 dimense1632 dimensity1655 bulkiness1674 bulksomeness1674 admeasurement1754 calliper1819 acreage1846 the world > relative properties > quantity > [noun] > a quantity or amount fother13.. minda1325 quantitya1325 bodya1500 qt.1640 volume1702 some deal1710 lot1789 chance1805 mess1809 grist1832 jag1834 mense1841 a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 208 (MED) By the eyghen know we..coloure, body, shape. 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 388 Ezekiels Temple had not the same body with Solomons, but greater. 1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 38 A proportionable Body to the..weight it is to bear. 1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis iii. iii. 350 A sort of Brown Earth, very light; lying in Veins, incompassed with a Body of greenish Sand. 1704 D. Defoe Storm 15 Which Lands at least lying under Water every Spring-Tide..were like a stagnated standing body of Water. 1772 Town & Country Mag. 161 A large body of land, extending thirty miles up the Coofaw river. 1828 O. Gregory Hutton's Course Math. (ed. 9) II. 139 Body is the mass, or quantity of matter, in any material substance. 1854 R. I. Murchison Siluria v. 104 Another body of igneous rock lies subjacent to the Caradoc conglomerate. 1899 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1898 251 There must have been a sudden sub-oceanic displacement of a very large body of material, accompanying some form of bradyseismical adjustment. 1930 Condor 32 273 In wind the moving body of air is held back in its lower levels by the irregularities of the terrain. 1972 M. J. Ursin Life in & around Salt Marshes 79 Mallards do not restrict their habitat and may be found in nearly any body of water. 2008 Sunday Mail (Nexis) 27 Jan. 13 Let me explore the stunning Columbia Icefield..the largest body of ice in the Rocky Mountains. b. Mining. A deposit (of ore, coal, etc.) suitable for mining. Cf. orebody n. at ore n.² Compounds 3. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > of ore pipe1635 pipe vein1653 squat1671 body1672 moor1778 ore bed1787 1672 G. Sinclair Hydrostaticks xxiv. 269 Which body of Coal will be in length two miles, and in some places, as much in breadth. 1712 Projector Mine-adventure detected & laid Open 58 Certainly all experienc'd Miners may and do justly blame that unnecessary Charge to spend several thousand Pounds in two Levels when one would command the whole Hill, and to begin the second before the first had discover'd the Body of Ore. 1751 R. Barton Lect. Nat. Philos. v. 146 In the County of Tir-Oen side of the lake..there is a vast body of coal. 1814 H. M. Brackenridge Views Louisiana ii. vii. 147 What is called a discovery, by those engaged in working the mines, is, when any one happens upon an extensive body of ore. 1833 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 19 Oct. 658/2 This extensive body of one of the most useful metals, being discovered in the immediate vicinity of extensive deposits of bituminous coal, renders it the more important and certain for profitable investments. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 9 Feb. 11/4 The opening of an entirely new body carrying on an average 3 per cent. copper and 15 ounces of silver to the ton. 1956 E. W. Titterton Facing Atomic Future 152 It is to be expected that thorium bodies will then be sought as diligently as uranium deposits. 1998 M. Dolipski et al. in R. K. Singhal Mine Planning & Equipm. Select. 1998 581/2 The load level and its run are conditioned by..the state of stresses and strain in the body of coal being mined. 19. Geometry. A figure of three dimensions; a solid characterized by certain geometrical properties.Platonic, regular body: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [noun] > three-dimensional solid1495 body1551 1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. i. Defin. A dye, whiche is called a cubike bodie by geometricians. 1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 3 A superficies being moued maketh a solide or bodie. 1705 E. Scarburgh Eng. Euclide 282 The five Platonick Bodies, so much fam'd, Pythagoras first found. 1820 N. J. Larkin (title) An introduction to solid geometry and the study of crystallography, containing an investigation of some of the properties belonging to the platonic bodies. 1917 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 56 183 Characteristics of the propellor as a geometrical body. 1945 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 10 629/1 Sociologists do not often deal with universes comparable to simple geometric bodies or decks of identical cards. 2004 M. Kemp Leonardo (2005) ii. 86 Leonardo became directly embroiled in the beguiling mathematics and formal beauties of the regular and semi-regular bodies when he collaborated with the mathematician Luca Pacioli. †20. Philosophy. An entity; a thing which exists. Obsolete.Chiefly with reference to Stoic philosophy. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > [noun] > entity, being, or thing thingeOE warec1200 beinga1393 matterc1450 body1587 essence1587 entity1596 existence1605 existency1628 existent1635 essency1647 exister1700 beënt1865 thang1932 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > being or entity body1587 ens1614 real1615 beënt1865 1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. ii. 24 To drawe some peculiar good..out of another bodies workes..as out of Poyson, health..from the night, rest. 1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. viii. 99 A body is that which doeth or sufficeth. It is the sense with essence or substance, and finite: whatsoever is, is a body, for whatsoever is, either doeth or suffereth. 1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. viii. 99 Night and day are bodies. Voice is a body, for it maketh that which is heard; in a word, whatsoever is, is a body and a subject. 21. a. Comparative solidity, weight, fullness, richness, or complexity; substantial character or flavour, esp. in a wine, colour, fabric, etc. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [noun] fastness?a1200 spissitudec1440 solidiousness1495 grossness1527 massiveness1530 substantialness1530 substantiality1535 crassness1545 massiness1559 stiffness1577 spissness1598 solidness1600 density1603 solidity1603 crassitude1604 condensity1611 thightness1615 compactedness1644 compactness1646 body1647 crassities1659 denseness1669 tightnessa1728 corporeity1750 substantiability1816 the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [noun] > substantiality or subsistence substancec1430 subsistence?a1475 substantialityc1480 subsisting1578 body1647 substantivity1851 the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > qualities or characteristics of wine > [noun] body1647 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 141 In Greece there are no wines that have bodies enough to beare the sea for long voyages. 1689 R. Milward Selden's Table-talk 29 Allodium..signifies Land that holds of no body, we have no such Land in England. 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia v. iii. 242 The Wine..being of so stout a Body that it is not subject to decay presently. 1735 Dict. Polygraph. (at cited word) To bear a body, a term us'd of painting colours..capable of being ground so fine, and mixing with the oil so intirely, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same colour. 1787 A. Young Jrnl. 2 June in Trav. France (1792) i. 13 Vatan is a little town that subsists chiefly by spinning. We drank there excellent Sancere wine, of a deep colour, rich flavour, and good body. a1806 J. Barry in R. N. Wornum Lect. on Painting (1848) 216 Those colours without body, which are more immediately considered as transparent. 1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in Wks. I. 80/2 I hate both poetry and wine without body. 1862 Times 12 Aug. Staffordshire cannot produce fine-grained iron equal to theirs in body, i.e. in its power of standing the fire. 1884 Spectator 4 Oct. 1304/1 Metaphor and language..meant to conceal the want of body in the thought and emotion beneath. 1937 Life 22 Mar. (verso front cover) (advt.) You'll save money too for it's richer and has more body than most ready-to-serve soups. 1962 Times 2 July 15/2 As a result its wine has the greatest body, fire and sweetness. 1991 Garden (Royal Hort. Soc.) Jan. 13/2 The main ingredient, described as medium loam, was, in the words of the researchers, to give the composts body, supplying clay and actively decomposing humus. 2000 PS Nov. 83/1 The wool is combed, spun and twisted into soft-yet-strong two-ply yarns which add more body, drape and better resistance to pilling than lesser cashmere or cashmere blends. b. As a characteristic of a person's hair: thickness, fullness, volume; the appearance of this. Π 1948 Chicago Tribune 25 June a2 (advt.) Retains hair's loose, natural beauty—adds body to hair of fine texture. 1966 J. Stevens Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing & Wigmaking 22/2 Body wave, a curling process that is claimed to put ‘body’ into the hair and make it more suitable for bouffant styles. 1997 Shetland Times 21 Nov. (Suppl.) 4/2 An intensive conditioning treatment..to deposit moisture deep into the hair shaft leaving hair with maximum body and shine. 22. Philosophy. As a mass noun: that which is perceptible to the sense of touch; matter, substance. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > [noun] > matter or substance substancea1398 first substance1551 subject1590 hypostasis1605 byss1649 body1651 substratum1651 support1660 general substance1697 supporter1697 substrate1730 object-subject1867 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > [noun] > matter or substance > portion of body1651 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiv. 208 Whatsoever has dimension, is Body. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 413 Spirit. The Opposite to which..is Body. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxiii. 142 The primary Ideas we have peculiar to Body, as contradistinguished to Spirit, are the cohesion of solid, and consequently separable parts, and a power of communicating Motion by impulse. 1702 W. Coward Second Thoughts xi. 443 The very Conception of Extention cannot possibly be without the Conception of Matter, or Body with it. 1762 Ld. Kames Elements Crit. III. App. 376 The subject or substratum of visible qualities, is termed substance, of audible qualities, sound; of tangible qualities, body. 1870 F. C. Bowen Logic iii. 55 We cannot think of body without extension. 1953 Philos. Rev. 62 333 Descartes does indeed define the nature of body as extension before he proves that body exists as conceived. 1997 Early Sci. & Med. 2 326 It is widely believed that the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century definitively set aside the matter and form of the Aristotelian schoolmen, and replaced it with a broadly geometrical conception of body. †23. A substance which forms the basis of something; a fundamental constituent. Obsolete. ΘΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] > essence or essential constituent substancec1480 basea1550 marrowbone1554 ground1580 subsistence1581 basis1601 essence1656 body1664 hardpan1842 1664 P. Belon tr. N. Le Fèvre Disc. Rawleigh's Great Cordial 47 We have as yet two other matters to speak of..that enter in our Remedy..which are Sugar and the Spirit of Wine. The first serves as a body to receive and retain the dry things and the extractions which compose this Cordial. 1787 G. Winter New Syst. Husbandry 109 Every soil must contain as sufficient a body for those manures to act upon. 24. a. Anatomy. A discrete mass of tissue or group of cells. Frequently with distinguishing word.In early use, often forming the names of glands, esp. endocrine glands, as pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid body, etc.ciliary, fat, geniculate body, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily substance > [noun] > separate portion of body1698 1698 W. Cowper Anat. Humane Bodies Table 4 sig. C/1 These Piliferous Bodies or Glands, are furnished at their Roots with Importing and Exporting Blood Vessels, Nerves, &c. the Hairs being as it were their Excretory Ducts. 1702 R. Eliot Anat. Ess. i. 4 Those cribrous glands may also containe certain Acini or such like substances, but those Acini or small Bodies are alwayes perforate. 1767 R. Ingram Gout 162 The innumerable number of glandular bodies in the liver, filtrate it from the vena portæ. 1833 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 123 711 The small bodies of which the liver is composed, and which have been known to anatomists, since the time of Malpighi, by the various names of acini, lobules, [etc.]. 1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (1869) 143 Nothing certain is known of the functions of any of these bodies [sc. the ductless glands]. 1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (1869) 143 The spheroidal bodies called corpuscles of the spleen,..consist of a solid aggregation of minute bodies. 1903 Practitioner June 745 Each of these two glandular bodies, or prostates, is enveloped by a thin, strong, fibrous capsule. 1954 H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxxiv. 637 The original lesion caused by the lodgement of tubercle bacilli is microscopic but, with growth, the tubercles eventually become visible as minute bodies, at first less than a millimetre in diameter. b. Cell Biology. Any of various normal or abnormal structures found within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell. Frequently with distinguishing word.basal, Golgi, molluscum, Negri body, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > other organelles or contents raphide1831 body1839 raphid1863 mucigen1874 cell sap1875 globoid1875 raphis1879 pyrenoid1883 mucinogen1884 plastid1885 molluscum corpuscle1886 hyalosome1889 molluscum body1892 statolith1892 dictyosome1893 centrosome1895 Nissl body1898 Nissl granule1898 Nissl substance1899 archespore1901 blepharoplast1907 liposome1910 statocone1910 kinetosome1912 Golgi body1916 kinetoplast1925 lipochondrion1936 microsome1943 kappa1945 Pappenheimer body1947 microbody1954 lysosome1955 siderosome1957 ribosome1958 melanosome1961 cisterna1962 microtubule1962 plasmalemmasome1962 phagolysosome1963 informosome1964 monosome1964 mucocyst1965 peroxisome1965 rhoptry1967 spectrin1968 virosome1970 1839 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 129 358 The membrane of each vesicle or ‘cell’ is formed at the surface of a previously existing nucleus, which is a minute, spherical or elliptical, and often flattened body. 1882 Bot. Gaz. 7 90 It is a well marked body inside the nucleus, round or slightly oval in outline, and exhibits a clear bounding wall differentiating it from the substance of the nucleolus. 1899 Proc. Royal Soc. 1898–9 64 435 There are certain cancers..in which there are, in enormous numbers, intracellular bodies of the kind described by Ruffer, myself, and others, as parasitic Protozoa. 1924 L. Hogben & F. R. Winton Introd. Rec. Adv. Compar. Physiol. 197 In the cytoplasm are present granular bodies, of which two sorts are commonly distinguished, namely, the mitochondria and Golgi rods. 1960 K. Esau Anat. Seed Plants iv. 38 The mitochondria (or chondriosomes) are small cytoplasmic bodies ranging between those that are near the limit of resolution by the light microscope and those several microns in length. 1990 EMBO Jrnl. 9 2625/1 Some p53 colocalized with the E1B protein in a cytoplasmic body. Phrases P1. Christian Church. body of Christ. usually with the. a. The Church regarded as a unified entity of many members, of which Christ is the head. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > person > [noun] > collective holy churchc897 churcheOE brideOE ChristendomOE Christ's churchOE Christianitya1300 motherc1300 brotherheadc1384 Peter's bargea1393 Church of Christc1400 faithfulc1400 body of Christ?1495 congregation1526 husbandry1526 Peter's ship1571 mother church1574 St. Peter's ship1678 Peter's bark1857 Peter's boat1893 priest1897 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1555 Swa þatt teȝȝ shulen alle ben. An bodiȝ. & an sawle. & iesu crist himm sellf shall ben Vpp o þatt bodiȝ hæfedd. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Eph. iv. 12 He ȝaf summe sotheli apostlis..into the work of mynisterie, into edificacioun of Cristis body [L. corporis Christi].] ?1495 R. Fitzjames Sermo die Lune in Ebdomada Pasche sig. gii Thou refusest to be of the body of Chyste: yf thou wole not wyth hym be vnder an heed. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Coloss. i. B And he is the heade of the body, namely, of the congregacion.] 1570 A. Golding tr. D. Chytræus Postil 153 The very maner of Baptim whereby wee are first graffed intoo the churche or body of Chryste, betokeneth that wee looke assuredly for the resurrection from death. 1611 Bible (King James) 1 Cor. xii. 27 Now yee are the body of Christ, and members in particular. View more context for this quotation 1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. ii. 28 From hence it appeareth plainly..who are Schismatiques; whosoever doth uncharitably make ruptures in the mystical body of Christ. 1704 W. Sherlock Disc. Happiness v. §vi. 553 Our first admission into the Christian Church the Mystical Body of Christ, is by Baptism. 1766 T. Amory Life John Buncle II. iv. 107 He found that even Bellarmine's notes of his church were so far from being a clear and necessary proof that the church of Rome is the body of Christ, or true church, that they proved it to be the Great Babylon, or that great enemy of God's church, which the apostles describe. 1891 Old & New Test. Student 12 235 It is affirmed frequently..that the Church is the body of Christ. 1938 Jrnl. Relig. 18 93 These are interpreted by the church, the continuing body of Christ. 2000 O. Davies in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 639/1 The Pauline theology of the holiness of the corporate church, or Body of Christ, in which all its members have their specific gifts and parts to play. b. = sense 3. Π a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 261 The body of Crist liyng vpon the awter. 1562 39 Articles xxviii The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner. 1624 T. Gataker Discuss. Transubstant. 4 In like manner is the bread said to be the Body of Christ..not really or essentially, but typically and sacramentally, as a type and signe of the same. a1745 J. Hoole Serm. (1748) II. xvi. 310 What a contradiction to all reason and decorum must it be, first to receive the Body of Christ into our bodies, and thereby become one with him; and afterwards prostitute the same bodies to vile lusts, and sensual and sinful pleasures. 1763 T. Haweis Communicant’s Spiritual Compan. v. 83 Can we receive the body of Christ in one hand, whilst we grasp the world in the other? 1848 R. I. Wilberforce Doctr. Incarnation (1852) xii. 305 The earthly sacrificer truly exhibits to the Father that body of Christ which is the one only Sacrifice for sins. 1884 A. R. Pennington Wiclif viii. 253 When it has come to be sacramentally the body of Christ, it is still bread substantially. 1976 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Jrnl. 15 Apr. a11/4 The blessed sacrament, the consecrated bread which Catholics revere as the body of Christ. 2005 Centre Daily Times (State College, Pa.) (Nexis) 20 Aug. b3 I open the small pyx containing communion,..and raise what appears to be bread but is actually the precious body of Christ. c. to tear the body of Christ: see tear v.¹ 3b. P2. body and bones (also body and bone). a. Originally: flesh and bone; the whole body. Now chiefly figurative: the main constituent; the core. Π c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 54 (MED) Þe fairest leuedi, for þe nones, Þat miȝt gon on bodi and bones. a1425 Celestine l. 454 in Anglia (1878) 1 78 Maydenes and wiues failede þe nought, Mikel shame hastou wroughte Wiþ body and bon. a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 30 (MED) Sir Jason was..ffayre man of body and bones. 1653 J. Howell German Diet sig. B2^v He came home all transvers'd, not only in his braine, but in his body and bones. 1736 S. Chandler Hist. Persecution 269 Wickliff's Body and Bones were ordered to be dug up and burnt. 1854 T. C. Porter tr. J. W. von Goethe Hermann & Dorothea 117 Willingly do I entrust soul and spirit to you;..but body and bone are not in the safest condition, when the spiritual hand takes hold of the worldly rein. 1858 H. Mayhew Upper Rhine 322 This is what appears to us should form the body and bones of education. 1914 McClure's Mag. Feb. 51/2 This feeling, which is the raison d'ètre, the body and bones of the book, is distinctly hostile. 1988 E. N. Anderson Food of China 201 In most of China it [sc. the noodle] is basically a fast food or snack, but in many Fukienese areas it becomes the body and bones of much of the most favored cuisine. b. As an adverbial phrase: in the entirety of the body or person; (more generally) completely, entirely. Π ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 8236 Þe kyng himself was brent þer inne, & alle his folk, euerilkone brent to dede, bodi & bone. 1557 tr. Erasmus Mery Dialogue sig. Aiii The deuyl take me bodye and bones but I had leuer lye by a sow with pigges, then with suche a bedfelowe. 1665 J. Wilson Projectors iv. 47 I like the young man so well, that if I had twentie daughters he should have 'em all,..Body and bones, and all I have after my death. 1776 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 115/1 About midnight he should be burnt body and bones to ashes, and his ashes flung into the air. 1837 J. Hogg Tales & Sketches II. 327 Down with feminity, body and bone. 1898 Strand June 638/1 I barked my knuckles against the harsh, scaly skin of the beast itself—against the skin of this anachronism, which ought to have perished body and bones ten million years ago. 1922 E. Bancroft Jane Allen: Senior i. 7 When a social service case is assigned a student she takes it, body and bones. 2000 B. Morgan Topogr. of Love (2002) 250 It took all four of them to drag me, body and bones away from the window. P3. In oaths and asseverations, as body of me!, body of our Lord!, God's body!, by cocks body!, etc. Cf. bodikin n. Now archaic and rare.See also by Gog's body at Gog n.¹ 2, God's precious body at precious adj. 1b, od's body int. at od n.¹ and int. Compounds 1. ΚΠ 1493 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Pynson) ii. xii. sig. hviii ^v/1 What sayst thou of theym y^t swere by the cock for god, summe by god..summe by cockes bodye, summe by their hode some by their tepat & cap, and many suche other nyce othes men vse nowe these dayes.] c1520 tr. Terence Andria v. ii, in Terens in Eng. sig. D.ii Goddis body my master what shall I do. a1547 J. Redford Moral Play Wit & Sci. (1848) 7 Oh the bodye of me! What kaytyves be those. 1573 New Custome ii. ii. sig. Cij^v Body of our Lorde is hee come into the countrye? 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII v. ii. 21 Body a me: where is it? View more context for this quotation 1695 W. Congreve Love for Love ii. i. 23 Body of me, I have a Shoulder of an Egyptian King, that I purloyn'd from one of the Pyramids. 1739 D. Bellamy Rival Priests i. i. 18 I'll peep once again.—Bless us! the Devil has got the upper Hand, as I imagin'd.—Body of me, they kiss, and cling, and Prayer is turn'd to Rapture. 1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle IV. cxi. 289 Body of me!..these are the best tidings I have heard since I first went to sea. Here, my lad, take my purse, and stow thyself chocque-full of the best liquor in the land. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth ii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 47 ‘Body of me,’ exclaimed Simon, ‘I should know that voice!’ 1911 ‘M. Field’ Dian i. i, in Trag. Pardon 138 By God's Body, I beg a royal thing of you, ma Belle. 2004 J. L. Nelson Only Life that Mattered xxviii. 281 Oh, body of me, Mary, I have never been so happy to see anything in my life! P4. over my dead body and variants: (chiefly hyperbolically, expressing vehement opposition to or scepticism towards something proposed by another person) ‘only if I am unable to prevent it’; under no circumstances. ΘΠ the mind > language > statement > negation > [phrase] I'll be far (enough) if1752 I'll be shot (occasionally shortened to shot!) if1761 over my dead body1796 let's don't1854 I'll see you shot first1894 1796 J. N. Brewer Mansion House II. 8 She had fainted on the discharge of the musquets, and..her brother had flown to that which secured her room, determined, he said, they should enter it over his dead body. 1800 S. T. Coleridge tr. F. Schiller Death Wallenstein v. v. 147 No, monster! First over my dead body thou shalt tread. I will not live to see the accursed deed! 1833 S. Smith Life & Writings Major Jack Downing xxxv. 137 You dont go through this door to-night, without you pass over the dead body of Jack Downing. 1936 H. Brighouse New Leisure in Best One-act Plays 1936 81 Elsie Dixon doing confidential secretary! Over my dead body. 1987 C. Reid Tea in China Cup ii, in Plays: One (1997) 55 Youth. We've orders to burn these houses... Sarah. Over my dead body. 2001 C. Glazebrook Madolescents 65 ‘Celebrate without you?’ says Filthy, like the idea's unthinkable. ‘Over my dead body.’ P5. Originally North American. to know where the bodies are buried: to have personal knowledge of the secrets or confidential affairs of an organization or individual. ΚΠ 1940 H. J. Mankiewicz & O. Welles Citizen Kane (film script) 199 If you're smart, you'll talk to Raymond. That's the butler. You can learn a lot from him. He knows where the bodies are buried. 1976 R. J. Huckshorn Party Leadership in States iv. 75 I was the governor's finance chairman and I know where the bodies are buried. 2006 Scotsman (Nexis) 11 July 35 Finance directors, perhaps on the theory that they know where the bodies are buried, last 4.8 years. Compounds C1. a. (a) General attributive. body armour n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > body armour > [noun] body armour1709 mail-quilt?1770 mail-plate1776 1709 I. Littlebury tr. Herodotus Hist. I. i. 134 Their Helmets, Belts, and Body-Armour, are adorn'd with Gold. 1829 P. F. Tytler Hist. Scotl. II. iii. 438 A breastplate and back-piece,..greaves for the legs, and iron gauntlets formed the body armour. 1958 W. E. Swinton Fossil Amphibians & Reptiles (ed. 2) x. 68 The limbs are all typically crocodilian in plan and arrangement. The body armour is heavy. 2005 BBC Focus Dec. 18/1 Scientists..are analysing the nanostructure of the tough inner layer of mollusc shells, known as nacre, to try to improve the strength of body armour for soldiers and police officers. body-being n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > [noun] > state or quality of having or being manheadc1330 in (the) fleshc1384 carnalitya1400 bodilihedec1440 fleshlihoodc1440 incarnating1549 corporeity1628 incarnation1646 body-beinga1652 corporeality1651 bodyhood1674 carneity1697 corporealness1731 avatar1816 pre-incarnation1903 a1652 J. Smith Select Disc. (1660) iv. vi. 98 If all Body-Being in the world were destroyed. 2006 P. Ralston Zen Body-being v. 71 The most effective body-being condition is for the body to be relaxed and the mind to be calm. body bolt n. ΘΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > parts and equipment of vehicles generally > [noun] > other parts body bolt1810 safety chain1832 footplate1833 aisle1835 headlining1848 bumper1867 floor-plate1869 tension bar1879 suicide door1960 bull bar1967 roo bar1973 1810 Port Folio Jan. 301 Through the axletree of the carriage a strong body bolt let through the end of the coupling pole, passes. 1886 Ripon Chron. 4 Sept. 3/5 The body bolt of the phaeton suddenly gave way, and the occupants were thrown out. 2005 Product News Network (Nexis) 17 June Units have engineered plastic gauge fronts with stainless steel body bolts for corrosion resistance in mobile and salt air environments. body contact n. Π 1890 Jrnl. Cutaneous & Genito-urin. Dis. Nov. 442 I think that..the habit of body contact..will largely explain the greater prevalence of parasitic diseases among one people than among another. 1948 Life 13 Dec. 113/1 The Roller Derby is a teeth-jarring contest, with enough spills and body contact..to gratify even an ice hockey fan. 2001 W. Martino & M. Pallotta-Chiarolli Boys' Stuff 64 It's like he's scared that any body contact with a gay guy might be interpreted as an open invitation to some kind of sexual involvement. body contour n. Π 1876 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. July 285 This renders itself evident..externally by a change of place and by the alteration of the body-contour. 1918 J. T. Nichols Fishes Vicinity N.Y. City 98 At the outer angles of the triangle are two stout protrusions from the body contour on which the pectoral fins are situated. 2006 Women's Health July 132 After liposuction, patients sometimes develop bulges or indentations in their body contours. body dissatisfaction n. Π 1966 Jrnl. Social Psychol. 68 323 (title) Body image and body dissatisfaction in Japanese Americans. 2008 R. Weis Introd. Abnormal Child & Adolescent Psychol. xiv. 515 This increase in weight and change in shape can lead to body dissatisfaction in some girls, causing them to diet. body ease n. Π 1551 J. Bale Actes Eng. Votaryes: 2nd Pt. f. iiijv Fournyshed the clergy there with such possessyons and body ease. 1999 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) June 114/2 Claire has a kind of body ease—the way she holds herself is what I love the most. body garment n. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun] > garment or article of raileOE i-wedeOE reafOE shroudc1000 weedOE back-cloth?c1225 hatter?c1225 clouta1300 coverturec1300 garment1340 vesturec1384 clothc1385 vestmentc1386 jeryne?a1400 clothinga1425 gilla1438 raiment1440 haterella1450 vestimenta1500 indumenta1513 paitclaith1550 casceis1578 attire1587 amice1600 implements1601 cladment1647 enduement1650 vest1655 body garment1688 wearable1711 sledo1719 rag1855 number1894 opaque1903 daytimer1936 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. ii. 18/2 Some call it a Cordy Robe Garment, because it was the ancient fashion of the old Romans to have such Labells hanging at the shoulder Wings, and from under the skirts of their Body Garment, which they call Cordilans, and Cordy Robes. 1798 J. C. Davie Let. Feb. in Lett. from Paraguay (1805) 261 His shirt, or body-garment as I may call it—for they wear no other—was of blue and white striped cotton. 1857 R. W. Emerson Solitude & Society in Atlantic Monthly Dec. 227/2 Dressed in arts and institutions as well as in body-garments. 1988 Atlantic Insight Jan. 17/1 The ample dowager on this side of the Atlantic now fits herself into a body shaper , body garment , controller , form persuader , or outerwear enhancer. body girth n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > girth wanty1297 wame-towc1310 womb ropea1325 girth1377 surcingle1390 warrok1392 garthc1425 cinglec1430 girt1563 wanty rope1569 girse1591 saddle banda1604 mail girt1607 saddle girt1613 saddle girth1635 mail-girth1673 girding1680 body girth1688 roller1688 wombtack1729 breast-girth1805 girthing1805 cinch1866 latigo1873 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. iii. 93/1 Rowler, or Body Girth,..which slippeth too and again on the body Girth, or Sursingle..to keep the Girth from fretting of the hair. 1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 148 Wrapt round her very Tight, like a Body-girt to a Horse. 1842 Med. Times 6 Aug. 294/2 There is a long pillow for the splint, a body girth, and padded strap for the groin. 1990 Amer. Jrnl. Epidemiol. 132 701 A peripheral body girth pattern was associated with combined site osteoarthritis of the hands and feet. body lining n. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > parts of clothing > [noun] > lining lining1401 interline?1577 underlining1580 body lining1676 buggy1890 liner1947 1676 N. Strong England's Perfect School-master (rev. ed.) 146 For Sleeve and Body Linings. 1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. iv. 14 Your jerkin..and the body-lining to it. 1814 F. Burney Wanderer II. iv. xxxii. 292 How much will the body-lining come to? I hope you know of a cheap mantua-maker? 1990 Littlewoods Catal. Spring–Summer 570/2 (caption) Snorkel Coat in shower-resistant fabric. Windproof knitted cuffs. Fully-quilted body lining. body lotion n. Π 1913 Los Angeles Times 24 Aug. ii. 10/7 There is no exercising..in her treatment, no harmful massage or worthless poison body lotions. 1919 Washington Post 28 Sept. 15/1 (advt.) Body lotions under various names. 2001 L. Voss To be Someone 317 I dried myself, then slathered Issey Miyake body lotion over every inch of my skin. body medicine n. rare before 20th cent. ΚΠ 1647 T. Fuller Cause Wounded Conscience iv. 25 There is such a gulfe of disproportion betwixt a Mind-malady and Body-medicines. 1903 H. Fletcher New Menticulture p. xxv The best body-medicine is good food, selected by a normal appetite. 2006 Jrnl. Psychiatric Res. 40 677/1 Unfortunately, mind and body medicine often appear to run on parallel, non-intersecting paths. body paint n. Π 1848 Sci. Amer. 3 June 290/4 The white oxide antimony is superior as a body paint to the white oxide of lead. 1929 Amer. Anthropologist 31 645 A black stripe is painted over the bridge of the nose and under the eyes of the impersonator, and until the body paint is washed off.., he remains taboo. 2003 P. Delamar Compl. Make-up Artist iv. 77 The tools used to apply the body paints are various sponges, brushes, or any type of tool which gives the desired coverage. † body plague n. Obsolete rare ΚΠ 1667 T. Vincent God's Terrible Voice 191 And what are body plagues here, in comparison of soul plagues hereafter? 1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh iv. 173 And that's the odds 'twixt soul and body-plague! body play n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > [noun] > collectively sport1793 body play1881 1881 Gentleman's Mag. 250 163 Ready equally for mind-play or body-play. 1944 T. S. C. Dagg Hockey in Ireland ii. 84 An absence of the slogging, wild rushes and body play which..were characteristic of English and Continental hockey. 1993 Utne Reader Jan. 30/2 The reasons people engage in body play, body art, or body mutilation (the term you use depends on your view of the phenomenon) are as varied as their personalities. body post n. Π 1839 E. W. Tucker Five Months Labrador vi. 118 Rafters are then extended from each of these body posts or poles. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Body-post, an additional stern~post introduced at the fore-part of an aperture cut in the deadwood in a ship fitted with a screw-propeller. 2008 Chicago Sun Times (Nexis) 7 Jan. a2 The Polara came as a coupe, sedan, convertible and as a pillarless station wagon, with no center body posts. body scent n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animals hunted > trail > [noun] > scent body scent1839 the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fetor > [noun] > fetid smells stenchc893 reekeOE weffea1300 stink1382 fise14.. smeek?c1425 fist1440 fetorc1450 stew1487 moisture1542 putor1565 pouant1602 funk1606 graveolence1623 hogo1654 whiff1668 fogo1794 stythe1823 malodour1825 pen and ink1859 body scent1875 pong1900 niffa1903 hum1906 taint1927 honk1953 bowf1985 stank1996 1839 F. P. D. Radcliffe Noble Sci.: Ideas Fox-hunting xi. 229 To come to the question of body scent—Mr. Smith says, that a fox ‘will lay’..till hounds ‘almost tread on him’. 1875 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports (ed. 12) i. i. vii. §8 Few retrievers can hit off the body-scent of a dead cock. 1996 E. Lovelace Salt xi. 216 She held him the way grieving people hold each other at a funeral..and he could smell her body scent, a smell of marigold, or yellow. body shape n. Π 1847 B. H. Smart Gram. on its True Basis 46 Ghosts, they say, come in body shape, but not in body substance. 1930 Auk 47 163 The bird seen from a distance resembles in size and body shape, a Black-crowned Night Heron. 2007 Guardian 4 Dec. 16/2 The compulsion to exercise is driven by a need to control and change one's body shape. body sin n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > sin > kinds of sin > [noun] > of flesh body sinc1175 c1175Bodiȝ sinne [see sense 1c]. a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 189 (MED) Þe ilke fif wallen þet of þi blisfulle bodi sprungen..wasche mine fif wittes of alle bodi sunnen. 1658 A. Burgess Doctr. Orig. Sin iii. ix. 407 We may conclude, that all kind of actual sinne, whether internal or external, soul sinnes, or body-sinnes, do either mediately, or immediately flow from it [sc. original sin]. 1986 S. Fisher Devel. & Struct. Body Image II. 645 One of the greatest body sins in our culture is to be obese. body swing n. ΘΠ the world > movement > motion in specific manner > alternating or reciprocating motion > oscillation > [noun] > swaying > specifically of the body or limbs swinga1739 arm swing1859 body swing1869 1869 Times 9 Mar. 12/2 The rowing of the crew was still very rough, and there was far too much work done with the arms to the exclusion of body-swing. 1896 Daily News 13 Mar. 8/4 The form of the men at the slow stroke was admirable, body-swing and feather alike being capital. 1950 W. Hammond Cricketers' School v. 54 Thus gaining the sort of body-swing that won Maurice Tate his wickets. 2008 Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness (Nexis) 1 Mar. Raise the weights until they're about even with your body, maintaining the bent-over position to reduce body swing. body weight n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > [noun] > weight body weight1848 the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > amount determined by weighing > weight of person's body body weight1848 1848 Amer. Agriculturist 7 76/2 The incapacity of Crafts to manage Eclipse..was apparent to all—he being a slender-made lad, in body weight about 100 lbs., only. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 23 Aug. 4/2 He [sc. the batsman] throws his body-weight on the left, the forward foot. 1966 Lancet 24 Dec. 1380/1 No patient was preselected on the basis of serum-lipid level or body-weight. 2004 Washington Post 17 May (Home ed.) a7/2 The animals' body weight returned to normal within weeks. †(b) attributive, with the sense ‘physical, corporeal, material, real’. Obsolete.See also body sin n. at Compounds 1a(a). ΘΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective] bodyc1175 materialc1390 corporal?1520 physical1547 substantialc1550 materiate1588 elementated1605 corporeala1620 corpulenta1620 crass1649 materiable1652 corporeous1669 bodysome1674 hylical1708 hylic1853 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 13589 Cumm nu wiþþ me to sen þin godd Wiþþ erþliȝ bodiȝ sihhþe. c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 900 (MED) Þu art kniȝt..of grete strengþe & fair o bodie lengþe. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 90^v Wiþ..harde passiouns of þe sowle, In þe body half is heuynesse. a1450 St. Edith l. 3140 Þis miracle was þus at Wyltone y-do..after hurre bodydyenge..Nexste after þat hurre soule departyd hurre body fro. 1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 112 A fresh train of hangers on in the body kind. (c) attributive, with the sense ‘reserved for personal attendance or use (esp. with reference to royalty)’. Now chiefly historical and rare.See also bodyguard n. body carriage n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > personal carriage body coach1702 body-chariot1704 body carriage1766 1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 54 Wheels of body carriages. 1817 Ann. Rev. (1818) 111 His Majesty's body carriage, Drawn by a full set of His Majesty's horses. body-chariot n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > personal carriage body coach1702 body-chariot1704 body carriage1766 1704 London Gaz. No. 4052/1 Her Majesty's Body Chariot. 1852 A. Strickland Lives Queens of Eng. (rev. ed.) VIII. 230 Her majesty's ‘body-chariot’. body coach n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > personal carriage body coach1702 body-chariot1704 body carriage1766 1702 London Gaz. No. 3862/1 Then Her Majesty, habited in Purple..in her Body Coach drawn by 8 Horses. 1862 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia VI. xii. iv. 223 King's Body-Coach very grand indeed. body coachman n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > driving or operating a vehicle > driver or operator of vehicle > [noun] > driver of coach > personal body coachman1710 Wap-John1826 1710 S. Palmer Moral Ess. Prov. ix. 25 'Tis said [he] had been Body-Coachman to Apollo, and a Fellow of admirable Skill in his Profession. 1735 Swift's Lett. (1768) IV. 135 Were his majesty inclined to-morrow to declare his body-coachman his first minister. 1845 C. G. F. Gore Self I. viii. 173 Broad-backed bean-fed horses, strong and heavy in proportion, dozed over by a portly body-coachman. 1984 Burlington Mag. June 325/1 Queen Charlotte was driven to Ranelagh by the King's body coachman. body physician n. now historical ΚΠ 1704 C. S. Trip to Portugal 58 This Account I had since my Arrival from Dr. Reis, who was then Body Physician to the King. 1805 Times 27 May 3/1 The Minister Talleyrand, and the Body Physician, Croisart, have been here some days. 1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 Nov. 7/1 Dr. S., the locum tenens body physician of his Imperial and Royal Highness. 1967 Lancet 1 July 2/1 Galen was not only a great anatomist and a successful clinician, he was also a philosopher, and body-physician to a philosopher-emperor, Marcus Aurelius. body servant n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > attendant or personal servant > [noun] thanea700 yeoman1345 squirec1380 foot followera1382 handservanta1382 servitora1382 ministera1384 servera1425 squire of (or for) the body (or household)1450 attender1461 waitera1483 awaiter1495 tender?a1505 waiting-man1518 satellite?1520 attendant1555 sitter-byc1555 pediseque1606 asseclist?1607 tendant1614 assecle1616 fewterera1625 escudero1631 peon1638 wait1652 under spur-leather1685 body servant1689 slavey1819 tindal1859 maid-attendant1896 1689 R. Cox Hibernia Anglicana: Pt. 1 320 To entertain Mac Carty and his Body-Servants. 1760 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy II. v. 34 Besides what he gained..as a body-servant. 1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 484/1 His body-servant, a gentle, affectionate, faithful creature..was constantly straying over to a neighboring plantation. 1931 J. W. Fortescue Following Drum vi. 105 He..engaged a native cook, body-servant, washerman and syce. 2005 S. Rushdie Shalimar the Clown 31 A silent yet utterly solicitous body servant who understood what Max needed before he knew it himself. † body-slave n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos I. i. 39 Those who sounded these instruments..and the twelve body-slaves..were clad in their festival habits. body valet n. ΚΠ 1874 Times 20 Feb. 11/2 The plaintiff had been for about seven years body valet to the late Emperor of the French. (d) North American. attributive, with the sense ‘designating firewood cut in cords from the trunk of a tree’. Cf. cord n.¹ 9a. ΚΠ 1855 Daily Free Democrat (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) 26 Feb. The poor of that city are now furnished with..body wood, at $5.50 per cord. 1896 Dubuque (Iowa) Daily Herald 18 Dec. 4/1 (advt.) A choice lot of second growth oak and body maple. 1911 W. L. Hall & H. Maxwell Uses Commerc. Woods U.S. 33 Fagots, split from the bodywood of this pine. 1941 Wisconsin: Guide to Badger State (Federal Writers' Project) iii. 310 The timber chap who lives like an Indian and can cut seven cords of body maple in a day. 1967 Bulletin (Bend, Oregon) 13 Mar. 13/4 Dry body pine and jackpine. Any length. 2005 J. A. Mott Growing up in White House District 4 Wood was piled to the left of the entrance. Each year bids were made to furnish solid body wood of beech, birch or maple. (e) attributive, objective, and objective genitive, with the sense ‘of or relating to a vehicle body’ (see sense 6a).See also body-maker n., body-making n. at Compounds 2, and bodywork n. 1. Π 1909 Westm. Gaz. 17 June 4/1 The body-painting, smithy, and upholstery shops. 1914 C. W. Terry Motor Body-building 58 Materials used by body-builders. 1920 T. H. Jones & J. D. Frier Aeroplane Design 99 The outer, inner, and body struts. 1967 Autocar 28 Dec. 2/1 The Hillman Super Minx, with which the previous Vogue had shared a common body-shell. 1976 Railway Mag. Aug. 391/1 Coach structure..with a 3-mm. alloy sheet skin rivetted to the bodyside and roof framing. 2001 Chicago Tribune 2 Nov. iii. 12 (advt.) After all, the Maxima is designed with a rigid, steel body structure which includes crumple zones and hood-buckling creases. b. Objective and objective genitive. body-bending n. Π 1841 in D. Jerrold et al. Heads of People (new ed.) II. facing p. 33 Twisting, twirling, body bending, On the light, fantastic toe. 1942 Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin) 6 Jan. 1/7 The champion..went through a rigid course of body-bending exercises. 2003 Seguin (Texas) Gaz.-Enterprise 23 Mar. Children and adults alike will enjoy the body-bending antics of this 26-member acrobatic troupe. body-breaking n. and adj. ΘΠ society > authority > punishment > torture > [noun] > infliction of > breaking of body body-breaking1533 1533 J. Frith Bk. answeringe Mores Let. sig. Oij^v They beleve not in his bodye breakynge and bloude shedding. 1843 Law Mag. 39 264 Body-breaking work, from nine in the morning till late in the evening. 1995 Jrnl. Blacks in Higher Educ. 10 112 They have done body-breaking, grueling, heartless, mindless work. body-curer n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > [noun] botenera1400 guarisher1474 body-curer1602 healer1611 dukun1817 bomoh1851 1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor iii. i. 90 Soule curer, and bodie curer. 1846 R. H. Bonnycastle Canada & Canadians I. ii. 87 Their places have been supplied by..restless, acute lawyers, and metaphysical body-curers. body-killing n. and adj. Π 1604 Abp. G. Abbot Reasons Dr. Hill Vnmasked iv. 139 Such body-killing, & soulemurthering spiritual enemies, who destroy many a weake woman and vnadvised rash young man. 1790 J. Graham Short Treat. Qualities of Simple Earth 9 Body-killing poisons Opium, Tobacco, fermented and spirituous Liquors. a1837 T. Campbell Poet. Wks. (1837) 223 Body-killing tyrants cannot kill The public soul—the hereditary will. 1927 Lima (Ohio) News 25 Jan. 7/2 It releases the worker from the old body-killing exertion and frees him for creative achievement and recreation outside his job. body-wearing adj. Π 1844 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 1 Mar. The most slavish, body-wearing, and soul-debasing drudgery. 2005 R. Stoecker Res. Methods for Community Change iii. 60 Repairing pipes, digging foundations, or any manner of other highly skilled but dirty, body-wearing activities. C2. body axis n. (a) each of a set of geometrical axes which define directions with respect to a three-dimensional object; (Aeronaut.) each of a set of rectangular coordinate axes having their origin at the centre of gravity of an aircraft and the x-axis along its longest dimension; (b) Biology a main line of growth, direction, organization, or symmetry within the body of an organism. Π 1830 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 3 325 These expressions are the results of a skilful transformation of the general equations in the case of rotation round a body-axis which forms with its mean direction a very small but variable angle. 1906 Biol. Bull. 12 23 The abdomen is strongly extended so that the body axis is a straight line. 1984 F. J. Hale Introd. Aircraft Performance i. 4 The wind axes are not body axes; that is, they are not fixed to the aircraft other than at the cg [= centre of gravity]. 1993 New Scientist 24 Apr. 36/2 Genes in the Hox-D cluster, which define the head-to-tail body axis, are activated one after another and at a precise time during development of the embryo. body bag n. †(a) a sleeping bag (obsolete); (b) (originally U.S.) a strong bag in which a corpse is carried, esp. from a battlefield or the scene of an accident or crime. ΘΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > bed > bedding > [noun] > sleeping bag fleabag1811 body bag1885 bedroll1910 fart sack1943 bivouac sack1961 bivvy bag1982 the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > removal of corpse > [noun] > bag (from scene of accident, etc.) body bag1954 1885 Harper's Mag. Apr. 820/1 Retire to an ice-house, with..a fur over-coat and body-bag. 1947 Life 7 Apr. 51/1 Homer Collyer, in police body bag, is lowered from the second story of his house. 1954 Amer. Speech 29 273 Body-bag, a canvas bag for removing bodies of persons killed in fires. 1967 N.Y. Times 11 Oct. 35/3 The bodies were found beneath the approximate center of the dam... They were placed in ‘body bags’ and taken to Jackson, the state capital, for an autopsy. 1984 J. Didion Democracy iv. iii. 224 Before he zipped the body bag closed the Tamil doctor went through the pockets of Jack Lovett's seersucker jacket. 2001 Nation (N.Y.) 23 Apr. 31/1 Hundreds of soldiers on both sides came back in body bags. body belt n. a belt worn close to the body. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > belt or sash > types of > other breechgirdlea1300 demiceint1483 demi-girdle1533 bracing-girdle1552 purse-girdle1559 yellow ribbon1651 burdash1707 body belt1823 subcingulum1824 zoster1824 bell-girdle1833 hip girdle1853 Sam Browne belt1878 belly-band1888 waspie1957 tie belt1964 1823 Investigator 7 443 The two men..wore gaiters..and had dirks or daggers..with body belts. 1911 Alfred Weeks's Sales Catal. All Wool Body Belts..to clear 6¾d. 1962 T. C. H. Jacobs Red Net xviii. 178 A wide body-belt which Carlo had worn next to his skin... Two rows of tiny pockets ran its entire length. 1994 L. de Bernières Capt. Corelli's Mandolin xlvi. 276 With his bodybelt full of gold sovereigns he covered Cephallonia on foot. body blow n. (a) (originally and chiefly Boxing) a heavy punch to the torso; (b) figurative a severe disappointment, a crushing setback. ΘΠ the world > movement > impact > striking > striking on specific part of the body > [noun] > on the body body blow1789 the world > action or operation > adversity > calamity or misfortune > [noun] > misfortune or ill-luck > instance of misfortune or ill-luck > severe or sudden > very or completely finisher1771 body blow1901 1789 Mod. Art Boxing ii. 12 In this rule of parrying the blows of your adversary's left hand with your right, and his right with your left, may be included the maxim of not bringing down both arms to defend yourself from a body blow. 1792 Sporting Mag. 1 43/2 After sparring some time..Stanyard put in a body blow. 1829 P. Egan Boxiana New Ser. II. 589 Samson received a smart body-blow. 1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days i. ii. 43 That body-blow left Joe's head unguarded. 1901 G. Ade 40 Mod. Fables 16 ‘If I had lived here for twenty-seven Years..I think I'd be downright Anxious to Die.’ But the crafty Biologist did not release this Body Blow until he was good and sure that the Train had started to move. 1950 J. Dempsey Championship Fighting 39 Face-punches and body-blows. 1958 Times 22 Apr. 6/7 It is a body blow. I am carrying the can for somebody else. 1996 Big Issue 15 July 4/1 With a rancid edge and a festering punch, like a body blow from an enraged boxer, it sends me recoiling and leaves me rasping, gasping for breath. 2002 Sunday Times of India 22 Sept. 14/1 Television channels have dealt a body blow to Hindi films by airing all those Hollywood films that our filmmakers snitch from. body box n. Bee-keeping = brood box n. at brood n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > bee-keeping > [noun] > beehive > parts of moutha1398 stool?1523 skirt1555 hackle1609 smoot1615 imp1618 bolster1623 cop1623 underlaya1642 hack1658 tee-hole1669 frame1673 hood1686 alighting board1780 body box1823 superhive1847 super1855 quilt1870 queen excluder1881 bar-super1884 brood box1888 1823 Amer. Farmer 31 Oct. 253/1 The body box should be made of thick two inch white pine. 1881 T. W. Cowan Brit. Bee-keeper's Guide Bk. 37 A second hive, having eight frames the same size as those used in the body-box, is provided for use on the top of the other. 1964 Brit. Bee Jrnl. 92 124/2 Add to this body box the two remaining drawn-out combs with syrup. body build n. the proportions of a person's or animal's body; cf. build n. 2c. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > [noun] featurec1325 making1340 staturec1380 statea1387 bonea1400 figurec1400 makec1425 corpulence1477 corsage1481 makdom1488 mouldc1550 corporature1555 frame1566 dimension1600 limit1608 set1611 timber1612 compact1646 taille1663 fabric1695 moulding1815 physique1826 tournure1827 build1832 form1849 body type1866 body build1907 somatotype1940 size1985 1907 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 21 221 Brain-weight is influenced by many factors, including..body-build, state of nutrition and mode of death. 1923 C. B. Davenport (title) Body-build and its inheritance. 1961 Lancet 12 Aug. 341/2 On admission her weight was 129 lb., which was proportional to her height and body-build. 1991 S. Gibson & R. Gibson Homoeopathy for Everyone (new ed.) 196 Many genes are involved in the transmission of even simple characteristics like height, body build or eye colour. body burden n. the total amount of a radioactive element or other (usually toxic) substance in a human or animal body. ΚΠ 1954 Lancet 15 May 1036/1 The accepted permissible body burden of radium today is 0·1 μg. 1972 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Jrnl. 9 Apr. a12/8 The available evidence suggests that the small human intake and consequent body burden [of aldrin and dieldrin] are harmless. 1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xxv. 462/1 Measurement of ‘body burdens’ of bioaccumulated contaminants in fish tissues gives a broader picture but can vary with season. body butter n. an unguent or lotion applied to the body; spec. an emollient with a thick, butter-like consistency used to moisturize the skin. Π 1981 Mountain Democrat (Placerville, Calif.) 1 Apr. c10/3 (advt.) The Original Country Road ‘Body Butter’. Take your skin where it's never been! 1982 Kenosha (Wisconsin) News 11 Aug. 13/4 (advt.) European soothing body butter. 1991 A. Roddick Body & Soul ix. 207 The Kayapo use red beads from the urukum shrub for body painting; The Body Shop now uses the same beads, gathered by the Kayapo, as colouring for our mango body butter. 2015 Cosmopolitan Apr. 38 Indulging in long baths with salts, oils and body butter post-bath is a must for me this month. body carpet n. carpeting manufactured in strips that are joined together to form the required size (originally used to fill the space defined by a separate border carpet); a length of this; cf. sense 6j. ΘΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > carpet > composed of joined strips body carpet1813 body carpeting1817 body1936 1813 ‘T. Martin’ Circle Mech. Arts 117/2 He then takes a length of the body carpet, and tacking it up to the border at one end, resents [sic] to the strainer. 1886 Liverpool Mercury 30 Oct. 1/8 (advt.) Border and Body Carpets woven together. Handsome Medallion Corners in place of clumsy mitres. 1946 Carpet Rev. Oct. 15/2 A large quantity of special heavy Wilton body carpet..was also made by the firm for the cabin class. 1963 Which? Mar. 71/1 This..carpet..is made on a broad loom (6 ft. wide or more) instead of the usual ‘body’ carpet which is in rolls 18–54 in. wide. 1993 Collins Compl. DIY Man. (new ed.) ii. 119/1 Carpet widths of 2.74m (9ft) and over are called broadlooms; narrower widths are called body or strip carpets. body carpeting n. = body carpet n. ΘΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > carpet > composed of joined strips body carpet1813 body carpeting1817 body1936 1817 Morning Chron. (Electronic text) 1 Nov. (advt.) One hundred and fifty large and small Brussels Carpets, several pieces of Brussels body Carpeting and other valuable Effects of a Merchant. 1919 Times 8 Apr. 7/1 (advt.) Axminster body Carpeting. 1971 Times 25 May 3/7 With broadloom or body carpeting the operation is more complex. body cavity n. originally and chiefly Zoology a cavity or system of cavities in the body of vertebrates and some invertebrates, in which the internal organs are located; the coelom. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [noun] > cavity body cavity1857 1857 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 147 324 It appears to lie loosely in the midst of the granular amorphous matter that occupies the posterior region of the body-cavity. 1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) Introd. p. xxix The cavity, or series of cavities, known as body cavities or coelome. 1927 J. B. S. Haldane & J. S. Huxley Animal Biol. i. 10 The stomach and intestine lie in a space, the general body-cavity or coelom. 2001 P. Barham Sci. of Cooking vi. 80 Put the chestnut stuffing on the bottom of the body cavity of the turkey leaving about 1cm clear space above the stuffing. body cell n. Biology a cell forming part of the body of an organism; spec. a somatic cell (as opposed to a germ cell). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells reticular cell1832 torula1833 reserve cell1842 subcell1844 parenchyma cell1857 pedicel cell1858 nettle cell1870 heterocyst1872 prickle cell1872 angioblast1875 palisade cell1875 sextant1875 spindle cell1876 neuroblast1878 body cell1879 plasma cell1882 reticulum cell1882 stem cell1885 Langhans1886 basal cell1889 pole cell1890 myelocyte1891 statocyst1892 mast cell1893 thrombocyte1893 iridocyte1894 precursor1895 nurse cell1896 amacrine1900 statocyte1900 mononuclear1903 oat cell1903 myeloblast1904 trochoblast1904 adipocyte1906 polynuclear1906 fibrocyte1911 akaryote1920 Rouget cell1922 Sternberg–Reed1922 amphicyte1925 monoblast1925 pericyte1925 promyelocyte1925 pituicyte1930 agamete1932 sympathogonia1934 athrocyte1938 progenitor1938 Reed–Sternberg cell1939 submarginal1941 delta cell1942 mastocyte1947 squame1949 podocyte1954 transformed cell1956 transformant1957 spheroplast1958 pinealocyte1961 immunocyte1963 lactotroph1966 mammotroph1966 minicell1967 proheterocyst1970 myofibroblast1971 cybrid1974 1879 Proc. Royal Soc. 30 63 The ectoderm cells of the tentacles also differ from those of the body from the fact that their nuclei are non-nucleolate, resembling indeed the nucleoli of the body cells, rather than their nuclei. 1886 Nature 28 Oct. 631/1 Amongst these [sc. unicellular Protozoan ancestors] there is no distinction between body-cells and germ-cells. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 982 As development goes on, the body-cells or somatic cells become nerve-cells, muscle-cells, gland-cells, and so forth. 2007 N. Angier Canon vii. 197 They are stuffed into all our body cells, unabridged copies of the DNA molecule that each of our parents had bequeathed to us in demipart at the moment of our conception. body-centred adj. Crystallography designating a lattice structure in which an atom or ion occurs at each corner and in the centre of a cubic unit cell; having such a structure; cf. face-centred adj. at face n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > crystallography (general) > crystal (general) > structures and forms > [adjective] > miscellaneous other primitive1807 subtractive1807 based1810 emarginated1816 planoconvex1816 primary1823 hemisystematic1878 face-centred1913 body-centred1918 mosaic1934 1918 Amer. Mineralogist 3 146 Iron proves to have a body-centered cubic lattice. 1944 Electronic Engin. 17 142 In the case of iron the atoms form a regular cubic pattern known as ‘body-centred’ in which, if we consider an elemental cube of the crystal or unit cell, there will be an atom at each corner of the cube and another at the centre. 1999 Nature 5 Aug. 512/2 Over a narrow range of pressures and temperatures..this structure changes allotropically to a body-centred cubic..form. body chamber n. Zoology and Palaeontology (in a shelled cephalopod mollusc) the outermost and largest chamber of the shell, which (in life) is occupied by the body of the animal; cf. body whorl n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell > part of auricle1665 heel1673 lip1681 mouth1681 whirl1681 rib1711 antihelix1721 canal1734 columella1755 vesture1755 body whirl1776 fent1776 pillar1776 pillar-lip1776 septum1786 aperture1794 body whorl1807 costa1812 seam1816 spine1822 umbo1822 varix1822 peristome1828 summit1828 nucleus1833 concameration1835 lunula1835 nympha1836 nymph1839 lunule1842 peritreme1848 body chamber1851 axis1866 umbone1867 liration1904 1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 79 The body-chamber is always very capacious. 1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 306 The body of the animal occupies the last or body-chamber.., to the walls of which it is attached by the mantle and the muscles. 2003 Jrnl. Paleontol. 77 1196/2 The holotype retains approximately three-quarters volution of body chamber. body check n. Sport (esp. Lacrosse, Ice Hockey, and Association Football) an act of obstructing an opponent using the body (typically the shoulder or hip). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > lacrosse > [noun] > specific movement body-checking1884 body check1892 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > ice hockey > [noun] > actions goaltending1891 stick-handling1891 assist1925 body-checking1936 screenshot1940 slap shot1942 poke-check1945 spearing1957 deke1960 penalty killing1960 body check1962 poke-checking1963 takeaway1967 saucer pass1986 1892 Lacrosse: Laws 6 Body-check is the placing one's body in the way of an approaching opponent, so that the latter is simply impeded. No checker shall use force in the body-check. 1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 608/1 When a player is dodging, no notice should be taken of his crosse, the Checker simply taking care to place his body in the way of the dodger. This is known as the body check, and no force may be imparted to it, or it becomes a charge, which is forbidden. Body checking is of most use out of the field. 1962 Amer. Speech 37 126 Bodychecks and unpermitted blows occurred [in ice-hockey]. 1996 Ice Hockey News Rev. 28 Sept. 7/3 Lindros..won the puck with a bone-shaking bodycheck on Mattias Norstrom in the attacking zone. 2001 FourFourTwo Sept. 46/3 Last season there were the wild shirt-swinging celebrations after his goal against Zaragoza and the body-check on Gilles Grimandi. body-check v. Sport (esp. Lacrosse, Ice Hockey, and Association Football) transitive and intransitive to block (an opponent) using a body check; also in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > lacrosse > play lacrosse [verb (intransitive)] > employ body-check cross-check1900 body-check1909 1909 Westm. Gaz. 17 Dec. 12/2 It might be a hint to Forster to body check more efficiently [in lacrosse]. 1970 D. Coleman World Cup 70 Preview 30/1 On the Continent..they will obstruct and body-check, but it seems that if a player shows his studs on the Continent they want a free kick. 1998 R. L. Fleming She's All That (film script, revised) (O.E.D. Archive) 89 (stage direct.) Chandler body checks Naylon into the lockers, pinning him and sending his flyers, well, flying. 2001 B. Weeks Curling for Dummies x. 130 The third on the other team body-checked me. body-checking n. Sport (esp. Lacrosse, Ice Hockey, and Association Football) the action of blocking an opponent using a body check. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > lacrosse > [noun] > specific movement body-checking1884 body check1892 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > ice hockey > [noun] > actions goaltending1891 stick-handling1891 assist1925 body-checking1936 screenshot1940 slap shot1942 poke-check1945 spearing1957 deke1960 penalty killing1960 body check1962 poke-checking1963 takeaway1967 saucer pass1986 1884 N.Y. Times 13 Apr. 3/5 An enviable reputation for pluck and skill in body checking and throwing. 1936 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Mar. 227/2 It [sc. ice hockey] offers to the eye the clash of bodies (for all the rules about body-checking). 1960 Times 29 Nov. 17/5 Oxford and Cambridge completed their lacrosse programmes for the term... Cambridge started slowly. Their defence was open, there was little body-checking. 2004 J. Byl 101 Fun Warm-up & Cool-down Games 148 The other player gets to dribble the ball three paces from her goal line before her opponent can defend against her... No body checking is permitted. body clock n. the mechanism regulating circadian rhythms; cf. biological clock n. Π 1916 H. W. Conn Physiol. & Health I. v. 28 The body clock, however, works for the baby just as it does for us. 1965 Times 8 Dec. 10/3 Others flown from Oklahoma City to Rome, through seven time zones, had the greatest difficulty in switching their ‘body clocks’ to Italian time. 2005 K. Williamson Sleep Deep (2007) 5 Your body clock controls your temperature and sleepiness so that at night your temperature drops as you go to sleep and rises as you wake. body-cloth n. (a) a cloth or rug used to cover horses or other animals (now rare); (b) any of various types of garment consisting of a piece of cloth which is wrapped around or draped over a person's body. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > other equipment body-cloth1630 1630 G. Markham Markhams Faithfull Farrier (rev. ed.) 27 After you haue thus giuen him his Mash, you shall see that he be very warmely cloathed, as namely, a good woollen Body-Cloath to come round about his heart. 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. xlviii. 323 They cover their cows with body-cloths. 1818 R. Jamieson in E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (ed. 5) II. xxii. 104 A square body-cloth, still worn round the shoulders by the Highland women, is called a tunic. 1825 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Agric. 945 When horses are in general work, a little walking exercise in the morning in body cloths, if the condition be very high, or the weather be very cold, is all that is necessary. 1881 W. G. Hughes Hill Tracks Arakan 12 The women of both tribes wear much the same dress, which is a body-cloth..fastened round the waist with cords. 1917 Times 29 Nov. 9/4 In Béarn..the oxen..wear a body cloth which is embroidered with a red heart on the hood, just between the eyes. 2002 P. Heehs Indian Relig. xvii. 416 Here he lived a simple life, wearing a plain white lungi and body-cloth, and eating almost nothing. body-clothes n. now rare clothes for the body. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun] clothesc888 hattersOE shroudc1000 weedOE shrouda1122 clothc1175 hatteringa1200 atourc1220 back-clout?c1225 habit?c1225 clothingc1275 cleadinga1300 dubbinga1300 shroudinga1300 attirec1300 coverturec1300 suitc1325 apparel1330 buskingc1330 farec1330 harness1340 tire1340 backs1341 geara1350 apparelmentc1374 attiringa1375 vesturec1385 heelinga1387 vestmentc1386 arraya1400 graitha1400 livery1399 tirementa1400 warnementa1400 arrayment1400 parelc1400 werlec1400 raiment?a1425 robinga1450 rayc1450 implements1454 willokc1460 habiliment1470 emparelc1475 atourement1481 indumenta1513 reparel1521 wearing gear1542 revesture1548 claesc1550 case1559 attirement1566 furniture1566 investuring1566 apparelling1567 dud1567 hilback1573 wear1576 dress1586 enfolding1586 caparison1589 plight1590 address1592 ward-ware1598 garnish1600 investments1600 ditement1603 dressing1603 waith1603 thing1605 vestry1606 garb1608 outwall1608 accoutrementa1610 wearing apparel1617 coutrement1621 vestament1632 vestiment1637 equipage1645 cask1646 aguise1647 back-timbera1656 investiture1660 rigging1664 drapery1686 vest1694 plumage1707 bussingc1712 hull1718 paraphernalia1736 togs1779 body clothing1802 slough1808 toggery1812 traps1813 garniture1827 body-clothes1828 garmenture1832 costume1838 fig1839 outfit1840 vestiture1841 outer womana1845 outward man1846 vestiary1846 rag1855 drag1870 clo'1874 parapherna1876 clobber1879 threads1926 mocker1939 schmatte1959 vine1959 kit1989 1706 London Gaz. No. 4212/4 A white Streak down the Side, occasioned by Body-Clothes. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth v, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 114 God-a-mercy, wench, it were hard to deny thee time to busk thy body-clothes. body clothing n. clothing for the body. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun] clothesc888 hattersOE shroudc1000 weedOE shrouda1122 clothc1175 hatteringa1200 atourc1220 back-clout?c1225 habit?c1225 clothingc1275 cleadinga1300 dubbinga1300 shroudinga1300 attirec1300 coverturec1300 suitc1325 apparel1330 buskingc1330 farec1330 harness1340 tire1340 backs1341 geara1350 apparelmentc1374 attiringa1375 vesturec1385 heelinga1387 vestmentc1386 arraya1400 graitha1400 livery1399 tirementa1400 warnementa1400 arrayment1400 parelc1400 werlec1400 raiment?a1425 robinga1450 rayc1450 implements1454 willokc1460 habiliment1470 emparelc1475 atourement1481 indumenta1513 reparel1521 wearing gear1542 revesture1548 claesc1550 case1559 attirement1566 furniture1566 investuring1566 apparelling1567 dud1567 hilback1573 wear1576 dress1586 enfolding1586 caparison1589 plight1590 address1592 ward-ware1598 garnish1600 investments1600 ditement1603 dressing1603 waith1603 thing1605 vestry1606 garb1608 outwall1608 accoutrementa1610 wearing apparel1617 coutrement1621 vestament1632 vestiment1637 equipage1645 cask1646 aguise1647 back-timbera1656 investiture1660 rigging1664 drapery1686 vest1694 plumage1707 bussingc1712 hull1718 paraphernalia1736 togs1779 body clothing1802 slough1808 toggery1812 traps1813 garniture1827 body-clothes1828 garmenture1832 costume1838 fig1839 outfit1840 vestiture1841 outer womana1845 outward man1846 vestiary1846 rag1855 drag1870 clo'1874 parapherna1876 clobber1879 threads1926 mocker1939 schmatte1959 vine1959 kit1989 1802 J. Clark Coll. Papers 102 Some articles of bed and body clothing. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xvi. 168 Blankets were served out as the material for body-clothing. 2006 Independent (Nexis) 17 Oct. (Sports Suppl.) 46 Now you have jockeys wearing protective body clothing as well as safer head gear. body coat n. a coat fitting more or less closely to the body, †a dress coat (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > coat > types of > dress-coat body coat1697 dress coat1749 spike-tail1894 1697 C. K. Art's Master-piece 13 The finer the Drapery is, the finer and sharper must the Folds be, and the Shadow the stronger and finer to the Eye, always observing that the Garment that sits close, as the Body Coat of a Man..require no Folding. 1786 H. Lemoine Kentish Curate II. vii. 128 Without farther ceremony..the mock serjeant, in waiting, also despoiled me of my waistcoat, as my body coat was inadequate to their purpose. 1820 T. Mitchell in tr. Aristophanes Comedies I. Introd. p. lxii His ring, his seal, his body-coat, his perfume-box, his upper and under mantle. 2006 Agence France Presse (Nexis) 26 Oct. Iranian women wear..a combination of full hair-covering (hijab) headscarf and long body coat (manto). body colour n. Painting colour that has consistency or depth, in distinction to a tint or wash (cf. sense 21a), spec. pigment rendered opaque by the addition of white paint and typically used in a water-based medium; gouache; an example of this. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > art of colouring > [noun] > quality of colour body colour1735 1735 J. Barrow Dict. Polygraphicum I. at Colouring As to glaz'd colours, care is to be taken that the under colour be painted strong, and that it be a body colour and laid smooth. a1806 J. Barry in R. N. Wornum Lect. on Painting (1848) 215 Employing stiff body colour on a white ground. 1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 107 The difficulty of calculating when ‘wet’ the difference of tone the body-colour will assume when dry. 1994 Antique Dealer & Collectors Guide Nov. 30/1 The original rules of the Watercolour Society forbade the use of body colour (i.e. admixture of white to produce opaque or oil-like effects) but the precept was..widely ignored by many popular innovators. body composition n. (a) a composite material used in a manufacturing process, esp. to form a base coat of enamel or the body of a piece of pottery; (b) the chemical constituents or tissues of which a living organism is composed; esp. the relative proportion of fat and lean tissue in the body of a human or animal. ΚΠ 1853 A. Ure Dict. Arts (ed. 4) I. 652 The inside of pipes is enamelled..by pouring the above body composition through them while the pipe is being turned about. 1895 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 17 610 In order to show more clearly the variation in the body composition of different germs the following table is appended. 1908 Iowa Year Bk. Agric. 1907 606 While a considerable amount of fat is contained in the body composition, this is amply supplied in the ordinary grains which are to be had on any farm. 1932 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 40 662 (note) In terms of texture or body composition, tableware may be broadly classified into earthenware or chinaware (or porcelain). 2003 S. J. Segal & L. Mastroianni Hormone Use Menopause & Male Andropause 90 As men age, their body composition changes. Lean body mass (mainly muscle) decreases while fat increases. body contouring n. the action or process of altering the shape of the body in order to improve personal appearance, (now) esp. by means of cosmetic surgery. ΚΠ 1933 N.Y. Times 2 Feb. 3/7 (advt.) The Wilson Method is a patented process of Body Contouring without the use of mechanical devices or other unnatural means. 1979 U.S. News & World Rep. (Nexis) 5 Mar. 79 Many surgeons are now moving into ‘body contouring’ that can flatten stomachs, reconstruct or augment breasts, reshape hips and thighs. 2007 V. Pitts-Taylor Surg. Junkies 1 Dr. McCullen..now devotes much of his practice to body contouring, which includes body lifts, breast implants, and liposuction. body copy n. the main body of text in an advertisement (or occasionally other document), excluding the headline, captions, etc.; cf. sense 6c. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > body of composition textc1369 bodyc1405 contexta1530 contexturea1619 body text1892 body copy1926 1926 Bankers' Mag. Dec. 834/2 Let us next consider headline and body copy as a unit. 1971 F. K. Baskette Art of Editing (1977) xiv. 268 The editor gives the dummy to the printer, who assembles the type for body copy, headlines and pictures. 2005 E. Applegate Strategic Copywriting iv. 55 Now that the headline, subhead.., and slogan..have been written, it is time to write the body copy of the advertisement. body count n. the number of casualties in a battle or other conflict, esp. as officially listed or reported; also in extended use. ΘΠ the world > life > death > [noun] > death roll > military butcher's bill1829 casualty returns1846 casualty list1864 body count1962 1962 Tulane Drama Rev. 6 iii. 26 If the body count is any criterion, Frank V is at least as classical as Richard III. 1968 Economist 29 June 25/2 The Americans have largely abandoned the ‘body count’ system, according to which a Vietcong was supposed to be reported dead only if his body was actually seen and counted. 1984 Listener 22 Mar. 6/1 According to the body-count kept by the American Embassy, the rate of killings has dropped to around 100 a month. 2000 A. Bourdain Kitchen Confid. (2001) 30 I..racked up a serious body count of lobsters on the double-decker steamer. body double n. a stand-in for a film or television actor, esp. during a nude scene. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > a film > actors or characters > [noun] > other actors lens louse1928 stand-in1929 baddie1934 goody1934 narrator1941 voice actor1958 playback singer1963 voice-over1966 voice actress1974 body double1981 1981 Washington Post 22 June c1/4 She is too innocent, too sweet... She won't do the nude scenes, so we have to use a body double. It is frustrating. 1983 People 26 Dec. 98/2 The footwork was done not by star Jennifer Beals, but by her body double, Jahan, 25. 2002 J. Cartwright White Lightning iii. 16 We hired a body double for the more explicit scenes. body drop n. [after Japanese tai-otoshi tai-otoshi n.] Ju-jitsu and Judo a throw in which an opponent is made to fall over an extended leg. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > martial arts > [noun] > judo or ju-jitsu > actions or positions armlock1841 hip throw1850 neck lock1876 breakfall1906 sutemi-waza1906 tomoe-nage1906 tsurikomi-goshi1906 uchimata1906 uki-goshi1906 uki-otoshi1906 ura-nage1906 corner throw1911 sumi-gaeshi1918 yoko-shiho-gatame1918 kesa-gatame1932 o-goshi1932 osaekomi-waza1932 seoi nage1932 take-down1939 harai goshi1941 osae-waza1941 tsukuri1941 uki-waza1941 body drop1948 tsurikomi-ashi1948 jigotai1950 kuzushi1950 tai-otoshi1950 tsugi ashi1950 hold-down1954 reaping1954 shime-waza1954 ude-garami1954 ude-gatame1954 uki-gatame1954 osotogari1956 shoulder throw1956 tsurikomi1956 ukemi1956 reap1968 1948 G. Koizumi Twelve Judo Throws 26 Body-drop (Taiotoshi)..is one of the hand throws. 1960 Oxf. Mail 10 Mar. 8/3 Buley scored a point with a body drop throw, but Garnett scored points with hip and body drop throws. 1993 WWF Mag. Apr. 30/1 Rick went on the prowl and nailed Black with a back bodydrop and a wicked belly-to-back suplex. body dysmorphic disorder n. Psychiatry a disorder in which a person becomes excessively preoccupied with an imagined or slight defect in his or her appearance, typically causing some impairment of social and occupational functioning, and often resulting in repeated plastic surgery; cf. dysmorphophobia n.; abbreviated BDD. ΚΠ 1987 Diagnostic & Statist. Man. Mental Disorders (Amer. Psychiatric Assoc.) (rev. ed.) 255 The first disorder in this category is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (previously called Dysmorphophobia). 1993 Times (Nexis) 21 Dec. Andrew has a complaint known as body dysmorphic disorder... Sufferers' fears may focus on facial characteristics, such as wrinkles, spots, scars and the size of the nose, or on other parts of the body, such as genitals, breasts, buttocks, hands or feet. 2000 Independent 1 June i. 8/5 A report today in the Psychiatric Bulletin says that one-third of patients suffering from body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) had tried to alter their appearance drastically by doing operations at home. body face n. Typography = body type n. (a). ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > style of type > [noun] > type face or font > for printing books book type1826 body type1866 body face1898 1898 J. Southward Mod. Printing I. 134 Body or text faces. 2004 W. Ryan & T. Conover Graphic Communications Today (ed. 4) iii. 100/1 Many publications like to mix a roman body face with a crisp, heavier sans serif type. body fascism n. preoccupation with, or prejudice or discrimination based on, body shape and appearance; the promotion of an unrealistic body image; cf. lookism n. Π 1980 Times 10 July 2/8 Most descriptions of Anna Ford have been what she is wearing or how she is looking. Miss Ford described such stereotyping as ‘body fascism’. 1994 N.Y. Times 29 May 6/4 The night life columnist for The Village Voice, who is accustomed to the ‘body fascism’ of the gay club scene, discovered that straight clubs are not so different anymore. 2003 Independent 13 Jan. i. 13/2 It gives their obsessions a respectable face, another excuse to push their body fascism into every cell of our lives and those of our children. body fascist n. a person who is preoccupied with, or discriminates on the basis of, body shape or appearance; (in early use) a person preoccupied with health issues; cf. lookist n. Π 1978 Business Week 22 May 10/1 Psychotherapy-as-recreation..has contributed in no small way to the kindred plagues of jogging and vegetarianism that are now so thoroughly disrupting wholesome social intercourse across our land. An acquaintance aptly dismisses such folk as ‘body fascists’. 1982 Times 1 Oct. 22/8 She said that what was needed was more ‘attractive women candidates’. Feminists hissed... ‘And handsome men candidates’ she added desperately. That only made it worse. The dame was a closet body fascist. 2002 Big Issue 25 Feb. 10/3 She doesn't eat sugar and does yoga at dawn, but not to lose weight. Earl Dittman hears how Gwyneth Paltrow is fighting the body fascists. body fat n. fat stored within the body, esp. in adipose tissue. Π 1877 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. ii. v. 298 The carbon elements of the newly-formed fat may be supplied either from amylaceous food, or from the carbon surplus of proteid food, or from fats taken as food which are not the natural constituents of the body-fat. 1964 Daily Tel. 3 Jan. 19/2 Pesticide residues in the fat of birds, animals and human beings were absorbed into the body and gradually built up in the body fat. 2002 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Apr. 76/3 Testosterone (or T, as researchers call it) contributes to men's higher percentage of muscle mass and lower percentage of body fat. † bodyfaunt n. Obsolete (perhaps) offspring. ΘΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > progeny or offspring bairn-teamc885 childeOE tudderc897 seedOE teamOE wastum971 offspringOE i-cundeOE fostera1175 i-streonc1175 strainc1175 brooda1300 begetc1300 barm-teamc1315 issuea1325 progenyc1330 fruit of the loinsa1340 bowel1382 young onec1384 suita1387 engendrurea1400 fruitinga1400 geta1400 birth?a1425 porturec1425 progenityc1450 bodyfauntc1460 generation1477 fryc1480 enfantement1483 infantment1483 blood issue1535 propagation1536 offspring1548 race1549 family?1552 increase1552 breed1574 begetting1611 sperm1641 bed1832 fruitage1850 c1460 My Fayr Lady in J. O. Halliwell Select. Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1840) 201 Hire lemys not smal, but liche a spere..The greet clocher up for to bere, A belfry for the bodyfaunt. body fluid n. the aqueous fluid contained within the body; the total amount of this; (as a count noun) any fluid contained in or excreted or secreted by the body (blood, haemolymph, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, semen, etc.).In phrases with exchange often used euphemistically for sexual intercourse. Π 1871 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 7 306 The amount of fat in the blood [of insects]..may in general determine the colour of the body-fluid to which the name of ‘blood’ is given. 1956 T. Astrup in Blood 11 783 In blood, human milk, tears, and in other body fluids enzymatically acting activators of plasminogen are also found. 1989 T. C. Boyle If River was Whiskey 20 There was no exchange of body fluids on the first date. 2006 Chillicothe (Missouri) Constitution-Tribune 17 May 5/3 Studies indicate that even a 2 percent loss of body fluid affects short-term memory. body hair n. hair on the body, esp. as opposed to that on the head or face; (also) an individual hair in this location. Π 1796 Lett. & Papers Agric. (Bath & West of Eng. Soc.) VIII. 4 Wool, like the body hair of most animals, is an annual production, springing from the skin of an animal. 1870 Jrnl. Ethnol. Soc. London 1869–70 2 405 The beard and body-hair commonly scanty. 1913 F. W. L. Sladen Queen-rearing in Eng. (ed. 2) 85 Dry pollen which falls upon the body hairs [of a bee] becomes moist when brought into contact with the wet brushes or with wet pollen. 2003 Glamour Aug. 102/1 Because strippers can't afford to walk around with a week's regrowth stubbling their legs or other regions, shaving body hair is preferable to waxing. body heat n. heat produced within the body; (also) body temperature (rare); cf. animal heat n. at animal n. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1861 MacMillan's Mag. June 133/2 Its [sc. a tree's] wood is of service, and it screens cattle, and checks the waste of body-heat, which is a waste of good. 1868 Lancet 28 Nov. 710/1 The observations on the pulse and body heat were taken by Dr. Buckle. 1930 Lancet 27 Sept. 686/2 The recently prepared solution is warmed to body heat and may be quite safely injected all at once provided it is injected slowly. 1996 National Trust Thames & Chilterns Newslet. Spring 2/3 This induces a greater intake of food by the birds thus helping to create extra body heat. body-hoop n. Nautical a type of mast hoop fitted tightly around a made mast. ΚΠ 1836 W. N. Glascock Naval Service I. 210 It is common to take off the cheeks, drive the body-hoops off, and take out the aris pieces. 1987 D. Larsen Stitching Porcelain (1991) iii. 48 With such freight gathering below, glossed body-hoops may well fault and buckle. body horror n. chiefly Film horror elicited by the depiction of destruction or disfigurement of the human body; an instance of this; (also) a genre of film characterized by this.Used originally with reference to the films of Canadian filmmaker David Cronenberg (b. 1943). ΚΠ 1983 W. Beard in P. Handling Shape of Rage 41 There is some bloody shooting, but there is no sex at all and little to compare with the messily explicit body horrors of the other features. 1996 Guardian 5 Apr. (Arts section) 5/5 If body horror ran its course as a genre, it may be because over the last decade..the taboo on the body as object has been weakened. 1998 J. Taylor (title) Body horror: photojournalism, catastrophe and war. 2008 Variety 26 May 28 Gondry handles the light intrusion of Cronenbergian body-horror with minimal f/x. body horse n. (also body hoss) now chiefly regional a shaft horse, a wheel horse; (also) a horse in the middle of a larger team. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [noun] > draught-horse > team of > horse(s) attached to or between shafts thill-horsec1325 limoneer1524 thiller1552 body horse1558 fill-horse1600 limber1632 filler1695 pole horse1725 shaft-horse1769 wheel-pair1794 wheeler1813 shafter1840 1558 in E. Roberts & K. Parker Southampton Probate Inventories, 1447–1575 (1992) I. 109 Traces for a bodie horse, xij d. 1597 F. Bacon Of Coulers Good & Euill (Arb.) x. 154 The body-horse in the Cart, that draweth more then the forehorse. 1759–60 Whole Proc. King's Comm. Peace (City of London & County of Middlesex) vi. ii. 231/2 He turn'd his horse round, and came and struck the fore horse again 2 or 3 times, and likewise the body horse. 1831 I. K. Brunel Treat. Draught in W. Youatt Horse 414 The leader, by tightening the traces, is continually relieving the strain from the body horse. 1854 A. E. Baker Gloss. Northants. Words I. 61 In some parts of the county the team is not used unless the team consists of four horses, in which case the shaft-horse is the thiller, the second the body-horse, the third the lash, and the fourth the leader or for-horse. 1988 J. Lavers Dict. Isle of Wight Dial. 21 Body hoss, the horse in the team nearest the ‘thiller hoss’ (the horse between the shafts). 2006 Record (Stockton, Calif.) (Nexis) 21 June In front of them, body horses and swing horses turn the wagon. body-hugging adj. (of clothing) that fits closely to the body; cf. figure-hugging adj. at figure n. Additions, hip-hugging adj. Π 1917 Outing Sept. 848/1 Comfortable, body-hugging garments that will keep you enjoyably warm on the coldest days. 1952 Times 5 Feb. 7/6 His topcoats are body-hugging with a swinging, canvas-stiffened skirt. 2004 Cape Gay Guide (ed. 9) 20 All the gym boys who are draped in designer swimwear, speedo's and body hugging shorts. body image n. Psychology the subjective picture or mental image which a person has of his or her body, esp. (in later popular use) in relation to its shape; cf. body schema n. ΚΠ 1934 P. Schilder in Proc. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 13 466 (title) Localization of the body image. 1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 1505/2 Sensations of apparent movement, however, are clearly pseudo-hallucinations, as they involve a projection of the body image into external space. 1992 Utne Reader May 53/1 Our narcissistic culture has turned us into a nation of body-image ‘junkies’. 2006 Observer 19 Nov. i. 7/1 The notion that being very thin was desirable..meant body image was the greatest pressure facing teenage girls. † body lifter n. Obsolete = body snatcher n. 2. ΘΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > bodysnatcher > [noun] resurrectionist1777 resurrection man1781 resurrection woman1815 body snatcher1819 resurrection cove1819 resurrectioner1822 resurrection jarvey1825 grab1831 snatcher1831 body lifter1832 all-night man1861 resurrector1861 1832 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 47 517 Not coming from a professional body-lifter. 1861 E. B. Ramsay Reminisc. Sc. Life 2nd Ser. 133 I have heard quiet and worthy men speak of the body-lifters, or ‘all-night-men’..with a ferocity in striking contrast to their ordinary bearing and character. body linen n. now historical any of various types of clothing, typically nightwear or underwear. ΚΠ 1715 New, Exact List Officers Civil & Mil. 17 Laundress of the Body Linen. 1822 Times 7 May 4/5 Of what description his property was, he did not deign to state. It should seem, however, it did not consist of body linen, as he was without that usual appendage of a high sheriff—viz., a shirt. 1926 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 26 781/2 The body linen and linen on which the patient has lain..must be boiled before it is used again. 2000 K. Lasky Marie Antoinette 26 A highborn lady only is allowed to help with petticoats and camisoles and the ‘body linen’. body louse n. a louse of the subspecies Pediculus humanus humanus (family Pediculidae), which infests the human body and clothing, especially where hygiene is poor, and can transmit several diseases; cf. head louse n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > group Anoplura > order Siphunculata > member of genus Pediculus (louse) > pediculus corporis (body-louse) body louse1545 crumb1863 typhus louse1910 coot1915 cootie1917 pants rabbits1917 1545 J. Bale Mysterye Inyquyte P. Pantolabus f. 64 Now steppeth forth Pantolabus as bragge a bodye lowse and as one depelye lerned in þ^e scole of scornefulnesse. a1652 R. Brome Court Begger Epil. sig. S8^v, in Five New Playes (1653) As briske as a Body-lowse in a new Pasture. 1787 C. Taylor Surv. Nature II. 270 Linnæus is of opinion, that the head and the body louse differ in no respect from each other. They seldom attack any in our climate but such as from sloth or famine invite their company. 1861 R. T. Hulme tr. C. H. Moquin-Tandon Elements Med. Zool. ii. vi. i. 294 The Body (or Clothes) Louse..was for a long time confounded with the former [sc. the Head Louse]. 1940 W. H. Holmes Bacillary & Rickettsial Infections V. 76 They discovered that trench fever is a true rickettsial disease transmitted by the body louse. 2001 J. O'Brien At Home in Heart of Appalachia xii. 196 Everyone was infested with body lice—‘graybacks’—which bit and stung. body-maker n. a maker of bodies (in various senses); spec. †(a) a maker of dress bodies or bodices, a dressmaker (see sense 4c, and cf. bodice-maker at bodice n. Compounds) (obsolete); (b) a maker of vehicle bodies (see sense 6a); (c) a maker of hat bodies (see sense 6i). ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making other clothing > [noun] > making other items of clothing > one who makes other items of clothing wimpler1260 paltock-maker1376 wimplester1379 point-maker1405 girdler1428 silk-maid1474 pointer1500 middlemana1525 jack-maker1541 paste-wife1550 silkman1553 body-maker1573 linen-armourer1603 bodice-maker1672 costumier1798 costumer1830 costumist1842 rober1852 stock-maker1858 tie-maker1901 society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > makers of other articles > [noun] > of parts of vehicle bodies body-maker1802 coach-smith1837 coach trimmer1840 bodybuilder1870 budget-trimmer?1881 panel beater1908 1573 I. Whitney Sweet Nosgay sig. Eiiii^v For the men, few Steetes or Lanes, but Bodymakers bee: And such as make the sweeping Cloakes, with Gardes beneth the Knee. 1616 B. Rich My Ladies Looking Glasse 12 These new fangled Tailers, these Body-makers, these Perfumers, these Imbroderers, these Attire-makers..are the instruments of sinne. 1710 Alphabet. Draft Poll of R. Bene & R. Berney 5 Samuel Garrett, Body-maker. 1802 Sporting Mag. 19 205/1 In the first shop [of a coach manufactory] the body-makers are employed. 1846 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. 6th Ser. 113 ‘Body-makers’ [are] employed principally on delicate framework and panelling. ?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 74 Silk Hat Making: Body Maker. Finisher. Shaper. 1921 Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §409 Body-maker [of hats]. 1961 Times 27 May 5/2 A felt hat body-maker, of Oldham Road. 1990 Jrnl. Decorative & Propaganda Arts 15 63 The third alternative was to let a larger independent bodymaker style the car. body-making n. the making of a body or bodies (in various senses); spec. the making of vehicle bodies (see sense 6a). Π 1544 H. Latimer in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) v. x. 980/1 The Papish consecration: whiche hath bene called a Gods body makyng. 1833 Times 7 Jan. 1/5 (advt.) Wanted, an apprentice, in the carriage and body-making department. 1891 Daily News 29 Dec. 6/4 The body-making and harness departments. 2002 Sociol. Theory 20 385 Family life is organized around the solidarities of needful body-making. body mark n. Typography = body stroke n. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > printed matter > printed character(s) > [noun] > stem or thick stroke body line1741 body mark1876 body stroke1898 1876 U.S. Patent D9186 1/1 The shaded part of the letter is colored by lines running from the body-mark toward the outer shade line. 1899 T. L. De Vinne Pract. Typogr. (1902) 30 The body mark, or stem, is the thick line of the face which most clearly indicates the character and the height of the letter. It is better known among printers as the thick-stroke. 1948 M. E. Skillin & R. M. Gay Words into Type 82 The main upright heavy element is the stem, sometimes called the body mark or thick stroke. body mass index n. chiefly Medicine (originally) any of several formulae relating body weight and height (or length), usually in humans; (now) spec. weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres, used esp. as an indicator of obesity or general nutritional status; also called Quetelet index; abbreviated BMI. ΚΠ 1940 W. H. Sheldon Varieties Human Physique 266 This is simply one variation of the ‘ponderal index’, or index of bodily mass.] 1959 Psychol. Rep. 5 495 No significant correlation..existed between weight and the ‘body mass index’ (BMI). 1975 Jrnl. Chronic Dis. 28 113 Table 4 shows a significant quadratic relationship for both relative weight and body mass index with total mortality. 1989 Acta Endocrinologica 121 456 However, ‘adapted body mass index’ (aBMI = gram body weight/(mm radial length)²) decreased in each of the IGF-I infused animals, whereas it increased in each of the control dogs. 2000 Business Rev. Weekly 16 June 43/2 Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30; overweight is between 25 and 30. body mechanics n. originally U.S. the positioning and movement of the body according to principles of ergonomics and posture. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > posture > [noun] standing1540 gesture?1548 site1573 posture1605 positure1621 figure1658 pose1818 body mechanics1922 1922 L. C. Thomas & J. E. Goldthwait 13 Good body mechanics means the correct poise and control of the body with the normal functioning of every organ. 1930 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 151 105/1 The posture of the preschool child has received continued consideration with our increasing comprehension that the child with poor body mechanics is prone to infections such as tuberculosis, nervous disorders, and poor nutrition. 2000 Massage Mag. May 15/1 Even practitioners who have excellent body mechanics can become injured due to past medical history, lack of physical conditioning, joint hypermobility, etc. body memory n. (a) a memory associated with the body, as opposed to the soul or spirit (rare); (b) the capacity for experiencing memories as physical sensations, rather than intellectually; a physical sensation believed to be the manifestation of a (traumatic) memory. Π 1909 A. Blackwood Jimbo viii. 93 You'll forget quick enough when you get back into your body, and have only the body-memories. 1922 D. E. Core Functional Nerv. Disorders i. 33 There is the foreshadowing of memory among the lower animals in the atmosphere of a centripetal emotional tone, but this is a ‘body-memory’ dependent on visceral dispositions that are specific to the emotional tone. 1976 Drama Rev. 20 58 The actor does not necessarily need to recall consciously the sensory details of an early childhood experience; his body memory can throw him back into that experience. 2009 K. Sabbagh Remembering our Childhood 144 Headaches and migraines, gastrointestinal problems, or pelvic pain, could all be ‘body memories’ of abuse. body mike n. originally U.S. a small microphone attached to the body or clothing. ΚΠ 1964 Washington Post 27 Sept. g3/4 [Live theatre] does have ever more gadgets in hand—floor mikes, body mikes, soundtracked supplementary scores. 1990 J. Cantalupo & T. C. Renner Body Mike Pref. p. xii He became a professional paid informer for the FBI and wore a body mike to record the conversations of the criminals he worked and dealt with. 2008 Cornish Guardian (Nexis) 9 July 6 All Abba songs featured in the movie were pre-recorded before shooting began and then recorded live on set with body mikes. body-mind n. and adj. Philosophy = mind-body n. and adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > philosophy of mind-body interrelation > [noun] mind-body1873 body-mind1877 1877 G. H. Lewes Physical Basis of Mind iii. iii. 350 We know ourselves as Body-Mind; we do not know ourselves as Body and Mind, if by that be meant two coexistent independent Existents. 1906 Amer. Jrnl. Theol. 10 526 The possibility of extra-mental things-in-themselves seemed to be refuted by the earlier argument, while here at the close they have become the explanatory principle in the body-mind relationship. 1945 Mind 54 58 The defenders of this view have recently been making quite a point of speaking not of ‘a mind’ and ‘a body’ but of a ‘body-mind’, seeking to emphasize by the hyphen in this compound word the monistic identity or inseparableness of the mental and bodily components. 1999 Isis 90 639/2 Popper disputes..the monistic approach to the body-mind problem. body odour n. the smell of a person's body, esp. the unpleasant smell caused by bacteria growing on the skin (abbreviated B.O.). ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fetor > [noun] > fetid smells > body odour body odour1885 B.O.1933 the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > perspirations > [noun] > body odour body odour1885 B.O.1933 1885 Titusville (Pa.) Morning Herald 17 Sept. A keen faculty of recognizing differences in the body odor has been known in some individuals. 1933 D. L. Sayers Murder must Advertise iv. 69 Do you ever ask yourself about Body-Odour? 2006 S. Turow in N.Y. Times Mag. 7 May 35/1 For one thing, Koll does not bathe. Having to smell his body odor is like dragging a tree saw through your nose. body-pierced adj. designating a person with one or more body piercings. Π 1993 Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 5 May How do you find the clubs with the beer-soaked floors and body-pierced bartenders. 2008 D. Baker Dolly Departed xiii. 95 Imagine chasing a tattooed, body-pierced, crazy man through the streets of Scottsdale. body piercer n. a person who practises body piercing, either on himself or herself, or on others as a profession. ΘΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the body > [noun] > other forms of decorating the body > one who pierces body piercer1977 piercer1990 1977 E. J. Trimmer et al. Visual Dict. Sex v. 60/3 Among Western body-piercers, another form of infibulation is practised, in which partners put a padlock through the foreskin or the labia, and keep the keys with each other's consent. 1992 Guardian 4 Dec. ii. 9/1 According to body piercer Teena Maree, ‘The number and variety of people coming to be pierced has increased outrageously in the past year or so.’ 2008 S. Wales Evening Post (Nexis) 14 Mar. 10 When I was 13, I trained to become a body piercer and all my school projects were on tattoos. body piercing n. the piercing of parts of the body (esp. other than the ear), in order to insert a ring, stud, bar, etc., typically as a form of adornment or to enhance sexual pleasure; (also as a count noun) = piercing n. 2b. ΘΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the body > [noun] > other forms of decorating the body > body piercing body piercing1977 1977 E. J. Trimmer et al. Visual Dict. Sex v. 60/2 Infibulation is a form of body-piercing that is found among a few primitive communities, and is usually intended to restrict sexual intercourse. 1994 Spy (N.Y.) July 11/1 Your dis of body piercing suggests that..[you] don't know the special bink a pierced tongue adds to oral sex. 1997 Escape Mar. 47/1 Both of us..have recently started collecting body piercings. I have a PA (Prince Albert—a ring in the end of your todger) and tongue piercing. 2004 S. B. Anderson Serving Older Teens ii. 33 Body piercing, body art and painting, and tattooing are also popular with teens, and the purpose of these practices is to enhance beauty. body pillow n. chiefly U.S. (originally) a particularly soft mattress or mattress pad; (now chiefly) a long pillow used to support the body while sleeping. ΚΠ 1911 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press 29 Sept. It's ‘a pillow for the body’—a big, buoyant, undulating body pillow that conforms to every curve, every position of the sleeper. 1989 Washington Post 26 Oct. t9 Feather Bed: Traditionally a down- or feather-filled sleeping pad, the term today refers to a bed-size body pillow used over a boxspring. 1993 Los Angeles Times 30 June 1 Sometimes we even snuggle up with inanimate objects, such as the full-length body pillows that are the vogue in catalogues and department stores. 2002 S. Brown Crush (2003) 220 Wick lay on his left side, propped up in that position by a body pillow. body plan n. (a) Shipbuilding an end elevation of a ship, showing the breadth, contour of the sides, etc., at various points along its length (in wooden ships at the principal timbers); (b) Zoology the general anatomical organization typical of animals of a particular phylum or other major group. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > [noun] > shipbuilding > lines, sections, or elevations middle line?c1400 sweep1627 lines1680 touch1711 waterline1750 station1754 sheer-draught1769 body plan1781 sheer-line1797 sheer-plan1797 touchline1797 water plane1798 centreline1806 buttock line1816 crown1830 scrieve1830 top-breadth line1846 wave-line1846 floor-plan1867 1781 M. Stalkartt Naval Archit. ii. vi. 37 In the body plan..the heads of the timbers are drawn and distinguished by FHd. meaning floor-head, and 1st FHd. meaning first futtock-head. 1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 137 The plan of projection, commonly called the body plan, which exhibits the outline of the principal timbers, and the greatest heights and breadths of the same. 1883 Proc. Royal Soc. 34 381 The conception of the body plan of Brachiopoda arising in this way involves an entirely new view of the homologies of the body surfaces. 1996 Trailer Boats Oct. 24/2 Vertical slices crosswise through the boat are taken at ordinates called stations and show in the body plan as sections. 2004 Washington Post 4 June (Home ed.) a10/5 The little fossils are the first evidence of what are called bilaterians—animals with a two-sided body plan. body-pop v. intransitive to perform body-popping. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other popular 20th-century dances > [verb (intransitive)] black bottom1926 hand-jive1958 Watusi1961 frug1964 dancercise1967 moonwalk1970 bop1979 slam dance1981 mosh1983 body-pop1984 slam1991 1984 Times 13 July 10/8 Dwellers on Planet Rock..are often to be seen on pavements, body-popping. 1986 J. Savarin Naja ii. 35 The black disc-jockey body-popped with unbelievable athleticism. 2005 Word Feb. 92/2 On stage at Hammersmith, the prince of melancholy was body-popping like a demented scarecrow. body-popper n. a person who body-pops. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other popular 20th-century dances > [noun] > dancer bunny-hugger1914 line dancer1928 slam dancer1981 body-popper1983 slammer1983 moonwalker1986 mosher1990 1983 Melody Maker 27 Aug. 8/1 We've got The Crew now, which is generally rollerskaters, bodypoppers..and people that help us out. 1984 N.Y. Times 15 Apr. x. 51/2 The girls wanted to go back to Covent Garden to watch the punks and body-poppers. 2007 Independent 28 Feb. (Extra section) 21/7 A team of six of the UK's best break-dancers and body-poppers, who become ‘physical calligraphy’ alongside..on-stage video animations. body-popping n. and adj. (a) n.a style of street dance characterized by robotic, jerky movements of the joints; (b) adj. that performs this style of dance.This style of dance is sometimes said to have originated in the United States in the late 1970s or early 1980s, but the earliest written evidence for body-popping and related terms is from U.K. sources. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other popular 20th-century dances > [noun] mashed potato1747 bunny hug1912 chicken scratch1912 bunny-hugging1916 jazz1919 black bottom1925 shuffle1925 Mess Around1926 snake hips1933 Susie-Q1936 Lambeth Walk1937 bunny hop1938 bop1956 pony1961 Watusi1961 locomotion1962 mash potato1962 frug1964 hully gully1964 dancercise1967 pogo1977 moonwalking1980 slam dance1981 slam dancing1981 body-popping1982 b-boying1984 mosh1985 moshing1987 society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other popular 20th-century dances > [adjective] body-popping1982 moshing1987 mosh1990 1982 New Musical Express 25 Dec. 5/1 Bodypopping is more of an art form. There's a hint of mime and an element of robot dancing. 1984 Financial Times 26 Mar. 11 A mute, body-popping robot. 2007 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 27 Nov. c5 Snap dancing, from Atlanta, resurrects body-popping moves from the 1980s and 1990s. body-positive adj. that has or promotes a tolerant, progressive, or candid attitude towards the human body; that accepts, appreciates, or celebrates a realistic body image. Π 1989 G. Feuerstein Enlightened Sexuality 8 These body-positive traditions..were hampered by the strong body- and sex-negative attitudes prevalent in their respective cultures at large. 2008 K. Inckle in V. Pitts-Taylor Cultural Encycl. Body II. 411 This pathologization of menstruation..has led many feminists to cultivate a countercultural, body-positive attitude towards periods. 2020 South China Morning Post (Nexis) 20 Sept. 27 As a body-positive role model, she continues to challenge stereotypes about female beauty in Asia. body positivity n. acceptance and appreciation of the human body, esp. one's own; (also) the promotion and celebration of a realistic body image.Frequently as a modifier, designating a campaign or movement promoting such an attitude. Π 1994 soc.bi 1 Feb. (Usenet newsgroup, accessed 9 Sept. 2020) You give fine examples..that fit a trend of physical intimacy while young translating to body-positivity when older. 2016 Teen Vogue Sept. 100/1 The stigma surrounding ‘that time of the month’ may be on its way out, thanks in part to social media and body positivity campaigns. 2019 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 26 Oct. 38 At the heart of the discussion is the Body Positivity movement which reclaims the word fat, rejects all forms of body shaming and encourages plus-size people to be proud of their bodies. body press n. Wrestling a move in which the weight of a wrestler's body is used to pin an opponent to the floor. ΚΠ 1926 Salt Lake Tribune 22 Jan. 12/7 The second fall was with a body press and the third was with a head and armlock combined. 1975 Mail-Star (Halifax, Nova Scotia) 14 May 24 Brown recovered and knocked Burk to the canvas... Taylor came to and saw Brown with a body press on Burk. 2004 H. Race & G. Tritz King of Ring vii. 53 He jumped into me with a flying body press. body rhythm n. (a) a recurring cyclic variation in the physiology or functioning of a person or animal (cf. biorhythm n. 1); (b) rhythm in the movement of the body; an instance of this. ΚΠ 1889 H. Campbell Causation Dis. i. viii. 49 The body rhythms due to the rhythmical changes of our planetary system afford the best examples of the former. 1908 Eagle 29 248 Has a good idea of body rhythm;..when rowing he shows some tendency to bucket. 1991 N. Feil in P. K. H. Kim Serving Elderly iv. 110 Move with the person, pick up their breathing, match their arm movements, their body rhythms, genuinely match their repetitive motions, their gait, dance to their tempo. 2007 L. Gratton Hot Spots vi. 128 When Pertti steps off the plane from Helsinki to Beijing, his body rhythms are still operating on Finnish time. body rope n. Nautical rare a single rope sewn along the sides and foot of a square sail in place of separate leech and foot ropes. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > sail > [noun] > rope sewn at edge to prevent tearing > parts of foot ropeOE head ropec1625 body rope1759 leech-rope1769 foot line1813 1759 News-readers Pocket-bk. 71 Cringles, are small pieces of Rope spliced into the body Rope of Courses, and Top-sails. 1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships Royal Navy 42 The ropes [for royals] are of two sizes only—viz., head rope from earring to earring, and a body rope on the foot and leeches. 1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships Royal Navy 46 The largest or body rope, down one leech through the foot, and up the other leech..; and the head rope. body schema n. Psychology the subjective picture or mental image which a person has of his or her body, esp. in relation to spatial awareness and movement; cf. body image n. ΚΠ 1935 P. Schilder Image & Appearance of Human Body 11 The body schema is the tri-dimensional image everybody has about himself. We may call it ‘body-image’. 1962 J. Hoenig & M. W. Hamilton tr. K. T. Jaspers Gen. Psychopathol. i. 89 The car I drive, if I am a good driver, becomes part of my body-schema or image and is like an extended body which I invest fully with my own senses. 2000 Science 3 Nov. 1782/2 These neurons..could form the basis of the complex body schema that we constantly use to adjust posture and guide movement. body scissors n. Wrestling a scissor hold applied to an opponent's torso; see scissors n. 4b. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > wrestling > [noun] > manoeuvres swengOE turn?c1225 castc1400 trip1412 fall?a1425 foil1553 collar1581 lock1598 faulx1602 fore-hip1602 forward1602 inturn1602 mare1602 hug1617 disembracement1663 buttock1688 throw1698 back-lock1713 cross-buttock1713 flying horse1713 in holds1713 buttocker1823 chip1823 dogfall1823 cross-buttocker1827 hitch1834 bear hug1837 backfall1838 stop1840 armlock1841 side hug1842 click1846 catch-hold1849 back-breaker1867 back-click1867 snap1868 hank1870 nelson1873 headlock1876 chokehold1886 stranglehold1886 hip lock1888 heave1889 strangle1890 pinfall1894 strangler's grip1895 underhold1895 hammer-lock1897 scissor hold1897 body slam1899 scissors hold1899 armbar1901 body scissors1903 scissors grip1904 waist-hold1904 neck hold1905 scissors1909 hipe1914 oshi1940 oshi-dashi1940 oshi-taoshi1940 pindown1948 lift1958 whip1958 Boston crab1961 grapevine1968 powerbomb1990 1903 Lowell (Mass.) Sun 15 Dec. 19/2 Finally Lundstrom..got a bar hold and body scissors and slowly but surely Reinecke's shoulders went down to the mat. 1940 R. Chandler Farewell, my Lovely 173 The Indian threw me sideways and got a body scissors on me as I fell. 1991 R. Mistry Such Long Journey (1992) 42 The drop-kicks, flying mares, body scissors and airplane spins that whizzed around the arena. body scrub n. (a) a grainy cosmetic preparation applied to the body in order to cleanse and exfoliate the skin; (b) a type of beauty treatment in which the body is cleansed and exfoliated, esp. using a cosmetic preparation. ΚΠ 1975 Chicago Tribune 8 Dec. iii. 6/1 It's even more effective when used with a body scrub such as Clinique's or Diane von Furstenberg's. 1985 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 27 Jan. (Travel section) 8 [He] proceeded to show me the immaculately kept indoor and outdoor pools, a multi-nozzle Swiss shower, four indoor racquetball courts and various baths, massage, body scrub, sauna and steam rooms. 1992 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Nov. 196 As my handsome young Korean masseur started in on me, I felt pulverized... ‘It felt’, she said as we staggered off for a ‘body scrub’ and ‘body care’, ‘like they were trying to get information.’ 2000 Daily Tel. 24 Nov. 25/1 A good body scrub, such as this one from Origins, is essential shower kit to ensure your skin is smooth and buff. body sculpting n. chiefly U.S. the action or process of altering the shape of the body, esp. by means of exercise or cosmetic surgery, in order to improve physical appearance; frequently attributive. ΚΠ 1939 N.Y. Times 18 June 2/7 My wonderful ‘body sculpting’ treatment gives your figure that utterly feminine, tiny waist. 1980 N.Y. Mag. 20 Oct. 103 Body sculpting: tummy tucks, thigh lifts, buttocks, arms slimmed. 1997 M. Keyes Rachel's Holiday xx. 165 I had meant to go round the grounds and find the gym and do an hour or so of body sculpting, but I just couldn't be arsed. 2009 S. J. Aston et al. Aesthetic Plastic Surg. xii. 775 Ultrasound assisted lipoplasty (UAL) has since evolved into a useful, practical tool in body sculpting surgery. body serve n. Tennis a serve aimed at the receiver's body. ΚΠ 1988 C. Kriese Total Tennis Training xxi. 206/1 He can direct a body serve to Target 2 by aligning his opponent's feet with a corresponding spot at the top of the net. 1997 Daily Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 1 July 66 I decided to stop..trying to hit body serves and started going for aces. 2016 Daily Mirror (Nexis) 7 Mar. 44 She..battled back to force match point, which she took with an unreturnable body serve. body shaper n. any of various tight-fitting women's undergarments designed to give a smoother silhouette to the body. Π 1964 Los Angeles Times 14 June b5/3 (advt.) Save now on Charmode Body Shapers that S-t-r-e-t-c-h... Bras with Cordtex Cup Inserts have straps that stretch to a perfect fit. 1998 Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 14 Feb. 11 All these body shaper tights are fantastic. If you are going out for a meal in a tight dress they are brilliant at hiding bulges. 2006 S. Galvez Thrifty Girl's Guide to Glamour v. xxii. 182 Unlike the old-fashioned constricting girdle, a body shaper simply creates a smoother look at the waist, hips, thighs and bum by holding everything firm. body shirt n. any of various close-fitting garments or undergarments for the upper body; spec. (in later use) a fitted shirt, esp. one forming part of a one-piece garment and fastening at the crotch (cf. sense 4d). Π 1780 T. Jefferson Let. 8 Oct. in Papers (1951) IV. 23 Mr. Martin receives body shirts and hunting shirts for the regiment of guards. 1864 Times 24 Nov. 6/4 I took him into a cell and made him give up all his clothing, consisting of coat, waistcoat, trousers, drawers, cotton body shirt, and an over shirt. 1992 Toronto Star (Nexis) 18 June d3 Chest-hugging bodyshirts for men. (Though how many men are willing to unsnap a bodyshirt in order to go to the bathroom?). 2004 G. Laskaris Spirited Greeks 19 Paisley body shirts with monstrous lapels, hugged the upper body like a second skin, making it dangerous for the wearer to breathe in too deeply for fear of shirt buttons becoming menacing projectiles. body shop n. †(a) a workshop where the bodies of hats are manufactured; cf. sense 6i (obsolete rare); (b) chiefly North American a workshop or garage where repairs to the bodywork of vehicles are carried out. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > workshop > [noun] > other types of workshop shopc1325 tavern1521 machine shop1827 fitting-shop1840 planing mill1844 body shop1845 job shop1851 farm shop1862 craft workshop1906 fixit shop1949 speed shop1954 chop shop1971 society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > testing, servicing, and storage of motor vehicles > [noun] > service station pump station1871 body shop1906 service station1910 petrol station1912 gas station1914 filling-station1921 garage1934 1845 Times 4 June 8/5 The basement story was used for manufacturing the bodies of hats... Witness had been into the body-shop as late as half-past 11. 1906 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 20 June 17/3 General foreman for machine shop, foreman for body shop on aluminum and wood bodies. 2004 J. E. Duffy & R. Scharff Auto Body Repair Technol. i. 4 A body shop or collision repair facility has well-trained technicians, specialized tools, and heavy equipment for restoring damaged vehicles to their preaccident condition. body-soul n. body and soul regarded as a unified whole; frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > [noun] > body and soul regarded as unified whole body-soula1897 the world > life > the body > [adjective] > body and soul regarded as unified whole body-soul1956 a1897 W. Wallace Lect. Nat. Theol. (1898) 152 As if we were to say of a human being (and it is what perhaps we dare say of the fewest), that he or she was body-soul: the body the transparent and perfect temple of the spirit. 1956 E. L. Mascall Christian Theol. & Nat. Sci. vii. 271 The doctrine that the human soul..is only one part of the twofold body-soul unity of the man. 1958 D. M. Baillie Out of Nazareth ii. i. 150 Man is a body-soul organism. 1999 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 2 Dec. 38/2 In his poetry he developed a theory of essential gestures, archetypal movements of the body-soul. † body-spirit n. Obsolete = esprit de corps n. at esprit n. 2a. ΘΠ society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > a company or body of persons > [noun] > spirit of fellow-feeling1575 spirit of (the) corps1767 esprit de corps1780 body-spirit1794 simpatico1893 1794 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 13 39 He endeavoured to inspire the senate with a body-spirit. 1804 Crit. Rev. 3rd Ser. 2 296 It has generated a body-spirit, a sectarian cohesion, among many of the German writers. body spray n. (a) a shower head positioned at body height rather than above the head; (b) a lightly perfumed spray for the body; a deodorant in aerosol form; also as a mass noun. Π 1923 Fresno (Calif.) Bee 8 Dec. 6 c/7 There are many different models [of shower]: one has six body sprays which can be set at any angle. 1932 Fitchburg (Mass.) Sentinel 12 May 5/4 Novelty Toiletries, bathsalts, body sprays, face powders. 1991 Record (Kitchener-Waterloo, Ont.) (Nexis) 25 May r7 The [shower] unit is enclosed completely in clear acrylic and features a series of body sprays built into four pillars. 2005 G. J. G. Asmundson & S. Taylor It's not all in your Head i. ii. 13 She is certain that her extraordinary efforts to stay clean and mask body odor..—showering at least six times a day and using a can of body spray daily—are entirely ineffective. † bodystead n. Obsolete the nave of a church. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > nave > [noun] bodyc1390 boukc1420 middle pace1499 bulk1518 holy place1526 ship1613 bodystead1623 cella1652 nave1673 cella1676 nef1687 auditorium1728 1623 Resol. Ch. Cartmell in Sat. Rev. (1884) 5 July 14 The bodystead of the Church shall be decentlye repaired. body stealing n. = body-snatching n. 1. ΘΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > bodysnatching > [noun] body stealing1818 body-snatching1819 resurrectionizing1819 resurrectionism1849 1818 Times 8 Dec. 2/3 Whatever number of bodies were given for dissection, by so many would the necessity of body-stealing be diminished. 1832 S. Warren Passages from Diary of Late Physician I. 368 My..exploit in the way of body stealing. 2005 Victorian Poetry (Nexis) 22 Sept. Memories of the depradations of body stealing by ‘resurrection men’ were still fresh. body stocking n. a close-fitting one-piece undergarment covering the torso and legs, and sometimes the arms. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > underwear > [noun] > combined clothing for upper or lower parts of body combination1684 union suit1868 combination garment1884 combi1891 pantywaist1910 cami-knickers1915 cami-petticoat1923 teddy1924 cami-bocker1926 corselette1926 combs1931 all-in-one1939 body stocking1964 teddy bear1978 1964 Drapery & Fashion Weekly 6 Nov. 21/2 Intended to be worn under ‘teaser’ dresses and those with transparent necklines,..the ‘Body stocking’, in stretch nylon, is knitted to shape with bra cups fashioned in the same way as heels on hosiery. 1969 P. Roth Portnoy's Complaint 203 Walking into a restaurant with a long-legged kurveh on his arm! An easy lay in a body stocking! 1994 I. Welsh Acid House 133 His father was clad in a black nylon body-stocking with a hole at the crotch. body strike n. fly strike that affects the body, typically the withers, back, or sides, of a sheep (as opposed to the head, tail area, or penis). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of sheep > [noun] > other disorders of sheep pocka1325 soughta1400 pox1530 mad1573 winter rot1577 snuffa1585 leaf1587 leaf-sickness1614 redwater1614 mentigo1706 tag1736 white water1743 hog pox1749 rickets1755 side-ill1776 resp1789 sheep-fag1789 thorter-ill1791 vanquish1792 smallpox1793 shell-sicknessc1794 sickness1794 grass-ill1795 rub1800 pine1804 pining1804 sheep-pock1804 stinking ill1807 water sickness1807 core1818 wryneck1819 tag-belt1826 tag-sore1828 kibe1830 agalaxia1894 agalactia1897 lupinosis1899 trembling1902 struck1903 black disease1906 scrapie1910 renguerra1917 pulpy kidney1927 dopiness1932 blowfly strike1933 body strike1934 sleepy sickness1937 swayback1938 twin lamb disease1945 tick pyaemia1946 fly-strike1950 maedi1952 nematodiriasis1957 visna1957 maedi-visna1972 visna-maedi1972 1934 F. G. Holdaway & C. R. Mulhearn (Commonwealth of Austral. Council Sci. & Industr. Res.) Pamphlet No. 48 (title) Field observations on weather stain and blowfly strike of sheep with special reference to body strike. 1990 J. B. D'arcy Sheep Managem. & Wool Technol. (ed. 3) xxx. 314 Body strike occurs after prolonged wet weather and is frequently associated with fleece rot or mycotic dermatitis. 2006 Small Ruminant Res. 62 110/2 The major predisposing causes of body strike in sheep are fleece rot and dermatophilosis. body stroke n. chiefly Typography the thick stroke or stem of a letterform, esp. a printed one; cf. body mark n. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > printed matter > printed character(s) > [noun] > stem or thick stroke body line1741 body mark1876 body stroke1898 1898 J. Southward Mod. Printing I. 140 The thick lines..are called the body strokes. 1920 Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 39 160 The shaded or body strokes are usually made one unit wide and the hair lines are usually made one-half unit wide. 1990 N. Barker Morison's Early Ital. Writing-bks. v. 62 He begins by listing three essential pen movements (the addition to Arrighi's two is the vertical body-stroke). bodysuit n. a close-fitting one-piece garment covering the torso (and sometimes the legs), esp. a women's garment resembling a leotard and often worn as underwear (cf. sense 4d). ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > one-piece garment > [noun] playsuit1609 romper1902 romper suit1904 diving-suit1908 bunting1914 teddy bear1917 leotard1920 Sidcot1921 sleeper1921 romper1922 pressure suit1923 boiler suit1928 maillot1928 mono1937 footy1938 all-in-one1939 siren suit1939 goonskin1943 anti-g suit1945 G-suit1945 jump suit1948 immersion suit1951 moon suit1953 poopy suit1953 dry suit1955 wetsuit1955 sleepsuit1958 Babygro1959 tank suit1959 cat-suit1960 penguin suit1961 unitard1961 bodysuit1963 shortall1966 steamer1982 1963 Star-News (Pasadena, Calif.) 26 July 6/5 He has eliminated..body suits and coats from his collection preferring dresses that follow the natural body line. 1969 Good Housek. (N.Y.) July 130/1 The new improved bra slip and the never-before body suit. 1975 C. Calasibetta Fairchild's Dict. Fashion 45/1 Body suit, one-piece fitted garment without legs having a snap crotch. 2006 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) Aug. 99/2 The comfortable bodysuit stretched from just above my knee to under my boobs. body temperature n. the (normal or abnormal) temperature of the body (typically measured in humans by means of a thermometer inserted into the mouth, rectum, or ear). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > temperature and regulation > [noun] > normal temperature heat1340 warmth1599 animal heat1603 body temperature1865 normothermia1898 1865 J. Lubbock Prehist. Times xii. 400 As, nevertheless, the body temperature of the Esquimaux is almost the same as ours, it is evident that they must require a large amount of animal food. 1939 E. D. Laborde tr. E. de Martonne Shorter Physical Geogr. (rev. ed.) xx. 302 In the marmot, for example, this [sc. hibernation] takes the form of slowing down the circulation and breathing, so the body temperature falls to 50° F. 2007 Guardian 27 Feb. (G2 section) 16/1 STM [= the sympto-thermal method of family planning] uses two indicators—body temperature and changes in cervical mucus—to identify the most fertile phase of a woman's menstrual cycle. body text n. the main section of a piece of printed text, excluding items such as headings and footnotes; cf. sense 6c. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > body of composition textc1369 bodyc1405 contexta1530 contexturea1619 body text1892 body copy1926 1892 Old & New Test. Student 14 252 One conspicuous merit of the edition is the throwing of the more detailed and technical discussions into smaller type than the body text. 1964 Times 21 May (Aspects of Advertising section) p. vii/1 The importance of good type design in displayed headlines and for legibility in body text. 2006 T. Rabinowitz Exploring Typogr. v. 226 Block quotations are usually indented, single spaced, and often set in a smaller point size than the body text. † bodytray n. Obsolete a sideboard for a cart; cf. sense 6a. Π 1353 Manorial Documents in Mod. Philol. (1936) 34 53 (MED) In j pare de Boditrayes [belonging to a cart]. body tube n. rare the main tube forming the body of an organ pipe or wind instrument. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > pipe > other parts of pipes tongue1551 mouth1727 lip1728 reed1728 wind-cuttera1834 labium1847 beak1852 beard1852 underlip1852 wedge1852 body tube1854 plate-of-wind1875 wind-way1875 1854 J. S. Bushnan in J. Wylde Circle of Sci. (c1865) I. 283/2 The air..passes out in undulating movements from the body-tube. 2008 New Moon (Nexis) 1 Mar. 40 The reed..is attached to the clarinet by the ligature..which lets the vibration in the reed travel through the clarinet's body tube. body type n. (a) Typography the typeface used for printing the main text of a publication; (b) a type or class of physique; cf. somatotype n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > [noun] featurec1325 making1340 staturec1380 statea1387 bonea1400 figurec1400 makec1425 corpulence1477 corsage1481 makdom1488 mouldc1550 corporature1555 frame1566 dimension1600 limit1608 set1611 timber1612 compact1646 taille1663 fabric1695 moulding1815 physique1826 tournure1827 build1832 form1849 body type1866 body build1907 somatotype1940 size1985 society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > style of type > [noun] > type face or font > for printing books book type1826 body type1866 body face1898 1866 W. D. Howells Let. 20 Feb. in Sel. Lett. (1979) I. 251 Mr. Fields doesn't like the notion of the long minion note, and suggests that you add the note..in the body-type of the magazine. 1874 Army Med. Dept. Rep. 14 326 To associate them with any inherent hereditary tendency would be to assume a concentration of the tubercular diathesis in the army strangely at variance with the body-type..of this class. 1898 J. Southward Mod. Printing 134 Body or text types, used for plain paragraph matter. 1947 Life 17 Nov. 135/2 (advt.) We all fall into three basic body types. If tall and thin, anthropologists call us the Linear type, or ectomorphs. 1992 Step-by-Step 8 i. 73/2 When Koepke began to play around with body type, he knew that he wanted a face that wouldn't compete with the magazine's nonstop visuals. 2002 L. Henderson Broken Rec. Technique 113 Twenty women of different ages, body types, colours, and intelligence, all toe-slicing the air in tandem. body-urge n. sexual instinct or desire. ΘΠ the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual desire > [noun] willOE loveOE likinga1200 jollityc1330 desirec1340 fire1340 naturec1387 ragea1425 pride1486 lovered1487 Venus1513 courage1541 passion1648 lusting1760 philogenitiveness1815 body-urge1930 hots1940 hard-on1949 1930 G. B. Stern Mosaic iii. i. 205 The Viennese composer made his first awed acquaintance with the words pep, kick, body-urge, sex-appeal, a hundred-per-cent. stuff, spin it along, put it over, and It. 1932 S. Gibbons Cold Comfort Farm xvii. 237 Teck's a good kid..but he's got no body-urge. 2001 K. Greenwood Away with Fairies xii. 169 But I was listening to Julia talking about the body-urge, the poetry of the flesh, and I thought I'd like to try it, but I had no idea of how to go about it. body wall n. (a) a wall forming the main part of something; (b) Zoology the layer of tissue surrounding an animal's body. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > other parts > [noun] > wall body wall1755 the world > life > the body > part of body > [noun] > surface surface1594 body wall1861 the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [noun] > body-wall body wall1861 1755 J. Muller Treat. Pract. Part Fortification iii. §vii. 158 A trench is dug all round for the foundation of the body-wall. 1847 Ld. Lindsay Sketches Hist. Christian Art I. 25 The body-wall bulging out and lapping over like an Egyptian temple. 1861 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom II. 40 Processes of the body-wall, within which are developed true generative organs, the ‘spermaria’ and ‘ovaria’, constitute the reproductive apparatus of the Hydrozoa. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 28 Aug. 13/2 A special series of muscles in the body-wall. 1959 E. F. Linssen Beetles Brit. Isles i. 14 Another characteristic feature of insects is the hard, horny body-wall consisting of plates..composed mostly of chitin. 1986 G. F. Dales & J. M. Kenoyer Excavations at Mohenjo Daro ii. iii. 29 A vessel can have any possible rim form, ranging from simple unmodified extensions of the body wall, to complex modifications built up on the edge of the orifice. 1988 Zool. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 92 368 The intestines are visible through the near transparent body-wall and this gives the animals a reticulate appearance. 1995 C. Nielsen Animal Evol. xxxv. 276 The body wall consists of a cuticle, a layer of ectodermal cells (often called hypodermis), a basement membrane, and a layer of longitudinal body-wall muscle cells. 2002 P. Herring Biol. Deep Ocean App. 290 Holothuroids..are echinoderms that lack arms and have a leathery body wall in which the skeleton is reduced to microscopic ossicles. body warmer n. an item of clothing intended to provide warmth to the (upper) body, spec. a sleeveless quilted or padded jacket. Π 1906 Manitoba Free Press 6 Oct. 36/2 Body warmers, felt with chamois lining. 1985 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 28 May 15/4 She had on navy blue tracksuit trousers.., a navy quilted ‘body warmer’, and green wellington boots. 1998 Cycling Today May 45/2 Arms sometimes need to be free, but bodies generally have to be warm which is where bodywarmers, vests or Gilets come into their own. body wash n. a liquid cleansing product intended for use on the body; also as a mass noun. Π 1908 Washington Post 2 Aug. (Sporting section) 4/1 His driver..has been with the horse ever since and..rubs him all over with body wash composed of various liquids calculated to relieve that tired feeling. 1974 Naples (Florida) Daily News 15 Dec. 15 b (advt.) Strawberry body wash for bath or shower. 2000 L. Nazarko NVQs in Nursing & Resid. Homes (ed. 2) xii. 207 Some residents prefer to use shower gels or body washes that can also be used as shampoos. body wax n. see wax n.¹ Additions. bodywear n. any of various types of close-fitting clothing, esp. underwear. Π 1971 N.Y. Times 25 May 40 (advt.) Bodywear, hottest new fashion. The under-everything basic. 1990 Fashion Forecast Internat. Sept. 122/1 Bodywear can often double as outerwear. 2004 H. Strachan Make a Skyf, Man! iv. 38 She has spent the afternoon in her martial arts place nogal, all togged up in padded black leather bodywear and a mesh mask. body whirl n. Zoology and Palaeontology (now rare) = body whorl n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell > part of auricle1665 heel1673 lip1681 mouth1681 whirl1681 rib1711 antihelix1721 canal1734 columella1755 vesture1755 body whirl1776 fent1776 pillar1776 pillar-lip1776 septum1786 aperture1794 body whorl1807 costa1812 seam1816 spine1822 umbo1822 varix1822 peristome1828 summit1828 nucleus1833 concameration1835 lunula1835 nympha1836 nymph1839 lunule1842 peritreme1848 body chamber1851 axis1866 umbone1867 liration1904 1776 E. M. da Costa Elements Conchol. 117 Umbilicated shells are those that have a navel or hollow placed on the first or body whirl. 1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 101 The last turn of the shell, or body-whirl, is usually very capacious. 1906 Maryland Geol. Surv.: Pliocene & Pleistocene 182 Beak not distinguished from the body whirl by any profound depression. body whorl n. Zoology and Palaeontology (in the shell of a gastropod mollusc) the last and largest whorl, which (in life) contains the body of the animal; cf. body chamber n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell > part of auricle1665 heel1673 lip1681 mouth1681 whirl1681 rib1711 antihelix1721 canal1734 columella1755 vesture1755 body whirl1776 fent1776 pillar1776 pillar-lip1776 septum1786 aperture1794 body whorl1807 costa1812 seam1816 spine1822 umbo1822 varix1822 peristome1828 summit1828 nucleus1833 concameration1835 lunula1835 nympha1836 nymph1839 lunule1842 peritreme1848 body chamber1851 axis1866 umbone1867 liration1904 1807 W. Turton Brit. Fauna I. 186 Aperture suborbicular, contracted and joined to the body whorl. 1901 E. Step Shell Life xiv. 244 The Poached Egg (Ovula patula) has a mouth that is much longer than the shell proper, and it appears to be all body-whorl. 2003 Jrnl. Paleontol. 77 52/2 Body whorl evenly rounded with wide-spaced and beaded spiral threads. body wrap n. a beauty treatment in which a person's body is wrapped tightly in cloth or plastic film which is either placed over a layer of or impregnated with a substance intended to soothe, detoxify, improve the appearance of skin, encourage slimming, etc. (frequently with prefixed word indicating the type of substance used); cf. earlier herbal wrap n. at herbal adj. Additions. Π 1969 Elk Grove (Illinois) Herald 11 Dec. iii. 4/1 (advt.) We guarantee three inch loss on full body wrap treatment or there's no charge to you! 1972 N.Y. Times 28 Sept. 58/5 The nation is being swept with gadgets and pills and body wraps that claim to take inches off a person's body. 2001 Men's Exercise July 102/3 Body wraps are also a good idea early in your stay because they might help you relax a little. Derivatives ˈbody-wise adv. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > [adverb] lichamlyc900 fleshlyc1230 bodilyc1370 (to raise or rise) in flesh and fellc1375 after the fleshc1384 outwardc1390 in flesh and bonea1400 naturally1439 corporally1483 corporate1495 corporatelya1513 animally1535 carnally1539 in flesh and blood1598 physicallyc1600 fleshlily1614 body-wise1620 all over1633 in (the) flesh1651 corporeally1664 body-like1674 somatically1847 bodily-wise1869 1620 G. Downame Christian Arte of Thriuing 31 We are to reprooue the folly of worldlings, who throughout the whole booke of the Prouerbs are Salomons fooles: who are not, as wee say, penny-wise and pound-foolish, but body-wise and soule-foolish. 1873 Addr. at Induction Rev. Francis L. Patton (Presbyterian Theol. Seminary N.W.) 28 Mr. Mivart holds that bodywise he has monkey ancestors, but..that God is the Father of his spirit. 1884 Homiletic Monthly Apr. 409 If..man were body-wise related by descent to the brute creation. 2008 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 17 Jan. b2 He reminds me of Reggie, body-wise. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). bodyv. Brit. /ˈbɒdi/, U.S. /ˈbɑdi/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: body n. Etymology: < body n. With sense 1 compare embody v., incorporate v. 1. transitive. To give form, shape, or physical presence to (frequently with adverbial phrase indicating the form); to embody. Usually in passive. Now chiefly literary or poetic. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > give substance to [verb (transitive)] > embody corporatea1398 bodyc1449 embody1548 incorporate1623 substantiate1645 bodify1685 to body forth1759 to body out1826 encarnalize1847 insubstantiate1865 c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 245 We..holden now oure God to be bodili and to be bodied in a maner which no Cristen man kan at the ful comprehend. c1475 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Caius) l. 66 (MED) A doughter..Bodied wele and of grete valour. 1579 J. Frampton tr. M. Polo Most Noble & Famous Trauels xlvi. 46 The Beast that they haue it off, is bodyed like a Catte, with foure teeth, two aboue, and two beneath. ?a1595 Satyr upon Sir Niel Laing in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1709) ii. 54 Beugle-back'd, Bodied like a Beetle. 1597 R. Johnson 2nd Pt. Famous Hist. Seauen Champions xv. sig. Z4 This tyrant was bodied like vnto a man, but couered all ouer with lockes of haire. 1621 R. Bolton Statutes Ireland (11 Eliz.) 315 His head sundred from his bodie..and..bodied with a stake. 1634 W. Habington Castara i. 14 In some faire forme of clay My youth I'de bodied. 1657 R. Ligon True Hist. Barbados 71 The Gnaver [Errata: Guaver] growes on a Tree, bodied and leav'd like a Cherry-tree..the fruit of the bignesse of a small Limon, and neer that colour. 1742 H. Baker Microscope made Easy ii. l. 276 It appears in the Microscope bodied like a Wasp, with six or seven annular Divisions. 1858 E. H. Sears Athanasia iii. x. 335 The state where every man's real and dominant life is..bodied and robed according to its intrinsic quality. 1929 J. G. Howard Pheidias 156 That is suggested in the living bronze—A goddess, yet a woman, and my own. In it are bodied all the mellow years. 1957 T. Gunn Coll. Poems (1994) 61 The causes are in Time; only their issue Is bodied in the flesh. 1993 J. Hooker Their Silence Lang. 31 Is it death that is bodied in the bleached stones? †2. transitive. To give substance, weight, or consistency to (literal and figurative). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > give consistency to [verb (transitive)] body1563 1563 T. Gale Certaine Wks. Chirurg. iv. ii. f. 41 Boyle them..vntyll they bee well bodyed and incorporate together. 1657 T. M. Life Satyrical Puppy 43 Bodying each word with active emphasis. †3. transitive. To draw up or form (troops, etc.) into a body. Also intransitive with reflexive meaning. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (transitive)] > draw up (troops) raya1387 impale1553 to draw out1587 body1603 to draw up1608 re-form1753 form1816 1603 M. Drayton Barrons Wars ii. xlix. 40 When now the Barrons making out their way, Through parts for safety, and aduantage knowne, Keeping their force still bodied as they may, Into the depth of this misfortune throwne. 1647 S. Marshall Expedient to Preserve Peace 3 For there never was nor can there be, any multitude of men, that bodied themselves, into a Common-wealth, who agreed not in some kind of Religion. 1649 Triall & Exam. Lord Major London 3 From the North we have received a strong allarum, which is, that 5000 Gourdons have Bodied, & have surrounded Lieu. Gen. Lesley. 1651 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 80. 1215 The Earl of Sunderland..hath bodied above 500 of his tenants, & other people under his jurisdiction. 4. transitive. To build the bodywork of (a motor vehicle). ΚΠ 1969 Times 26 Aug. 14/7 (advt.) 1967 Aston Martin DBS... A genuinely unique car bodied by Touring of Milan. 1987 Bus Fayre Dec. 166/3 It was announced in 1979 that Unicar were to commence bodying Volvo chassis. 1994 Beautiful Brit. Columbia Spring 22/3 An era when automobiles were bodied over wooden ash frames and coachwork was painted by hand. 2004 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 28 Feb. (Motoring section) 2 The Modenese stylist and coachbuilder..was responsible for bodying some of the most beautiful Ferraris of the 1950s and '60s. Phrasal verbs to body forth 1. transitive. To give mental shape to, represent to oneself in material form. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > mental image, idea, or fancy > give mental shape to [verb (transitive)] to body forth1600 realize1646 project1846 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 14 Imagination bodies forth the formes of things Vnknowne. View more context for this quotation 1782 R. Tickell Prol., in R. Griffith Variety (facing Epil.) His fancy bodies forth whole rows Of absent Belles, and visionary Beaux; His fertile pen assists the ideal vapours, And gives them local fixtures in the papers. 1798 S. E. Brydges Arthur Fitz-Albini I. iv. 83 Thy glens..All rise, and, colour'd in thy fairy light, Are bodied forth before my ravish'd sight. 1820 W. Scott Monastery II. i. 9 The beau-ideal which Dame Glendinning had been bodying forth in her imagination. 1864 A. Bain Senses & Intellect (ed. 2) ii. iv. 605 The power of bodying forth or realizing what is described in language, is one of the meanings of Conception. 1889 J. Davidson Scaramouch in Naxos iii, in Plays 163 The brine, the sea-pinks, and the soaring moon Seem thoughts of mine which now I body forth. 2003 J. M. Coetzee Elizabeth Costello (2004) iv. 97 By bodying forth the jaguar, Hughes shows us that we too can embody animals—by the process called poetic invention. 2. transitive. To give material or tangible form to (something abstract), to exhibit outwardly, embody. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > give substance to [verb (transitive)] > embody corporatea1398 bodyc1449 embody1548 incorporate1623 substantiate1645 bodify1685 to body forth1759 to body out1826 encarnalize1847 insubstantiate1865 society > communication > representation > physical representation of abstraction > represent physically [verb (transitive)] representc1400 picturea1530 form1590 embody1741 to body forth1800–24 effigy1815 thing1883 vehiculate1928 1759 H. Venn Serm. ii. 28 Whatever is Personal strikes the Mind with peculiar Force, and we conceive Truth the more strongly, when it stands bodied forth as it were, in some Character. 1800–24 T. Campbell Chaucer & Windsor 1 Long shalt thou flourish, Windsor! bodying forth Chivalric times. 1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi II. iv. i. 95 Wonderfully did her beauty..body forth the brightest vision that ever floated before the eyes of Tasso. 1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes iv. 200 The spiritual will always body itself forth in the temporal history of men. 1922 E. H. Hickey Devotional Poems 16 What we essay to body forth in speech. 2001 Kenyon Rev. Winter 152 But Balanchine also gave ‘to airy nothing/A local habitation and a name’ by bodying forth an unmatched choreographic oeuvre. 3. transitive. To indicate, reveal, betoken; to symbolize, typify. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > [verb (transitive)] tokenc888 sayOE tellc1175 note?c1225 signifyc1275 notifyc1390 signc1390 ossc1400 testify1445 point1477 betoken1486 indike?1541 demonstrate1558 to give show of1567 argue1585 portend1590 speak1594 denotate1597 denote1597 evidence1610 instance1616 bespeak1629 resent1638 indict1653 notificate1653 indicate1706 exhibit1799 to body forth1821 signalize1825 to speak for ——1832 index1862 signal1866 1821 W. Scott Kenilworth II. v. 115 A sharp, lively, conceited expression of countenance, seemed to body forth a vain, hair-brained coxcomb. 1846 J. Keble Lyra Innocentium 94 One bodies forth a Virgin Form Holding aloft a Cross of might. 1879 R. W. Church Spenser (1883) iv. 90 The allegory bodies forth the trials which beset the life of man. 1883 Spectator No. 2874. 958 Both as egotist and as patriot M. de Lesseps bodies forth the age. 1927 Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. 42 501 This experience is bodied forth in the symbol of a bereaved lover who wanders in the wood of mourning. 1963 F. C. Crews Pooh Perplex 59 His exchanging of an earthly home for a Heavenly one occurs in the ‘Pooh Builds a House’ episode; while His Own opening of the gates of the New Jerusalem for all the Saved is bodied forth in ‘Eeyore Finds the Wolery’. 2007 Weekly Standard (Nexis) 12 Feb. (Books & Arts Suppl.) Lady Macbeth's guilt is bodied forth in her sleepwalking. to body out transitive. To give substance or a material form to; to fill out, expand (an outline or skeleton form). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > give substance to [verb (transitive)] substantify1605 substantiate1610 substantialize1783 to body out1826 the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > give substance to [verb (transitive)] > embody corporatea1398 bodyc1449 embody1548 incorporate1623 substantiate1645 bodify1685 to body forth1759 to body out1826 encarnalize1847 insubstantiate1865 1826 J. G. Percival Poem delivered Sept. 13, 1825 7 Nothing ever bodied out the soul In its most daring flight. 1839 P. J. Bailey Festus 274 If thus they bodied out The immortal mind. 1883 Academy 20 Oct. To body-out the meagre accounts of Thucydides. 1924 Mod. Lang. Notes 39 99 One is left to body out the criticism from much isolated comment. a1972 C. Day Lewis Compl. Poems (1992) 524 Such feats the great magicians Found within their powers, Whose quick illusions bodied out A world more whole than ours. 2006 J. Grieve tr. L. Danon-Boileau Children without Lang. xi. 180 Language gives the child a way to overcome what affects him by bodying out what he is feeling. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.eOEv.c1449
随便看	short-circuiting short-circuits short-cloak short-cloaked short-coat short-coat vicarage short-coated short-coating short-comer short-coupled short-cross short-cut short-cutting short-cycle short-date short-dated short-dater short-day short-distance short-eared owl short-eat short-ended short-exchange short-eyed short-faced

bodyn.

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bodyv.

Phrasal verbs