单词 | starvation |
释义 | starvationn.adv. A. n. 1. a. The condition of being starved of food; suffering and gradual decline caused by lack of adequate nutrition, leading eventually (if unchecked) to death. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > hunger > [noun] > starvation or action of starving hungerc825 faminec1405 pininga1450 famishmentc1470 famishing1490 starving1549 pine1567 affamishment1588 hunger-starving1592 starvation1762 clemming1773 starvation1775 1762 ‘Claudero’ Poems Several Occasions 41 T'avoid starvation in the north, He took a boat and cross'd the _Forth_. 1802 Sporting Mag. 20 292 Here are no symptoms of starvation, the hounds are well fed. 1813 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1838) X. 367 The French..live in countries in Spain, in which the Spaniards starve; and..the starvation of the Spanish armies is more burthensome to the country than the plentiful mode of living of the French. 1861 W. J. Wills Let. 27 June in R. O. Burke & W. J. Wills Exploring Exped. 33/2 We are on the point of starvation, not so much from absolute want of food, but from want of nutriment in what we can get. 1927 K. Mayo Mother India xvii. 232 I have seen the cow driven by starvation so far from her natural niceness as to become a scavenger of human excrement. 1979 Sunday Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 25 Mar. g3/1 After 17 years of varying degrees of starvation on other diets, Mary Lou happily reports: ‘I was never hungry on the program.’ 2012 New Yorker 14 May 121/1 Surviving on bread and cabbage soup, the internees are maddened by starvation. b. In wider use. Deprivation or insufficient supply of some essential thing, esp. a chemical element which is necessary to sustain life or ensure normal growth and development. Frequently with distinguishing word, as nitrogen starvation, oxygen starvation, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > state of being limited in amount > scarcity, dearth, or deficient supply of anything > deprivation of something necessary to life starvation1866 1835 S. Graham Def. Graham Syst. Living 127 Magendie concluded..that they [sc. animals] could not live on..substances which contain no nitrogen... A rabbit or guinea-pig, fed on the best wheat alone, die[s] of starvation within a fortnight.] 1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. iv. §31. 103 Two deadly influences..are co-operating; one is the deprivation of oxygen, the other is the excessive accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood. Oxygen starvation and carbonic acid poisoning..are at work together. 1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. vi. §7. 142 Whether an animal be herbivorous or carnivorous, it begins to starve from the moment its vital food-stuffs consist of pure amyloids or fats, or any mixture of them. It suffers from what may be called nitrogen starvation. 1892 Ann. Rep. Minnesota State Hort. Soc. 21 149 When the required amount of potash is withheld the plants are not vigorous, if all of the potash is removed from the soil the plant soon dies of potassium starvation. 1900 H. J. Webber in B. M. Lelong Culture of Citrus in Calif. 150 Several intelligent growers claim to be able to recognize the effect of phosphorus starvation by the appearance of the new growth of leaves. 1934 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 55 38 A number of different kinds of mediums were used in these experiments on carbon starvation, but in general the results were the same... Certain [bacterial] cultures appeared to lose all acid-fastness for a time, but this condition could not be continued indefinitely. 1971 Nature 26 Nov. 232/1 One of the first obvious effects of nitrogen starvation in blue-green algae is the disappearance of phycobilin pigments. 2001 B. Hatch Internat. Gooseberry 149 Dr Schafe said the oxygen starvation was going to be general across all areas of Danny's brain. 2. The action of starving or depriving a person or animal of food; (also) an instance of this.In quot. 17752 with reference to the bill of that year ‘for restraining Trade and Commerce with the New England Colonies’, which the Opposition denounced as intended to combat the rebellion by producing widespread famine. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > hunger > [noun] > starvation or action of starving hungerc825 faminec1405 pininga1450 famishmentc1470 famishing1490 starving1549 pine1567 affamishment1588 hunger-starving1592 starvation1762 clemming1773 starvation1775 the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > hunger > [noun] > starvation or action of starving > subjecting to starvation starving1574 affamishment1588 affamishing1629 starvation1775 1775 Public Advertiser 5 Dec. Then Zanga like (right well I ween) You'll gratify Revenge and Spleen, and kill him by Starvation. 1775 Public Advertiser 6 Dec. The Starvation Wishes of the Scotch Solicitor Dundas here, and the rising of these Men against their Benefactors there, will be a compleat Sample of Scotch Humanity and Gratitude. 1798 in Spirit of Public Jrnls. for 1797 260 Starvation. A curious experiment, which, after being tried in America and France, has succeeded tolerably well at home. 1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity II. v. vi. 395 Somewhat later he alludes to the starvation of Rome. 1898 Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Apr. 7/1 Starvation of thousands of non-combatants through reconcentration. 1934 Winnipeg Free Press 3 Sept. 4/1 (headline) Starvation of Ukrainians is charged at meet. 1977 Addit. Protocol Article 14 in Final Act Diplomatic Conf. Internat. Humanitarian Law Armed Conflicts 95 in Parl. Papers 1976–7 (Cmnd. 6927) XVI. 471 Starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibited. 2006 J. Sluka in A. Taylor Justice as Basic Human Need x. 123 P. J. Rummell was the first to attempt a thorough accounting of the twentieth century's state-instigated mass murders, starvations, and genocides. 3. Suffering or death caused by extreme cold. Now chiefly in predicative use (Scottish and English regional (chiefly northern)): a state of extreme cold; bitterly cold conditions. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [noun] > low body temperature > perishing with cold perishment1823 starvation1830 1830 Ann. Reg. 1829 ii. Chron. 115/1 (heading) Starvation from cold. 1835 J. Ross Narr. Second Voy. North-west Passage xiii. 200 He who is well-fed resists cold better than the man who is stinted; while the starvation from cold follows but too soon a starvation in food. 1899 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. (ed. 2) Starvation, suffering from cold. 1967 E. Grierson Crime of one's Own xi. 89 Queer day to leave it open. It's starvation. 1971 in Sc. National Dict. (1974) IX. 33/3 [Aberdeenshire] He keepit me stannin newsin till I'm just stairvt o caul. It's clean stervation outside. 1977 Lancashire Life Mar. 68/3 They mostly had open top decks and open staircases, and it was starvation in the winter. 2005 Recorded Interview (BBC Voices Recordings: Stirling) (SCOTS transcript) in www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk It was..always freezing and he'd two words that he uses..an I still use them ‘I'm founert’... And also..‘it's starvation outside’. B. adv. colloquial. Modifying an adjective: to the point of starvation; so as to indicate the utmost extremity. starvation cold adj. English regional cold enough to freeze to death (cf. sense A. 3). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > hunger > [adverb] > so as to cause starvation starvation1834 1834 T. Hood Tylney Hall II. iii. 81 A fellow, as starvation poor and lean as you look, might do the likes for a bit of bread. 1892 R. Kipling Barrack-room Ballads 7 Yes, makin' mock o' uniforms that guard you while you sleep Is cheaper than them uniforms, an' they're starvation cheap. 1893 G. E. Dartnell & E. H. Goddard Gloss. Words Wilts. Add. Starvation cold, extremely cold. 1920 Boston Daily Globe 27 Oct. 14/4 You remember how terrible starvation hungry he was when Louie had him locked in that very cage where he put Chalk Jay. 1968 Hillsdale (Mich.) Daily News 5 Sept. 5/4 They are poor people—not starvation poor—but poor—and its people have learned to make virtue of simplicity. 2007 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 29 July 29 At least our forebears could plead that they were starvation poor and needed the money. Compounds C1. attributive. Designating provisions that fall below the level necessary to maintain life and health. starvation allowance n. ΚΠ 1830 Q. Rev. May 250 John, with a wife and seven children, gets, as he would under a natural system, wages barely sufficient to keep them all from starving; but William, with a small family..gets likewise a starvation allowance. 1867 J. Campbell Balmerino iii. i. 166 The minister was placed on a starvation allowance. 1982 N. Loos Invasion & Resistance v. 151 There were known cases of gross ill-treatment of Aboriginal labour generally involving a starvation allowance of food, but sometimes involving physical and psychological cruelty. starvation diet n. ΚΠ 1837 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. June 842 The object can only be safely, silently, and more mercifully attained by the more slow but wholesale process of workhouse incarceration, and starvation diet for adults. 1925 J. Joyce Let. 25 Mar. (1966) III. 117 I have now been put on a starvation diet by way of adding to my present pleasures. 2013 Baytown (Texas) Sun 4 Oct. 4/1 Maybe Domino's for dinner, if your spouse's starvation diet hasn't killed you by then. starvation rations n. ΚΠ 1907 C. D. Bruce In Footsteps Marco Polo iii. 61 For working upon starvation rations, for ease in loading, and for non-liability to stray from camp, the donkey has no equal. 1977 D. Francis Risk v. 56 If he caught me..he'd..leave me in the dark on starvation rations. starvation wage n. ΚΠ 1825 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 12 Feb. 394 So, here are the rich, whom the law compels to pay poor-rates, endeavouring to shift them from their own shoulders by coaxing ‘the poor’ to give up, out of their starvation wages, the means of making provision for themselves! 1886 W. Besant Children of Gibeon III. ii. xxiii. 67 In allowing an employer to pay starvation wages to girls. 2004 E. Conlon Blue Blood iv. 111 Eddie once worked as a ‘mutt’ for Western Union, delivering telegrams for three dollars a day or some such starvation wage. C2. starvation line n. the estimated level of income beneath which a person cannot obtain enough food to survive. ΚΠ 1907 J. London Iron Heel xvii. 251 The hard times of the preceding year had thrust great masses of the proletariat beneath the starvation line. 1937 ‘G. Orwell’ Road to Wigan Pier v. 80 A man and wife on twenty-three shillings a week are not far from the starvation line. 1984 Africa Devel. 9 iii. 63 Skyrocketing inflation..has literally placed millions of Nigerians on the starvation line. starvation point n. the point at which a person is unable to obtain enough food to survive. ΚΠ 1829 Lion 1 May 571 The Kidderminster Weavers..after twenty weeks of severe privations, were obliged, when at the starvation point, to accede to the terms of their employers. 1920 Amer. Woman Aug. 3/4 ‘It was the only thing I could get to do. I was very nearly at starvation-point.’..Her lips quivered as she turned away. 2012 R. Alan Politically Un-Correct 102 Much of the foreign aid has been for military support and arms in countries where the people are living at or below the starvation point. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adv.1762 |
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