squawn.

Brit.

/skwɔː/, U.S.

/skwɔ/,

/skwɑ/

Forms: 1600s–1700s squaa, 1600s–1800s squa, 1600s– squaw.

Origin: A borrowing from Massachusett. Etymon: Massachusett squa.

Etymology: < Massachusett squa, ussqua (pronounced /əskwaːw/) young, unmarried woman, cognate with e.g. Cree iskwēw, northern East Cree iskwaau (pronounced /əskwaːw/) < an Algonquian base with the sense ‘woman’.

a. A North American Indian woman or wife. Now generally considered offensive.

(a) Used by people who are not North American Indian as a relatively neutral term, with no specifically disparaging implication. Now chiefly in historical use, esp. in historical and Western fiction portraying stereotypes of North American Indian people.Recorded earliest in squaw sachem n. at Compounds 2.

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society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > married person > married woman > [noun] > native North American

squaw1622

1622 Relation Eng. Plantation Plimoth, New Eng. 57 Also the Squa Sachim, or Massachusets Queene was an enemy to him.

1631 J. Winthrop Jrnl. (1996) 47 Chickatabot came with his Sanopps and Squaes.

1634 W. Wood New Englands Prospect ii. xix. 97 If her husband come to seeke for his Squaw.

1672 J. Josselyn New-Englands Rarities 99 The Indian Squa, or Female Indian.

1701 C. Wooley Two Years Jrnl. N.-Y. 39 Their Squaws or Wives and Female Sex manage their Harvest.

1756 G. Washington Let. 19 Dec. in Writings (1931) I. 526 Captn. Pearis came to town the other day with six Cherokees and two squaws.

1836 C. P. Traill Backwoods of Canada 160 The Indians are very expert in..fishing; the squaws paddling the canoes with admirable skill.

1877 G. Gibbs Tribes W. Washington in Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol. I. ii. 193 The prairies are dotted over with squaws, each armed with a sharp stake and a basket.

1939 L. G. Salverson Confessions of Immigrant's Daughter i. xiii. 158 The young squaw massaged my frozen feet with a mixture of bear's grease and some sort of herb.

1992 G. W. Proctor Comes the Hunter xiii. 101 Comanches—everywhere the rancher looked were braves, squaws, and children moving amid the city of stretched-leather cones.

2013 Transition 112 41/1 Westerns depicted Native Americans in narrow roles limited to clichés such as noble savage, ignoble savage or warrior, and exotic ‘squaw’.

(b) Used by people who are not North American Indian as a depreciative or disparaging term of abuse or contempt.

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1849 J. B. Jones Wild Western Scenes (new ed.) xvi. 237 ‘Was there nothing running after me but this squaw?’..‘Oh, don't call her a squaw, Joe—she's more like an angel than a squaw’.

1893 Dominion Illustr. Monthly Feb. 24/2 They will tell us..that you are not my husband, that you are but disgracing and dishonoring me—that you are keeping me here, not as your wife, but as your—your—squaw.

1939 P. Stong Long Lane iii. ii. 278 The women—you didn't call them squaws unless they were dirty or lazy—tramped up for water from the camp along the river.

1964 R. H. Wax et al. Dropout of Amer. Indians at Secondary Level vii. 45 in Indian Educ.: Hearings before Special Subcomm.: Pt. 3 (1969) (90th Congr., 1st & 2nd Sess.) 1505 They may, like pretty Anna Louise, be hounded out of school by a clique of experienced rivals, who call her ‘squaw’ and ‘make fun of her’ at every opportunity.

1990 M. Crow Dog & R. Erdoes Lakota Woman (1991) v. 70 He was grinning. ‘I don't apologize to her kind ever. She's nothing but a squaw.’

2014 L. S. Clare Sky without Stars (e-book ed.) Don't have nothing to let. And if I did, I wouldn't rent to a squaw like you.

b. In representations of North American Indian speech: a woman or wife. Now generally considered offensive. Now chiefly in historical and Western fiction portraying stereotypes of North American Indian people.

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the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [noun] > white woman

squaw1642

memsahib1832

inkosikazi1835

pink toe1930

gringa1956

1642 T. Lechford Plain Dealing 49 And when they [sc. Indians] see any of our English women sewing with their needles, or working coifes, or such things, they will crie out, Lazie squaes!

1654 E. Johnson Hist. New-Eng. ii. vi. 114 The men were smitten down, and slaine, as they came forth with a great slaughter, the Sqawes crying out, oh much winn it English-man, who moved with pitty toward them, saved their lives: and hereupon some young youth cryed, I squaw, I squaw, thinking to finde the like mercy.

1725 S. Willard Jrnl. in Appalachia (1881) II. 342 Our Indian said there was Squaws as well as Sannups.

1785 C. Horn in W. F. Horn Horn Papers (1945) I. 224 No sounds approach me, but Bowlegs say he hears ‘The Warriors sing big,’ and the ‘squaws and childs make big howl’.

1833 J. G. Whittier in New-Eng. Mag. Feb. 129 My squaws have fine mat—big wigwam—soft samp.

1867 Condition Indian Tribes App. 386 in Rep. Comm. Senate (39th Congress, 2nd Sess.: Senate Rep. 156) My young men, squaws and children are starving; the black spots you see on the hills before you are the graves of many of my people.

1917 M. MacMillian Pioneers iv, in More Short Plays 161 Young white squaw no wise. She no see.

1981 L. F. James Revenge of Hawk xviii. 168 This is Corigay, my squaw, and our firstborn, Nemigda. She is the daughter of the chief of the Mescalero, and I took her into my wickiup as my squaw twelve moons ago as a pact of peace between our tribes.

2007 G. Morris Man for Temperance iii. xviii. 244 Black Eagle looked at her... ‘He says he wants you for his squaw.’

c. slang. In non-North American Indian contexts: a woman or wife.

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society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > married person > married woman > [noun] > wife

wifeeOE

womanc1275

peerc1330

spousessc1384

ladyc1390

good lady1502

girl?a1513

spousage1513

little lady1523

the weaker vessel1526

companion1535

wedlock1566

Mrs1572

dame1574

rib?1590

feme1595

fathom1602

feme covert1602

shrew1606

wife of one's bosom1611

kickie-wickiea1616

heifer1616

sposa1624

bosom-partner1633

goodwife1654

little woman1715

squaw1767

the Mrs1821

missus1823

maw1826

lady wife1840

tart1864

mistress1873

mama1916

ball and chain1921

trouble and strife1929

old boot1958

1767 I. Bickerstaff Love in City ii. xi. 42 What, to take the squaw from the young grocer?

1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto XIII lxxix. 94 Mrs. Rabbi, the rich banker's squaw.

1841 W. J. Neale Paul Periwinkle ii. xvii. 344 Look at that, you young she-lubber,..suppose the ship is on fire, you young squaw, do you think you can put it out by spilling my glass of hot grog on the decks.

1908 B. Fisher A. Mutt (1977) 149 If my squaw finds out that the bankroll is shy 20 bones she'll bounce all the crockery off my knob.

1936 E. Hemingway Let. 12 Apr. in Sel. Lett. (1981) 447 Jack Coles is here with his new squaw who looks something like one of these new style wrestlers.

1977 ‘J. le Carré’ Honourable Schoolboy 282 A herd of diplomats, businessmen, and their squaws shuffled into the lobby.

2007 C. D. Heymann Amer. Legacy iii. 63 She wasn't your run-of-the-mill politician's squaw.

2. depreciative. In extended use: an effeminate or weak man. Now rare.

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the world > people > person > man > [noun] > effeminate man

badlingeOE

milksopc1390

cockneyc1405

malkina1425

molla1425

weakling1526

tenderling1541

softling1543

niceling1549

woman-man1567

cocknel1570

effeminate1583

androgyne1587

meacock1590

mammaday1593

hermaphrodite1594

midwife1596

nimfadoro1600

night-sneaker1611

mock-mana1625

nan1670

she-man1675

petit maître1711

old woman1717

master-miss1754

Miss Molly1754

molly1785

squaw1805

mollycoddle1823

Miss Nancy1824

mollycot1826

molly mop1829

poof1833

Margery?c1855

ladyboy1857

girl1862

Mary Ann1868

sissy1879

milk1881

pretty-boy1881

nancy1888

poofter1889

Nancy Dawson1890

softie1895

puff1902

pussy1904

Lizzie1905

nance1910

quean1910

maricon1921

pie-face1922

bitch1923

Jessie1923

lily1923

tapette1923

pansy1926

nancy boy1927

nelly1931

femme1932

ponce1932

queerie1933

palone1934

queenie1935

girlie-man1940

swish1941

puss1942

wonk1945

mother1947

candy-ass1953

twink1953

cream puff1958

pronk1959

swishy1959

limp wrist1960

pansy-ass1963

weeny1963

poofteroo1966

mo1968

shim1973

twinkie1977

woofter1977

cake boy1992

hermaphrodite-

1805 Z. M. Pike Jrnl. 14 Sept. in Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi (1810) i. 20 I directed my interpreter to ask how many scalps they had taken, they replied ‘none’; he added they were all squaws, for which I reprimanded him.

a1879 F. Browne Martha's Vineyard in Sunday at Home (1880) 148/1 My uncle's a squaw; he was born an Indian sachem, but the Christians have made him a squaw; they turn warriors to women.

1891 A. Welcker Tales Wild West 24 By way of expressing their utter contempt for him they called him a ‘squaw’.

1936 A. Sperry Wagons Westward xiii. 196 ‘Listen, you two,’ he grated. ‘Stay out here and fight like men. You squaw!’

1974 W. M. James Apache: First Death x. 154 White Dog sneered as he addressed Soft Tongue. ‘He is a squaw. He has no stomach for killing’.

Compounds

C1. attributive, designating a North American Indian woman, as squaw mistress, squaw wife, etc. Now generally considered offensive.

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1707 C. Mather Memorial Depolorable State of New-Eng. 35 She sent then unto a French Priest, that he would speak unto her Squa Mistress.

1809 Monthly Anthol. & Boston Rev. June 408 At their first winter encampment on the Missouri, the squaw wife to their interpreter brought them a papoose.

1858 E. D. Neill Hist. Minnesota xii. 233 His party consisted of his squaw mistress, Perrault, and fourteen employees.

1920 M. Hoskin Little Green Glove & Other Stories 210 Her lovely tresses, darkened and plastered down with grease by her squaw mother.

1994 Guardian 3 Aug. ii. 9/2 White stockings for the squaw wives of mountain men.

C2.

squaw-axe n. now chiefly historical a small axe or hatchet.

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1804 J. Ordway Jrnl. 29 Dec. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1995) IX. 106 They Brought their Squaw axes & kittle to fix and mend.

1921 C. Lockhart Dude Wrangler vii. 56 You can git the squaw-axe and hack out a place fer a bed-ground.

1988 H. K. McEvoy Knife & Tomahawk Throwing vi. 112 There are four main types of tomahawks used most often today in muzzleloading and other forms of competition. These are the spike tomahawk, the pipe tomahawk, the hammer poll, and the ‘squaw-axe’.

squaw boot n. a soft rawhide or suede boot usually decorated on the upper with fringing, embroidery, or bead-work.

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the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > boot > [noun] > reaching to below knee

bootingc1300

sabatinec1460

brodequin1481

buskin1503

bottine?a1513

Russian boot1781

half-boot1787

Wellington1816

blucher1833

squaw boot1942

1942 Vogue Jan. 16 n/3 Squaw Boots. These mediæval-looking deerskin moccasins are made for the Shoshoni Trading Post..by Idaho Indians.

1968 Chicago Daily Defender 28 Feb. 21/2 Squaw boots with fringed leather tops.

2002 Times 16 Feb. (Women's Fashion Special) 29 Black lace-up fringe squaw boots, £75.

squaw bread n. a type of bread that is fried or (more traditionally) baked in a thin cake over a campfire.

ΚΠ

1879 in Friend (1905) 1 July 406/3 They did not have their corn ground by grist mills but the women pounded them with a mortar and pestle and made squaw bread.

1888 J. D. Butler in Rep. & Coll. State Hist. Soc. Wisconsin 1883–85 10 86 Having lodged and eaten muskrat and squaw-bread at a French trader's on First Lake, they pushed on north.

1994 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 4 Jan. 11 It [sc. the hogun] had an earthen floor and I made ‘squaw bread’ outside... It was a crude existence.

2014 A. Kane United States of Bread 37 Squaw bread became a specialty at bakeries and restaurants throughout southern California in the 1970s for its subtle sweetness and whole grain goodness.

squaw candy n. colloquial (a name for) hard strips of smoked salmon.

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1943 N.Y. Times 29 July 15/4 Salmon, which will then be cured into what the Aleuts call ‘squaw candy’. It is a cross between pemmican, dead fish and a Virginia ham.

1958 K. Nelson & C. Ford Klondy viii. 127 He..yanked a thin, oily strip of smoked salmon from the ridgepole... ‘Here, by God, have some squaw candy.’

2008 Times 2 Feb. (Travel section) 16/3 We..picnicked on wild cranberries and salmon jerky smoked by Jeannie in her backyard (she called it ‘squaw candy’).

squaw dance n. (with reference to the practices of the Navajo and indigenous peoples inhabiting the interior plains of North America) a ceremonial or social dance, esp. one where women choose their dancing partners.

ΚΠ

1817 J. Bradbury Trav. Amer. 144 This morning I was informed by Jussum that the squaw dance would be performed in the afternoon.

1894 Outing May 83/1 The short, choppy stepping of most squaw dances elsewhere.

1938 Desert Mag. May 10/1 Two Navajo girls..in their full calico skirts and velvet blouses... They were going to the Squaw Dance in full swing just around the hill.

2008 P. G. Allen in H. D. S. Wong et al. Reckonings 16 There's a squaw dance beneath the wheeling stars and the fires burn around the dance ground.

squaw hitch n. a type of knot used to secure a pack to the back of a horse or other pack animal.

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1879 Salt Lake Daily Tribune 22 Mar. When the packs have been lashed on by the squaw hitch and the prospectors have started on their journey.

1903 A. Adams Log of Cowboy iii. 32 He showed me what he called a squaw hitch, with which you can lash a pack single-handed.

2004 Economist 18 Dec. 92/2 Any American packer knows how to tie a ‘squaw hitch’ or how to turn a pack horse into a draught horse by means of a quick travois.

squaw horse n. now historical (a) (in representations of pidgin English) a female horse; (b) a horse used for carrying packs, pulling travois (cf. travois n.), etc., rather than for hunting or warfare.

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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by gender or age > [noun] > female

squaw horse1634

1634 W. Wood New Englands Prospect ii. xv. 89 They posted to the English to tell them how the case stood or hung with their squaw horse.

1848 S. P. Hildreth Pioneer Hist. xx. 426 This one the Indians called ‘a squaw horse’, not knowing the English word for a female.

1903 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 472/2 It was better than being a squaw-horse, dragging a lot of laden poles about.

1973 H. McCracken Amer. Cowboy vi. 60 They [sc. the Indians] had squaw horses for pulling travois to move camp, and buffalo horses and war horses.

2008 J. Logan Slocum & Tomboy xxi. 165 Best gawdamn squaw horse in the whole country.

squaw man n. now historical a non-North American Indian man married to or cohabiting with a North American Indian woman.

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society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > married person > married man > [noun] > married to native North American

squaw man1856

1856 Harper's Mag. Sept. 525/1 The white women were awfully severe upon the five poor squaws who had come to the fort with their mining protectors, who were contemptuously styled ‘squaw-men’.

1938 L. V. Armstrong We too are People vii. 214 This squaw and the blond squaw-man had a baby who was beyond question one of the most beautiful children I have ever seen.

2007 USA Today (Soc. Advancem. Educ.) July 54/1 Carson married an Arapaho woman named Waa-nibe (Singing Grass) and became, as did many other mountain men, a ‘squaw man’.

squaw sachem n. [ < Pidgin Massachusett, translating the elements of Massachusett sonksq queen, lit. ‘sachem woman’ (see sunk squaw n.)] now historical (among the Algonquian peoples of southern New England) a queen or female chief ruling in her own right, or the wife of a sachem or chief (cf. sunk squaw n.).

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society > authority > rule or government > rule or government of family or tribe > head of family, tribe, or clan > [noun] > native American > female

squaw sachem1622

sunk squaw1661

1622 Relation Eng. Plantation Plimoth, New Eng. 57 Also the Squa Sachim, or Massachusets Queene was an enemy to him.

1716 B. Church Entertaining Passages Philip's War i. 2 Among the rest he sent Six Men to Awashonks Squaw-Sachem of the Sogkonate Indians, to engage her in his Interests.

1883 Harper's Mag. June 23/1 The Indian came with his whole train of warriors and women, including his queen, the celebrated ‘squaw sachem’ Weetamo.

2017 Telegram & Gaz. (Mass.) (Nexis) 10 June a8 The late Zara Cisco Brough.., who called herself Princess White Flower, presented herself as a hereditary squaw sachem when she promoted tribal status for the Nipmucs.

squaw winter n. [probably after Indian summer n.] now historical a short period of wintry weather occurring in autumn in the northern United States and Canada, esp. one preceding an Indian summer.

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the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > periods of unseasonal weather

Michaelmas spring1557

All-Hallown Summer1598

St Martin's Summera1616

autumn-spring1639

go-summer1649

Indian summer1790

squaw winter1847

All Saints' Summer1861

Martin's summer1864

Martinmas summer1881

1847 Zion's Herald & Wesleyan Jrnl. 2 June 86/4 It was customary..for the settlers, at the commencement of the squaw winter, to turn out in companies of thirty or forty men, and hunt bears.

1871 Lakeside Monthly July 4/2 Those single-minded, grand old fellows..kicked the light snow of ‘squaw winter’ from their Spanish-leather boots.

1992 F. Manfred Of Lizards & Angels ii. xxii. 192 Looking out the kitchen window..Thea saw it was snowing. So early in the fall? Goodness, it meant they were going to have a spell of squaw winter.

squaw wood n. firewood or fuel that is easy to gather, such as small sticks, dead branches, etc.

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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > other organic fuels > [noun] > dung

casard1499

casing1516

sharny-peat1808

dung cake1824

buffalo-chips1840

mist1852

argol1856

prairie coal1889

cattle chips1903

squaw wood1914

1914 Outing June 191/2 The cooking fire is only the beginning of the possibilities of ‘squaw wood’.

1968 C. Helmericks Down Wild River North i. vi. 100 Anything is squaw wood that you don't have to chop.

2013 S. B. Williams Darkness After viii. 99 Mitch showed April the old Indian trick of collecting ‘squaw wood’, the smaller dead branches still attached to the lower reaches of standing live trees.

C3. Chiefly North American. In names of plants and animals traditionally used by North American Indians as a source of food, medicine, etc.Cf. oldsquaw n. at old adj. Compounds 4.

squawberry n. any of several shrubs having edible berries; esp. deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum, and partridgeberry, Mitchella repens; (also) the fruit of such a shrub.

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the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > berry > [noun] > other berries

hedge-berry1607

elderberry1625

ramble-berry1658

cloudberry1743

Indian pear1796

bluet1812

squawberry1829

pigface1830

wax-berry1835

quandong1836

strawberry guava1901

bead-berry1923

squash-berry1935

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > edible berries > other berries

blueberry1594

hedge-berry1607

elderberry1625

huckleberry1670

bearberry1677

cloudberry1743

baked apple1750

pembina1760

service1785

honeyberry1787

nub-berry1794

bluet1812

noop1817

squawberry1829

quandong1836

miro1838

strawberry guava1901

squash-berry1935

tayberry1977

tummelberry1984

1829 C. Dewey in D. D. Field Hist. County Berks., Mass. i. 63 Mitchella..repens. Squaw-berry. June. Moist woods.

1852 Anglo-Amer. Mag. 1 418/2 The partridge leads her young brood forth to feed upon the soft luscious fruits of the huckleberry and squaw-berry.

1884 M. G. C. Hall Lady's Life on Farm in Manitoba 162 We have had jelly made of squawberries.

1956 V. Fisher Pemmican (1957) 161 Dried elderberry, or squawberry or wild currant he did not care for.

2012 S. S. Weeks & H. P. Weeks Shrubs & Woody Vines Indiana & Midwest 246 (heading) Deerberry, squawberry Vaccinium stamineum L.

squawbush n. any of various shrubs; esp. highbush cranberry, Viburnum trilobum, and skunkbush, Rhus trilobata.

ΚΠ

1832 W. D. Williamson Hist. Maine I. 125 Indian Tobacco, called by the Natives ‘Squaw-bush’, is a perennial herb, or shrub; the bark of which they scrape off, mix with their tobacco, and smoke it.

1852 Deseret News (Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory) 4 Sept. Squaw-bush..grows in great abundance in these valleys;..we will pay a reasonable price for a large amount of it.

1884 St. Louis Med. Jrnl. 9 479 Viburnum Opulus..is commonly known by the names of ‘high cranberry’, ‘cramp bark’, ‘squaw bush’.

1935 C. Woods Buckaroo Clan Montana xxi. 192 He left his horse hidden in a bunch of squaw-bushes.

1997 Fieldiana: Anthropol. 28 5/1 Squawbush (Rhus trilobata) was the preferred material for making all kinds of baskets and trays.

2001 R. Adkison Utah's National Parks 67/2 In autumn these hills are brilliantly colored with the golds of oaks and the reds of squawbush.

squaw corn n. any of several varieties of maize, typically ones having soft grains of various colours; cf. soft corn n.² 1.

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the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > maize > types of

flint corn1705

soft corn1751

flint1802

squaw corn1823

tassel-corn1883

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > maize > types of

green cornc1450

flint corn1705

flint1802

sweet corna1817

squaw corn1823

dent corn1853

tassel-corn1883

country gentleman1892

1823 Amer. Farmer 4 Apr. 16/2 An ear of Indian Squaw Corn,..raised by the Waugh-paugh-connetta Tribe.

1912 E. P. Stewart Let. Feb. in Lett. Woman Homesteader (1914) 151 They had a small patch of land..on which was raised the squaw corn that hung in bunches from the rafters.

1975 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 5 Oct. 22/5 Nowadays, squaw corn is grown purely for its highly ornamental, variegated ears with kernels in purple, mauve, red, yellow, cream and black, very nice for Thanksgiving..displays.

2016 D. Clemons Culinary Hist. S. Delaware iv. 49 One of the oldest types is flour corn, grown by Native Americans and also called soft or squaw corn.

squawfish n. †(a) a marine fish (not identified) (obsolete rare); (b) any of several freshwater cyprinid fishes comprising the genus Ptychocheilus, native to the western United States and having an elongated head and body; also with distinguishing word.The preferred common name is now pikeminnow.Colorado squawfish: see the first element.

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the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > superorder Ostariophysi or order Cypriniformes > [noun] > suborder Cyprinoidei > unspecified and miscellaneous type

roach1637

roughhead1818

beardy1825

shiner1836

squawfish1871

mountain-barbel1880

1871 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 13 Oct. The ocean furnishes salmon, squaw fish, red fish, and occasionally a cod fish, all the year around.

1877 Daily Rocky Mountain News (Denver) 4 Sept. We learned next day that the latter [variety of fish] are called squaw-fish and that they are very full of bones.

1966 Copeia No. 3 614/2 Fish..taken from this pond during the study period included..several northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis).

2005 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 2 Apr. e5 In Colorado, the endangered squawfish is now the Colorado pikeminnow.

squaw grass n. a tall rhizomatous perennial plant native to western North America, Xerophyllum tenax (family Melanthiaceae), having racemes of white flowers and fibrous leaves traditionally used by North American Indians in basketry.

ΚΠ

1887 Suppl. Rep. Board of Regents (Univ. of Calif. Coll. Agric.) 51 Reference is also made to a tract of ‘high, rolling land; soil, sand and light adobe, with a heavy growth of squaw grass’.

1950 W. O. Douglas Of Men & Mountains vi. 73 The squawgrass grows in great patches here. Its creamy blossoms make even deeper the rich green of the balsam fir.

2015 G. Westfahl Day Working Life I. 527/2 Elsewhere, basket weavers utilized squaw grass, roots, and bark from spruce, oak, and cedar trees.

squaw huckleberry n. deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum; (also) the fruit of this plant.

ΚΠ

1837 W. Darlington Flora Cestrica (ed. 2) 255 V[accinium] stamineum... Stamineous Vaccinium. Vulgò—Squaw Huckleberry. Deerberry.

1943 M. L. Fernald & A. C. Kinsey Edible Wild Plants Eastern N. Amer. i. 30 The Squaw-Huckleberry when properly cooked and sweetened makes a sauce as delicious as good old-fashioned gooseberry-sauce.

2016 Bee Culture July 58/2 Typically two to four feet in height and three feet across, squaw-huckleberry occasionally reaches 10 feet or so.

squawroot n. any of various plants having roots used medicinally; esp. cancer root, Conopholis americana; (also) a medicinal preparation of such a plant.

ΚΠ

1740 J. Dickinson Observ. Throat-distemper Postscript He has found out a Method of Cure, which seldom fails of Success..and that is a Decoction of the Root of the Dart Weed, or (as it is here called) the Squaw-Root.

1830 S. North Family Physician lxxxii. 261 Black Snake-root, Rich weed, Rattle weed, Squaw-root, (Actæa Racemosa.)... The root of this plant is astringent, and is much employed by the Indians in rheumatisms.

1848 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. 290 Conopholis. Squaw-root. Cancer-root.

1909 Househ. Jrnl. Mar. 35 (advt.) Squaw root for suffering women... It is designed to radically cure diseases peculiar to women.

1981 V. Kulvinskas et al. Life in 21st Cent. iii. 249 Squaw Root (Caulophyllum Thalictrodides)—Found: N. America (Chippewa). Use: Strong decoction of 5-30g. powdered root taken to expedite parturition and menstruation.

2012 C. Gracie Spring Wildflowers Northeast 173/1 Squawroot is an odd plant: lacking chlorophyll and true leaves..it is thus unable to produce its own food.

squaw vine n. partridgeberry, Mitchella repens.

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1830 E. Smith Bot. Physician 492 Partridge Berry... Also called, squaw vine... The squaws drank it in decoction for two or three weeks previous to, and during delivery, and it..rendered that generally dreaded event, so remarkably safe and easy with them.

1909 A. Henkel Amer. Medicinal Leaves & Herbs (Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Plant Industry, no. 219 34 (caption) Squaw vine (Mitchella repens), leaves and fruits.

1976 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Amer. 16 May (Stars section) 3 Squaw vine tea to perk you up. High bush cranberries to help you relax.

2016 A. Chevallier Encycl. Herbal Med. (ed. 3) 236/1 Squaw vine is still extensively used to aid labor and childbirth.

squaw weed n. any of several flowering plants traditionally used medicinally by North American Indians; esp. golden ragwort, Packera aurea.

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1811–12 W. J. Titford Sketches Hortus Botanicus Americanus 74 Black Snake Root, Acta Racemosa. N. O. Multisiliquæ; nat. North America: called also Squaw Weed, Rich Weed, and Rattle Weed.

1859 W. Darlington & G. Thurber Amer. Weeds & Useful Plants 193 The var. obovatus (called ‘Squaw-weed’) has been denounced..as being poisonous to sheep.

1930 F. Woodhull in J. F. Dobie Man, Bird & Beast (1965) 52 Indians used tea from the roots of the squaw-weed, or frostweed, for relieving cramps, as well as for chills and fever.

1973 Derrick (Oil City, Pa.) 25 May 17 (caption) Swaths of Golden Ragwort (Squaw Weed) are now in peak bloom.

2003 Horticulture Mar. 32/2 Native ragwort, groundsel, or squaw weed is one tough plant that easily takes Oklahoma's summer heat.

† squaw whortleberry n. Obsolete deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum.

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1818 A. Eaton Man. Bot. (ed. 2) ii. 482 Vaccinium..stamineum (squaw whortleberry..).

1855 C. A. Harris Dict. Med. Terminol., Dental Surg., & Collateral Sci. (ed. 2) 776/1 Vaccinium Stamineum. Deerberry; squaw whortleberry; a plant the leaves of which possess astringent properties.

1875 E. Tuckerman & C. C. Frost Catal. Plants Thirty Miles Amherst Coll. 19 Vaccinium..stamineum, L. Squaw Whortleberry.

Derivatives

squawed adj. U.S. slang rare (now historical) married, esp. to a North American Indian woman.

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society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > married person > married man > [adjective] > to a squaw

squawed1904

1904 E. Robins Magn. North xix. 324 The old miners had nearly all got ‘squawed’.

1995 D. C. Jones Shadow of Moon v. xxii. 446 Son, you'll get squawed yourself good and proper.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	squaw
释义	squawn. Brit. /skwɔː/, U.S. /skwɔ/, /skwɑ/ Forms: 1600s–1700s squaa, 1600s–1800s squa, 1600s– squaw. Origin: A borrowing from Massachusett. Etymon: Massachusett squa. Etymology: < Massachusett squa, ussqua (pronounced /əskwaːw/) young, unmarried woman, cognate with e.g. Cree iskwēw, northern East Cree iskwaau (pronounced /əskwaːw/) < an Algonquian base with the sense ‘woman’. 1. a. A North American Indian woman or wife. Now generally considered offensive. (a) Used by people who are not North American Indian as a relatively neutral term, with no specifically disparaging implication. Now chiefly in historical use, esp. in historical and Western fiction portraying stereotypes of North American Indian people.Recorded earliest in squaw sachem n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > married person > married woman > [noun] > native North American squaw1622 1622 Relation Eng. Plantation Plimoth, New Eng. 57 Also the Squa Sachim, or Massachusets Queene was an enemy to him. 1631 J. Winthrop Jrnl. (1996) 47 Chickatabot came with his Sanopps and Squaes. 1634 W. Wood New Englands Prospect ii. xix. 97 If her husband come to seeke for his Squaw. 1672 J. Josselyn New-Englands Rarities 99 The Indian Squa, or Female Indian. 1701 C. Wooley Two Years Jrnl. N.-Y. 39 Their Squaws or Wives and Female Sex manage their Harvest. 1756 G. Washington Let. 19 Dec. in Writings (1931) I. 526 Captn. Pearis came to town the other day with six Cherokees and two squaws. 1836 C. P. Traill Backwoods of Canada 160 The Indians are very expert in..fishing; the squaws paddling the canoes with admirable skill. 1877 G. Gibbs Tribes W. Washington in Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol. I. ii. 193 The prairies are dotted over with squaws, each armed with a sharp stake and a basket. 1939 L. G. Salverson Confessions of Immigrant's Daughter i. xiii. 158 The young squaw massaged my frozen feet with a mixture of bear's grease and some sort of herb. 1992 G. W. Proctor Comes the Hunter xiii. 101 Comanches—everywhere the rancher looked were braves, squaws, and children moving amid the city of stretched-leather cones. 2013 Transition 112 41/1 Westerns depicted Native Americans in narrow roles limited to clichés such as noble savage, ignoble savage or warrior, and exotic ‘squaw’. (b) Used by people who are not North American Indian as a depreciative or disparaging term of abuse or contempt. ΚΠ 1849 J. B. Jones Wild Western Scenes (new ed.) xvi. 237 ‘Was there nothing running after me but this squaw?’..‘Oh, don't call her a squaw, Joe—she's more like an angel than a squaw’. 1893 Dominion Illustr. Monthly Feb. 24/2 They will tell us..that you are not my husband, that you are but disgracing and dishonoring me—that you are keeping me here, not as your wife, but as your—your—squaw. 1939 P. Stong Long Lane iii. ii. 278 The women—you didn't call them squaws unless they were dirty or lazy—tramped up for water from the camp along the river. 1964 R. H. Wax et al. Dropout of Amer. Indians at Secondary Level vii. 45 in Indian Educ.: Hearings before Special Subcomm.: Pt. 3 (1969) (90th Congr., 1st & 2nd Sess.) 1505 They may, like pretty Anna Louise, be hounded out of school by a clique of experienced rivals, who call her ‘squaw’ and ‘make fun of her’ at every opportunity. 1990 M. Crow Dog & R. Erdoes Lakota Woman (1991) v. 70 He was grinning. ‘I don't apologize to her kind ever. She's nothing but a squaw.’ 2014 L. S. Clare Sky without Stars (e-book ed.) Don't have nothing to let. And if I did, I wouldn't rent to a squaw like you. b. In representations of North American Indian speech: a woman or wife. Now generally considered offensive. Now chiefly in historical and Western fiction portraying stereotypes of North American Indian people. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [noun] > white woman squaw1642 memsahib1832 inkosikazi1835 pink toe1930 gringa1956 1642 T. Lechford Plain Dealing 49 And when they [sc. Indians] see any of our English women sewing with their needles, or working coifes, or such things, they will crie out, Lazie squaes! 1654 E. Johnson Hist. New-Eng. ii. vi. 114 The men were smitten down, and slaine, as they came forth with a great slaughter, the Sqawes crying out, oh much winn it English-man, who moved with pitty toward them, saved their lives: and hereupon some young youth cryed, I squaw, I squaw, thinking to finde the like mercy. 1725 S. Willard Jrnl. in Appalachia (1881) II. 342 Our Indian said there was Squaws as well as Sannups. 1785 C. Horn in W. F. Horn Horn Papers (1945) I. 224 No sounds approach me, but Bowlegs say he hears ‘The Warriors sing big,’ and the ‘squaws and childs make big howl’. 1833 J. G. Whittier in New-Eng. Mag. Feb. 129 My squaws have fine mat—big wigwam—soft samp. 1867 Condition Indian Tribes App. 386 in Rep. Comm. Senate (39th Congress, 2nd Sess.: Senate Rep. 156) My young men, squaws and children are starving; the black spots you see on the hills before you are the graves of many of my people. 1917 M. MacMillian Pioneers iv, in More Short Plays 161 Young white squaw no wise. She no see. 1981 L. F. James Revenge of Hawk xviii. 168 This is Corigay, my squaw, and our firstborn, Nemigda. She is the daughter of the chief of the Mescalero, and I took her into my wickiup as my squaw twelve moons ago as a pact of peace between our tribes. 2007 G. Morris Man for Temperance iii. xviii. 244 Black Eagle looked at her... ‘He says he wants you for his squaw.’ c. slang. In non-North American Indian contexts: a woman or wife. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > married person > married woman > [noun] > wife wifeeOE womanc1275 peerc1330 spousessc1384 ladyc1390 good lady1502 girl?a1513 spousage1513 little lady1523 the weaker vessel1526 companion1535 wedlock1566 Mrs1572 dame1574 rib?1590 feme1595 fathom1602 feme covert1602 shrew1606 wife of one's bosom1611 kickie-wickiea1616 heifer1616 sposa1624 bosom-partner1633 goodwife1654 little woman1715 squaw1767 the Mrs1821 missus1823 maw1826 lady wife1840 tart1864 mistress1873 mama1916 ball and chain1921 trouble and strife1929 old boot1958 1767 I. Bickerstaff Love in City ii. xi. 42 What, to take the squaw from the young grocer? 1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto XIII lxxix. 94 Mrs. Rabbi, the rich banker's squaw. 1841 W. J. Neale Paul Periwinkle ii. xvii. 344 Look at that, you young she-lubber,..suppose the ship is on fire, you young squaw, do you think you can put it out by spilling my glass of hot grog on the decks. 1908 B. Fisher A. Mutt (1977) 149 If my squaw finds out that the bankroll is shy 20 bones she'll bounce all the crockery off my knob. 1936 E. Hemingway Let. 12 Apr. in Sel. Lett. (1981) 447 Jack Coles is here with his new squaw who looks something like one of these new style wrestlers. 1977 ‘J. le Carré’ Honourable Schoolboy 282 A herd of diplomats, businessmen, and their squaws shuffled into the lobby. 2007 C. D. Heymann Amer. Legacy iii. 63 She wasn't your run-of-the-mill politician's squaw. 2. depreciative. In extended use: an effeminate or weak man. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > man > [noun] > effeminate man badlingeOE milksopc1390 cockneyc1405 malkina1425 molla1425 weakling1526 tenderling1541 softling1543 niceling1549 woman-man1567 cocknel1570 effeminate1583 androgyne1587 meacock1590 mammaday1593 hermaphrodite1594 midwife1596 nimfadoro1600 night-sneaker1611 mock-mana1625 nan1670 she-man1675 petit maître1711 old woman1717 master-miss1754 Miss Molly1754 molly1785 squaw1805 mollycoddle1823 Miss Nancy1824 mollycot1826 molly mop1829 poof1833 Margery?c1855 ladyboy1857 girl1862 Mary Ann1868 sissy1879 milk1881 pretty-boy1881 nancy1888 poofter1889 Nancy Dawson1890 softie1895 puff1902 pussy1904 Lizzie1905 nance1910 quean1910 maricon1921 pie-face1922 bitch1923 Jessie1923 lily1923 tapette1923 pansy1926 nancy boy1927 nelly1931 femme1932 ponce1932 queerie1933 palone1934 queenie1935 girlie-man1940 swish1941 puss1942 wonk1945 mother1947 candy-ass1953 twink1953 cream puff1958 pronk1959 swishy1959 limp wrist1960 pansy-ass1963 weeny1963 poofteroo1966 mo1968 shim1973 twinkie1977 woofter1977 cake boy1992 hermaphrodite- 1805 Z. M. Pike Jrnl. 14 Sept. in Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi (1810) i. 20 I directed my interpreter to ask how many scalps they had taken, they replied ‘none’; he added they were all squaws, for which I reprimanded him. a1879 F. Browne Martha's Vineyard in Sunday at Home (1880) 148/1 My uncle's a squaw; he was born an Indian sachem, but the Christians have made him a squaw; they turn warriors to women. 1891 A. Welcker Tales Wild West 24 By way of expressing their utter contempt for him they called him a ‘squaw’. 1936 A. Sperry Wagons Westward xiii. 196 ‘Listen, you two,’ he grated. ‘Stay out here and fight like men. You squaw!’ 1974 W. M. James Apache: First Death x. 154 White Dog sneered as he addressed Soft Tongue. ‘He is a squaw. He has no stomach for killing’. Compounds C1. attributive, designating a North American Indian woman, as squaw mistress, squaw wife, etc. Now generally considered offensive. ΚΠ 1707 C. Mather Memorial Depolorable State of New-Eng. 35 She sent then unto a French Priest, that he would speak unto her Squa Mistress. 1809 Monthly Anthol. & Boston Rev. June 408 At their first winter encampment on the Missouri, the squaw wife to their interpreter brought them a papoose. 1858 E. D. Neill Hist. Minnesota xii. 233 His party consisted of his squaw mistress, Perrault, and fourteen employees. 1920 M. Hoskin Little Green Glove & Other Stories 210 Her lovely tresses, darkened and plastered down with grease by her squaw mother. 1994 Guardian 3 Aug. ii. 9/2 White stockings for the squaw wives of mountain men. C2. squaw-axe n. now chiefly historical a small axe or hatchet. ΚΠ 1804 J. Ordway Jrnl. 29 Dec. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1995) IX. 106 They Brought their Squaw axes & kittle to fix and mend. 1921 C. Lockhart Dude Wrangler vii. 56 You can git the squaw-axe and hack out a place fer a bed-ground. 1988 H. K. McEvoy Knife & Tomahawk Throwing vi. 112 There are four main types of tomahawks used most often today in muzzleloading and other forms of competition. These are the spike tomahawk, the pipe tomahawk, the hammer poll, and the ‘squaw-axe’. squaw boot n. a soft rawhide or suede boot usually decorated on the upper with fringing, embroidery, or bead-work. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > boot > [noun] > reaching to below knee bootingc1300 sabatinec1460 brodequin1481 buskin1503 bottine?a1513 Russian boot1781 half-boot1787 Wellington1816 blucher1833 squaw boot1942 1942 Vogue Jan. 16 n/3 Squaw Boots. These mediæval-looking deerskin moccasins are made for the Shoshoni Trading Post..by Idaho Indians. 1968 Chicago Daily Defender 28 Feb. 21/2 Squaw boots with fringed leather tops. 2002 Times 16 Feb. (Women's Fashion Special) 29 Black lace-up fringe squaw boots, £75. squaw bread n. a type of bread that is fried or (more traditionally) baked in a thin cake over a campfire. ΚΠ 1879 in Friend (1905) 1 July 406/3 They did not have their corn ground by grist mills but the women pounded them with a mortar and pestle and made squaw bread. 1888 J. D. Butler in Rep. & Coll. State Hist. Soc. Wisconsin 1883–85 10 86 Having lodged and eaten muskrat and squaw-bread at a French trader's on First Lake, they pushed on north. 1994 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 4 Jan. 11 It [sc. the hogun] had an earthen floor and I made ‘squaw bread’ outside... It was a crude existence. 2014 A. Kane United States of Bread 37 Squaw bread became a specialty at bakeries and restaurants throughout southern California in the 1970s for its subtle sweetness and whole grain goodness. squaw candy n. colloquial (a name for) hard strips of smoked salmon. ΚΠ 1943 N.Y. Times 29 July 15/4 Salmon, which will then be cured into what the Aleuts call ‘squaw candy’. It is a cross between pemmican, dead fish and a Virginia ham. 1958 K. Nelson & C. Ford Klondy viii. 127 He..yanked a thin, oily strip of smoked salmon from the ridgepole... ‘Here, by God, have some squaw candy.’ 2008 Times 2 Feb. (Travel section) 16/3 We..picnicked on wild cranberries and salmon jerky smoked by Jeannie in her backyard (she called it ‘squaw candy’). squaw dance n. (with reference to the practices of the Navajo and indigenous peoples inhabiting the interior plains of North America) a ceremonial or social dance, esp. one where women choose their dancing partners. ΚΠ 1817 J. Bradbury Trav. Amer. 144 This morning I was informed by Jussum that the squaw dance would be performed in the afternoon. 1894 Outing May 83/1 The short, choppy stepping of most squaw dances elsewhere. 1938 Desert Mag. May 10/1 Two Navajo girls..in their full calico skirts and velvet blouses... They were going to the Squaw Dance in full swing just around the hill. 2008 P. G. Allen in H. D. S. Wong et al. Reckonings 16 There's a squaw dance beneath the wheeling stars and the fires burn around the dance ground. squaw hitch n. a type of knot used to secure a pack to the back of a horse or other pack animal. ΚΠ 1879 Salt Lake Daily Tribune 22 Mar. When the packs have been lashed on by the squaw hitch and the prospectors have started on their journey. 1903 A. Adams Log of Cowboy iii. 32 He showed me what he called a squaw hitch, with which you can lash a pack single-handed. 2004 Economist 18 Dec. 92/2 Any American packer knows how to tie a ‘squaw hitch’ or how to turn a pack horse into a draught horse by means of a quick travois. squaw horse n. now historical (a) (in representations of pidgin English) a female horse; (b) a horse used for carrying packs, pulling travois (cf. travois n.), etc., rather than for hunting or warfare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by gender or age > [noun] > female squaw horse1634 1634 W. Wood New Englands Prospect ii. xv. 89 They posted to the English to tell them how the case stood or hung with their squaw horse. 1848 S. P. Hildreth Pioneer Hist. xx. 426 This one the Indians called ‘a squaw horse’, not knowing the English word for a female. 1903 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 472/2 It was better than being a squaw-horse, dragging a lot of laden poles about. 1973 H. McCracken Amer. Cowboy vi. 60 They [sc. the Indians] had squaw horses for pulling travois to move camp, and buffalo horses and war horses. 2008 J. Logan Slocum & Tomboy xxi. 165 Best gawdamn squaw horse in the whole country. squaw man n. now historical a non-North American Indian man married to or cohabiting with a North American Indian woman. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > married person > married man > [noun] > married to native North American squaw man1856 1856 Harper's Mag. Sept. 525/1 The white women were awfully severe upon the five poor squaws who had come to the fort with their mining protectors, who were contemptuously styled ‘squaw-men’. 1938 L. V. Armstrong We too are People vii. 214 This squaw and the blond squaw-man had a baby who was beyond question one of the most beautiful children I have ever seen. 2007 USA Today (Soc. Advancem. Educ.) July 54/1 Carson married an Arapaho woman named Waa-nibe (Singing Grass) and became, as did many other mountain men, a ‘squaw man’. squaw sachem n. [ < Pidgin Massachusett, translating the elements of Massachusett sonksq queen, lit. ‘sachem woman’ (see sunk squaw n.)] now historical (among the Algonquian peoples of southern New England) a queen or female chief ruling in her own right, or the wife of a sachem or chief (cf. sunk squaw n.). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > rule or government of family or tribe > head of family, tribe, or clan > [noun] > native American > female squaw sachem1622 sunk squaw1661 1622 Relation Eng. Plantation Plimoth, New Eng. 57 Also the Squa Sachim, or Massachusets Queene was an enemy to him. 1716 B. Church Entertaining Passages Philip's War i. 2 Among the rest he sent Six Men to Awashonks Squaw-Sachem of the Sogkonate Indians, to engage her in his Interests. 1883 Harper's Mag. June 23/1 The Indian came with his whole train of warriors and women, including his queen, the celebrated ‘squaw sachem’ Weetamo. 2017 Telegram & Gaz. (Mass.) (Nexis) 10 June a8 The late Zara Cisco Brough.., who called herself Princess White Flower, presented herself as a hereditary squaw sachem when she promoted tribal status for the Nipmucs. squaw winter n. [probably after Indian summer n.] now historical a short period of wintry weather occurring in autumn in the northern United States and Canada, esp. one preceding an Indian summer. ΘΚΠ the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > periods of unseasonal weather Michaelmas spring1557 All-Hallown Summer1598 St Martin's Summera1616 autumn-spring1639 go-summer1649 Indian summer1790 squaw winter1847 All Saints' Summer1861 Martin's summer1864 Martinmas summer1881 1847 Zion's Herald & Wesleyan Jrnl. 2 June 86/4 It was customary..for the settlers, at the commencement of the squaw winter, to turn out in companies of thirty or forty men, and hunt bears. 1871 Lakeside Monthly July 4/2 Those single-minded, grand old fellows..kicked the light snow of ‘squaw winter’ from their Spanish-leather boots. 1992 F. Manfred Of Lizards & Angels ii. xxii. 192 Looking out the kitchen window..Thea saw it was snowing. So early in the fall? Goodness, it meant they were going to have a spell of squaw winter. squaw wood n. firewood or fuel that is easy to gather, such as small sticks, dead branches, etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > other organic fuels > [noun] > dung casard1499 casing1516 sharny-peat1808 dung cake1824 buffalo-chips1840 mist1852 argol1856 prairie coal1889 cattle chips1903 squaw wood1914 1914 Outing June 191/2 The cooking fire is only the beginning of the possibilities of ‘squaw wood’. 1968 C. Helmericks Down Wild River North i. vi. 100 Anything is squaw wood that you don't have to chop. 2013 S. B. Williams Darkness After viii. 99 Mitch showed April the old Indian trick of collecting ‘squaw wood’, the smaller dead branches still attached to the lower reaches of standing live trees. C3. Chiefly North American. In names of plants and animals traditionally used by North American Indians as a source of food, medicine, etc.Cf. oldsquaw n. at old adj. Compounds 4. squawberry n. any of several shrubs having edible berries; esp. deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum, and partridgeberry, Mitchella repens; (also) the fruit of such a shrub. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > berry > [noun] > other berries hedge-berry1607 elderberry1625 ramble-berry1658 cloudberry1743 Indian pear1796 bluet1812 squawberry1829 pigface1830 wax-berry1835 quandong1836 strawberry guava1901 bead-berry1923 squash-berry1935 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > edible berries > other berries blueberry1594 hedge-berry1607 elderberry1625 huckleberry1670 bearberry1677 cloudberry1743 baked apple1750 pembina1760 service1785 honeyberry1787 nub-berry1794 bluet1812 noop1817 squawberry1829 quandong1836 miro1838 strawberry guava1901 squash-berry1935 tayberry1977 tummelberry1984 1829 C. Dewey in D. D. Field Hist. County Berks., Mass. i. 63 Mitchella..repens. Squaw-berry. June. Moist woods. 1852 Anglo-Amer. Mag. 1 418/2 The partridge leads her young brood forth to feed upon the soft luscious fruits of the huckleberry and squaw-berry. 1884 M. G. C. Hall Lady's Life on Farm in Manitoba 162 We have had jelly made of squawberries. 1956 V. Fisher Pemmican (1957) 161 Dried elderberry, or squawberry or wild currant he did not care for. 2012 S. S. Weeks & H. P. Weeks Shrubs & Woody Vines Indiana & Midwest 246 (heading) Deerberry, squawberry Vaccinium stamineum L. squawbush n. any of various shrubs; esp. highbush cranberry, Viburnum trilobum, and skunkbush, Rhus trilobata. ΚΠ 1832 W. D. Williamson Hist. Maine I. 125 Indian Tobacco, called by the Natives ‘Squaw-bush’, is a perennial herb, or shrub; the bark of which they scrape off, mix with their tobacco, and smoke it. 1852 Deseret News (Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory) 4 Sept. Squaw-bush..grows in great abundance in these valleys;..we will pay a reasonable price for a large amount of it. 1884 St. Louis Med. Jrnl. 9 479 Viburnum Opulus..is commonly known by the names of ‘high cranberry’, ‘cramp bark’, ‘squaw bush’. 1935 C. Woods Buckaroo Clan Montana xxi. 192 He left his horse hidden in a bunch of squaw-bushes. 1997 Fieldiana: Anthropol. 28 5/1 Squawbush (Rhus trilobata) was the preferred material for making all kinds of baskets and trays. 2001 R. Adkison Utah's National Parks 67/2 In autumn these hills are brilliantly colored with the golds of oaks and the reds of squawbush. squaw corn n. any of several varieties of maize, typically ones having soft grains of various colours; cf. soft corn n.² 1. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > maize > types of flint corn1705 soft corn1751 flint1802 squaw corn1823 tassel-corn1883 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > maize > types of green cornc1450 flint corn1705 flint1802 sweet corna1817 squaw corn1823 dent corn1853 tassel-corn1883 country gentleman1892 1823 Amer. Farmer 4 Apr. 16/2 An ear of Indian Squaw Corn,..raised by the Waugh-paugh-connetta Tribe. 1912 E. P. Stewart Let. Feb. in Lett. Woman Homesteader (1914) 151 They had a small patch of land..on which was raised the squaw corn that hung in bunches from the rafters. 1975 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 5 Oct. 22/5 Nowadays, squaw corn is grown purely for its highly ornamental, variegated ears with kernels in purple, mauve, red, yellow, cream and black, very nice for Thanksgiving..displays. 2016 D. Clemons Culinary Hist. S. Delaware iv. 49 One of the oldest types is flour corn, grown by Native Americans and also called soft or squaw corn. squawfish n. †(a) a marine fish (not identified) (obsolete rare); (b) any of several freshwater cyprinid fishes comprising the genus Ptychocheilus, native to the western United States and having an elongated head and body; also with distinguishing word.The preferred common name is now pikeminnow.Colorado squawfish: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > superorder Ostariophysi or order Cypriniformes > [noun] > suborder Cyprinoidei > unspecified and miscellaneous type roach1637 roughhead1818 beardy1825 shiner1836 squawfish1871 mountain-barbel1880 1871 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 13 Oct. The ocean furnishes salmon, squaw fish, red fish, and occasionally a cod fish, all the year around. 1877 Daily Rocky Mountain News (Denver) 4 Sept. We learned next day that the latter [variety of fish] are called squaw-fish and that they are very full of bones. 1966 Copeia No. 3 614/2 Fish..taken from this pond during the study period included..several northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis). 2005 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 2 Apr. e5 In Colorado, the endangered squawfish is now the Colorado pikeminnow. squaw grass n. a tall rhizomatous perennial plant native to western North America, Xerophyllum tenax (family Melanthiaceae), having racemes of white flowers and fibrous leaves traditionally used by North American Indians in basketry. ΚΠ 1887 Suppl. Rep. Board of Regents (Univ. of Calif. Coll. Agric.) 51 Reference is also made to a tract of ‘high, rolling land; soil, sand and light adobe, with a heavy growth of squaw grass’. 1950 W. O. Douglas Of Men & Mountains vi. 73 The squawgrass grows in great patches here. Its creamy blossoms make even deeper the rich green of the balsam fir. 2015 G. Westfahl Day Working Life I. 527/2 Elsewhere, basket weavers utilized squaw grass, roots, and bark from spruce, oak, and cedar trees. squaw huckleberry n. deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum; (also) the fruit of this plant. ΚΠ 1837 W. Darlington Flora Cestrica (ed. 2) 255 V[accinium] stamineum... Stamineous Vaccinium. Vulgò—Squaw Huckleberry. Deerberry. 1943 M. L. Fernald & A. C. Kinsey Edible Wild Plants Eastern N. Amer. i. 30 The Squaw-Huckleberry when properly cooked and sweetened makes a sauce as delicious as good old-fashioned gooseberry-sauce. 2016 Bee Culture July 58/2 Typically two to four feet in height and three feet across, squaw-huckleberry occasionally reaches 10 feet or so. squawroot n. any of various plants having roots used medicinally; esp. cancer root, Conopholis americana; (also) a medicinal preparation of such a plant. ΚΠ 1740 J. Dickinson Observ. Throat-distemper Postscript He has found out a Method of Cure, which seldom fails of Success..and that is a Decoction of the Root of the Dart Weed, or (as it is here called) the Squaw-Root. 1830 S. North Family Physician lxxxii. 261 Black Snake-root, Rich weed, Rattle weed, Squaw-root, (Actæa Racemosa.)... The root of this plant is astringent, and is much employed by the Indians in rheumatisms. 1848 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. 290 Conopholis. Squaw-root. Cancer-root. 1909 Househ. Jrnl. Mar. 35 (advt.) Squaw root for suffering women... It is designed to radically cure diseases peculiar to women. 1981 V. Kulvinskas et al. Life in 21st Cent. iii. 249 Squaw Root (Caulophyllum Thalictrodides)—Found: N. America (Chippewa). Use: Strong decoction of 5-30g. powdered root taken to expedite parturition and menstruation. 2012 C. Gracie Spring Wildflowers Northeast 173/1 Squawroot is an odd plant: lacking chlorophyll and true leaves..it is thus unable to produce its own food. squaw vine n. partridgeberry, Mitchella repens. ΚΠ 1830 E. Smith Bot. Physician 492 Partridge Berry... Also called, squaw vine... The squaws drank it in decoction for two or three weeks previous to, and during delivery, and it..rendered that generally dreaded event, so remarkably safe and easy with them. 1909 A. Henkel Amer. Medicinal Leaves & Herbs (Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Plant Industry, no. 219 34 (caption) Squaw vine (Mitchella repens), leaves and fruits. 1976 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Amer. 16 May (Stars section) 3 Squaw vine tea to perk you up. High bush cranberries to help you relax. 2016 A. Chevallier Encycl. Herbal Med. (ed. 3) 236/1 Squaw vine is still extensively used to aid labor and childbirth. squaw weed n. any of several flowering plants traditionally used medicinally by North American Indians; esp. golden ragwort, Packera aurea. ΚΠ 1811–12 W. J. Titford Sketches Hortus Botanicus Americanus 74 Black Snake Root, Acta Racemosa. N. O. Multisiliquæ; nat. North America: called also Squaw Weed, Rich Weed, and Rattle Weed. 1859 W. Darlington & G. Thurber Amer. Weeds & Useful Plants 193 The var. obovatus (called ‘Squaw-weed’) has been denounced..as being poisonous to sheep. 1930 F. Woodhull in J. F. Dobie Man, Bird & Beast (1965) 52 Indians used tea from the roots of the squaw-weed, or frostweed, for relieving cramps, as well as for chills and fever. 1973 Derrick (Oil City, Pa.) 25 May 17 (caption) Swaths of Golden Ragwort (Squaw Weed) are now in peak bloom. 2003 Horticulture Mar. 32/2 Native ragwort, groundsel, or squaw weed is one tough plant that easily takes Oklahoma's summer heat. † squaw whortleberry n. Obsolete deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum. ΚΠ 1818 A. Eaton Man. Bot. (ed. 2) ii. 482 Vaccinium..stamineum (squaw whortleberry..). 1855 C. A. Harris Dict. Med. Terminol., Dental Surg., & Collateral Sci. (ed. 2) 776/1 Vaccinium Stamineum. Deerberry; squaw whortleberry; a plant the leaves of which possess astringent properties. 1875 E. Tuckerman & C. C. Frost Catal. Plants Thirty Miles Amherst Coll. 19 Vaccinium..stamineum, L. Squaw Whortleberry. Derivatives squawed adj. U.S. slang rare (now historical) married, esp. to a North American Indian woman. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > married person > married man > [adjective] > to a squaw squawed1904 1904 E. Robins Magn. North xix. 324 The old miners had nearly all got ‘squawed’. 1995 D. C. Jones Shadow of Moon v. xxii. 446 Son, you'll get squawed yourself good and proper. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1622
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