spiro-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

1. Combining form of Latin spīra, Greek σπεῖρα spire n.³, used in a number of scientific terms.

spirobacteria n.

Brit.

/ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)bakˈtɪərɪə/

U.S.

/ˌspaɪrəˌbækˈtɪriə/

/ˌspaɪroʊˌbækˈtɪriə/

bacteria with spirally twisted cells.

ΚΠ

1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 93 Spirobacteria are distinguished from vibrio, by the closer and narrower, regular, permanent spiral of the filament.

Spirochaete n.

Brit.

/ˈspʌɪrə(ʊ)kiːt/

U.S.

/ˈspaɪrəˌkit/

(also Spirochete) a genus of bacteria having a highly twisted spiral form; in modern use, any bacterium of the order Spirochætales, comprising actively motile non-spore-forming organisms having a helical form.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [noun] > types of

vibrio1850

micrococcus1870

microzyme1870

Spirillum1875

mycothrix1876

leptothrix1877

Spirochaete1877

streptococcus1877

Actinomyces1879

frogspawn1880

schizophyte1880

schizomycetes1881

gonococcus1882

saprophile1882

vibrion1882

coccus1883

diplococcus1883

streptobacteria1883

Clostridium1884

actinomycetes1885

pneumococcus1885

macrococcus1887

staphylococcus1887

iron bacterium1888

Proteus1888

ferrobacterium1890

meningococcus1890

rhizobium1890

sulphobacteria1890

nitrobacterium1891

Streptothrix1891

sulphur bacterium1891

myxobacter1892

Myxococcus1892

tetracoccus1893

coli1894

Pasteurella1895

pyrotoxin1895

Gaertner1897

purple bacterium1897

myxobacterium1898

pseudomonas1899

thiobacteria1900

treponema1908

corynebacterium1909

mycobacterium1909

Salmonella1913

Neisseria1915

botulinum1916

rickettsia1916

leptospira1918

acetobacter1920

Brucella1920

pseudomonad1921

strep1927

enterobacterium1929

opportunist1937

eubacterium1939

agrobacterium1942

persister1944

Moraxella1948

enteric1956

streptomycete1956

leptospire1957

transformant1957

lysogen1958

listeria1961

C. difficile1962

yersinia1967

Campylobacter1971

cyanobacterium1973

coryneform1976

eubacterium1977

legionella1979

acetogen1982

C. diff.1990

acidophilous1996

1877 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Course Elem. Biol. (ed. 4) 29 Spirochæte. Much like spirillum, but longer and with a much more closely rolled spiral.

1899 J. Cagney tr. R. von Jaksch Clin. Diagnosis (ed. 4) vi. 206 Mobile swarms are seen in the centre of the mass, while at its circumference appear the spirochæte-like bodies.

1908 Practitioner Oct. 549 The treponema, or, as they are usually designated in this country, the spirochaetes.

1919 Chambers's Jrnl. June 415/2 This organism belongs to the class known as spirochaetes, of which the spirochaete of syphilis and that of relapsing fever are other members.

1939 R. Campbell Flowering Rifle ii. 47 The fierce spirochete.

1973 R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. iii. 59/1 The order is subdivided into two families: Spirochaetaceae for the larger..spirochaetes, which are free-living or parasitic in shellfish; and Treponemataceae for spirochetes that are only about 0·2–0·3 μm in diameter and do not exceed 16 μm in length.

spirochaetal adj.

Brit.

/ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkiːtl/

U.S.

/ˌspaɪrəˈkid(ə)l/

that is a spirochæte; caused by spirochætes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > bacterial or viral disorders > [adjective] > bacterial disorders

bacteritic1881

paratyphoid1902

treponemal1913

spirochaetal1916

1916 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 23 377 We discovered a spirochætal microorganism which is now believed to be the cause [of Weil's disease].

1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 906/1 It is best described as spirochætal jaundice rather than by the older name of Weil's disease.

1927 Daily Express 6 May 2/6 The germ which causes spirochætal jaundice has been found..largely prevalent in rats.

1969 G. M. Edington & H. M. Gilles Pathol. in Tropics vii. 298 Leptospirosis is caused by infection with spirochaetal organisms.

spirochaeticidal adj.

Brit.

/ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)kiːtᵻˈsʌɪdl/

U.S.

/ˌspaɪrəˌkidəˈsaɪd(ə)l/

lethal to spirochætes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [adjective] > bactericide

bactericidal1878

bacillicidal1885

bacteriolytic1900

spirochaeticidal1913

bacteriophagic1922

bacteriophagal1927

bacteriocidal1943

1913 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 18 435 (heading) A study of the spirochæticidal action of the serum of patients treated with Salvarsan.

1949 M. A. Jennings in H. W. Florey et al. Antibiotics II. xxxi. 1037 Penicillin possessed some spirocheticidal activity.

spirochaeticide n.

Brit.

/ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkiːtᵻsʌɪd/

U.S.

/ˌspaɪrəˈkidəˌsaɪd/

a spirochæticidal substance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [noun] > bactericide

bactericide1884

bacillicide1885

bacteriolysin1900

spirochaeticide1920

bacteriophage1921

inhibine1936

1920 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 25 Dec. 1768/1 The efficacy of..spirocheticides in the so-called chemical prophylaxis of syphilis is limited to a period of not more than eight hours after the spirochete has had the opportunity of invading the healthy person.

spirochaetosis n.

Brit.

/ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)kiːˈtəʊsɪs/

U.S.

/ˌspaɪrəˌkiˈtoʊsəs/

infection with or a disease caused by spirochætes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > bacterial or viral disorders > [noun] > bacterial disorders

endemic syphilis1865

Oroya fever1873

verruga1873

Weil's disease1889

undulant fever1896

pasteurellosis1902

microbism1904

spirillosis1904

spirochaetosis1906

necrobacillosis1907

melioidosis1921

Reiter's disease1922

rickettsiosis1925

leptospirosis1926

Carrion's disease1927

treponematosis1927

bartonellosis1928

brucellosis1930

mycobacteriosis1938

listerellosis1939

listeriosis1941

shigellosis1944

Reiter's syndrome1947

Shigella dysentery1963

pigbel1966

mud fever1969

Lyme arthritis1976

toxic shock syndrome1978

legionellosis1979

TSS1980

1906 Jrnl. Hygiene 6 580 (heading) Spirochaetosis of mice due to Spirochaeta muris n.sp. in the blood.

1951 L. E. H. Whitby & M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 5) xxi. 350 Spirochætes and fusiform bacilli of Vincent's type may be found in large numbers in various conditions, particularly of the lung, known as spirochætosis.

1981 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 21 Nov. 1362/1 A review of 100 consecutive rectal biopsy specimens obtained from patients with rectal bleeding or diarrhoea showed that 10 had spirochaetosis.

2. Chemistry. Formative element used in the names of organic compounds whose molecular structure includes two rings with a single atom (usually of carbon or nitrogen) common to both. Also in combinations or as quasi-adj., as spiro-compound. [Introduced in German (A. Baeyer 1900, in Berichte der Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 33 3771).]

ΚΠ

1908 Chem. Abstr. 2 75 (heading) Spirocyclane.

1908 Chem. Abstr. 2 75 The term ‘spiro’ is applied by the author to systems of two cycloids, having only one carbon atom in common.

1909 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 96 i. 652 The product, decomposed by cold water, yields the spirocyclane derivative.

1915 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 107 ii. 1080 (heading) The formation and stability of spiro-compounds.

1932 Proc. Royal Soc. 1931–2 A. 134 359 The anhydrous crystals of racemic spiro-dihydantoin have a density of 1·94.

1960 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 82 5560/1 According to the number of spiro atoms present, the compounds are distinguished as monospiro, dispiro, trispiro compounds etc.

1976 A. L. Ternay Contemp. Org. Chem. vii. 185 A spiro compound results when two rings share one atom.

1978 Nature 5 Jan. 44/2 During irradiation of spiropyrans, in non-polar solvents dimer and charge-transfer complexes are formed.

1978 Further Perspectives Org. Chem. (CIBA) 40 Evidence for the possible spiro intermediate would give enormous support and we are seeking it.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	spiro-
释义	spiro-comb. form Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. 1. Combining form of Latin spīra, Greek σπεῖρα spire n.³, used in a number of scientific terms. spirobacteria n. Brit. /ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)bakˈtɪərɪə/ , U.S. /ˌspaɪrəˌbækˈtɪriə/ , /ˌspaɪroʊˌbækˈtɪriə/ bacteria with spirally twisted cells. ΚΠ 1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 93 Spirobacteria are distinguished from vibrio, by the closer and narrower, regular, permanent spiral of the filament. Spirochaete n. Brit. /ˈspʌɪrə(ʊ)kiːt/ , U.S. /ˈspaɪrəˌkit/ (also Spirochete) a genus of bacteria having a highly twisted spiral form; in modern use, any bacterium of the order Spirochætales, comprising actively motile non-spore-forming organisms having a helical form. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [noun] > types of vibrio1850 micrococcus1870 microzyme1870 Spirillum1875 mycothrix1876 leptothrix1877 Spirochaete1877 streptococcus1877 Actinomyces1879 frogspawn1880 schizophyte1880 schizomycetes1881 gonococcus1882 saprophile1882 vibrion1882 coccus1883 diplococcus1883 streptobacteria1883 Clostridium1884 actinomycetes1885 pneumococcus1885 macrococcus1887 staphylococcus1887 iron bacterium1888 Proteus1888 ferrobacterium1890 meningococcus1890 rhizobium1890 sulphobacteria1890 nitrobacterium1891 Streptothrix1891 sulphur bacterium1891 myxobacter1892 Myxococcus1892 tetracoccus1893 coli1894 Pasteurella1895 pyrotoxin1895 Gaertner1897 purple bacterium1897 myxobacterium1898 pseudomonas1899 thiobacteria1900 treponema1908 corynebacterium1909 mycobacterium1909 Salmonella1913 Neisseria1915 botulinum1916 rickettsia1916 leptospira1918 acetobacter1920 Brucella1920 pseudomonad1921 strep1927 enterobacterium1929 opportunist1937 eubacterium1939 agrobacterium1942 persister1944 Moraxella1948 enteric1956 streptomycete1956 leptospire1957 transformant1957 lysogen1958 listeria1961 C. difficile1962 yersinia1967 Campylobacter1971 cyanobacterium1973 coryneform1976 eubacterium1977 legionella1979 acetogen1982 C. diff.1990 acidophilous1996 1877 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Course Elem. Biol. (ed. 4) 29 Spirochæte. Much like spirillum, but longer and with a much more closely rolled spiral. 1899 J. Cagney tr. R. von Jaksch Clin. Diagnosis (ed. 4) vi. 206 Mobile swarms are seen in the centre of the mass, while at its circumference appear the spirochæte-like bodies. 1908 Practitioner Oct. 549 The treponema, or, as they are usually designated in this country, the spirochaetes. 1919 Chambers's Jrnl. June 415/2 This organism belongs to the class known as spirochaetes, of which the spirochaete of syphilis and that of relapsing fever are other members. 1939 R. Campbell Flowering Rifle ii. 47 The fierce spirochete. 1973 R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. iii. 59/1 The order is subdivided into two families: Spirochaetaceae for the larger..spirochaetes, which are free-living or parasitic in shellfish; and Treponemataceae for spirochetes that are only about 0·2–0·3 μm in diameter and do not exceed 16 μm in length. spirochaetal adj. Brit. /ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkiːtl/ , U.S. /ˌspaɪrəˈkid(ə)l/ that is a spirochæte; caused by spirochætes. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > bacterial or viral disorders > [adjective] > bacterial disorders bacteritic1881 paratyphoid1902 treponemal1913 spirochaetal1916 1916 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 23 377 We discovered a spirochætal microorganism which is now believed to be the cause [of Weil's disease]. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 906/1 It is best described as spirochætal jaundice rather than by the older name of Weil's disease. 1927 Daily Express 6 May 2/6 The germ which causes spirochætal jaundice has been found..largely prevalent in rats. 1969 G. M. Edington & H. M. Gilles Pathol. in Tropics vii. 298 Leptospirosis is caused by infection with spirochaetal organisms. spirochaeticidal adj. Brit. /ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)kiːtᵻˈsʌɪdl/ , U.S. /ˌspaɪrəˌkidəˈsaɪd(ə)l/ lethal to spirochætes. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [adjective] > bactericide bactericidal1878 bacillicidal1885 bacteriolytic1900 spirochaeticidal1913 bacteriophagic1922 bacteriophagal1927 bacteriocidal1943 1913 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 18 435 (heading) A study of the spirochæticidal action of the serum of patients treated with Salvarsan. 1949 M. A. Jennings in H. W. Florey et al. Antibiotics II. xxxi. 1037 Penicillin possessed some spirocheticidal activity. spirochaeticide n. Brit. /ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈkiːtᵻsʌɪd/ , U.S. /ˌspaɪrəˈkidəˌsaɪd/ a spirochæticidal substance. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [noun] > bactericide bactericide1884 bacillicide1885 bacteriolysin1900 spirochaeticide1920 bacteriophage1921 inhibine1936 1920 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 25 Dec. 1768/1 The efficacy of..spirocheticides in the so-called chemical prophylaxis of syphilis is limited to a period of not more than eight hours after the spirochete has had the opportunity of invading the healthy person. spirochaetosis n. Brit. /ˌspʌɪrə(ʊ)kiːˈtəʊsɪs/ , U.S. /ˌspaɪrəˌkiˈtoʊsəs/ infection with or a disease caused by spirochætes. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > bacterial or viral disorders > [noun] > bacterial disorders endemic syphilis1865 Oroya fever1873 verruga1873 Weil's disease1889 undulant fever1896 pasteurellosis1902 microbism1904 spirillosis1904 spirochaetosis1906 necrobacillosis1907 melioidosis1921 Reiter's disease1922 rickettsiosis1925 leptospirosis1926 Carrion's disease1927 treponematosis1927 bartonellosis1928 brucellosis1930 mycobacteriosis1938 listerellosis1939 listeriosis1941 shigellosis1944 Reiter's syndrome1947 Shigella dysentery1963 pigbel1966 mud fever1969 Lyme arthritis1976 toxic shock syndrome1978 legionellosis1979 TSS1980 1906 Jrnl. Hygiene 6 580 (heading) Spirochaetosis of mice due to Spirochaeta muris n.sp. in the blood. 1951 L. E. H. Whitby & M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 5) xxi. 350 Spirochætes and fusiform bacilli of Vincent's type may be found in large numbers in various conditions, particularly of the lung, known as spirochætosis. 1981 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 21 Nov. 1362/1 A review of 100 consecutive rectal biopsy specimens obtained from patients with rectal bleeding or diarrhoea showed that 10 had spirochaetosis. 2. Chemistry. Formative element used in the names of organic compounds whose molecular structure includes two rings with a single atom (usually of carbon or nitrogen) common to both. Also in combinations or as quasi-adj., as spiro-compound. [Introduced in German (A. Baeyer 1900, in Berichte der Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 33 3771).] ΚΠ 1908 Chem. Abstr. 2 75 (heading) Spirocyclane. 1908 Chem. Abstr. 2 75 The term ‘spiro’ is applied by the author to systems of two cycloids, having only one carbon atom in common. 1909 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 96 i. 652 The product, decomposed by cold water, yields the spirocyclane derivative. 1915 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 107 ii. 1080 (heading) The formation and stability of spiro-compounds. 1932 Proc. Royal Soc. 1931–2 A. 134 359 The anhydrous crystals of racemic spiro-dihydantoin have a density of 1·94. 1960 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 82 5560/1 According to the number of spiro atoms present, the compounds are distinguished as monospiro, dispiro, trispiro compounds etc. 1976 A. L. Ternay Contemp. Org. Chem. vii. 185 A spiro compound results when two rings share one atom. 1978 Nature 5 Jan. 44/2 During irradiation of spiropyrans, in non-polar solvents dimer and charge-transfer complexes are formed. 1978 Further Perspectives Org. Chem. (CIBA) 40 Evidence for the possible spiro intermediate would give enormous support and we are seeking it. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < comb. form1876
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