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单词 spate
释义

spaten.

Brit. /speɪt/, U.S. /speɪt/, Scottish English /spet/
Forms: α. Middle English– spate, Middle English–1800s spait, 1500s–1600s, 1800s dialect spaitt, 1500s–1600s spat, 1600s spaite, 1800s spaight. β. 1500s–1600s speate, 1600s–1800s speat, 1800s dialect speatt, speeat, speet, spete, spyet, etc.
Etymology: Of obscure origin: the early spelling and rhymes show that the original vowel was ā, the later change of which to ea, etc., is regular.
Originally Scottish and northern.
1.
a. A flood or inundation; esp. a sudden flood or rising in a river or stream caused by heavy rains or melting snow. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flood or flooding > [noun] > river
land-flood1390
spatec1425
water break1513
flowa1616
overfloat1619
land-watera1631
freshet1638
surflux1660
spring-flood1714
shute1839
the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > abundance > [noun] > profuseness, luxuriousness, or lushness > a profusion or lavish abundance > viewed as flowing or falling
stream971
flood1340
affluencec1390
showera1425
spatec1425
delugec1430
rain1590
spring tide1592
cataract?1614
flux1678
α.
c1425 Wyntoun Cron. i. vii[i.] (heading) The ark and the spate of Noe.
c1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. 771 Na spate Þan mycht mak þar kneys wate.
c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 381 Þe watur þat wald cald Padus rase vp opon a grete spate and owryode all þe feldis.
1522 in Aberdeen Reg. (1844) I. 105 The sentrice of the brig..quhilk the spat haid brocht dovne incontinent.
1562 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 35 Great heapes of Stones are casten together wyth the myght of a great spat or floode.
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Civv/2 A Spate, torrens.
1611 W. Mure Misc. Poems ii. 60 in Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 11 No spaits of teires culd quench ye boyling leede.
c1614 W. Mure tr. Virgil Dido & Æneas ii. in Wks. (1898) I. 478 Nor haile, nor sleet, nor wind, nor weit [Atlas] eschewes; Adoune his shoulders raging spates do spowt.
1710 R. Sibbald Hist. Fife & Kinross i. 34 Others perished in the Water, being carried down with the Spate.
1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd i. ii The spate may bear away Frae aff the howms your dainty rucks of hay.
1832 W. Motherwell Poems 17 In that spate of blood, how well The headless corpse will swim.
1858 W. E. Gladstone Stud. Homer III. 158 That he carried away in sudden spates many of the horses that were pastured on his banks.
1889 F. A. Knight By Leafy Ways 25 Heaps of drifted rubbish,..to mark the tide-line of the winter spates.
β. 1595 A. Duncan Appendix Etymologiae: Index in Latinae Grammaticae Eluvio, diluvium, a speate of watters.c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 81 Throw ane great speat of the water of Die, occasioned be the..extraordinar rayne, thir haill four schippis brak louss.1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 75 While crashing ice, borne on the roaring speat, Sweeps dams, an' mills, an' brigs, a' to the gate.1806 W. M. Morison Decisions Court of Session XXXIII. 14524 The prejudice..did arise..from the running in of mud and gravel, by speats and land-floods.1818 S. E. Ferrier Marriage I. xxi. 296 A Horse and Cart were drowned at the Ford last Speat.1863 W. F. Campbell & J. F. Campbell Life in Normandy I. 54 They [i.e. fish] cannot get into these small rivers without a speat.
b. A sudden heavy downpour or storm of rain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > precipitation or atmospheric moisture > rain > [noun] > a or the fall of rain > downpour > sudden
rashOE
waterspout1586
downfall1603
plumpa1688
spate1727
cloud-burst1872
1727 P. Walker Some Remarkable Passages Semple, Welwood & Cameron 16 With a Speat of Rain, to raise the Waters.
1793 T. Scott Poems 389 Routh o' kisses, That fell like speats o' rain.
1825– in numerous northern dial. glossaries.
1871 Daily News 25 Aug. All day long there had been a ‘spate’ of rain in Inverary.
c. figurative. A sudden or violent outburst or outpouring of some quality, feeling, etc.; a sudden rush or flood, an unusual number or quantity, of words, events, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [noun] > bursting violently from rest or restraint > instance of > violent surge of something > specifically of words or feeling
spatec1614
sally1676
torrent1702
shower bath1808
simoom1813
irruption1883
α.
c1614 W. Mure tr. Virgil Dido & Æneas iii. in Wks. (1898) I. 191 Death~bent Dido,..Transported with a rageing spait of ire.
a1689 W. Cleland Coll. Poems (1697) 45 Innocence proves no defence, Against this Spait of violence.
a1732 T. Boston Memoirs (1776) x. 333 The speat ran high for the transportation [to Closeburn], when we came to town.
a1796 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 192 Nae bombast spates o' nonsense swell.
1890 Argus (Melbourne) 17 Dec. 9/2 I already had such a spate of schools to attend that I was unable to accept the invitation.
β. 1629 W. Mure True Crucifixe 564 in Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 221 Thy Crimes the cause, thy sinnes inunding speate.1634 S. Rutherford Lett. (1863) I. xxxvii. 118 God hath dried up one channel of your love by the removal of your husband. Let now that speat run upon Christ.1710 T. Ruddiman in G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneis (new ed.) Gloss. at Flum A speat of language.1731 Plain Reasons Presbyterians Dissent. 138 The most honest cause is often run down with the torrent and speat of law~quirks.1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 428/1 Not a foaming speat, and blether of dictionary words.1858–61 E. B. Ramsay Reminisc. Sc. Life (1870) vi. 168 Sic a speat o' praying, and sic a speat o' drinking, I never knew.
2.
a. Without article: Flooding or inundation, swollen condition of water, etc.; copious downpouring of rain. Now usually without const.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flood or flooding > [noun]
streamc950
water floodOE
floodc1000
waterOE
diluvya1325
waterganga1325
flowinga1340
delugec1374
diluvec1386
Noah's floodc1390
overflowing1430
inundation1432
flowa1450
surrounding1449
over-drowninga1500
spate1513
float1523
drowning1539
ravine1545
alluvion1550
surundacion1552
watershot1567
overflow1589
ravage1611
inunding1628
surroundera1642
water breach1669
flooding1799
debacle1802
diluviation1816
deluging1824
superflux1830
whelm1842
come1862
floodage1862
sheet-flood1897
flash flooding1939
flash-flood1940
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > precipitation or atmospheric moisture > rain > [noun] > a or the fall of rain > downpour
floodc1275
spate1513
spout1554
gourder1565
squata1640
downpouring1669
deluge1720
pash1722
plout1740
on-ding1776
pelt1785
soaker1789
pelter1791
teem1793
pour1794
oncome1808
downpour1811
plash1820
slashing1829
plungec1841
dispunging1876
steeper1878
splurge1879
soak1891
drencher1892
toad-strangler1938
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ix. i. 74 Sevyn swelland ryveris eftyr spait of rayne.
c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. xii. xii. f. 181v/1 In this ȝeir al ye landis of Godowine be spait of seis wes couerit with sandis.
1609 J. Skene tr. Regiam Majestatem 9 Inundation, or spate of water, or anie other suddaine chance or perill.
c1630 in Burton Scot Abr. (1864) II. 323 For as meikle as a greit part of the playfeild.. is spoiled, broken and carriet away in speat and inundation of water.
1848 A. H. Clough Bothie of Toper-na-Fuosich i. 95 As sudden torrent in time of speat in the mountain.
1893 K. Simpson Jeanie o' Biggersdale 51 The water rushed down..angrily in winter and in times of spate.
b. in (or †on) spate, in flood.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flood or flooding > in flood [phrase] > of river
in (or on) spate1513
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ii. vi. 14 Quhen the burne on spait hurlis doun the bank.
1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 111 Lyke burnis that in spait fast rin.
1610 Aberdeen Reg. (1848) II. 299 The said burne, efter great rayne, being in spat, brak out oft and diuerse tymes be vehement force.
1803 J. Jamieson Water Kelpie in W. Scott Minstrelsy Sc. Border (ed. 2) III. 362 Yestreen the water was in spate.
1861 G. H. Kingsley in F. Galton Vacation Tourists & Trav. 1860 133 The burn, high in spate,..rattles harshly at our feet.
c. Broken or turbulent water characteristic of a river in flood. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > system > [noun] > rapids
white water1482
sault1600
shoota1609
stickle1616
swift1661
rift1727
rapid1744
rattle1770
rip1775
riffle1865
spate1884
1884 W. Sime To & Fro 104 The Ilen..breaking into rough currents of brown ‘spate’.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations, as spate river, spate water; spate-created adj.
ΚΠ
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 108 The spate wateris of the grete mountanis may sudaynly cum till jnfest the ost and disloge thame.
1529 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (1845) I. 396 Gif it sall happin þe said brig be..inundatioun of spaitt water weiring of grund be our inaduertence..to failȝe.
1901 Scotsman 4 Mar. 10/2 Floods are of very short duration on those spate rivers.
1901 Pall Mall Gaz. 17 Sept. 6/2 Those spate-created runs at the heads of pools.

Derivatives

spate v. transitive to flood, swell; intransitive to rain heavily.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > change in level of water > [verb (transitive)] > cause to rise
swell1608
spate1853
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flood or flooding > flood or overflow [verb (intransitive)] > river
flow1495
disbank1660
flood1755
spate1853
to burst its banks1860
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > precipitation or atmospheric moisture > rain > rain falls [verb (intransitive)] > rain heavily
ropec1450
to ding down1554
to come down1597
to ding onc1650
to rain cats and dogs1661
sile1703
pour1737
teem1753
pepper1767
flood1813
to rain pitchforks1815
rash1824
spate1853
bucket1926
tipplea1930
piss1948
1853 W. Watson Poems 26 Sheughs an' deep fur-drains were jawin' To spate the burns.
1866 Banffshire Gloss. 230 It spaitit on the hail nicht.
ˈspated adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flood or flooding > [adjective] > flooding or overflowing > specifically of river
flow1511
abounding1684
spated1827
1827 J. Aikman tr. G. Buchanan Hist. Scotl. III. iv. 374 The speated Tweed came down heavy two days before.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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