单词 | specular |
释义 | specularadj. I. Senses relating to reflection or mirrors. 1. a. specular stone n. (after Latin specularis lapis), a transparent or semi-transparent substance formerly used as glass or for ornamental purposes; a species of mica, selenite, or talc; a piece or flake of this. (Cf. phengite n.) Obsolete exc. archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > mirror > [noun] > mica or talc mirror specular stone1577 stone1608 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass-like materials specular stone1577 murra1598 talc1601 isinglass1750 mica1778 Muscovy glass1794 muscovite1850 Vitreosil1909 vitreous silica1925 windolite1927 the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > phyllosilicate > [noun] > mica > other micas specular stone1577 cat-silver1585 slude1591 hammochrysos1706 cat-gold1762 micarelle1794 phyllite1828 damourite1846 roscoelite1876 micarellite1885 scyelite1885 taeniolite1899 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. xii. i. 236 I find obscure mention of the specular stone to haue beene found and applied to this use [sc. window-making] in England. a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 397 In Temples made of Specular stone, that was transparent as glasse, or crystall. 1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 68 Unless they are particles of the specular stone, or English Talc. 1715 tr. G. Panciroli Hist. Memorable Things Lost I. i. vi. 15 Specular Stones were a shining kind of Substance, and..transparent like the Air. 1889 tr. E. Renan Apostles xi. 168 The decoration of a hall which he wanted to have adorned with specular stones. ΚΠ 1640 T. Carew Poems 143 Give then no faith to the false specular stone, But let thy beauties by th' effects be knowne. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > types of vision > [adjective] > direct or indirect vision intuitive1593 speculara1620 a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. viii. §5. 293 Not in a specular, and ænigmaticall vision; but in a cleere, and immediate one. a1677 T. Manton Transfig. Christ 33 in Christs Tempt. (1685) Not onely doth vision, or immediate intuition produce this effect, but also spiritual specular vision or a sight of God in the Ordinances. 1704 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World II. v. 287 St. Paul says..we see through a glass darkly... This has given occasion to the schools to distinguish of a certain ænigmatical or specular vision, in opposition to that vision of God which is by his essence. 3. a. Having the reflecting property of a mirror; presenting a smooth, polished, and reflecting surface; of a brilliant metallic lustre. Now Mineralogy. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > reflection > [adjective] faw?a1400 relusantc1400 relucentc1487 splendent1578 sparkling1590 reflecting1591 speculable1592 reflectent1644 reflective1658 reflexious1659 reflexivea1660 specular1661 reflectant1669 reverberant1733 catoptrica1774 reverberatory1790 1661 R. Boyle Sceptical Chymist v. 333 From this red Body..may be obtain'd a Mercury bright and Specular as it was before. 1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 235 Divers of these Christals have..Triangles..and other Figures exquisitely Cut on their smooth & specular surfaces; and others, Bodies of Prismatical shapes. 1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 36 The laminæ..have not a polished, or at least, nor a specular surface. 1796 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 273 It is evident that the particles of bodies are specular. 1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 552 Specular native arsenic. This very remarkable variety of Arsenic possesses a metallic brilliancy. 1829 Chapters Physical Sci. 281 Specular bodies are those the surfaces of which, being polished, reflect the rays in the same order as they come from other bodies. 1851 G. A. Mantell Petrifactions iii. §1. 144 Iron-glance, or specular oxide, from Elba, Stromboli, Vesuvius. b. specular iron (also iron ore), haematite, esp. the brilliant crystalline form of this. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > iron ore > others bloodstone1504 haematite1543 yellow share1590 keel1596 brush-ore1678 mush1686 brush-iron-ore1695 iron glance1792 specular iron (also iron ore)1796 steel-ore1796 oligistc1803 black band1811 old man1811 spathose iron-ore1823 pitticite1826 siderose1834 blink klip1835 pharmacosiderite1835 sphaerosiderite1837 fossil ore1846 jacutinga1846 vignite1846 siderite1848 junckerite1865 needle iron-ore1867 xanthosiderite1868 specularite1892 pitch ore1896 minette1902 taconite1905 the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > corundum group A2 03 > haematite > other haematites specular iron (also iron ore)1796 oligistc1803 iron glance1883 specularite1892 titanhaematite1938 (a) (b)1804 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 94 332 The fine gray specular iron from Sweden.1854 F. C. Bakewell Geol. xii. 87 Iron..presents itself separately as a volcanic product in the peculiar form of brilliant laminæ, called specular iron, which bears a high polish.1879 F. Rutley Study of Rocks x. 155 The crystallised variety, specular iron or ironglance, belongs to the rhombohedral system.1796 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) II. 162 Specular Iron ore. 1803 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 93 336 The primitive form of the slightly attractable oxide of iron, formerly known by the name of specular iron ore. 1859 R. Hunt Guide Mus. Pract. Geol. (ed. 2) 153 Specular iron ore is found throughout Asia, Corsica, Germany [etc.]. 1882 E. A. Floyer Unexplored Baluchistan 125 The blocks of specular iron ore are very heavy. c. Designating or pertaining to reflection by a surface in which incident light is reflected as in a mirror. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > reflection > [adjective] > relating to or of the nature of types of reflect holophotal1850 specular1863 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [adjective] > relating to a reflector catoptrical1696 catoptrica1774 specular1863 1863 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics 363 The reflection from the surfaces of polished bodies, the laws of which have just been stated, is called the regular or specular reflection. 1927 Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. 14 371 The instrument is so constructed that the identical areas employed in the measurement of specular density may be used without change for the measurement of the diffuse density. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 789/2 Specular density, the photographic density in an image measured with parallel light, as contrasted with diffuse density, when the total light passed is measured, including that dispersed. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset vii. 76 Some surfaces have both specular and diffuse reflection—such as varnished wood. 1974 Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. 64 546/2 Conventional definitions of reflectance treat the road as a perfectly diffuse surface and entirely omit the specular component of reflectance. 4. Of a telescope: fitted with a speculum; reflecting. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instrument for distant vision > [adjective] > telescope > reflecting telescope specular1651 Newtonian1737 Gregorian1762 Herschelian1792 Cassegrainian1813 1651 J. Saint-Amard tr. F. Micanzio Life Father Paul sig. D2 Gio. Battista Porta..makes honorable mention of Padre Paolo as of no ordinary personage, and particularly of his specular perspective. 5. Performed by means of a surgical speculum. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > examination > [adjective] > examination by touch > specific parts or instruments pleximetric1848 plessimetric1855 rhinoscopic1860 laryngoscopic1861 laryngoscopical1861 stethoscopical1867 tracheoscopic1880 cystoscopic1889 gastroscopic1892 oesophagoscopic1893 proctoscopic1896 specular1898 sigmoidoscopic1906 bronchoscopical1908 bronchoscopic1910 toposcopic1951 laparoscopic1967 1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. xviii. 307 In every case in which there is probability of rectal disease digital or specular examination must be made. II. Senses relating to vision. 6. Of or pertaining to sight or vision; esp. specular orb (poetic) the eye. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > [adjective] perspective?a1475 optical1570 optic1600 visual1603 specular1656 speculative1656 visional1790 visionary1814 ocular1831 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Specular,..belonging to seeing or spying, to Spectacles or glass windows. 1708 J. Philips Cyder i. 22 Thy Specular Orb Apply to well-dissected Kernels. 1721 T. D'Urfey Two Queens Brentford v. i Always considering the Design is for specular Instruction. 1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama xiv. 151 In the fiendish joy within his eyes, She knew the hateful Spirit who look'd through Their specular orbs. 7. poetic. Of heights, etc.: affording or giving a wide or extensive view. Cf. speculation n. 2c. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > place where view obtained > [adjective] prospective1584 specular1671 speculative1709 gazy1745 speculatory1781 scenic1784 sightly1828 panoramic1855 rear view1911 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 233 Look once more e're we leave this specular Mount Westward. View more context for this quotation 1833 W. Wordsworth Hope Smiled Calm as the Universe, from specular towers Of heaven contemplated by Spirits pure. 1844 I. Williams Baptistery II. iv. 20 This is Wisdom's specular height, from whence To view as from a watch-tower things of sense. 1890 J. H. Stirling Philos. & Theol. viii. 144 The specular heights of the universal. Draft additions 1993 d. [ < French spéculaire (J. Lacan 1949, ‘Le stade du miroir’ in Revue Française de Psychanalyse 13 450: paper originally presented in 1936).] In psychoanalytic theory: of, pertaining to or characteristic of the ‘mirror stage’ of infant development, or to any response associated with this. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > baby or infant > [adjective] > relating to babyhood or infancy > specific stage specular1968 1968 A. Wilden tr. J. Lacan in Language of Self (1974) 135 The joyful assumption of his specular image by a being still unable to control his motor functions and still dependent on his mother to nurse him. 1973 D. Matias & P. Willemen tr. M. Cegarra in Screen Spring 137 According to Metz, there is no discontinuity (dynamic tension), but continuity as a specular relation. 1977 A. Sheridan tr. J. Lacan Écrits i. 5 Paranoic alienation..dates from the deflection of the specular I into the social I. 1985 T. Moi Sexual/Textual Politics vii. 135 Caught in the specular logic of patriarchy, woman can choose either to remain silent,..or to enact the specular representation of herself as a lesser male. 1990 C. Norris in Boyne & Rattansi Postmodernism & Society v. 124 They are thus caught up in a specular relation or a pattern of unwitting dialectical reprise that ends up by confirming every last theorem of the ‘false’ sciences that Marx set out to controvert. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < adj.1577 |
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