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单词 specular
释义

specularadj.

/ˈspɛkjʊlə/
Etymology: < Latin speculāris, < speculum speculum n.; or, in senses 6, 7, < Latin speculārī to spy, observe, specula watchtower. Compare French spéculaire (16th cent. in Godefroy Compl.), Provençal specular, Italian speculare, specolare, Spanish especulario, Portuguese especulario.
I. Senses relating to reflection or mirrors.
1.
a. specular stone n. (after Latin specularis lapis), a transparent or semi-transparent substance formerly used as glass or for ornamental purposes; a species of mica, selenite, or talc; a piece or flake of this. (Cf. phengite n.) Obsolete exc. archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > mirror > [noun] > mica or talc mirror
specular stone1577
stone1608
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass-like materials
specular stone1577
murra1598
talc1601
isinglass1750
mica1778
Muscovy glass1794
muscovite1850
Vitreosil1909
vitreous silica1925
windolite1927
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > phyllosilicate > [noun] > mica > other micas
specular stone1577
cat-silver1585
slude1591
hammochrysos1706
cat-gold1762
micarelle1794
phyllite1828
damourite1846
roscoelite1876
micarellite1885
scyelite1885
taeniolite1899
1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. xii. i. 236 I find obscure mention of the specular stone to haue beene found and applied to this use [sc. window-making] in England.
a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 397 In Temples made of Specular stone, that was transparent as glasse, or crystall.
1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 68 Unless they are particles of the specular stone, or English Talc.
1715 tr. G. Panciroli Hist. Memorable Things Lost I. i. vi. 15 Specular Stones were a shining kind of Substance, and..transparent like the Air.
1889 tr. E. Renan Apostles xi. 168 The decoration of a hall which he wanted to have adorned with specular stones.
b. A piece of this used as a mirror. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1640 T. Carew Poems 143 Give then no faith to the false specular stone, But let thy beauties by th' effects be knowne.
2. Of vision: obtained by reflection only; not direct or immediate. Obsolete.Based upon 1 Corinthians 13:12, where the Vulgate has per speculum in ænigmate and the Greek δι' ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγματι.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > types of vision > [adjective] > direct or indirect vision
intuitive1593
speculara1620
a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. viii. §5. 293 Not in a specular, and ænigmaticall vision; but in a cleere, and immediate one.
a1677 T. Manton Transfig. Christ 33 in Christs Tempt. (1685) Not onely doth vision, or immediate intuition produce this effect, but also spiritual specular vision or a sight of God in the Ordinances.
1704 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World II. v. 287 St. Paul says..we see through a glass darkly... This has given occasion to the schools to distinguish of a certain ænigmatical or specular vision, in opposition to that vision of God which is by his essence.
3.
a. Having the reflecting property of a mirror; presenting a smooth, polished, and reflecting surface; of a brilliant metallic lustre. Now Mineralogy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > reflection > [adjective]
faw?a1400
relusantc1400
relucentc1487
splendent1578
sparkling1590
reflecting1591
speculable1592
reflectent1644
reflective1658
reflexious1659
reflexivea1660
specular1661
reflectant1669
reverberant1733
catoptrica1774
reverberatory1790
1661 R. Boyle Sceptical Chymist v. 333 From this red Body..may be obtain'd a Mercury bright and Specular as it was before.
1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 235 Divers of these Christals have..Triangles..and other Figures exquisitely Cut on their smooth & specular surfaces; and others, Bodies of Prismatical shapes.
1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 36 The laminæ..have not a polished, or at least, nor a specular surface.
1796 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 273 It is evident that the particles of bodies are specular.
1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 552 Specular native arsenic. This very remarkable variety of Arsenic possesses a metallic brilliancy.
1829 Chapters Physical Sci. 281 Specular bodies are those the surfaces of which, being polished, reflect the rays in the same order as they come from other bodies.
1851 G. A. Mantell Petrifactions iii. §1. 144 Iron-glance, or specular oxide, from Elba, Stromboli, Vesuvius.
figurative.1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. iii. vi. sig. R6v The fine Expressions you applaud, are commonly parts of a Sermon that have no specular Virtue in them.
b. specular iron (also iron ore), haematite, esp. the brilliant crystalline form of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > iron ore > others
bloodstone1504
haematite1543
yellow share1590
keel1596
brush-ore1678
mush1686
brush-iron-ore1695
iron glance1792
specular iron (also iron ore)1796
steel-ore1796
oligistc1803
black band1811
old man1811
spathose iron-ore1823
pitticite1826
siderose1834
blink klip1835
pharmacosiderite1835
sphaerosiderite1837
fossil ore1846
jacutinga1846
vignite1846
siderite1848
junckerite1865
needle iron-ore1867
xanthosiderite1868
specularite1892
pitch ore1896
minette1902
taconite1905
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > corundum group A2 03 > haematite > other haematites
specular iron (also iron ore)1796
oligistc1803
iron glance1883
specularite1892
titanhaematite1938
(a)
1796 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) II. 162 Specular Iron ore.
1803 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 93 336 The primitive form of the slightly attractable oxide of iron, formerly known by the name of specular iron ore.
1859 R. Hunt Guide Mus. Pract. Geol. (ed. 2) 153 Specular iron ore is found throughout Asia, Corsica, Germany [etc.].
1882 E. A. Floyer Unexplored Baluchistan 125 The blocks of specular iron ore are very heavy.
(b)1804 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 94 332 The fine gray specular iron from Sweden.1854 F. C. Bakewell Geol. xii. 87 Iron..presents itself separately as a volcanic product in the peculiar form of brilliant laminæ, called specular iron, which bears a high polish.1879 F. Rutley Study of Rocks x. 155 The crystallised variety, specular iron or ironglance, belongs to the rhombohedral system.
c. Designating or pertaining to reflection by a surface in which incident light is reflected as in a mirror.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > reflection > [adjective] > relating to or of the nature of types of reflect
holophotal1850
specular1863
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [adjective] > relating to a reflector
catoptrical1696
catoptrica1774
specular1863
1863 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics 363 The reflection from the surfaces of polished bodies, the laws of which have just been stated, is called the regular or specular reflection.
1927 Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. 14 371 The instrument is so constructed that the identical areas employed in the measurement of specular density may be used without change for the measurement of the diffuse density.
1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 789/2 Specular density, the photographic density in an image measured with parallel light, as contrasted with diffuse density, when the total light passed is measured, including that dispersed.
1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset vii. 76 Some surfaces have both specular and diffuse reflection—such as varnished wood.
1974 Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. 64 546/2 Conventional definitions of reflectance treat the road as a perfectly diffuse surface and entirely omit the specular component of reflectance.
4. Of a telescope: fitted with a speculum; reflecting.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instrument for distant vision > [adjective] > telescope > reflecting telescope
specular1651
Newtonian1737
Gregorian1762
Herschelian1792
Cassegrainian1813
1651 J. Saint-Amard tr. F. Micanzio Life Father Paul sig. D2 Gio. Battista Porta..makes honorable mention of Padre Paolo as of no ordinary personage, and particularly of his specular perspective.
5. Performed by means of a surgical speculum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > examination > [adjective] > examination by touch > specific parts or instruments
pleximetric1848
plessimetric1855
rhinoscopic1860
laryngoscopic1861
laryngoscopical1861
stethoscopical1867
tracheoscopic1880
cystoscopic1889
gastroscopic1892
oesophagoscopic1893
proctoscopic1896
specular1898
sigmoidoscopic1906
bronchoscopical1908
bronchoscopic1910
toposcopic1951
laparoscopic1967
1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. xviii. 307 In every case in which there is probability of rectal disease digital or specular examination must be made.
II. Senses relating to vision.
6. Of or pertaining to sight or vision; esp. specular orb (poetic) the eye.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > [adjective]
perspective?a1475
optical1570
optic1600
visual1603
specular1656
speculative1656
visional1790
visionary1814
ocular1831
1656 T. Blount Glossographia Specular,..belonging to seeing or spying, to Spectacles or glass windows.
1708 J. Philips Cyder i. 22 Thy Specular Orb Apply to well-dissected Kernels.
1721 T. D'Urfey Two Queens Brentford v. i Always considering the Design is for specular Instruction.
1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama xiv. 151 In the fiendish joy within his eyes, She knew the hateful Spirit who look'd through Their specular orbs.
7. poetic. Of heights, etc.: affording or giving a wide or extensive view. Cf. speculation n. 2c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > place where view obtained > [adjective]
prospective1584
specular1671
speculative1709
gazy1745
speculatory1781
scenic1784
sightly1828
panoramic1855
rear view1911
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 233 Look once more e're we leave this specular Mount Westward. View more context for this quotation
1833 W. Wordsworth Hope Smiled Calm as the Universe, from specular towers Of heaven contemplated by Spirits pure.
1844 I. Williams Baptistery II. iv. 20 This is Wisdom's specular height, from whence To view as from a watch-tower things of sense.
1890 J. H. Stirling Philos. & Theol. viii. 144 The specular heights of the universal.

Draft additions 1993

d. [ < French spéculaire (J. Lacan 1949, ‘Le stade du miroir’ in Revue Française de Psychanalyse 13 450: paper originally presented in 1936).] In psychoanalytic theory: of, pertaining to or characteristic of the ‘mirror stage’ of infant development, or to any response associated with this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > baby or infant > [adjective] > relating to babyhood or infancy > specific stage
specular1968
1968 A. Wilden tr. J. Lacan in Language of Self (1974) 135 The joyful assumption of his specular image by a being still unable to control his motor functions and still dependent on his mother to nurse him.
1973 D. Matias & P. Willemen tr. M. Cegarra in Screen Spring 137 According to Metz, there is no discontinuity (dynamic tension), but continuity as a specular relation.
1977 A. Sheridan tr. J. Lacan Écrits i. 5 Paranoic alienation..dates from the deflection of the specular I into the social I.
1985 T. Moi Sexual/Textual Politics vii. 135 Caught in the specular logic of patriarchy, woman can choose either to remain silent,..or to enact the specular representation of herself as a lesser male.
1990 C. Norris in Boyne & Rattansi Postmodernism & Society v. 124 They are thus caught up in a specular relation or a pattern of unwitting dialectical reprise that ends up by confirming every last theorem of the ‘false’ sciences that Marx set out to controvert.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2021).
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adj.1577
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