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单词 sole
释义

solen.1

Brit. /səʊl/, U.S. /soʊl/
Forms: Middle English– sole, Middle English sool, Middle English–1500s soole (1500s solle), 1500s–1600s Scottish soille, soile; Middle English soul, 1500s sowle, 1500s–1600s soule; 1500s–1600s soale, 1600s–1700s, 1800s dialect soal.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French sole.
Etymology: < Old French sole (modern French sole in special senses), = Provençal sola , Portuguese sola , Spanish suela (compare Italian soletta ) < popular and medieval Latin sola , for Latin solea (whence Old French suele , seule , etc.) sandal, shoe. The leading variations of sense appear in Old French. sole n.2 is ultimately of the same origin. A trace of the word appears in Old English in the gloss ‘Soleae, solen’ (? for ‘solan’), but there is no evidence of continuity. In the other Germanic languages it also occurs in older glosses and later becomes common, as Old Saxon sola (plural solun), Middle Low German sole, sale (Low German soal, saol, sâl, etc.), Middle Dutch sole (zole), sool (Dutch zool, Frisian soal), Old High German sola, Middle High German sole, sol, rarely sule, sul (German sohle); also Danish saale, Middle Swedish sola, sula (Swedish såla, sula), Norwegian sole, Icelandic sóli.
I. Senses relating to the underside of the foot.
1.
a. The under surface of the foot; that part of it which normally rests or is placed upon the ground in standing or walking; also, the mark made by this on the ground (quot. a1425).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > foot > [noun] > sole
solec1325
foot solea1382
planta1382
step1382
palmc1450
plat1574
treadc1720
baby sole1864
society > communication > indication > marking > a mark > trace or vestige > [noun] > left by the passage of something > of a person or animal > track of footprints > footprint
trod946
lastOE
foot sporeOE
tread?c1225
stepc1290
footstepa1300
solec1325
tracta1547
footprint1552
traces1552
footing1563
foot track1600
accub1623
vestigating1634
vestige1656
seal1686
sign1692
footmark1756
stabble1863
pelmatogram1890
paw print1894
c1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesw. in Wright Voc. 149 La plaunte, sole.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job xviii. 9 His sole shal ben holde with a grene.
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Acts iii. 7 The groundis and plauntis, or solis, of him ben saddid to gidere.
a1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Digby) xxiv He knowth hym by þe traces and by his denne and by þe soole.
?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Biv The soole, la plante.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. x. sig. I6 Most vertuous virgin,..That..Hast wandred through the world now long a day; Yet ceassest not thy weary soles to lead.
?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 377 They bring thame farre on ambeling foiles, Bot send thame hame throw on thair soilles.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 120 You would thinke one of them was the hoofe of a Goate, and the other of a Hart, both of them hollow and without soales.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 572 By thee protected, with our naked Soles, Thro' Flames unsing'd we march.
1830 R. Knox tr. P. A. Béclard Elements Gen. Anat. 146 An undulated layer which covers..the double furrowed lines of the dermis, on the palms and soles.
1842 Ld. Tennyson St. Simeon Stylites in Poems (new ed.) II. 53 From scalp to sole one slough and crust of sin.
1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust I. xxii. 245 Our shoes are all danced out, we trow, We've but naked soles to run with.
b. Frequently with addition of the (or his, etc.) foot.
ΚΠ
c1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 1493 Fra þe haterel oboven þe croun..tyl þe sole of þe fot doun.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 351 For greet knelynge his knees were as þe sooles of his feet.
c1440 Gesta Romanorum (Harl.) xlix. 223 For ther was on him noon helthe, from the toppe of his hede vnto the sole of his fote.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Kings v. 3 Vntyll the Lorde delyuered them vnder the soles of his fete.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §96 Pigeons bleeding, applyed to the Soales of the Feet, ease the Head.
1686 tr. J. Chardin Coronation Solyman 89 in Trav. Persia For the affront thou hast done me receive a hundred drubs upon the soles of thy feet.
1707 G. Farquhar Beaux Stratagem iii. 22 A little of her Cephalick Plaister to put to the Soals of your Feet.
1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas III. vii. ii. 29 From the sole of my foot to the crown of my head.
1849 R. T. Claridge Cold-water Cure 168 Take a shallow foot-bath (only to cover the soles of the foot) for seven to ten minutes.
c. Farriery. (See quots. 1805, 1831.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > body or parts of horse > [noun] > foot or spec. foot > sole of
heartc1450
sole1610
1610 G. Markham Maister-peece ii. c. 100 Raze both the quarters of the hoofe..from the cronet vnto the sole of the foote.
1735 W. Burdon Gentleman's Pocket-farrier 79 Never draw a Horse's Soals, on any Pretence whatever.
1798 J. Lawrence Philos. & Pract. Treat. Horses II. 233 Nothing to be cut from the soal, binders, or frog, but loose rotten scales.
1805 T. Boardman Dict. Veterinary Art (at cited word) Sole of a horse, that plate of horn which, encompassing the fleshy sole, covers the whole bottom of the foot.
1831 W. Youatt Horse xv. 285 The Sole..is the under concave and elastic surface of the foot,..extending from the crust to the bars and frog.
1876 G. E. Voyle & G. de Saint-Clair-Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) 393/2.
d. Zoology. The inner or under side of the claw of an animal (cf. quot. 1896).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > body and limbs > [noun] > paw or foot > foot with claws > talon or claw > inner or under side of claw
sole1896
1896 J. W. Kirkaldy & E. C. Pollard tr. J. E. V. Boas Text Bk. Zool. 469 Like Reptiles and Birds, Mammals have cap-shaped claws at the tips of the digits, and here also they are differentiated into two parts, a harder dorsal..wall, and a ventral horny sole,..of looser horn.
2.
a. The bottom of a boot, shoe, etc.; that part of it upon which the wearer treads (frequently exclusive of the heel); one or other of the pieces of leather or other material of which this is composed (cf. insole n. and outsole n.). Also, a separate properly-shaped piece of felt or other material placed in the bottom of a boot, shoe, etc.Also applied to the corresponding part of a stocking or sock: see stocking-sole n. at stocking n.2 Compounds 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > parts of footwear > [noun] > sole
solec1440
under-solingc1440
undershoea1500
underlaying1611
treadc1720
tap1844
outsole1862
tap-piece-
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > parts of footwear > [noun] > sole > insole
solec1440
insole1851
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > parts of footwear > [noun] > sole > leather for
solec1440
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 463/2 Sole, of a schoo, solea.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 272/1 Sole of a shoo, semelle.
1548 Act 2 & 3 Edw. VI c. 9 §4 The inner soule of the saide double souled Shoes.
1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 42v A hone & a parer, like sole of a boote.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet ii. ii. 232 On Fortunes lap, We are not the very button. Ham. Nor the soles of her shooe. View more context for this quotation
1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 34 The ashes..of an old shooe soale, helps gallings by the shooe.
1720 Humourist 84 The same Shoes, with Cork Soals, and square Toes.
1791 W. Beloe tr. Herodotus Hist. I. i. 196 [The] sandals..consisted of one or of more soals, and were fastened with thongs above the foot.
1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. ii. 24 The sole of the shoe torn down in walking.
1862 Internat. Exhib.: Illustr. Catal. Industr. Dept. II. xxvii. §4977 A hinge in the outer sole, to allow the foot to bend when walking.
1885 Harper's Mag. Jan. 280/1 The sole in a machine-made shoe would mean a sole, an inner sole, shank piece.
b. With punning allusion to soul n.See also Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iv. i. 122; Romeo & Juliet i. iv 15; ii. iv. 67, etc.
ΚΠ
1603 T. Dekker 1603: Wonderfull Yeare sig. E3 An honest Cobler (if at least Coblers can be honest, that liue altogether amongest wicked soales).
1641 ‘Smectymnuus’ Vindic. Answer Hvmble Remonstr. xiv. 179 You and they may turn Fratres Mendicantes, and go bare foot, if you part with these paire of soles.
†c. A sandal. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > shoe > [noun] > types of > with straps or thongs > sandal
sandalc1384
sole1553
1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. viii. f. 168 When their soles [L. solea] be taken of their fete be anoynted wyth swete odours.
†d. transferred. A thin piece or leaf of iron produced in the manufacture of tin-plate. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > pieces of other form
clouta1000
share mould1568
sole1729
butt1831
shape1845
1729 Philos. Trans. 1727–8 (Royal Soc.) 35 631 These Leaves are drawn from Bars of Iron, about an Inch square; which being made a little flat, they cut into thin Pieces or Soles (semelles).
II. Senses relating to a foundation, floor, or lower surface, and related uses.
3.
†a. The foundation of a building; the site of a city, etc. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > [noun] > site of or for (a) building(s)
toft1001
stead1246
sole1417
sitea1443
plota1450
toftstead1524
ground-plat?a1560
ground-plot1580
seat1615
parterre1671
building-lot1701
emplacement1780
steading1822
building-place1839
block1840
subdivision1857
building-ground1858
building-estate1885
building-land1905
island site1907
island plot1908
tract1912
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > [noun] > foundations
groundc950
ground-wallc1000
fundamentc1300
foundation1398
sole1417
paepae1846
raft1891
raft foundation1895
1417 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 12 John Hesill sall ga lyne right fra the bak syde of hys post that standys in hys hall hend un to hys sole in thys house that he byggys.
1417 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 12 That Hesyll may hafe rowme thar to lay hys sole, and rayse thys house.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iii. 41 So wold mo..That I se on this sole Of wifys that ar here.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 127 In the sole, a stone of Porphyr, whereon..she did set our Saviour.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 157 The sole where the New City stood..is now left out of the walls of Jerusalem.
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 86 [The mosque is] round built with good white Marble fiue yards high from the Sole, the rest is dried Bricks.
b. The bottom, floor, or hearth of an oven or furnace.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > parts of furnace > [noun] > hearth or floor of furnace
hearth1551
sole1615
laboratory1790
hearth bottom1821
mouth plate1852
open-hearth1870
shelf1879
kitchen1881
(a)
1615 G. Markham Eng. Hus-wife in Countrey Contentments ii. ix Large Ovens to bake in, the soales thereof, rather of one or two intire stones, than of many bricks.
1847 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words II Sole, the floor of an oven. Linc.
1876 D. Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 6) vii. 136 Leck-stones were largely used for the linings and soles of ovens.
(b)1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 579 a is the ash pit vaulted under the sole of the furnace.1864 Q. Jrnl. Sci. 1 493 When it is required to make steel, the coverings of the sole..are omitted.1884 C. G. W. Lock Workshop Receipts 3rd Ser. 56/1 The sole of the furnace is usually 16 to 24 ft. square.
c. Nautical. (See quots.)
ΚΠ
1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 149 Sole, a sort of lining to prevent wearing or tearing away the main part to which it may be attached; as to the rudder, bilgeways, &c.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. (at cited word) The decks of the cabin and forecastle in some ships, respectively called the cabin and forecastle soles.
4.
a. = sill n.1 1, 2 Cf. window-sole n. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > [noun] > window- or door-sill
sole1419
plinth block1857
1419–20 in J. T. Fowler Memorials Church SS. Peter & Wilfrid, Ripon (1888) III. 144 Et in ij liminibus de quarcu et ij soles de esch emt. pro ij sperys de novo faciendis in prædicta domo.
1433 in J. Raine Fabric Rolls York Minster (1859) 53 iij balkes, iiij stanzons, vij bandclogs, iij soles.
1541 in Proc. Soc. Antiquaries Scotl. (1860) 3 161 In heicht fra the sollis of the said queir duris..xxxij futtis.
1625 Burgh Rec. Glasgow I. 347 The soillis of thair windois being fywe futes abone the flure.
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vii. xxix. 42 A Gally-pot of Fair-water..will set it self level being placed upon the Sole of the Window.
1709 Philos. Trans. 1708–09 (Royal Soc.) 26 290 The Water, in some, was as high as the Soles of the Windows.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 139 Generally a great number of small articles are thrown on the sole of a work-horse stable window.
1866 J. E. Brogden Provinc. Words Lincs. Sole,..the seat of a window.
1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 473/1 Sill or Sole.., the horizontal base of a door or window-frame.
b. Nautical and Fortification. (See quots.)
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > other parts of body of vessel > [noun] > opening in side of vessel > for gun > lower side of
port-sill1769
sole1769
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > defensive walls > [noun] > battlements > embrasure > bottom of
sole1859
1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Sole, a name sometimes given to the lower side of a gun-port, which however is more properly called the port-sell.
1859 F. A. Griffiths Artillerist's Man. (1862) 248 The sole of the embrazure is the bottom, or space, between the cheeks, or sides.
1879 Encycl. Brit. IX. 432 The slope of the bottom of the embrasure, called the ‘Sole’.
c. Mining. (See quots.)
ΚΠ
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 843 It may happen that the floor of the gallery shall not be sufficiently firm to afford a sure foundation to the standards; and it may be necessary to make them rest on a horizontal piece called the sole.
1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 229 Sole, a piece of timber set underneath a prop.
d. A flat tile used as a rest or support for a draining-tile or drainpipe.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > tile > [noun] > other types of tiles
semi-tilea1525
quarrel1601
head1703
travers tile1703
astragal1725
fire tile1798
sole1843
field tile1856
fish-scale tile1881
quarry tile1908
hollow tile1914
tile-and-a-half tile1940
1843 Mechanics' Mag. 39 191 Flat tiles, or soles, are formed in nearly the same manner.
1847 J. Dwyer Princ. & Pract. Hydraul. Engin. 115 When the tiles and soles, or pipe tiles are used in minor drains, each tile should rest equally upon two soles.
1881 Mechanic 519 An excellent plan is to lay soles or flat tiles and in these to set half-pipes or bridge-pipes.
5.
†a. The rim of a wheel. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > [noun] > parts of vehicle moving on wheels > wheel > rim
felloeeOE
rim1440
wheel-rim1513
sole?1523
wheel-ring1766
tire1782
?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. iiii On mares ground and soft ground the other whelys be better bycause they be broder on the soule.
b. The inner circle of a waterwheel (cf. quot. 1797).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > driven by water > parts of
awe1503
scoop1591
float1611
ladle1611
sole1675
float-board1719
ladle-board1744
paddle1758
shrouding1797
wrist1797
polroz1806
breastwork1833
flap1839
shrouding-plate1844
shroud-plate1844
staving1875
shroud-
1675 N. Grew Compar. Anat. Trunks ii. vii. 76 So also the Ladles and Soles of a Mill-wheel are made of Elm.
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 332 Elm is a Timber..proper for Water-works, Mills, Soles of Wheels, Pipes, Aquaducts.
1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 903/2 The inner circle..is called the Sole of the wheel, and usually consists of boards nailed to strong wooden rings of compass timber..firmly united with the arms or radii.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 84 Burn's overshot-wheel..forms a large hollow cylinder by its buckets and sole.
c. The lower frame-timbers of a wagon, cart, etc. (cf. quots. and sill n.1 1b).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > parts of cart or carriage > [noun] > frame of cart or carriage > lower frame timber(s)
sole1843
sill1874
1843 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 6 265/2 The timber framing which carries the hinge on which the body of the [railway] wagon turns in the act of tipping, is called the ‘soles’.
1849 G. C. Greenwell Gloss. Terms Coal Trade Northumberland & Durham 49 Sole, the part of a chaldron waggon or coal-tub frame to which the bearances for the wheels are attached, and into which the sheths are inserted.
1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. (at cited word) The soles of a cart are the middle supporting timbers of the body.
6.
a. The lower part, bottom, or under surface of anything. Chiefly in more or less specific uses (cf. 6b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > low position > [noun] > lowest position > bottom or lowest part
bottomeOE
foota1200
lowestc1225
roota1382
tailc1390
founcea1400
basement1610
sole1615
fund1636
foot piece1657
footing1659
underneath1676
bottom side1683
ass1700
doup1710
keel1726
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 629 In Fishes onely the very tippe of the tongue is loose, the rest is fastened downe vnto the Soale of the mouth.
1660 Markham's Eng. Housew. ii. ii. 72 Put in the soal of a Manchet, a good quantity of sweet butter, and season it with Pepper [etc.].
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 289/1 The parts of a Shuttle are,..the Sole, is the Bottom of it, which is smooth shod with Iron Plate.
1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Transl. French Terms Fond d'affût, the sole or bottom of a gun-carriage.
1791 Selby Bridge Act 4 The sole of the said bridge..shall not be less than three feet above the..top of the present artificial or flood banks.
1811 J. Ramsay Acct. Game Curling 3 The under surface, or sole, as it is called, is polished as nicely as possible, that the stone may move easily along.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 649 The lower piece, or sole of the engine.., is screwed down..to a strong board.
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1392/2 A block or tray with a flat sole.
1887 D. Donaldson Jamieson's Sc. Dict. Suppl. 224/1 Sole,..the flat bottom of the head of a golf-club.
b. esp. The under part or surface of a plane-stock, plough, rudder, electrical instrument, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > ploughing equipment > [noun] > plough > sole
sole1678
slade1867
sill1877
(a)
1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. iv. 64 The Iron..will rise above the Sole into the Mouth of the Stock, and consequently not touch the Stuff.
1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. vi. Explan. Terms 113 The under-side of a Plain is called the Sole.
1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 229 The edge of the iron of a plane is said to be rank-set when it projects considerably below the sole.
1846 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. II. 499 The sole of a long plane is in a great measure the test of the straightness of the work.
1875 J. Lukin Carpentry & Joinery 26 In the carpenter's plane the sole quickly deteriorates, and must then be planed off true again.
(b)1766 Museum Rusticum 6 427 Keep but the sole of the plough level in the ground.1831 P. Sellar County of Sutherland 71 in Farm-rep. The ploughing [is] so deep as to leave some of the lime visible below the plough sole.1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 156 In every plough, not only the parts above named, but the sole or under plate,..are of iron or cast metal.1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) I. 290. (c)1855 J. Scoffern in Orr's Circle Sci.: Elem. Chem. 217 One half of the instrument [i.e. the electrophorus]—to which the term ‘sole’ has been given—is now prepared, and it only remains to form the cover.1866 R. M. Ferguson Electricity 190 The condenser is generally placed in the sole of the instrument [sc. an induction coil], and does not meet the eye.(d)1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Sole of the Rudder, a piece of timber attached to its lower part to render it nearly level with the false keel.
c. A smooth or flat surface or side.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > flatness or levelness > [noun] > flat or level surface or side
floor?a1400
plain?a1425
pane1434
smoothc1440
platform1551
superficies1571
flat1624
level1634
plane1663
sole1711
1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 164 Sole of Planks; the flat Side of them.
1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 367 The stones in the boulder-clay..have one or more flat sides or ‘soles’, are smoothed or polished [etc.].
7.
†a. (See quot. 1610) Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > [noun] > crust
crust1555
sole1610
shella1704
earth-rind1827
subshell1906
1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia i. iii. 5 The vpper Crust is the Soile or Soale of the Earth.
b. The under surface of land or soil; the subsoil. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > [noun] > subsoil
sole1683
undersoil1707
substratum1730
under-earth1765
subsoil1774
subsurface1775
substramen1797
underground1812
1683 in W. Macfarlane Geogr. Coll. Scotl. (1907) II. 139 This clay is not so good a sole as the other.
1796 in J. Robertson Gen. View Agric. Perth (1799) 518 By this means I put the sole of the arable ground, or under surface, as far as I can from the upper surface.
1859 R. F. Burton Lake Regions Central Afr. in Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 29 158 Its sole displays quartzose sand, with scatters of granite.
c. A (good, etc.) surface or bottom in a field, turf, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > land > ground > [noun] > good
sole1846
1846 W. E. Brockett J. T. Brockett's Gloss. North Country Words (ed. 3) II. 146 If it be smooth and level it is said to have a good sole.
1893 W. Fream Youatt's Compl. Grazier x. i. 898 Crested dogstail grass..contributes materially to the production of a good ‘sole’ in the turf of pastures.
8.
a. Mining. The bottom or floor of a vein, level, or working.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > bottom of mine or working
sole1653
bottom1695
seat1860
society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > prop or support
crown tree1449
punch1462
prop1613
slider1653
sole1653
yoking1653
stow-blade1681
pit-bar1708
fork1747
head tree1747
studdle1758
lock piece1778
pit-prop1794
puncheon1815
stow-fork1824
plank tubbing1839
sprag1841
gib1847
chock1853
Tom1858
bratticing1866
pack1867
breastboard1877
brattice1881
wall-plate1881
strap1883
stretcher1883
1653 E. Manlove Liberties & Customes Lead-mines Derby 274 Sole of the Rake, Smytham, and many more.
?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 5 They have the conveniency of driving a drift or sough, from the bottom of the hills to the sole of the Rake.
1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Biv The Sole and Roofe, or Skirt.
1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Siv When Doorsteds are used, and the Sole of the Drift so soft, that it will not bear the Forks.
1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. 278 The soles of the string were nearly upon a level with the soles of the vein.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 981 Pitcoal, A platform about 3 feet high is left at the sole.
1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester Sole. Salt-mining term. The bottom of the mine.
b. The bottom or lowest part of a valley, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] > part of
bittemlOE
rakelOE
becka1642
axis1830
thalweg1831
sole1880
1880 V. L. Cameron Our Future Highway II. xii. 257 Their tents were pitched as low down as possible, some in the very sole of the valley.
1886 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm. (Lady Burton's ed.) III. 410 His men took to flight and fled along the sole of the Wady.
c. dialect. The bottom of a furrow.
ΚΠ
1877 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. 232/1.
d. Geology. The underlying or lowest thrust plane of a thrust.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > plane
thrust-plane1884
shear plane1888
fault-plane1889
shearing plane1889
sole1889
bed-plane1895
bedding-plane1897
bedding fault1909
1889 H. M. Cadell in Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. XXXV. 347 This experiment shows that underneath a series of beds, repeated and heaped together by small thrusts, inclined perhaps at considerable angles, there runs..a major thrust or ‘sole’, inclined at a lower angle, along which the whole mass may have travelled for considerable distances.
1907 J. Horne in B. N. Peach et al. Geol. Struct. N.W. Highlands Scotland xxxii. 464 Owing to..the friction along the unyielding lower plane or ‘sole’ of the thrust, there was a tendency in the materials to fold over and curve under.
1965 A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. (rev. ed.) ix. 225 Along the sole of a major thrust severe crushing and grinding of the rocks is to be expected.
e. Geology. The lowest layer of ice in a glacier, containing rock debris.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > ice > body of ice > glacier > [noun] > band or layer of
blue band1859
sole1930
ogive1937
1930 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 219 13 A rock fragment subjected to the abrasion processes in action on the sole of a glacier.
1952 Jrnl. Glaciol. 2 128 This deposit is then pulled along in a continuous manner by the movements of the glacier, thus forming the sole.
1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 87 In the roofs of these cavities we see the rock-studded glacier sole.
f. Geology. The under-side of a sedimentary stratum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > stratum by constitution > alluvial sediment > underside of
sole1957
1957 [see sole marking n. at Compounds 2].
1972 H. Blatt et al. Origin Sedimentary Rocks v. 170 Such structures are normally observed in the field on the sandstone sole.
1972 F. J. Pettijohn et al. Sand & Sandstone iv. 114 The flute..preserved as a raised structure or flute cast on the underside or sole of the overlying sand bed.

Compounds

C1. attributive and in other combinations.
a. Simple attributive.
sole board n. (also sole boarding)
ΚΠ
1577 Burgh Rec. Glasgow I. 67 The said erle furnesand glasbandis, soil-burdis, lyme, and sand.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 326 On the inside of the shroud-plates are formed the grooves for securing the ends of the buckets and of the sole-boarding.
sole channel n.
ΚΠ
1891 Cent. Dict. Sole-channel, in a boot- or shoe-sole, a groove in which the sewing is sunk to protect it from wear.
sole clout n.
ΚΠ
1821 W. Scott Pirate II. ii. 28 The sock, and the heel, and the sole-clout of a real steady Scottish pleugh.
1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Sole-clout, a thick plate of cast metal attached to that part of the plough which runs on the ground.
sole cushion n.
ΚΠ
1836 Penny Cycl. VI. 188/2 The pads or sole-cushions of the spreading feet [of the camel] are divided into two toes.
† sole end n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1417 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 11 Fra the sole end of the frunt before in to the streteward.
sole flange n.
ΚΠ
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 414 The breadth of the sole-flange [of a plough] is 2 inches.
sole pad n.
ΚΠ
1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. V. 531/1 The remarkable dorsal hump, and..the cushion-like sole-pad of the Dromedary.
sole part n.
ΚΠ
1706 J. Stevens New Spanish Dict. i Soléta, the Sole~part of a Stockin.
sole piece n.
ΚΠ
1869 E. J. Reed Shipbuilding iv. 60 In..the screw ships of the Royal Navy.., the sole-piece is very broad and shallow in wake of the aperture.
1901 J. Black Illustr. Carpenter & Builder Ser.: Scaffolding 50 The next thing to do is to prepare a sole piece out of 11in. by 4in. which is laid on the firm ground so as to make a little less than a right angle with the inside of the outermost shore.
sole shoe n.
ΚΠ
1434 in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (modernized text) III. 551/1 [Two] soolshoon.
1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Soleshoe, a piece of iron, on what is called the head, or that part of a plough on which the sock, or share, is fixed.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 408 H is the sole-shoe on which the plough has its principal support.
sole stone n.
ΚΠ
c1593 in J. Raine Descr. Anc. Monuments Church of Durham (1842) 23 The said sockett [of a cross] was maid fast with iron and lead to the sole stone.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1248 f, the sole-stone [of a smelting-furnace], of granite, hewn out basin-shaped.
sole tile n.
ΚΠ
a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 831/2 Sole Tile, a flat or bellying tile.., for the bottom of sewers, muffles, or other objects.
b. Miscellaneous, as sole-bound, sole-shaped; sole-deep, sole-walking.
ΚΠ
1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia i. viii. 19 Burnt, parched, soale-bound,..and wet spewing grounds.
1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia i. x. 24 Crust~clung and Soale-bound soyles.
1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life 48 The sole-shaped locomotor disc known as the ‘foot’.
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2243/2 A vertically moving sole-shaped die.
1891 T. Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles III. xliii. 51 The snow..lay sole-deep upon the floor.
1894 Pop. Sci. Monthly June 284 There still exists on this island a singular cat..which is plantigrade (sole-walking).
c. Objective, chiefly in names of implements or machines (see quots.).
ΚΠ
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2242/2 Sole-beating machine.
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2243/2 Sole-finishing Tool.
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2244/2 Sole-shaper.
1885 Harper's Mag. Jan. 279/2 The curved outline of the sole is cut by passing the strips beneath two curved sliding or revolving knives in a ‘sole-cutting machine’.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 933 In ‘sole stitching’ by American machinery the men are said to have become mercurialised by volatilisation of the metal.
C2.
sole-bar n. (also solebar) (see quots.); spec. a longitudinal member forming part of the under-frame of a railway carriage or wagon.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > rail travel > rolling stock > [noun] > railway wagon or carriage > parts of frame of
under-frame1855
headstock1869
cant-rail1871
sill1874
transom1891
sole-bar1930
crib-rail1958
1829 S. Glover Hist. County of Derby I. 242 Needham, a London framework-knitter, placed the trucks on the solebar.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 414 The sloping edge d m represents the enlargement of the sole-bar, on which the share is fitted.
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Sole-bar, an out~side sill in a railway car.
1930 Engineering 24 Jan. 102/2 The main frame..consists of two longitudinals or solebars.
1977 Mod. Railways Dec. 486/1 Current new stock..has an all-aluminium underframe with the solebars made from continuous extrusions.
sole-bend n. (bend n.2 4b).
ΚΠ
1924 Times Trade & Engin. Suppl. 29 Nov. 243/2 Supplies of low-class solebends and offal are now small.
sole crêpe n. (crêpe n. 2).
ΚΠ
1925 Daily Tel. 13 May 4/4 The manufacture of sole crepe.
sole mark n. Geology = sole marking n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > position or direction of strata > load cast or sole-mark
groove cast1948
load cast1953
sole mark1961
1961 J. Challinor Dict. Geol. 185/1 Sole-marks.
1972 F. J. Pettijohn et al. Sand & Sandstone i. iv. 113 Although they occur in almost all sands, sole marks are particularly abundant in turbidites where they provide the best means of determining current flow.
1978 Friedman & Sanders Princ. Sedimentol. iv. 110/2 (caption) Sole mark assemblage dominated by counterparts of flutes..and transverse scour marks.
sole marking n. Geology a feature that is found on the undersurface of sedimentary strata which overlie softer beds, and is the cast of a depression originally formed in the surface of the lower bed.
ΚΠ
1957 P. H. Kuenen in Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 65 231/1 In a number of papers..mention is made of the occurrence of various types of markings on the sole of the graywackes. The present paper aims at presenting a coherent record of these sole markings.
1976 R. C. Selley Introd. Sedimentol. vii. 211 Flutes, grooves and tool marks are three of the commonest sole markings found as interbed sedimentary structures.
sole-plate n. (also soleplate) (see quots.); spec. the metal plate forming the base of an electric iron.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > washing clothes and textile articles > [noun] > pressing or ironing > ironing or pressing implements > part of
sole-plate1960
1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 564 This Sole-plate answers the Shape of the Foot.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 310 The sole-plate on which the superstructure of the [crank-] engine is raised.
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2244/2 Sole-plate, the back portion of a water-wheel bucket.
1960 Housewife Apr. 86/2 The sole~plate, being extra thin, heats quickly.
1974 Spartanburg (S. Carolina) Herald 24 Apr. (Sears Advts. Suppl.) 2 Has a 21-vent soleplate. Steams up to 30 minutes at a low setting.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

solen.2

Brit. /səʊl/, U.S. /soʊl/
Forms: α. Middle English– sole (Middle English soel). β. 1600s–1700s soal(e, 1700s soall.
Etymology: < Old French (also modern French) sole (= Spanish suela ), of the same origin as sole n.1, agreeing in sense with Latin solea (whence Portuguese solha, Italian sogliola).
1.
a. A common British and European flatfish ( Solea vulgaris or solea), highly esteemed as food; one or other of the various fishes belonging to the widely-distributed genus Solea.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > seafood > [noun] > fish > plaice, flounder, or sole
sole1347
floundera1450
plaicec1450
tongue-fish1655
tonguea1825
lemon dab1835
lemon sole1890
the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Pleuronectiformes (flat-fish) > [noun] > family Soleidae (soles) > member of genus Solea
sole1347
queen1671
sand-sole1880
the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Pleuronectiformes (flat-fish) > [noun] > family Soleidae (soles) > member of genus Solea > solea solea (sole)
buttc1300
sole1347
sole-fish1538
sea partridge1584
sea-capon1620
sole-fluke1684
yellowfin sole1949
α.
1347 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 41 In playces, sperling', et soles emp., 6s. 10d.
1372 in H. T. Riley Memorials London (1868) 367 [Certain fish called] Soles.
c1450 Two Cookery Bks. 103 Sole, boiled, rost, or fryed. Take a sole, and do awey þe hede [etc.].
c1480 in H. E. Malden Cely Papers (1900) (Camden) 189 Item whelkes, iiij d. Item iij solys, vij d.
?1527 L. Andrewe tr. Noble Lyfe Bestes sig. tiiii Solea is the sole that is a swete fisshe and holsom for seke people.
1555 R. Eden Of North Regions in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 269v Dryed fysshe, as soles, maydens, playces.
1620 T. Venner Via Recta iv. 72 The Sole verily is to be reckoned among the meats of primest note.
1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures (1663) xxviii. 108 It is not possible to deliver the store of fish that is taken in this river, chiefly Soles and Mullets.
1769 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (new ed.) III. iv. 190 The sole is found on all our coasts.
1827 R. Southey Devil's Walk xlviii Now soles are exceedingly cheap.
1840 E. Blyth et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 324 All the Soles are excellent fishes, and may be had in good condition nearly all the year.
1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 324 The sole is common on the British coasts, and in season from May to November.
β. 1630 J. Taylor Wks. i. 117/1 The pide-coat Mackrell, Pilchard, Sprat, and Soale.1697 Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 350 Here are also good plenty of large Soals, taken in Troul-nets.1716 J. Gay Trivia ii. 39 The jointed Lobster, and unscaly Soale.1758 T. Warton Idler 2 Dec. 273 Dined alone in my room on a soal.1797 P. Wakefield Mental Improv. (1801) I. 102 A small pectunculus or cockle, is the prey of the soal.
b. In collective singular. In quot. 1700 with punning allusion to soul n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Pleuronectiformes (flat-fish) > [noun] > family Soleidae (soles) > member of genus Solea > solea solea (sole) > collective
sole1660
1660 J. Childrey Britannia Baconica 18 Soale and Playce (both which follow the tide into the fresh rivers).
1700 T. Brown Amusem. Serious & Comical iii. 21 An Old Burly Drab, that Screams out the Sale of her Maids and her Sole at the same Instant.
1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 229 Serve him with ven'son and he chuses fish, With soal—that's just the sort he would not wish.
1899 Daily News 15 July 5/1 Sole is dear again, even more than usually so.
c. In the names of various dishes, as sole bonne femme [bonne femme n.] ; sole (à la) Colbert (see quot. 1877); sole (à la) meunière [meunière n. and adv.] ; sole Véronique (see quot. 1960).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > fish dishes > [noun]
gyngawdry?c1390
salomenec1430
sorréc1430
tavorsayc1450
spitchcock1601
minnow tansy1655
kedgeree1662
pepperpot1698
matelote1723
water-souchy1726
pitchcock1739
flibrigo1762
twice-laid1777
ngapi1800
a kettle of fish1823
brandade1825
fish supper1829
truite au bleu1834
sole (à la) Colbert1846
bouillabaisse1855
fish and chips1876
hákarl1879
sashimi1880
timbale1880
gefilte fish1892
stamp and go1893
truite bleue1907
waterzooi1915
accra1919
Bismarck herring1931
gravlax1935
goujon1940
coddie1941
seviche1951
tuna salad1953
crabstick1956
zarzuela1956
sole Véronique1960
fish finger1962
moqueca1980
1846 A. Soyer Gastron. Regenerator 115 Sole à la Colbert,..sole..butter..chopped parsley..chopped tarragon and chervil..lemon juice.
1846 A. Soyer Gastron. Regenerator 115 Sole à la Meûnière,..sole..chopped onions..butter..lemon..cayenne pepper.
1877 E. S. Dallas Kettner's Bk. of Table 136 The sole of Colbert..is a fried sole which after being cooked is boned and then filled with maître d'hôtel butter and with lemon-juice.
1928 D. L. Sayers Unpleasantness at Bellona Club vii. 71 He..had a sole Colbert very well cooked.
1930 R. Lehmann Note in Music v. 205 He..ordered sole bonne femme, a mixed grill, salad, trifle, a welsh rarebit.
1960 Good Housek. Cookery Book 95/2 Sole Véronique,..sole..mushrooms..wine..cream..grapes..butter.
1966 Harper's Bazaar Sept. 87/3 She..does sole Véronique with lichees instead of grapes.
1967 G. Greene May we borrow your Husband? 185 For a while the sole meunière gave them an excuse not to talk.
1978 F. Mullally Deadly Payoff xi. 142 The two burly men would..plough through a hearty meal of sea-food, sole meuniere and Stilton.
1979 ‘L. Black’ Penny Murder iv. 38 Kate..declared she would make it a fish day..a sole. Should it be Véronique with white grapes, or à la Dugléré [sic], cooked in white wine with tomatoes and shallots?
2. With distinctive premodifiers.See also lemon n.2
ΚΠ
1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 141 Common Sole. Spotted Sole.
1839 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes Suppl. ii. 36 The Solenette, or Little Sole.
1840 E. Blyth et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 324 S. vulgaris, the Common Sole, is dark-brown on the upper part.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII. 263/2 Of the subgenus Monochirus, one species is found on the British coast, and is known by the names Variegated Sole, Red-backed Flounder, &c. (M. linguatulus).
3. In American and Australasian use: One or other of various fishes belonging to related genera (esp. Achirus) or to the family Pleuronectidæ.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Pleuronectiformes (flat-fish) > [noun] > member of
halibutc1430
pectinal1646
sole1882
the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Pleuronectiformes (flat-fish) > [noun] > family Pleuronectidae > member of (flat-fish)
flatfish1710
pleuronect1849
pleuronectid1859
dab-fish1876
sole1882
flatty1892
1882 D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert Synopsis Fishes N. Amer. 841 Achirus. Soles.
1884 G. B. Goode in G. B. Goode et al. Fisheries U.S.: Sect. I 175 The much-prized Sole of Europe, Solea Vulgaris, does not occur in the Western Atlantic... Its nearest representative, the American Sole, is found along our coast from Boston.
1884 G. B. Goode in G. B. Goode et al. Fisheries U.S.: Sect. I 182–188.
1898 E. E. Morris Austral Eng. 426.
1903 T. Gill Goode's Amer. Fishes (rev. ed.) p. lxviii.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations, as sole fillet, sole potage, sole-pritching, sole-skin; sole-like adj.
ΚΠ
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Fish Potages To prepare a Sole Potage for Fish Days.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Sole A Dish of Sole Fillets with a Lentil-Cullis.
1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales II. 118 He dwelt with delight on sole-pritching, mackerel-fishing, and cod-fishing.
1859 G. A. Sala Gaslight & Daylight x. 120 Dried soleskins wherewith to clear the decoction of the Indian berry.
1881 Cassell's Nat. Hist. V. 67 The second sub-order [of Anacanthini] consists of the Sole-like division, the Pleuronectoidei.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

solen.3

Brit. /səʊl/, U.S. /soʊl/
Forms: Old English sal, Middle English sol, Middle English, 1500s, 1800s sole, Middle English soole, 1600s soale, sow, 1800s soal, etc. (See also sale n.3)
Etymology: Old English sál , = Old Saxon sêl (Middle Low German and Low German sêl , seil ), Middle Dutch seel (Dutch zeel , Frisian seel ), Old High German and German seil , Old Norse seil , Gothic *sail (compare insailjan verb). Compare seal n.3, seal v.2
Now dialect.
†1. A rope, cord, etc. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > rope, cord, or line
stringa900
soleOE
funela1400
tow1513
rope1720
tug1805
thews1851
jeff1854
OE Beowulf 1906 Þa wæs be mæste..segl sale fæst.
OE Genesis 372 Ac licgað me ymbe irenbenda, rideð racentan sal.
c1275 XI Pains of Hell 162 in Old Eng. Misc. 151 Of heom hi token vnriht mol, For-þi hi drayeþ myd such sol.
1345–6 in F. R. Chapman Sacrist Rolls Ely (1907) II. 139 In soles empt. pro dictis Bauderykk.
2. spec. A rope or cord for tethering or tying up cattle; a wooden collar or yoke used to fasten a cow, etc., in the stall.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > tether
tether1376
sealc1440
solec1440
picket line1768
head rope1810
leg rope1826
trail-rope1826
lariat1835
riata1846
mecate1849
hitching-weight1852
tie-strap1875
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 463 Soole, beestys teyynge, trimembrale,..ligaculum.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 272/2 Sole, a bowe about a beestes necke.
1547 W. Salesbury Dict. Eng. & Welshe Aerwy, sole.
1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 16v Soles, fetters, & shackles, with horselock and pad.
1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. A Sole to tye beasts.
1660 Chirk Castle Accts. (1908) 93 3 dozen of soales to tye the cattle.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 173/2 The Sow, is the Yoke, which is put about the Cow or Ox-Neck to tye him to the Boosey.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 327/2.
1890 J. D. Robertson Gloss. Words County of Gloucester Sole, the noose or loop made of wood attached to one end of the foddering cord, in order to strain the cord up tight.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

solen.4

Etymology: Old English sol mire, a muddy or miry place (frequently in place-names), = Old High German sol (Middle High German sol, söl, German dialect sol, sohl).
Kent. dialect ? Obsolete.
A pond or pool.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > lake > pool > [noun]
pooleOE
seathc950
lakea1000
flosha1300
stanga1300
weira1300
water poolc1325
carrc1330
stamp1338
stank1338
ponda1387
flashc1440
stagnec1470
peel?a1500
sole15..
danka1522
linn1577
sound1581
flake1598
still1681
slew1708
splash1760
watering hole1776
vlei1793
jheel1805
slougha1817
sipe1825
15.. in Pegge Kenticisms (E.D.S.) 48 Besyde the watteringe-sole in thende of Yckhame Streete.
1736 J. Lewis Hist. Isle Tenet (ed. 2) 38 Soal, a dirty Pond of standing Water.
1736 S. Pegge Alphabet of Kenticisms (E.D.S.) 48 Sole, a pond, or pool.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2018).

soleadj.

Brit. /səʊl/, U.S. /soʊl/
Forms: Middle English soul(e, Middle English sool(l ( sowle, soell), Middle English–1500s soole, Middle English– sole.
Etymology: < Old French soul (feminine soule), sol (feminine sole), also sul, suel, seul (modern French seul, seule), = Provençal sol, Portuguese só, Spanish solo, Italian solo < Latin sōlum, accusative singular of sōlus alone. In later use probably to some extent directly < Latin.
1. Having no husband or wife; single, unmarried; †celibate. Chiefly in legal use and frequently of women. Now rare or Obsolete.
a. In predicative use.The quotations in the first group illustrate the common phrase to live sole.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > unmarried person(s) > [adjective]
unbespouseda1200
unweddeda1230
single1303
solec1386
onec1395
unmarried1423
unwed1513
solute1554
unspoused1587
aneabil1609
matchlessa1652
(a)
c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 836 Ne wold he that sche were love ne wyf, But ever lyve as wydow.., Soul as the turtil that lost hath hir make.
c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 134 And for it is an impossible To fynde ever suche a wyfe I wil live sowle duryng my lyfe.
1469 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 45 Yf she will leve sowle withowth an husbonde.
1541 R. Barnes Wks. (1573) 311/2 I doe not reprooue that Priestes doth lyue sole.
1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 84 King Edwarde..the Confessour..(being otherwise of him selfe disposed to haue liued sole) tooke [Edgithe] vnto his wife.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 163 Indeed Grindal, living, and dying sole, and single, could not be cockering to his own children.
(b)1418 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 34 Ȝif Ionet my wif kepe here soole, withoute husbonde, Twelf-monthe after my decese.1464 Rolls of Parl. V. 525/2 Eny Gyft or Graunte, by us to hir made while she was soule.1520 in J. Anderson Cal. Laing Charters (1899) 82 As longe as she kepeth hirselve sole and wydow.1548 Duke of Somerset Epist. Inhabitauntes Scotl. B iij b Yov wil not kepe her sole and vnmaried.a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 42 The reason is, because shee was once sole.1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 107 Some others are such as a Man cannot make his Wife, though he himself be sole and unmarry'd.1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 289 That her said daughter Martha should pay unto her daughter Mary 30l. yearly, while sole and unmarried.
b. Attributive, or placed immediately after the noun woman sole = feme sole n.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > unmarried person(s) > unmarried woman > [adjective] > without a husband
lordlessOE
sole1464
uncovert1485
lone1548
discovert1632
unhusbanded1797
(a)
1464 Rolls of Parl. V. 548/2 As if she..were woman soule.
1509–10 Act 1 Hen. VIII c. 18 §2 She [shall] be able..to sue in her owen name only as a Woman sole.
1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 66 If a woman sole shall doe homage.
1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. i. §47. 21 If a woman sole enfeoffe a stranger.
(b)1464 Rolls of Parl. V. 549/1 If she were or had been soule woman at the tyme.1485 Rolls of Parl. VI. 285/2 The Countess shall hold..as anie other sole persone not covert of anie Husband.1558 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Queen Elizabeth (1908) 7 Albeit he were a sole man without charge of wife or children.1566 T. Drant tr. Horace Medicinable Morall sig. Hiijv Least Some shoulde replye..That thou doest good to sole olde men.1618 J. Wilkinson Treat. Statutes conc. Coroners & Sherifes ii. 22 Where any..do make themselues to be beloved of any sole woman, as maide, or widow.1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison I. xiv. 84 To what evils..might I not, a sole, an independent young woman, have been exposed?
†c. Of life: Pertaining to or involving celibacy.Common from c1550 to 1590.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > unmarried person(s) > [adjective] > relating to or involving unmarried state
onlepya1450
unmarried1536
single1549
sole1553
never-married1822
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > unmarried person(s) > [adjective] > by choice > relating to or involving condition of
sole1553
celibatarian1840
celibatic1881
1553 T. Wilson Arte Rhetorique (1580) 45 These lawes doe declare, how little it is for the common weales aduancement, that..a Citee should be lesned for loue of sole life.
1579 W. Fulke Refut. Rastels Confut. in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 791 He which hath forsaken the profession of sole life, and fallen to..marriage.
1598 R. Barckley Disc. Felicitie of Man v. 526 Some [men] like a sole life, others thinke it no life without a companion.
2.
a. Without companions; apart from or unaccompanied by another or others; alone, solitary. Usually predicative.Common c1400–1450, and frequently with the addition by himself or herself.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > condition of being alone > [adjective]
oneeOE
onlepyOE
onlyOE
alonec1175
single1340
soleinc1381
solitaire1382
singularc1384
solec1400
oddc1480
alonelya1513
uncompanieda1547
a-high-lone1565
bird-alone1572
self-one1602
insociate1606
unmated1615
lonesome1647
solo1727
uncompanioned1809
unfellowed1887
Pat Malone1937
c1400 Rom. Rose 3023 He was not soole, for ther was moo; For with hym were other twoo.
1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy i. 29 The kyng..went allone In-to a wode for to make his mone, Sool by hym silfe.
1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iv. ii. 168 Whan the kynge hath goon so ferre that alle his men be lost, than he is sole.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 324/2 Sole, alone or solytary, seul.
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. i. 3 Shall valiant Scipio, thus himselfe esteeme, Neuer lesse sole then when he sole doth seeme.
1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 244 I am oft times sole, but seldome solitary.
1716 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad II. viii. 250 Sole should he sit, with scarce a God to Friend.
1744 J. Thomson Spring in Seasons (new ed.) 32 All abandon'd to Despair, she sings Her Sorrows thro' the Night; and, on the Bough Sole-sitting, [etc.].
1817 Ld. Byron Manfred ii. ii. 10 I should be sole in this sweet solitude.
1857 M. Arnold Rugby Chapel in Wks. (1890) 310 Sole they shall stray.
attributive.1610 Bible (Douay) II. Baruch iv. 16 A wicked nation..which..have led away the beloved of the widow, and made the sole woman [L. unicam] desolate of children.1789 Triumphs Fortitude I. 136 As I have none to accuse but myself, so none but myself (sole being as I am) can be involved in its consequences.
†b. Separated from another. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > separation or isolation > [adjective]
solec1407
separate1600
sequestereda1616
unconjunctive1643
recluse1656
separated1730
removed1766
insulated1781
stray1796
insulate1803
isolated1811
Robinson Crusoe1823
incommunicado1844
shut-out1853
isolate1854
marooned1883
cut-off1894
shut-away1911
shut-off1913
splitsville1964
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > condition of being alone > [adjective] > isolated
solec1407
lonely1645
lone1668
isolated1763
apart1786
isolate1819
shut-out1853
disconnected1919
c1407 J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte 2703 I abood, Lefte al sool fro my maistresse.
c. Of places: Solitary, lonely; secluded.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > secluded place or place of seclusion > [adjective] > unfrequented
solitaryc1374
solein1390
insolentc1420
dern1488
uncoutha1542
unvisited1548
unhaunted1568
wasteful1573
unfrequented1594
untraded1596
sole1598
frequentlessa1607
unfrequenting1609
unrepaired to1615
unfrequent1618
lonely1645
lonesome1647
infrequented1675
lone1712
lonelyish1900
1598 B. Yong tr. J. de Montemayor Diana 43 When I behold The place so sorrowfull and sole.
?1605 J. Davies Wittes Pilgrimage sig. R2v No State so holie, nor no Place so Sole..but is full of Doubt.
1887 A. C. Swinburne Locrine i. ii. 190 There is a bower..still and sole As love could choose for harbourage.
3.
a. Being, or consisting of, one person only. corporation sole: see corporation n. 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > [adjective] > consisting of or connected with one person
sole1399
single?1592
unipersonala1834
1399 W. Langland Richard Redeles i. 62 All was felawis and felawschepe,..No soule persone to punnyshe þe wrongis.
c1616 R. C. Times' Whistle (1871) v. 1770 Although he had noe other company But his sole single selfe to satisfie.
1654 T. Fuller 2 Serm. 6 No meere man by his sole selfe, without Gods gracious assistance.
1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 469 These [two powers] are very unnecessary to a corporation sole.
1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) xvii. 272 Each chapter is a corporation aggregate, and each parson is a corporation sole.
†b. one sole, one and no more, one only, a single (person or thing). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > only one > [noun]
oneeOE
one sole1450
one only ——c1475
a or one several1543
only1609
oner1889
1450–80 tr. Secreta Secret. xxvii. 20 Truste thou neuyr in oon sool ffisiciane.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin vii. 110 Eche of yow is but oon sole man.
1613 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals I. i. 7 A Iewell, which was neuer sent To be possest of one sole Element.
1626 C. Potter tr. P. Sarpi Hist. Quarrels 352 The Ambassador had not..disbursed one sole denier.
1639 N. N. tr. J. Du Bosc Compl. Woman i. F 4 Is there one sole word in all this worke, to..engender an evill thought?
†4.
a. In predicative or quasi-adverbial use: With no other person or persons; without participator, partner, sharer, etc., in something, esp. in rights, duties, or possessions. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > condition of being alone > [adverb] > by oneself
by oneself (himself, themselves, etc.)eOE
myself one (also alone)a1300
of oneselfc1450
sole1450
post alone1478
solely1495
high-lone1533
myselfc1540
lone1613
solus cum solo1742
on one's ownio1908
on one's Pat Malone1908
on one's lonely(-o)1919
on one's ownsome1921
on one's jack1931
on one's tod1934
1450 Rolls of Parl. V. 190/1 Eny thyng by us to hym graunted soule, or by us graunted to hym and eny other person or persons joyntly with hym.
c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi ii. viii. 49 Lete ihesu be sool þy derlyng and þy special.
1477 Rolls of Parl. VI. 194/2 Every other persone to whose use the said Duke is sole seised in eny Castelles.
1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. iii. §205. 92 One of the Chapter is sole seised in fee of his owne right of land.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 100 I, when no other durst, sole undertook The dismal expedition. View more context for this quotation
†b. Standing alone; uncontrolled by others.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > not influenced by others
self-lived1642
self-governed1709
self-guided1733
independent1735
uninfluenced1735
sole1747
go-alone1807
autonomic1810
maverick1886
go-it-alone1895
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > condition of being alone > [adjective] > possessing or functioning alone
wholea1393
single1639
sole1747
1747 S. Richardson Clarissa I. xiii. 74 My father himself could not bear that I should be made sole, as I may call it, and independent.
5. One and only:
a. Of things.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > only one > [adjective] > one and only
alonec1325
sole1497
one and only1551
1497 J. Alcock Mons Perfeccionis (de Worde) C j/1 For ye sole ryght~wysnes is in him.
1592 Sol. & Pers. ii. i The murtherer will escape Without reueuge, sole salue for such a sore.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary ii. 113 Sir Arthur Chichester had taken the sole Castle held in those parts..by Brian mac Art.
1696 W. Whiston New Theory of Earth ii. 129 This is the sole way of bringing natural Knowledge to perfection.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iv. xii. 188 But, as my sole Intention was the public good, I cannot be altogether disappointed.
1798 J. Ferriar Certain Var. Man 223 Those who read for the sole purpose of talking.
1829 E. Bulwer-Lytton Devereux I. i. iii. 20 I believe my sole crime was my candour.
1862 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 2) III. iii. §3. 177 In this case water and the compound ether are the sole products.
1883 J. Gilmour Among Mongols xxiii. 285 He was..the sole support of his father.
b. Of persons.
ΚΠ
a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. xix. sig. q.iiiiv Athalia..Commaunded to slee the kynges children all That she myght regne sole princesse imperiall.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cxlvijv Lady Alice, the only child and sole heire of Thomas Montacute.
1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. xii. sig. M2v For death t'adward I ween'd did appertaine To none, but to the seas sole Soueraine. View more context for this quotation
1647 in F. P. Verney & M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family 17th Cent. (1907) I. 214 In that will my father was left sole executor.
1652 Nicholas P. (Camden) 321 Ld Culpepper design'd by some both in France and Holland to be the K.'s great and sole minister in Holland.
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. vii. 253 The sole Author of such a Book.
1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. xlviii. 181 You have..maintained that the house of commons are the sole judges of their own privileges.
1836 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece III. 233 Laches, now sole commander, landed a body of the allied troops on the Sicilian coast.
1839 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 74 The sole manager of these estates.
1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 399 Sent to me by Mr. Scholzig, who is their sole agent.
absolute.1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 28 O Sole in whom my thoughts find all repose. View more context for this quotation
c. Singular, unique, unrivalled.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or extraordinary > [adjective] > incomparable, unparalleled, or unique
unilicheOE
makelessc1225
unevenlyc1230
peerlessc1330
alonea1382
uncomparablea1382
unoverpassablea1382
solea1398
incomparable1412
sans-peer1426
nonpareilc1450
invincible1509
matchless1530
inimitable1531
unmatchable1544
unmatched1548
unpassable1563
alonely1567
inequivalent1568
mateless1570
unparagonized1578
only1581
fellowlessa1586
unimitablea1586
compareless1590
incompared1590
immatchless1595
unequalized1596
nonsuch1598
paragonless1599
immatchable1601
unparalleled1601
uncompeered1602
unpeered1602
imparalleled1604
unpeerable1604
unrivalled1607
uncompanioned1608
unexampled1610
unsurmountable1611
unsurpassable1611
unparagoned1612
patternless1613
unpatterned1617
unique1618
unparallelable1621
parallelless1622
unmatchless1623
single1633
unexemplifieda1634
unsampleda1638
unequalled1639
imparallel1641
unparallel1645
unseconded1646
unexemplary1649
unaccessional1651
unequalable1659
uncome-at-able1694
rivalless1735
untouched1735
unexcelleda1800
unexceeded1813
sans-pareilly1818
unsurpassed1818
unrivallable1823
unapproachable1834
untranscendeda1849
insuperable1849
unbrothered1853
unapproached1856
insurpassable1859
untouchable1867
hors concours1884
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > only one > [adjective]
onlepyeOE
aefauldeOE
onlyOE
soleinc1369
solea1398
halea1400
seul1477
anerlyc1485
alonelya1513
allenarlya1525
singulara1555
fellowlessa1586
unfellowed1597
unique1601
lone1602
unical1605
single1633
solitarya1634
exclusive1790
one-off1934
one-of-a-kind1954
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxvi. 1356 Þis vnite [sc. þe vnite of þe trinite] moot be sole and singuler wiþoute piere.
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. iii. 52 This [murther] so sole, and so vnmatcheable. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 272 He seems A Phœnix, gaz'd by all, as that sole Bird When..to Ægyptian Theb's he flies. View more context for this quotation
1851 E. B. Browning Casa Guidi Windows ii. xviii. 117 The priestly ephod in sole glory swept, When Christ ascended.
1867 W. D. Howells Ital. Journeys 178 There is a lovely palm-tree, rare, if not sole in that latitude.
1870 E. O. M. Deutsch Lit. Remains (1874) 193 God is sole of His kind.
†d. Placed before a noun, in the sense of ‘alone’ following it. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme cxix. 11 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 209 Since thy sole edictes containe it, Who serch not them, how can they gaine it?
1634 T. Hawkins tr. G. B. Manzini Polit. Observ. 3 That mountaine of fortune which is to be aimed at by sole vertue.
†6. Of things, qualities, etc.: Unaccompanied by other things or qualities; standing alone. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
(a)
1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth x. sig. E.iv Water is not holsome sole by it selfe.
1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1906) 148 Wisdom and folly in thee Is as it were a thing by itself sool.
(b)1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes iv. f. 148 When the testator doth not referre his disposition to the sole onelye will of another person,..but to the concreate will, or will ioyned with fact.1592 W. West Symbolæogr.: 1st Pt. §21 c Hereupon contracts by consent are defined [as] contracts hauing cause placed in sole consent.1609 Bible (Douay) I. Gen. ii. 17 comm. Neither could it..be better..signified how bad a thing sole disobedience is [etc.].1622 in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 209 He seeks no other caution or security than the King's sole word.
7.
a. Of things, rights, duties, etc.: Pertaining or due to, possessed or exercised by, vested in, etc., one person or corporate body to the exclusion of all others; exclusive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [adjective] > special or private
sunderlyeOE
sundrilyeOE
singularc1380
private1526
alonely1567
sole1597
separate1673
exclusive1765
secluded1790
undivided1867
1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lvi. 122 Euery of them may haue their sole and seuerall possessions.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 167 Vpon any ambitious conceit, or desire of the sole gouernment.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) i. 19 This power was sometime sole in a single person and sometimes equally in two together.
1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 216 The right of sole succession..was also established with respect to female dignities and titles of honour.
1788 T. Reid Aristotle's Logic iv. i. 67 A theory of which he claims the sole invention.
1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) I. 486 Where an estate is vested in trustees, for the sole and separate use of a married woman.
1867 J. Ruskin Time & Tide xxiii. §154 Supreme judges..exercising sole authority in courts of final appeal.
1879 Athenæum 6 Sept. 304/3 The present postage system is the sole and undisputed invention of Sir Rowland Hill.
b. Similarly of actions.
ΚΠ
1562 Apol. Priv. Masse (1850) 9 But you have the other signification of this term private: that is the sole receiving of the sacrament by the priest.
1621 H. Elsynge Notes Deb. House of Lords (1870) (Camden) App. 153 The priviledge of the sole printing of the Bible.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxii. 119 The End of their Incorporating, is to make their gaine the greater,..by sole buying, and sole selling, both at home, and abroad.
1825 W. Scott Betrothed i, in Tales Crusaders II. 8 A good housewife, who..will sometimes even condescend to dress a dish for her husband's sole eating.
8. Uniform or unvaried.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > uniformity > [adjective]
oneOE
consimilec1400
suinga1425
even?c1425
agreeable1512
uniform1540
consemblable?1541
suant1547
constantc1550
just?1556
similar1563
similary1564
unvaried1570
uniformal1574
consimilar1577
homogeneana1601
homogeneal1603
homogene1607
invariable1607
of a piece1607
undistinguisheda1616
univocal1615
immutable1621
uniformable1632
solemn1639
homogeneous1646
consistent1651
pariformal1651
self-consistent1651
congeniousa1656
level1655
undiversificated1659
equal1663
of one make1674
invarieda1676
congenerous1683
undiversified1684
equable1693
solid1699
consisting1700
tranquil1794
unbranching1826
horizontal1842
sole1845
self-similar1847
homoeomeric1865
equiformal1883
monochrome1970
1845 A. M. Hall Whiteboy I. v. 76 Land..at one time covered with the snowy blossoms of the wild-rush, and at others exhibiting a sole surface of dark brown peat.
1885 H. K. T. Gatty Juliana H. Ewing iii. 57 He was required to distemper the walls of the drawing-room with a sole colour.
9. In quasi-adverbial use: Solely.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > only one > [adverb]
onea1200
soulement?c1225
onlepilyc1275
onlepyc1350
alone?c1400
oddlyc1400
allenarly1444
sole1562
solely1588
exclusively1650
singly1655
uniquely1793
1562 J. Heywood Sixt Hundred Epigrammes xvii, in Wks. sig. Ccii To shew thy thrift soole.
1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades ii. 31 The burden great, his brother then did beare Sole for his sake in these turmoyles.
1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso v. 22 Liberty of will; the boon, wherewith All intellectual creatures, and them sole,..[God] hath endow'd.
1820 Ld. Byron tr. L. Pulci Morgante Maggiore xxv Think not they lived on locusts sole.
1827 R. Pollok Course of Time II. viii. 104 Good and bad..distinguished sole the sons Of men.

Compounds

C1. With verbal nouns and present participles, as sole-being, sole-speaking; sole-justifying, sole-lying, sole-reigning, sole-ruling, etc.
ΚΠ
1534 R. Whittington tr. Cicero Thre Bks. Tullyes Offyces i. sig. I.8 He wolde flye fro solytarynesse & soole beyng, and wolde seke out a felowe of his study.
c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme xlvii. 5 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 42 God..Who high, and highlie feared stands, Of all the earth sole-ruling king.
1596 Raigne of Edward III sig. C3v Your progenitour Sole ragning Adam. View more context for this quotation
1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes iii. iv. 69 in Wks. II He has the monopoly of sole-speaking. Why, good Sir? you talke all.
1642 J. Eaton Honey-combe Free Justific. 427 The only soule-saving and sole-saving voice of Christ.
1811 J. P. Malcolm Mann. & Cust. London (ed. 2) II. ii. 20 The true nature of sole-justifying faith.
1832 W. Wordsworth To Haydon in Poet. Wks. (new ed.) II. 198 The one Man that laboured to enslave The World, sole-standing high on the bare hill.
1859 G. Meredith Ordeal Richard Feverel II. vi. 103 Two swallows, mates in one nest,..who twittered..to the sole-lying beauty in her bed.
C2. With past participles, etc., as sole-begotten, sole-commissioned, sole-seated, sole-thoughted; also sole-happy, sole-selfly, sole-sufficient.
ΚΠ
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. iii. 112 And Death..Comes very late to his sole-seated Lodge.
1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 38 Nor as environ'd..But rather, as sole selflie-limited, And ioynd to place.
1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 68 Sole-happy Causes of this sumptuous Feast.
1631 Eng. Primer of Our Lady 30 Glorie to th' unbegotten Father, And to His sole begotten Son.
a1635 R. Sibbes Heavenly Conf. (1656) 71 God is all-sufficient, self-sufficient, sole-sufficient.
1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. v. iii. 340 Is it true..that their Excellencys of the present Establishment, are the sole-commission'd?
1820 J. Keats Eve of St. Agnes in Lamia & Other Poems 85 These let us wish away, And turn, sole-thoughted, to one Lady there.
C3. Special combinations.
sole-charge n. New Zealand attributive (a) of a teacher: that has sole charge of a school; (b) of a school: having only one teacher; also absol.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > place of education > school > [adjective] > others
pre-kindergarten1912
selective1926
single-sex1939
sole-charge1941
home-school1949
Vo-Tech1950
multitrack1954
streamed1962
society > education > teaching > teacher > schoolteacher or schoolmaster > [adjective] > sole-charge
sole-charge1941
1941 A. Curnow Island & Time 12 I am the sums the sole-charge teachers teach.
1944 H. Wilson Moonshine ii. 21 It's [sc. the school's] a sole charge.
1955 D. O. W. Hall Portrait of N.Z. ix. 171 Small country settlements have their ‘sole charge’ or single-teacher schools.
sole-coloured adj. of a single uniform colour; self coloured.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > state or mode of having colour > [adjective] > monochrome
claurie1486
self1562
whole-coloured1605
concolour1646
unicolorate1657
unicolorous1657
self-coloured1682
single-coloured1703
unicolor1781
monocoloured1798
monochromic1803
unicoloured1811
concolorous1840
monochrome1849
one-coloured1854
monochromous1857
monochroous1857
monotoned1857
unicolour1860
solid1883
sole-coloured1885
monochroic1886
whole1892
whole-colour1896
single-colour1935
monocolour1955
mono1970
monotonal1973
1885 H. K. T. Gatty Juliana H. Ewing iii. 57 The sole~coloured walls well covered with pictures.
† sole-sale n. Obsolete a monopoly.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > trading conditions > [noun] > monopoly
monopoly1534
monopole1548
sole-sale1596
appalto1847
1596 Bp. W. Barlow tr. L. Lavater Three Christian Serm. ii. 49 The intollerable licenses of Monopoles and Solesales.
† sole-talk n. Obsolete a soliloquy.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > monologue > [noun]
sole-talk1592
soliloquiuma1612
soliloquy1613
soliloque1697
monologue1859
1592 T. Rogers (title) Soliloquium Animæ. The sole-talke of the Soule.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

solev.1

Brit. /səʊl/, U.S. /soʊl/
Forms: Also 1600s soel, Scottish soill; 1600s–1700s soal, Scottish soll.
Etymology: < sole n.1, perhaps through the verbal noun, which is found earlier. Compare Middle Dutch solen (Dutch zolen; Frisian soalje), Low German solen, salen, Middle High German solen (German sohlen, besohlen); also Spanish solar, Portuguese solar.
1.
a. transitive. To provide or furnish (a boot, shoe, stocking, etc.) with a sole.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making footwear > make footwear [verb (intransitive)] > carry out specific processes
yarkc1424
sole1570
sprig1885
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making footwear > make footwear [verb (transitive)] > furnish with heel or sole
sole1570
heel1598
heel-piece1699
heel-cap1801
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making other clothing > make other clothing [verb (transitive)] > carry out specific processes
stock1520
sole1570
toe1608
tag1627
foot1663
refoot1827
re-cover1896
(a)
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Niii/1 To Sole, solum adhibere.
1580 C. Hollyband Treasurie French Tong Carreler, to sole shoes.
1598 in J. Harland House & Farm Accts. Shuttleworths (1856) I. 112 Soleinge one pare of shoes, vd.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 223 The Scythians make them shooes, and soale them with the backes of Foxe and Myse skinnes.
a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 217 A peripatetic Cobler scorn'd to soal A pair of Shoes of any other School.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iv. x. 146 I soaled my Shoes with Wood.
1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 101 The de'il flay the hide o' it to sole his brogues wi'!
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. vii. §2. 509 [Gutta percha] is employed as a substitute for leather in soling boots and shoes.
1906 C. A. Sherring Western Tibet iv. 65 Their shoes..are soled with rope very ingeniously and finely plaited.
absolute.1824 S. Smith in Edinb. Rev. July 431 He is at liberty to make a shoe any where..he may sole on the Mississippi—heel on the Missouri.(b)1578 in Archaeologia 25 566 Given to a tailor for solinge a payre of stockinges.1602 W. Segar Honor Mil. & Civill ii. xi. 71 Two others shall put on his blacke nether~stockes soled with leather.1664 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1840) II. 517 For solling his Lordships stockengis.
b. To cover with or as with a sole.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > foot > [verb (transitive)] > sole
sole1681
1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. vii. ii. 167 The fore-feet are soled each with four little Tufts of Down or short Hair.
1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. vii. ii. 170 His Feet soled with a treble Tuft of a close short..Down.
c. To fit the head of a gold-club with a sole.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > equipment > [verb (transitive)] > fit club with sole
sole1905
1905 Golf & How to Play it 11.
2. transferred. To form the base or bottom of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > low position > put in low position [verb (transitive)] > have position under > constitute the base of
support1548
substrate1578
solea1643
floor1698
found1728
base1858
under-floor1884
a1643 W. Cartwright Ordinary (1651) iv. i. 58 My Debt-books shall sole Pyes at young Andrew's Wedding.
1714 G. Baillie Househ. Bk. (1911) 247 For stones to soll the big oven.
3. Golf. To place the sole of a club on the ground in preparing for a stroke. Also reflexive and absol.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > play golf [verb (transitive)] > sole the club
sole1909
1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf 27 Nearly all professionals, when addressing their ball for the put, sole the putter in front of the ball.
1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf 29 The professional soles in front of his ball because [etc.].
1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf 29 The driver is made so that it should sole itself when allowed to rest naturally on the ground.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† solev.2

Forms: Also 1600s soyle, soal.
Etymology: < Old French soler, soller, souler, variant of chouler , etc.: see chulle v.
Obsolete.
transitive. To throw (a bowl). Also intransitive of the bowl.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > bowls or bowling > play at bowls [verb (intransitive)] > of bowl: thrown
sole1638
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > bowls or bowling > play bowls [verb (transitive)] > throw (a bowl)
sole1638
1638 Wentworth in Carte Collect. Lett. (1735) III. 25 The bowl that soyles faire is more probable to run with comeliness and certainty to the mark it is sent.
1658 J. Bramhall Schisme Garded 16 ‘It were strange if he should throw a good cast who soales his Bowle upon an undersong,’ alluding to that ordinary and elegant expression, in our English Tongue, ‘Soal your Bowl well’, that is, be careful to begin your work well.
1679 E. Coles Dict. Eng.-Lat. (ed. 2) To sole a bowl, probe et rite emittere globum.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

† solev.3

Etymology: Old English solian , = Middle Dutch and Middle Low German solen , Old High German solôn (Middle High German solen ): compare sol adj.
Obsolete. rare.
intransitive. To become foul or dirty.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > be or become dirty [verb (intransitive)]
solec1000
beclartc1230
defile1673
dirty1864
c1000 Reimlied 67 Searo hwit solaþ, sumur hat colað.
c1250 Owl & Night. 1276 Nis noht so hot þat hit nacoleþ Ne noht so hwit þat hit ne soleþ.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2021).
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n.1c1325n.21347n.3OEn.415..adj.c1386v.11570v.21638v.3c1000
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