spaden.¹

Brit.

/speɪd/, U.S.

/speɪd/

Forms: Also Middle English, 1600s spad; Scottish1500s–1600s sped, 1500s–1600s spaid.

Etymology: Old English spadu , spædu (feminine), and spade feminine or spada (masculine), = Old Frisian spada (East Frisian spâde , North Frisian spade , spâ , spaar ), Middle Dutch spade (Dutch spade , spa ), Old Saxon spado (masculine) (Middle Low German spade , Low German spade-n , spâ ), German spaten (†spate , spat ; not recorded in Old High German or Middle High German, and perhaps < Low German, which is the source of Middle Danish spade , spaade , Middle Swedish spadhe , Danish, Swedish, Norwegian spade , Icelandic spaði ). Closely related to Greek σπάθη wooden blade, paddle, sword, etc., whence Latin spatha : see spade n.² and spathe n.

a. A tool for digging, paring, or cutting ground, turf, etc., now usually consisting of a flattish rectangular iron blade socketed on a wooden handle which has a grip or cross-piece at the upper end, the whole being adapted for grasping with both hands while the blade is pressed into the ground with the foot.In more primitive forms, or for special purposes, the blade also may be wholly or partly made of wood, and its lower extremity is sometimes rounded or pointed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > spade

spadec725

c725 Corpus Gloss. U 13 Uangas, spadan.

c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints II. 50 Ic nat mid hwi ic delfe, nu me swa wana is ægþer ge spadu ge mattuc.

a1100 Gerefa in Anglia (1886) 9 263 Siðe, sicol, weodhoc, spade, scofle.

c1150 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 550 Uanga, uel fossorium, spade.

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 175 Ȝif eax ne kurue. ne ðe spade ne dulue. ne ðe suluh ne erede. hwo kepte ham uorte holden.

c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 270 Þe eorþe was hard,..and none spade he nadde.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 1239 For-wroght wit his hak and spad Of him-self he wex al sad.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 128 So that in stede of schovele and spade The scharpe swerd was take on honde.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 84 With a spade he smate hur in sonder.

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. i. 76 The spade or shouell is for to delue & labour ther~with the erthe.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xi He wyll w^t a shouell or a spade cast out all that is fallen in the rigge.

1591 E. Spenser Virgil's Gnat in Complaints sig. K4 His yron headed spade tho making cleene, To dig vp sods out of the flowrie grasse.

1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 33 The gunne hath brought all weapons to an equality... Nothing resists it but the spade.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 330 Of labouring Pioners A multitude with Spades and Axes arm'd.

1729 J. Swift Let. to Bolingbroke 21 Mar. in Lett. Dr. Swift (1741) 96 I knew an old Lord..who amused himself with mending pitchforks and spades for his Tenants gratis.

1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 636 Strength may wield the pond'rous spade.

1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 315 They were so tender as to be much injured by the spade in the process of lifting.

1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xxi. 540 The spade of the Middle Ages was generally a wooden frame tipped with iron.

figurative.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 108 Þanne nymþ he his pic and his spade and beginþ to delue and to myny, and geþ in-to his herte.1594 Selimus Greene's in Wks. (Grosart) XIV. 203 Good sir, your wisedomes ouerflowing wit, Digs deepe with learnings wonder-working spade.1890 R. Bridges Shorter Poems iii. 13 The heartless spade of death.

b. The depth of a spade-blade; a spit.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > [noun] > digging > digging to spade depth > spade's depth

spade-graft1252

spit1507

graff?1523

graft1620

spade1674

spit1677

spade-bit1790

1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 186 You cannot dig many spades in mold or growthsom earth, before you come at a dead soyl.

1764 Museum Rusticum 2 377 After I have got through the surface, which is about a spade and half deep.

1786 J. Abercrombie Gardeners Daily Assistant 13 Let borders for wall-trees..be well trenched, two spades deep.

1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. i. Add. 8 Beginning at one end of the place where the earth is to be taken, and..taking off a spade deep (about eight inches).

c. The length of a spade with its handle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > the length of a spade

spade1825

1825 T. C. Croker Fairy Legends & Trad. S. Ireland I. 250 'Tis about ten spades from this to the cross.

1827 H. Steuart Planter's Guide (1828) 193 The dimensions are then to be marked out..at two ‘Spades’ and a half distant from the stake, or about eighteen feet diameter.

a. to call a spade a spade, to call things by their real names, without any euphemism or mincing of matters; to use plain or blunt language; to be straightforward to the verge of rudeness.In the ultimate source of the first quotation, Plutarch's Apophthegmata 178 B, the Greek words are τὴν σκάϕην σκάϕην λέγοντας. There is no evidence that σκάϕη (a trough, basin, bowl, boat, etc.) had the sense of ‘spade’; in rendering it by ligo Erasmus evidently confused it with σκαϕεῖον or other derivatives from the stem of σκάπτειν to dig. Lucian De Hist. Conscr. 41 gives a fuller form of the phrase, τὰ σῦκα σῦκα, τὴν σκάϕην δὲ σκάϕην ὀνομάσων.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > use plain language [verb (intransitive)]

to call a spade a spade1542

to call a pikestaff a pikestaff1591

to call a spade a (bloody) shovel1919

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 167 Philippus aunswered, yt the Macedonians wer feloes of no fyne witte in their termes but altogether grosse, clubbyshe, and rusticall, as they whiche had not the witte to calle a spade by any other name then a spade.

1580 H. Gifford Posie of Gilloflowers ii. sig. O I cannot say the crow is white, But needes must call a spade a spade.

1589 ‘M. Marprelate’ Epitome A ij I am plaine, I must needs call a Spade a Spade.

1630 Pathomachia iv. ii. 34 I am a plaine Macedonian, I must need call a Spade, a Spade.

1647 J. Trapp Mellificium Theol. in Comm. Epist. & Rev. 641 Gods people shall not spare to call a spade a spade, a niggard a niggard.

1706 E. Ward Hudibras Redivivus I. vii. 11 This is not Time of Day For Truth to be so obvious made, We must not call a Spade, a Spade.

1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 199 I am old Tell-Truth; I love to call a Spade a Spade.

1837 W. Irving Adventures Capt. Bonneville III. 115 They are the most unsavory vagabonds in their ordinary colloquies; they make no hesitation to call a spade a spade.

1884 Punch 15 Nov. 229/2 If it is absolutely necessary to call a spade a spade then it must be done in a whisper.

b. In allusions to the above phrase.

ΚΠ

1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin iii. iii. 57 As surely as a Spade is a Spade, and ought so to be called.

1730 Fog's Weekly Jrnl. 18 Apr. 1/3 A Spade with me was always a Spade, and Coscia a blundering Knave.

1816 J. W. Croker in L. J. Jennings Croker Papers (1884) I. iii. 98 Everything goes by its proper name; a spade is a spade; and a bayonet a bayonet.

1859 A. Trollope West Indies ix. 123 A spade is a spade, and it is worse than useless to say that it is something else.

c. More forcefully, in colloquial phrase to call a spade a (bloody) shovel: to speak with great or unnecessary bluntness.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > use plain language [verb (intransitive)]

to call a spade a spade1542

to call a pikestaff a pikestaff1591

to call a spade a (bloody) shovel1919

1919 W. S. Maugham Moon & Sixpence iii. 12 We did not think it hypocritical to draw over our vagaries the curtain of a decent silence. The spade was not invariably called a bloody shovel.

1945 N. Balchin Mine Own Executioner ii. 34 Sometimes..I get so fed up with all the mumbo-jumbo and abracadabra and making of holy mysteries about simple things that I like to call a spade a shovel.

1978 M. Cadogan & P. Craig Women & Children First ii. 48 As a literary starting-off point, the determination to call a spade a bloody shovel has imposed a fundamental limitation... Outspokenness..is simply not enough.

3. An implement resembling a spade in form or use:

a. One or other of various spade-like knives used by whalers, esp. one employed in flensing a whale; a blubber-spade.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > whaling and seal-hunting > whaling > cutting up whale or seal > [noun] > knife or hook

blubber-spade1820

spade1820

strand knife1820

tail-knife1820

blubber-hook1835

whale-spade1852

mincing knifea1884

1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions II. 511 Wood for harpoon and lance-stocks; handles of knives, spades, prickers [etc.].

1845 J. Coulter Adventures Pacific vii. 75 They each have long spades, and cut the blubber the proper breadth spirally from the base of the head to the flukes.

1887 G. B. Goode Fisheries U.S. 264 The officer of the boat..would thrust the sharp-edged spade into the ‘small’.

b. A tool used in seal-engraving to remove irregularities of surface.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > sculpture or carving > incising or intaglio > [noun] > equipment

platea1400

penc1400

pointel1561

pointrel1659

spade1850

oil ring1902

1850 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. III. 1368 A tool called a spade, consisting of a piece of soft iron about 3 or 4 inches long, the end of which is filed at an angle of 45 degrees, and charged with diamond powder. The spade is held in the fingers like a pencil.

c. A spade-like attachment serving to increase the grip of a wheel, retard the motion of a conical pendulum, check the recoil of a gun-carriage, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > instruments for measuring time > clock > [noun] > part(s) of

nut1428

peise1428

plumbc1450

Jack1498

clockwork1516

larum1542

Jack of the clockhouse1563

watch-wheel1568

work1570

plummeta1578

Jack of the clock1581

snail-cam1591

snail-work1591

pointer1596

quarter jack1604

mainspring1605

winder1606

notch-wheel1611

fusee1622

count-wheel1647

jack-wheel1647

frame1658

arbor1659

balance1660

fuse1674

hour-figure1675

stop1675

pallet1676

regulator1676

cock1678

movement1678

detent1688

savage1690

clock1696

pinwheel1696

starred wheel1696

swing-wheel1696

warning-wheel1696

watch1696

watch-part1696

hoop-wheel1704

hour-wheel1704

snail1714

step-wheel1714

tide-work1739

train1751

crutch1753

cannon pinion1764

rising board1769

remontoire1774

escapement1779

clock jack1784

locking plate1786

scapement1789

motion work1795

anchor escapement1798

scape1798

star-wheel1798

recoil escapement1800

recoiling pallet1801

recoiling scapement1801

cannon1802

hammer-tail1805

recoiling escapement1805

bottle jack1810

renovating spring1812

quarter-boy1815

pin tooth1817

solar wheel1819

impulse-teeth1825

pendulum wheel1825

pallet arbor1826

rewinder1826

rack hook1829

snail-wheel1831

quarter bell1832

tow1834

star pulley1836

watch train1838

clock train1843

raising-piece1843

wheelwork1843

gravity escapement1850

jumper1850

vertical escapement1850

time train1853

pin pallet1860

spade1862

dead well1867

stop-work1869

ringer1873

strike-or-silent1875

warning-piece1875

guard-pin1879

pendulum cock1881

warning-lever1881

beat-pin1883

fusee-piece1884

fusee-snail1884

shutter1884

tourbillion1884

tumbler1884

virgule1884

foliot1899

grasshopper1899

grasshopper escapement1899

trunk1899

pin lever1908

clock spring1933

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > gun carriage > [noun] > other parts of carriage

tail-pin1497

brack1622

head-plate1647

transom1688

prise-bolt1705

bracket1753

bracket-bolt1753

pintle1769

rider1779

trail-plate-eye1828

cleat1834

wheel-guard1860

spade1862

nave-hole1867

chassis1869

turntable1889

gun-crutch1898

trail-spade1904

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > parts of wheels > other parts

vane1815

web1828

offset1850

wheel-guard1860

spade1862

pulley cone1903

1862 London Rev. & Weekly Jrnl. 23 Aug. 176 Up to this time the plain surface of the wheels only had been in use, and now..the engine-driver brought in the auxiliary power of the spades, and protruding them a short distance through the wheels, at once doubled the powers of the engine.

1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (new ed.) 67 Conical Pendulum, there is generally a spade attached to and revolving with the pendulum bob, so arranged that..the spade dips deeper into a vessel containing glycerine.

1898 E. S. May Field Artillery 294 The first round fired forces the spade into the ground.

1898 E. S. May Field Artillery 328 A spade..is attached to the end of the trail and checks the recoil of the lower carriage.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

a. With nouns, in attributive or other relations.

(a)

spade attachment n.

ΚΠ

1899 Westm. Gaz. 29 Dec. 5/2 The quick-firing spade attachment..fitted to all our gun carriages in South Africa.

spade-carrier n.

ΚΠ

1895 Daily News 15 Feb. 6/4 He speaks casually of seeing the spade-carriers erecting some earthworks to shelter the outlying Circassians.

spade-cultivation n.

ΚΠ

1839 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 2) I. i. iii. 383 Spade cultivation general.

spade cutting n.

ΚΠ

1859 K. Cornwallis Panorama New World I. 105 We passed several gangs of men levelling it by spade-cutting.

spade handle n.

ΚΠ

1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 702/2 Fig. 1654 represents one kind [of digging-machine] in which the spade-handles pass through guide-slots in an upper bar.

spade husbandry n.

ΚΠ

1832 H. Martineau Homes Abroad ii. 27 The soil shall be improved to the utmost by spade-husbandry.

spade maker n.

ΚΠ

1771 in Monthly Messenger July (1906) 192/1 Richard Lumley, spademaker in Swalwell.

1843 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. I. 210 Much heavier hammers..are used by the spade-makers for planishing.

spade pattern n.

ΚΠ

1885 S. Lane-Poole Coins & Medals 202 Of the tch'ang, or adze or spade-pattern, we know..that some were cast specially for the purpose of currency.

spade planting n.

ΚΠ

1831 On Planting (Libr. Useful Knowl.) iii. 37 Spade planting applies to land prepared for the reception of the plants by trenching.

spade-setting n.

ΚΠ

1869 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Agric. 1868 252 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (40th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc.) XV A mode of setting Osage thorn quicks, known as spade-setting, consists in opening a line of slits in the surface soil..with a long, narrow spade.

spade shaft n.

ΚΠ

1542 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1908) VIII. 132 Item, for vj spaid schaftis deliverit to Johnne Drummond.

(b)

spade-type adj.

ΚΠ

1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 29 Mar. 57/2 Most impressive do I find these new spade-type rotary cultivators which have been imported from the Continent.

1967 Jane's Surface Skimmer Syst. 1967–8 31/1 The steering gear comprises twin balanced spade-type rudders.

b. With adjectives and past participles.

(a)

spade-armed adj.

ΚΠ

1782 J. Trumbull MʽFingal (new ed.) iii. 61 Till looking back he spied in rear The spade-arm'd chief.

1962 E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) lxvii. 508 Battalions, whole divisions, of spade-armed peasants in this general area have been working on a plan.

spade-cut adj.

ΚΠ

1891 ‘S. C. Scrivener’ Our Fields & Cities 138 A section of the exposed spade-cut surface.

spade-deep adj.

ΚΠ

1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 29 A spade-deep excision for the planks..to rest upon.

spade-dug adj.

ΚΠ

1842 E. J. Lance Cottage Farmer 11 Other corn crops..if spade dug, dibbled, and hoed, will be equally profitable.

spade-footed adj.

ΚΠ

1867 F. W. Putnam in Amer. Naturalist 1 108 The Spade-footed Toads..are more uncertain in their appearance, being governed entirely by the dampness or dryness of the season.

1891 Cent. Dict. at Scaphiopodinæ A sub-family..containing the American spade-footed toads.

1901 Cambr. Nat. Hist. VIII. 162 The ‘Spade-footed Toad’, which occurs throughout the whole of Central Europe.

spade-fronted adj.

ΚΠ

1898 Westm. Gaz. 1 Sept. 3/2 The oft so-called spade-fronted sort of Eton coatie.

spade-handed adj.

ΚΠ

1934 D. Thomas 18 Poems 25 When blood, spade-handed, and the logic time Drive children up like bruises to the thumb.

spade-like adj.

ΚΠ

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Louchet, a..spade~like instrument, halfe headed with yron.

1850 E. Clark Britannia & Conway Bridges II. 597 The flat spade~like portion of the bolt.

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. IV. 472 The condition of the hands..has been aptly described as spade-like by Sir William Gull.

spade-proud adj.

ΚΠ

1941 L. B. Lyon Tomorrow is Revealing 24 It hurt me, the efficient, spade~proud hole, That earth-room with its tapestry of boughs.

spade-shaped adj.

ΚΠ

1783 J. Barbut Genera Vermium I. 93/1 The Spade-shaped Sea Urchin.

1876 J. H. Kidder Nat. Hist. Kerguelen Isl. ii. 74 (Smithsonian Misc. Coll.) Mouth shields broad, spade-shaped.

(b)

spade-wise adv.

ΚΠ

1647 J. Hall Poems i. 5 Whether he Did cut his beard spadwise or like a T.

1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions 92 The bottom made of Iron-plate Spade-wise.

C2. Special combinations.

spade-arm n. the arm used in holding the hand-grip of a spade.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > arm > [noun]

armeOE

brawna1382

hand?a1425

branch1594

bridle arm1622

shield-arm1640

smiter1673

sword-arm1687

fin1785

pistol arm1800

spade-arm1804

pinion1848

liver wing1855

bow-arm1860

meathook1919

gun1973

1804 M. Edgeworth Contrast vi, in Pop. Tales III. 78 I should not be well able to manage it with the rheumatism in my spade-arm.

spade-bayonet n. (see quot. 1875).

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2252/1 Spade-bayonet, a broad-bladed bayonet, which may be used in digging shelter-holes or rifle-pits.

spade-bit n. dialect a spit of earth.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > [noun] > digging > digging to spade depth > spade's depth

spade-graft1252

spit1507

graff?1523

graft1620

spade1674

spit1677

spade-bit1790

1790 W. Marshall Agric. Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 442 Spade-bit, the quantity of soil raised by one effort of the spade.

spade-bolt n. a form of bolt used in ironwork.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > bolt > types of

round bolt1582

ringbolt1599

pikebolt1622

rag bolt1625

set-bolt1627

clinch-bolta1642

eyebolt1649

clinch1659

screw-bolt1690

king bolt1740

wrain-bolt1750

wraining-bolt1769

toggle-bolt1794

strap-bolt1795

wring-bolt1815

through-bolt1821

truss-bolt1825

slip-stopper1831

stud bolt1838

anchor bolt1839

king rod1843

joint bolt1844

spade-bolt1850

shackle-bolt1852

roof bolt1853

set-stud1855

coach bolt1869

truss-rod1873

fox-bolt1874

garnish-bolt1874

fang-bolt1876

stud1878

U bolta1884

rock bolt1887

hook bolt1899

tower bolt1911

explosive bolt1948

1850 E. Clark Britannia & Conway Bridges II. 597 These bolts are 3 inches in diameter, and have been technically called ‘spade-bolts’; they are attached..by means of the flat spade-like portion of the bolt.

spade-chisel n. a chisel having a broad spade-shaped end.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > cutting tool > chisel > [noun] > other chisels

grooping-ironc1440

grubbing-ironc1440

grubbling iron1530

ripping-chisel1659

paring chisel1675

ripping-chisel1679

flat chisel1688

burr1794

tan-spud1828

spud1846

dogleg1855

jagger1875

pointer1875

spade-chisel1895

claw-chisel1933

burr-chisel-

1895 E. Rowe Hints on Chip-carving 29 The simplest way..is to use the spade chisel.

spade-coin n. = spade-money n.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > other mediums of exchange > [noun] > metal in specific shape

larin1588

ring-money1759

wheel-money1861

bullet-money1879

spade-coin1892

spade-money1892

knife-money1901

1892 T. de Lacouperie Catal. Chinese Coins Introd. p. xxxviii The classification and identification of these spade-coins.

spade-farm n. a farm cultivated by manual labour with the spade.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > other farms

home farm1749

city farm1750

county farm1785

factory farm1824

bird farm1842

provision farm1846

spade-farm1848

bush-farm1851

poor farm1852

sewage farm1870

cacao farm1871

mixed farm1872

vertical farm1897

prison farm1961

nuplex1968

1848 C. Kingsley Yeast in Fraser's Mag. Sept. 285/2 Among..spade farms and model smell-traps.

1871 C. Kingsley At Last II. xvi. 280 He has not..handiness enough for the more delicate work of a little spade-farm.

spade-farming n.

ΚΠ

1871 C. Kingsley At Last xvi Garden-tillage and spade-farming are not learnt in a day.

spade-fish n. a fish resembling a spade in form; now spec. the moon-fish, Chætodipterus faber.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > suborder Percoidei > [noun] > family Ephippidae (spade-fishes) > chaetodipterous faber (spade-fish)

moonfish1646

spade-fish1704

porgy1725

angelfish1888

sheep's head1888

1704 T. Pocock in J. K. Laughton Mem. Relating to Ld. Torrington (1889) 184 We took up this morning a spade fish... The spade-fish was fry'd.

1805 T. M. Harris State of Ohio 116 There is a curious fish called the Spade-Fish,..with a bony weapon projecting from the nose.. like a narrow shovel.

1884 G. B. Goode in G. B. Goode et al. Fisheries U.S.: Sect. I 445 The Moon-fish, Chætodipterus faber... In the northern parts of the Gulf of Mexico it is called the ‘Spade-fish’.

spade-foot n. (a) the foot used in pressing a spade into the ground; (b) an enlargement on a chair-leg, etc., resembling a spade; (c) a toad having a foot specially adapted for digging; also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > amphibians > order Anura or Salienta (frogs and toads) > [noun] > types of frog or toad > suborder Anomocoela > member of family Pelobatidae (spade-foot)

spade-foot1891

pelobatid1895

parsley frog1897

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > [noun] > parts of furniture generally > foot

claw-foot1862

spade-foot1891

Spanish foot1902

bun foot1904

pad foot1905

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > foot > [noun] > right or left

stirrup-foot1753

spade-foot1891

1891 D. Wilson Right Hand 170 I believe every boy will hop on his spade foot.

1897 K. W. Clouston Chippendale Period Eng. Furnit. 154 By using the ‘spade foot’, as the square excrescence at the thin end of the leg is called.

1899 Proc. Zool. Soc. 790 On the American Spade-foot (Scaphiopus solitarius).

1901 Cambr. Nat. Hist. VIII. 163 Pelobates cultripes, this is the Spade-foot of the whole of Spain and Portugal and of the southern and western parts of France.

1901 Cambr. Nat. Hist. VIII. 164 Pelobates cultripes, Spade-foot Toad.

spade-guinea n. a guinea coined from 1787 to 1799, on which the shield bearing the arms has the form of a pointed spade.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > English coins > [noun] > guinea or twenty-one shillings

goldfinch1602

piece1631

yellow boy1654

Guinea1666

broad gold1688

meg1688

broad1710

George's guinea1721

yellow1722

canary bird1785

stranger1785

yellow George1785

Geordie1786

spade-guinea1853

George guinea1880

1853 H. N. Humphreys Coin Collector's Man. II. 496 In 1787, a new gold coinage took place, and the guineas, known as spade guineas, appeared.

1887 R. Jefferies Amaryllis at Fair viii It was understood that there were twenty thousand spade guineas in an iron box under his bed.

spade-hind n. (see quot. 1844).

ΚΠ

1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 224 The hedger, the spade-hind, the spadesman, as he is indifferently called, is a useful servant on a farm.

spade lug n. Agriculture each of a number of metal lugs that are bolted to the rim of a tractor wheel so as to project radially outwards and give an improved grip.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > tractor > tractor attachments

spud1917

spade lug1921

fore-loader1954

fore-end loader1958

safety cab1965

1921 Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engin. 15 175 The tri~spade lugs were cast with three spades on each casting..and were staggered on the wheel when in place similar to the bolt on spade lugs.

1950 Engineering 5 May 506/1 The use of spade lugs in place of plain steel rims and strakes gradually reduced the tractor weight per drawbar-horse-power.

1967 J. Oates Farm Machinery xi. 77 Spade lugs and strake bars are used to bite more deeply into the ground.

spade-lugged adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [adjective] > tractor attachments

spade-lugged1945

1945 H. J. Hine Tractors on Farm (ed. 2) iv. 38 With spade-lugged steel wheels the spaces between the lugs must be cleaned out from time to time with a paddle.

spade-money n. early Chinese bronze money made in the form of spades.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > other mediums of exchange > [noun] > metal in specific shape

larin1588

ring-money1759

wheel-money1861

bullet-money1879

spade-coin1892

spade-money1892

knife-money1901

1892 T. de Lacouperie Catal. Chinese Coins Introd. p. xiii Spade-money of two sizes form chiefly the currency outside Ts'i and Tchou. They consist of little spades with hollow handles, weighing 20 to the higher standard unit of weight.

† spade-peak n. Obsolete a spade-beard.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > styles of hair > [noun] > styles of beard

goat's beard1440

bodkin-bearda1529

pique-devant1587

crates1592

peak1592

spade-peak1592

beard1598

Cads-beard1598

spade-beard1598

punto beard1633

cathedral beard1635

stiletto1638

T bearda1640

trencher-bearda1668

tile beard1816

imperial beard1832

Charley1833

imperial1835

royale1838

goatee1841

goat1849

Newgate frill1851

Newgate fringe1853

Vandyke beard1894

torpedo beard1899

Vandyke1909

pencil beard1966

1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. C3 His spade peake is as sharpe as if he had been a Pioner before the walls of Roan.

spade-peat n. (see quot. 1801).

ΚΠ

1801 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 6 The cutting up of turf, or spade~peats, from the clay or earthen surfaces of the pasturage, is surely no matter of necessity.

spade-press n. Australian a wool-press in which fleeces are compressed by means of a spade.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > treating or processing textile materials > treating or processing wool > [noun] > press

wool-screw1827

wool-press1846

spade-press1890

1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer II. xvii. 73 We devoted the next few days..to fixing the spade-press—that friendly adjunct to the pioneer-squatter's humble woolshed.

† spade-silver n. Scottish Obsolete payment for spade-work.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [noun] > payment for other specific work

wensevesc1250

spade-silver1606

watch money1628

wonting pennya1642

box money1707

hook-penny1794

bobbin1936

1606 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 634/1 Cum lie spaid-silver pro effossione petarum.

1612 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 238/1 Cum lie spaid-silver pro lucrando lie turvis et devottis.

† spade-staff n. Obsolete a plough-staff, a pattle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > ploughing equipment > [noun] > plough-staff

acre-staffc1300

plough staffc1325

plough-batc1400

plough-potec1400

pattle1404

plough pattle1404

paddle1407

paddle-staff1583

pad-staff1650

sull-paddle1669

spade-staff1706

plough-spade1712

plough cleaner1850

wad-staff1856

wad-stick1889

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Sull-Paddle A small Spade-staff, or Tool to cleanse the Plough from the Clods of Earth.

† spade-stale n. Obsolete = spade-tree n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > spade > part of

spade-iron1356

spade-tree1411

shoec1450

spade-stale1649

spade-graft1664

tramp1844

1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver ix. 50 A Peice of the best tough Willow, about the bignesse of a Spade-stayle.

spade terminal n. a flat, spade-shaped piece of metal having a slot or hole in it for fixing under a nut or bolt to make an electrical connection.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > transmission of electricity, conduction > connection, contact > [noun] > connection between conductors

connecter1795

connection1832

bond1903

to make contact1915

spade terminal1968

1968 Wireless World Feb. 133/1 (advt.) Heavy duty terminals... Black only will take spade terminals and wander plug.

1976 Gramophone May 1841/1 A twin phono-plug low capacitance signal cable is supplied, plus a green spade terminal earth wire.

spade-tree n. now dialect a spade-handle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > spade > part of

spade-iron1356

spade-tree1411

shoec1450

spade-stale1649

spade-graft1664

tramp1844

1411 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1883) II. 86 j. spadetree, j d.

1490 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. Item payde for a spade tre, j d ob.

1534 Accts. St. John's Hosp., Canterbury (Canterbury Cathedral Archives: CCA-U13/4) For a spade tre, j d.

1893 J. Salisbury Gloss. Words S.E. Worcs. Spade-tree, the wooden shaft of a spade.

spade-trench v. to dig deeply with a spade.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > earth-moving, etc. > [verb (transitive)] > dig (hole, etc.) > dig with specific tool

shovel?a1500

spade1647

mattock1649

spade-trench1840

1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII. 467/1 The lazy-bed practice repeated for three years will completely spade-trench the entire land.

spade-trenched adj.

ΚΠ

1891 Daily News 15 Sept. 3/1 One acre of spade trenched land of average quality.

spade-wheel n. the wheel in a digging machine which carries the spades.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > earth-moving and excavating equipment > [noun] > excavator > part of

clam-shell1508

spade-wheel1874

1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 703/1 In the rotary machine (Fig. 1655) the ground-wheel b drives the spade-wheel L¹ through the intervention of gearing.

spade-work n. (a) work done with a spade for the preparation of ground; (b) figurative preliminary work, difficult or laborious preparation, pioneering research; hence (rarely) spade-worker n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > [noun] > digging

delfeOE

pastining?1440

breaking1514

digging1552

repastination1569

potting1592

pastination1623

spade-work1778

delve1869

dig1887

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > labour or toil > basic

spade-work1901

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] > a) preparation(s) > preliminary work

rough work1563

spade-work1912

1778 Encycl. Brit. I. 145/1 An iron plough..drawn by a horse..will save much spade-work.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. i. xi. 76 He that has four limbs, and a French heart, can do spadework.

1901 Ld. Rosebery Nat. Policy (1902) (note) (cover) Political energy must work and entrench. I want some of this spadework on behalf of this policy.

1912 H. G. Aldis in Cambr. Hist. Eng. Lit. IX. xiii. 346 Brian Twyne, a diligent Oxford antiquary who had done much pioneer spade-work in the same field.

1927 Daily Tel. 12 July 9/1 The discovery of a helpful blood-test for cancer may be placed among the important advances the near future may give us as a result of spade-work already carried out.

1929 Times Lit. Suppl. 27 June 511 Many modern novelists of folk life, in their desire to be strong and ‘primitive’, ignore all spade work and romantically stake Man against Nature.

1931 E. F. Benson Mapp & Lucia iv. 93 Lucia..had insisted that all the credit was due to Drake's wife, who had planned everything (or nearly) and had done all the spade-work.

1951 Sport 27 Apr. 8/3 Ernie's crafty spadework has been responsible for many of the goals netted by Jack Milburn and George Robledo.

1977 A. Clarke Let. from Dead ix. 105 I did a bit of spadework on him yesterday..and he seemed to be thawing a little.

spade-worker n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] > a) preparation(s) > preliminary work > one who does preliminary work

spade-worker1912

1912 ‘Saki’ Chron. Clovis 267 ‘Where I think you political spade-workers are so silly,’ said the Duke, ‘is in the misdirection of your efforts.’

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	spade
释义	spaden.¹ Brit. /speɪd/, U.S. /speɪd/ Forms: Also Middle English, 1600s spad; Scottish1500s–1600s sped, 1500s–1600s spaid. Etymology: Old English spadu , spædu (feminine), and spade feminine or spada (masculine), = Old Frisian spada (East Frisian spâde , North Frisian spade , spâ , spaar ), Middle Dutch spade (Dutch spade , spa ), Old Saxon spado (masculine) (Middle Low German spade , Low German spade-n , spâ ), German spaten (†spate , spat ; not recorded in Old High German or Middle High German, and perhaps < Low German, which is the source of Middle Danish spade , spaade , Middle Swedish spadhe , Danish, Swedish, Norwegian spade , Icelandic spaði ). Closely related to Greek σπάθη wooden blade, paddle, sword, etc., whence Latin spatha : see spade n.² and spathe n. 1. a. A tool for digging, paring, or cutting ground, turf, etc., now usually consisting of a flattish rectangular iron blade socketed on a wooden handle which has a grip or cross-piece at the upper end, the whole being adapted for grasping with both hands while the blade is pressed into the ground with the foot.In more primitive forms, or for special purposes, the blade also may be wholly or partly made of wood, and its lower extremity is sometimes rounded or pointed. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > spade spadec725 c725 Corpus Gloss. U 13 Uangas, spadan. c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints II. 50 Ic nat mid hwi ic delfe, nu me swa wana is ægþer ge spadu ge mattuc. a1100 Gerefa in Anglia (1886) 9 263 Siðe, sicol, weodhoc, spade, scofle. c1150 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 550 Uanga, uel fossorium, spade. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 175 Ȝif eax ne kurue. ne ðe spade ne dulue. ne ðe suluh ne erede. hwo kepte ham uorte holden. c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 270 Þe eorþe was hard,..and none spade he nadde. a1300 Cursor Mundi 1239 For-wroght wit his hak and spad Of him-self he wex al sad. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 128 So that in stede of schovele and spade The scharpe swerd was take on honde. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 84 With a spade he smate hur in sonder. 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. i. 76 The spade or shouell is for to delue & labour ther~with the erthe. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xi He wyll w^t a shouell or a spade cast out all that is fallen in the rigge. 1591 E. Spenser Virgil's Gnat in Complaints sig. K4 His yron headed spade tho making cleene, To dig vp sods out of the flowrie grasse. 1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 33 The gunne hath brought all weapons to an equality... Nothing resists it but the spade. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 330 Of labouring Pioners A multitude with Spades and Axes arm'd. View more context for this quotation 1729 J. Swift Let. to Bolingbroke 21 Mar. in Lett. Dr. Swift (1741) 96 I knew an old Lord..who amused himself with mending pitchforks and spades for his Tenants gratis. 1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 636 Strength may wield the pond'rous spade. 1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 315 They were so tender as to be much injured by the spade in the process of lifting. 1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xxi. 540 The spade of the Middle Ages was generally a wooden frame tipped with iron. figurative.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 108 Þanne nymþ he his pic and his spade and beginþ to delue and to myny, and geþ in-to his herte.1594 Selimus Greene's in Wks. (Grosart) XIV. 203 Good sir, your wisedomes ouerflowing wit, Digs deepe with learnings wonder-working spade.1890 R. Bridges Shorter Poems iii. 13 The heartless spade of death. b. The depth of a spade-blade; a spit. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > [noun] > digging > digging to spade depth > spade's depth spade-graft1252 spit1507 graff?1523 graft1620 spade1674 spit1677 spade-bit1790 1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 186 You cannot dig many spades in mold or growthsom earth, before you come at a dead soyl. 1764 Museum Rusticum 2 377 After I have got through the surface, which is about a spade and half deep. 1786 J. Abercrombie Gardeners Daily Assistant 13 Let borders for wall-trees..be well trenched, two spades deep. 1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. i. Add. 8 Beginning at one end of the place where the earth is to be taken, and..taking off a spade deep (about eight inches). c. The length of a spade with its handle. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > the length of a spade spade1825 1825 T. C. Croker Fairy Legends & Trad. S. Ireland I. 250 'Tis about ten spades from this to the cross. 1827 H. Steuart Planter's Guide (1828) 193 The dimensions are then to be marked out..at two ‘Spades’ and a half distant from the stake, or about eighteen feet diameter. 2. a. to call a spade a spade, to call things by their real names, without any euphemism or mincing of matters; to use plain or blunt language; to be straightforward to the verge of rudeness.In the ultimate source of the first quotation, Plutarch's Apophthegmata 178 B, the Greek words are τὴν σκάϕην σκάϕην λέγοντας. There is no evidence that σκάϕη (a trough, basin, bowl, boat, etc.) had the sense of ‘spade’; in rendering it by ligo Erasmus evidently confused it with σκαϕεῖον or other derivatives from the stem of σκάπτειν to dig. Lucian De Hist. Conscr. 41 gives a fuller form of the phrase, τὰ σῦκα σῦκα, τὴν σκάϕην δὲ σκάϕην ὀνομάσων. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > use plain language [verb (intransitive)] to call a spade a spade1542 to call a pikestaff a pikestaff1591 to call a spade a (bloody) shovel1919 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 167 Philippus aunswered, yt the Macedonians wer feloes of no fyne witte in their termes but altogether grosse, clubbyshe, and rusticall, as they whiche had not the witte to calle a spade by any other name then a spade. 1580 H. Gifford Posie of Gilloflowers ii. sig. O I cannot say the crow is white, But needes must call a spade a spade. 1589 ‘M. Marprelate’ Epitome A ij I am plaine, I must needs call a Spade a Spade. 1630 Pathomachia iv. ii. 34 I am a plaine Macedonian, I must need call a Spade, a Spade. 1647 J. Trapp Mellificium Theol. in Comm. Epist. & Rev. 641 Gods people shall not spare to call a spade a spade, a niggard a niggard. 1706 E. Ward Hudibras Redivivus I. vii. 11 This is not Time of Day For Truth to be so obvious made, We must not call a Spade, a Spade. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 199 I am old Tell-Truth; I love to call a Spade a Spade. 1837 W. Irving Adventures Capt. Bonneville III. 115 They are the most unsavory vagabonds in their ordinary colloquies; they make no hesitation to call a spade a spade. 1884 Punch 15 Nov. 229/2 If it is absolutely necessary to call a spade a spade then it must be done in a whisper. b. In allusions to the above phrase. ΚΠ 1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin iii. iii. 57 As surely as a Spade is a Spade, and ought so to be called. 1730 Fog's Weekly Jrnl. 18 Apr. 1/3 A Spade with me was always a Spade, and Coscia a blundering Knave. 1816 J. W. Croker in L. J. Jennings Croker Papers (1884) I. iii. 98 Everything goes by its proper name; a spade is a spade; and a bayonet a bayonet. 1859 A. Trollope West Indies ix. 123 A spade is a spade, and it is worse than useless to say that it is something else. c. More forcefully, in colloquial phrase to call a spade a (bloody) shovel: to speak with great or unnecessary bluntness. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > use plain language [verb (intransitive)] to call a spade a spade1542 to call a pikestaff a pikestaff1591 to call a spade a (bloody) shovel1919 1919 W. S. Maugham Moon & Sixpence iii. 12 We did not think it hypocritical to draw over our vagaries the curtain of a decent silence. The spade was not invariably called a bloody shovel. 1945 N. Balchin Mine Own Executioner ii. 34 Sometimes..I get so fed up with all the mumbo-jumbo and abracadabra and making of holy mysteries about simple things that I like to call a spade a shovel. 1978 M. Cadogan & P. Craig Women & Children First ii. 48 As a literary starting-off point, the determination to call a spade a bloody shovel has imposed a fundamental limitation... Outspokenness..is simply not enough. 3. An implement resembling a spade in form or use: a. One or other of various spade-like knives used by whalers, esp. one employed in flensing a whale; a blubber-spade. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > whaling and seal-hunting > whaling > cutting up whale or seal > [noun] > knife or hook blubber-spade1820 spade1820 strand knife1820 tail-knife1820 blubber-hook1835 whale-spade1852 mincing knifea1884 1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions II. 511 Wood for harpoon and lance-stocks; handles of knives, spades, prickers [etc.]. 1845 J. Coulter Adventures Pacific vii. 75 They each have long spades, and cut the blubber the proper breadth spirally from the base of the head to the flukes. 1887 G. B. Goode Fisheries U.S. 264 The officer of the boat..would thrust the sharp-edged spade into the ‘small’. b. A tool used in seal-engraving to remove irregularities of surface. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > sculpture or carving > incising or intaglio > [noun] > equipment platea1400 penc1400 pointel1561 pointrel1659 spade1850 oil ring1902 1850 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. III. 1368 A tool called a spade, consisting of a piece of soft iron about 3 or 4 inches long, the end of which is filed at an angle of 45 degrees, and charged with diamond powder. The spade is held in the fingers like a pencil. c. A spade-like attachment serving to increase the grip of a wheel, retard the motion of a conical pendulum, check the recoil of a gun-carriage, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > time > instruments for measuring time > clock > [noun] > part(s) of nut1428 peise1428 plumbc1450 Jack1498 clockwork1516 larum1542 Jack of the clockhouse1563 watch-wheel1568 work1570 plummeta1578 Jack of the clock1581 snail-cam1591 snail-work1591 pointer1596 quarter jack1604 mainspring1605 winder1606 notch-wheel1611 fusee1622 count-wheel1647 jack-wheel1647 frame1658 arbor1659 balance1660 fuse1674 hour-figure1675 stop1675 pallet1676 regulator1676 cock1678 movement1678 detent1688 savage1690 clock1696 pinwheel1696 starred wheel1696 swing-wheel1696 warning-wheel1696 watch1696 watch-part1696 hoop-wheel1704 hour-wheel1704 snail1714 step-wheel1714 tide-work1739 train1751 crutch1753 cannon pinion1764 rising board1769 remontoire1774 escapement1779 clock jack1784 locking plate1786 scapement1789 motion work1795 anchor escapement1798 scape1798 star-wheel1798 recoil escapement1800 recoiling pallet1801 recoiling scapement1801 cannon1802 hammer-tail1805 recoiling escapement1805 bottle jack1810 renovating spring1812 quarter-boy1815 pin tooth1817 solar wheel1819 impulse-teeth1825 pendulum wheel1825 pallet arbor1826 rewinder1826 rack hook1829 snail-wheel1831 quarter bell1832 tow1834 star pulley1836 watch train1838 clock train1843 raising-piece1843 wheelwork1843 gravity escapement1850 jumper1850 vertical escapement1850 time train1853 pin pallet1860 spade1862 dead well1867 stop-work1869 ringer1873 strike-or-silent1875 warning-piece1875 guard-pin1879 pendulum cock1881 warning-lever1881 beat-pin1883 fusee-piece1884 fusee-snail1884 shutter1884 tourbillion1884 tumbler1884 virgule1884 foliot1899 grasshopper1899 grasshopper escapement1899 trunk1899 pin lever1908 clock spring1933 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > gun carriage > [noun] > other parts of carriage tail-pin1497 brack1622 head-plate1647 transom1688 prise-bolt1705 bracket1753 bracket-bolt1753 pintle1769 rider1779 trail-plate-eye1828 cleat1834 wheel-guard1860 spade1862 nave-hole1867 chassis1869 turntable1889 gun-crutch1898 trail-spade1904 society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > parts of wheels > other parts vane1815 web1828 offset1850 wheel-guard1860 spade1862 pulley cone1903 1862 London Rev. & Weekly Jrnl. 23 Aug. 176 Up to this time the plain surface of the wheels only had been in use, and now..the engine-driver brought in the auxiliary power of the spades, and protruding them a short distance through the wheels, at once doubled the powers of the engine. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (new ed.) 67 Conical Pendulum, there is generally a spade attached to and revolving with the pendulum bob, so arranged that..the spade dips deeper into a vessel containing glycerine. 1898 E. S. May Field Artillery 294 The first round fired forces the spade into the ground. 1898 E. S. May Field Artillery 328 A spade..is attached to the end of the trail and checks the recoil of the lower carriage. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. With nouns, in attributive or other relations. (a) spade attachment n. ΚΠ 1899 Westm. Gaz. 29 Dec. 5/2 The quick-firing spade attachment..fitted to all our gun carriages in South Africa. spade-carrier n. ΚΠ 1895 Daily News 15 Feb. 6/4 He speaks casually of seeing the spade-carriers erecting some earthworks to shelter the outlying Circassians. spade-cultivation n. ΚΠ 1839 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 2) I. i. iii. 383 Spade cultivation general. spade cutting n. ΚΠ 1859 K. Cornwallis Panorama New World I. 105 We passed several gangs of men levelling it by spade-cutting. spade handle n. ΚΠ 1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 702/2 Fig. 1654 represents one kind [of digging-machine] in which the spade-handles pass through guide-slots in an upper bar. spade husbandry n. ΚΠ 1832 H. Martineau Homes Abroad ii. 27 The soil shall be improved to the utmost by spade-husbandry. spade maker n. ΚΠ 1771 in Monthly Messenger July (1906) 192/1 Richard Lumley, spademaker in Swalwell. 1843 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. I. 210 Much heavier hammers..are used by the spade-makers for planishing. spade pattern n. ΚΠ 1885 S. Lane-Poole Coins & Medals 202 Of the tch'ang, or adze or spade-pattern, we know..that some were cast specially for the purpose of currency. spade planting n. ΚΠ 1831 On Planting (Libr. Useful Knowl.) iii. 37 Spade planting applies to land prepared for the reception of the plants by trenching. spade-setting n. ΚΠ 1869 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Agric. 1868 252 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (40th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc.) XV A mode of setting Osage thorn quicks, known as spade-setting, consists in opening a line of slits in the surface soil..with a long, narrow spade. spade shaft n. ΚΠ 1542 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1908) VIII. 132 Item, for vj spaid schaftis deliverit to Johnne Drummond. (b) spade-type adj. ΚΠ 1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 29 Mar. 57/2 Most impressive do I find these new spade-type rotary cultivators which have been imported from the Continent. 1967 Jane's Surface Skimmer Syst. 1967–8 31/1 The steering gear comprises twin balanced spade-type rudders. b. With adjectives and past participles. (a) spade-armed adj. ΚΠ 1782 J. Trumbull MʽFingal (new ed.) iii. 61 Till looking back he spied in rear The spade-arm'd chief. 1962 E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) lxvii. 508 Battalions, whole divisions, of spade-armed peasants in this general area have been working on a plan. spade-cut adj. ΚΠ 1891 ‘S. C. Scrivener’ Our Fields & Cities 138 A section of the exposed spade-cut surface. spade-deep adj. ΚΠ 1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 29 A spade-deep excision for the planks..to rest upon. spade-dug adj. ΚΠ 1842 E. J. Lance Cottage Farmer 11 Other corn crops..if spade dug, dibbled, and hoed, will be equally profitable. spade-footed adj. ΚΠ 1867 F. W. Putnam in Amer. Naturalist 1 108 The Spade-footed Toads..are more uncertain in their appearance, being governed entirely by the dampness or dryness of the season. 1891 Cent. Dict. at Scaphiopodinæ A sub-family..containing the American spade-footed toads. 1901 Cambr. Nat. Hist. VIII. 162 The ‘Spade-footed Toad’, which occurs throughout the whole of Central Europe. spade-fronted adj. ΚΠ 1898 Westm. Gaz. 1 Sept. 3/2 The oft so-called spade-fronted sort of Eton coatie. spade-handed adj. ΚΠ 1934 D. Thomas 18 Poems 25 When blood, spade-handed, and the logic time Drive children up like bruises to the thumb. spade-like adj. ΚΠ 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Louchet, a..spade~like instrument, halfe headed with yron. 1850 E. Clark Britannia & Conway Bridges II. 597 The flat spade~like portion of the bolt. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. IV. 472 The condition of the hands..has been aptly described as spade-like by Sir William Gull. spade-proud adj. ΚΠ 1941 L. B. Lyon Tomorrow is Revealing 24 It hurt me, the efficient, spade~proud hole, That earth-room with its tapestry of boughs. spade-shaped adj. ΚΠ 1783 J. Barbut Genera Vermium I. 93/1 The Spade-shaped Sea Urchin. 1876 J. H. Kidder Nat. Hist. Kerguelen Isl. ii. 74 (Smithsonian Misc. Coll.) Mouth shields broad, spade-shaped. (b) spade-wise adv. ΚΠ 1647 J. Hall Poems i. 5 Whether he Did cut his beard spadwise or like a T. 1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions 92 The bottom made of Iron-plate Spade-wise. C2. Special combinations. spade-arm n. the arm used in holding the hand-grip of a spade. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > arm > [noun] armeOE brawna1382 hand?a1425 branch1594 bridle arm1622 shield-arm1640 smiter1673 sword-arm1687 fin1785 pistol arm1800 spade-arm1804 pinion1848 liver wing1855 bow-arm1860 meathook1919 gun1973 1804 M. Edgeworth Contrast vi, in Pop. Tales III. 78 I should not be well able to manage it with the rheumatism in my spade-arm. spade-bayonet n. (see quot. 1875). ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2252/1 Spade-bayonet, a broad-bladed bayonet, which may be used in digging shelter-holes or rifle-pits. spade-bit n. dialect a spit of earth. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > [noun] > digging > digging to spade depth > spade's depth spade-graft1252 spit1507 graff?1523 graft1620 spade1674 spit1677 spade-bit1790 1790 W. Marshall Agric. Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 442 Spade-bit, the quantity of soil raised by one effort of the spade. spade-bolt n. a form of bolt used in ironwork. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > bolt > types of round bolt1582 ringbolt1599 pikebolt1622 rag bolt1625 set-bolt1627 clinch-bolta1642 eyebolt1649 clinch1659 screw-bolt1690 king bolt1740 wrain-bolt1750 wraining-bolt1769 toggle-bolt1794 strap-bolt1795 wring-bolt1815 through-bolt1821 truss-bolt1825 slip-stopper1831 stud bolt1838 anchor bolt1839 king rod1843 joint bolt1844 spade-bolt1850 shackle-bolt1852 roof bolt1853 set-stud1855 coach bolt1869 truss-rod1873 fox-bolt1874 garnish-bolt1874 fang-bolt1876 stud1878 U bolta1884 rock bolt1887 hook bolt1899 tower bolt1911 explosive bolt1948 1850 E. Clark Britannia & Conway Bridges II. 597 These bolts are 3 inches in diameter, and have been technically called ‘spade-bolts’; they are attached..by means of the flat spade-like portion of the bolt. spade-chisel n. a chisel having a broad spade-shaped end. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > cutting tool > chisel > [noun] > other chisels grooping-ironc1440 grubbing-ironc1440 grubbling iron1530 ripping-chisel1659 paring chisel1675 ripping-chisel1679 flat chisel1688 burr1794 tan-spud1828 spud1846 dogleg1855 jagger1875 pointer1875 spade-chisel1895 claw-chisel1933 burr-chisel- 1895 E. Rowe Hints on Chip-carving 29 The simplest way..is to use the spade chisel. spade-coin n. = spade-money n. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > other mediums of exchange > [noun] > metal in specific shape larin1588 ring-money1759 wheel-money1861 bullet-money1879 spade-coin1892 spade-money1892 knife-money1901 1892 T. de Lacouperie Catal. Chinese Coins Introd. p. xxxviii The classification and identification of these spade-coins. spade-farm n. a farm cultivated by manual labour with the spade. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > other farms home farm1749 city farm1750 county farm1785 factory farm1824 bird farm1842 provision farm1846 spade-farm1848 bush-farm1851 poor farm1852 sewage farm1870 cacao farm1871 mixed farm1872 vertical farm1897 prison farm1961 nuplex1968 1848 C. Kingsley Yeast in Fraser's Mag. Sept. 285/2 Among..spade farms and model smell-traps. 1871 C. Kingsley At Last II. xvi. 280 He has not..handiness enough for the more delicate work of a little spade-farm. spade-farming n. ΚΠ 1871 C. Kingsley At Last xvi Garden-tillage and spade-farming are not learnt in a day. spade-fish n. a fish resembling a spade in form; now spec. the moon-fish, Chætodipterus faber. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > suborder Percoidei > [noun] > family Ephippidae (spade-fishes) > chaetodipterous faber (spade-fish) moonfish1646 spade-fish1704 porgy1725 angelfish1888 sheep's head1888 1704 T. Pocock in J. K. Laughton Mem. Relating to Ld. Torrington (1889) 184 We took up this morning a spade fish... The spade-fish was fry'd. 1805 T. M. Harris State of Ohio 116 There is a curious fish called the Spade-Fish,..with a bony weapon projecting from the nose.. like a narrow shovel. 1884 G. B. Goode in G. B. Goode et al. Fisheries U.S.: Sect. I 445 The Moon-fish, Chætodipterus faber... In the northern parts of the Gulf of Mexico it is called the ‘Spade-fish’. spade-foot n. (a) the foot used in pressing a spade into the ground; (b) an enlargement on a chair-leg, etc., resembling a spade; (c) a toad having a foot specially adapted for digging; also attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > amphibians > order Anura or Salienta (frogs and toads) > [noun] > types of frog or toad > suborder Anomocoela > member of family Pelobatidae (spade-foot) spade-foot1891 pelobatid1895 parsley frog1897 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > [noun] > parts of furniture generally > foot claw-foot1862 spade-foot1891 Spanish foot1902 bun foot1904 pad foot1905 the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > foot > [noun] > right or left stirrup-foot1753 spade-foot1891 1891 D. Wilson Right Hand 170 I believe every boy will hop on his spade foot. 1897 K. W. Clouston Chippendale Period Eng. Furnit. 154 By using the ‘spade foot’, as the square excrescence at the thin end of the leg is called. 1899 Proc. Zool. Soc. 790 On the American Spade-foot (Scaphiopus solitarius). 1901 Cambr. Nat. Hist. VIII. 163 Pelobates cultripes, this is the Spade-foot of the whole of Spain and Portugal and of the southern and western parts of France. 1901 Cambr. Nat. Hist. VIII. 164 Pelobates cultripes, Spade-foot Toad. spade-guinea n. a guinea coined from 1787 to 1799, on which the shield bearing the arms has the form of a pointed spade. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > English coins > [noun] > guinea or twenty-one shillings goldfinch1602 piece1631 yellow boy1654 Guinea1666 broad gold1688 meg1688 broad1710 George's guinea1721 yellow1722 canary bird1785 stranger1785 yellow George1785 Geordie1786 spade-guinea1853 George guinea1880 1853 H. N. Humphreys Coin Collector's Man. II. 496 In 1787, a new gold coinage took place, and the guineas, known as spade guineas, appeared. 1887 R. Jefferies Amaryllis at Fair viii It was understood that there were twenty thousand spade guineas in an iron box under his bed. spade-hind n. (see quot. 1844). ΚΠ 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 224 The hedger, the spade-hind, the spadesman, as he is indifferently called, is a useful servant on a farm. spade lug n. Agriculture each of a number of metal lugs that are bolted to the rim of a tractor wheel so as to project radially outwards and give an improved grip. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > tractor > tractor attachments spud1917 spade lug1921 fore-loader1954 fore-end loader1958 safety cab1965 1921 Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engin. 15 175 The tri~spade lugs were cast with three spades on each casting..and were staggered on the wheel when in place similar to the bolt on spade lugs. 1950 Engineering 5 May 506/1 The use of spade lugs in place of plain steel rims and strakes gradually reduced the tractor weight per drawbar-horse-power. 1967 J. Oates Farm Machinery xi. 77 Spade lugs and strake bars are used to bite more deeply into the ground. spade-lugged adj. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [adjective] > tractor attachments spade-lugged1945 1945 H. J. Hine Tractors on Farm (ed. 2) iv. 38 With spade-lugged steel wheels the spaces between the lugs must be cleaned out from time to time with a paddle. spade-money n. early Chinese bronze money made in the form of spades. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > other mediums of exchange > [noun] > metal in specific shape larin1588 ring-money1759 wheel-money1861 bullet-money1879 spade-coin1892 spade-money1892 knife-money1901 1892 T. de Lacouperie Catal. Chinese Coins Introd. p. xiii Spade-money of two sizes form chiefly the currency outside Ts'i and Tchou. They consist of little spades with hollow handles, weighing 20 to the higher standard unit of weight. † spade-peak n. Obsolete a spade-beard. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > styles of hair > [noun] > styles of beard goat's beard1440 bodkin-bearda1529 pique-devant1587 crates1592 peak1592 spade-peak1592 beard1598 Cads-beard1598 spade-beard1598 punto beard1633 cathedral beard1635 stiletto1638 T bearda1640 trencher-bearda1668 tile beard1816 imperial beard1832 Charley1833 imperial1835 royale1838 goatee1841 goat1849 Newgate frill1851 Newgate fringe1853 Vandyke beard1894 torpedo beard1899 Vandyke1909 pencil beard1966 1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. C3 His spade peake is as sharpe as if he had been a Pioner before the walls of Roan. spade-peat n. (see quot. 1801). ΚΠ 1801 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 6 The cutting up of turf, or spade~peats, from the clay or earthen surfaces of the pasturage, is surely no matter of necessity. spade-press n. Australian a wool-press in which fleeces are compressed by means of a spade. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > treating or processing textile materials > treating or processing wool > [noun] > press wool-screw1827 wool-press1846 spade-press1890 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer II. xvii. 73 We devoted the next few days..to fixing the spade-press—that friendly adjunct to the pioneer-squatter's humble woolshed. † spade-silver n. Scottish Obsolete payment for spade-work. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [noun] > payment for other specific work wensevesc1250 spade-silver1606 watch money1628 wonting pennya1642 box money1707 hook-penny1794 bobbin1936 1606 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 634/1 Cum lie spaid-silver pro effossione petarum. 1612 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 238/1 Cum lie spaid-silver pro lucrando lie turvis et devottis. † spade-staff n. Obsolete a plough-staff, a pattle. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > ploughing equipment > [noun] > plough-staff acre-staffc1300 plough staffc1325 plough-batc1400 plough-potec1400 pattle1404 plough pattle1404 paddle1407 paddle-staff1583 pad-staff1650 sull-paddle1669 spade-staff1706 plough-spade1712 plough cleaner1850 wad-staff1856 wad-stick1889 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Sull-Paddle A small Spade-staff, or Tool to cleanse the Plough from the Clods of Earth. † spade-stale n. Obsolete = spade-tree n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > spade > part of spade-iron1356 spade-tree1411 shoec1450 spade-stale1649 spade-graft1664 tramp1844 1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver ix. 50 A Peice of the best tough Willow, about the bignesse of a Spade-stayle. spade terminal n. a flat, spade-shaped piece of metal having a slot or hole in it for fixing under a nut or bolt to make an electrical connection. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > transmission of electricity, conduction > connection, contact > [noun] > connection between conductors connecter1795 connection1832 bond1903 to make contact1915 spade terminal1968 1968 Wireless World Feb. 133/1 (advt.) Heavy duty terminals... Black only will take spade terminals and wander plug. 1976 Gramophone May 1841/1 A twin phono-plug low capacitance signal cable is supplied, plus a green spade terminal earth wire. spade-tree n. now dialect a spade-handle. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > spade > part of spade-iron1356 spade-tree1411 shoec1450 spade-stale1649 spade-graft1664 tramp1844 1411 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1883) II. 86 j. spadetree, j d. 1490 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. Item payde for a spade tre, j d ob. 1534 Accts. St. John's Hosp., Canterbury (Canterbury Cathedral Archives: CCA-U13/4) For a spade tre, j d. 1893 J. Salisbury Gloss. Words S.E. Worcs. Spade-tree, the wooden shaft of a spade. spade-trench v. to dig deeply with a spade. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > earth-moving, etc. > [verb (transitive)] > dig (hole, etc.) > dig with specific tool shovel?a1500 spade1647 mattock1649 spade-trench1840 1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII. 467/1 The lazy-bed practice repeated for three years will completely spade-trench the entire land. spade-trenched adj. ΚΠ 1891 Daily News 15 Sept. 3/1 One acre of spade trenched land of average quality. spade-wheel n. the wheel in a digging machine which carries the spades. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > earth-moving and excavating equipment > [noun] > excavator > part of clam-shell1508 spade-wheel1874 1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 703/1 In the rotary machine (Fig. 1655) the ground-wheel b drives the spade-wheel L¹ through the intervention of gearing. spade-work n. (a) work done with a spade for the preparation of ground; (b) figurative preliminary work, difficult or laborious preparation, pioneering research; hence (rarely) spade-worker n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > [noun] > digging delfeOE pastining?1440 breaking1514 digging1552 repastination1569 potting1592 pastination1623 spade-work1778 delve1869 dig1887 the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > labour or toil > basic spade-work1901 the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] > a) preparation(s) > preliminary work rough work1563 spade-work1912 1778 Encycl. Brit. I. 145/1 An iron plough..drawn by a horse..will save much spade-work. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. i. xi. 76 He that has four limbs, and a French heart, can do spadework. 1901 Ld. Rosebery Nat. Policy (1902) (note) (cover) Political energy must work and entrench. I want some of this spadework on behalf of this policy. 1912 H. G. Aldis in Cambr. Hist. Eng. Lit. IX. xiii. 346 Brian Twyne, a diligent Oxford antiquary who had done much pioneer spade-work in the same field. 1927 Daily Tel. 12 July 9/1 The discovery of a helpful blood-test for cancer may be placed among the important advances the near future may give us as a result of spade-work already carried out. 1929 Times Lit. Suppl. 27 June 511 Many modern novelists of folk life, in their desire to be strong and ‘primitive’, ignore all spade work and romantically stake Man against Nature. 1931 E. F. Benson Mapp & Lucia iv. 93 Lucia..had insisted that all the credit was due to Drake's wife, who had planned everything (or nearly) and had done all the spade-work. 1951 Sport 27 Apr. 8/3 Ernie's crafty spadework has been responsible for many of the goals netted by Jack Milburn and George Robledo. 1977 A. Clarke Let. from Dead ix. 105 I did a bit of spadework on him yesterday..and he seemed to be thawing a little. spade-worker n. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] > a) preparation(s) > preliminary work > one who does preliminary work spade-worker1912 1912 ‘Saki’ Chron. Clovis 267 ‘Where I think you political spade-workers are so silly,’ said the Duke, ‘is in the misdirection of your efforts.’ This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022). spaden.² Brit. /speɪd/, U.S. /speɪd/ Etymology: < Italian spade, plural of spada (Spanish espada , Portuguese espada ) sword (see spado n.²), used as a mark on playing-cards. Compare German spadi from the same source. In British and other cards ultimately of French origin the mark has a form resembling that of a pointed spade, so that there is a natural association with spade n.¹ Compare German dialect spaten, Danish and Swedish spader (plural). 1. a. One or other of the black spade-shaped marks by which one of the four suits in a pack of playing-cards is distinguished; hence plural, the cards belonging to or forming this suit. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > card or cards > [noun] > suit > specific suit or card of clubs1563 hearts1583 money1593 diamond1594 spade1598 spade1745 swords1816 coins1844 batons1848 puppyfoot1907 society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > card or cards > [noun] > suit > distinguishing mark of > spade spade1598 pick1787 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Cáppari,..those markes vpon the playing cards called spades. 1651 Pleasant Hist. Miller of Mansfield 19 With Ladies and their Maids like to the Queene of Spades. 1680 C. Cotton Compl. Gamester (ed. 2) 107 The Ace of Spades. 1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) iii. 22 ‘Let Spades be trumps,’ she said, and Trumps they were. 1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 219 Ensanguin'd hearts, clubs typical of strife, And spades, the emblem of untimely graves. 1850 H. G. Bohn et al. Hand-bk. Games 220 You are to discard..the knave, nine, and seven of spades. b. attributive in singular. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > card or cards > [adjective] > card of specific suit black1615 red1630 spade1904 1904 ‘O. Henry’ Cabbages & Kings vi. 105 The invitations to the musicale came sliding in by pairs and threes and spade flushes. 1973 Country Life 10 May 1331/1 West led the Spade Knave, which I took with dummy's Ace. c. figurative in adverbial phrase in spades, very much, in abundance, extremely. (Spades is the highest ranking suit in Bridge.) colloquial (chiefly U.S.). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > abundance > in abundance [phrase] in wonea1300 by (or with) large metc1300 in plentya1382 in (the most, etc.) substantious manner1533 at fouth1535 in (great, good) store1600 thick on the ground1893 in spades1929 a-go-go1961 1929 D. Runyon in Cosmopolitan Oct. 62/2 I always hear the same thing about every bum on Broadway, male and female, including some I know are bums, in spades, right from taw. 1964 P. G. Wodehouse Frozen Assets i. 19 ‘It's the law I'm beefing about. You didn't make the law.’ ‘But I administer it.’ ‘I'll say you do. In spades.’ 1972 R. Nixon Diary in Mem. (1978) 619 Anybody who gets to the top in the Communist hierarchy and stays at the top has to have a great deal of political ability and a great deal of toughness. All three of the Soviet leaders have this in spades. 2. A card belonging to the spade-suit. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > card or cards > [noun] > suit > specific suit or card of clubs1563 hearts1583 money1593 diamond1594 spade1598 spade1745 swords1816 coins1844 batons1848 puppyfoot1907 1745 E. Hoyle Quadrille (1746) 13 One small Club, Knave and two small Spades. 1828 W. M. Praed Arrivals at Watering-place i, in Poems 1864 II. 188 I play a spade. 1879 ‘Cavendish’ Card Ess. 109 Alcippe again plays badly in throwing the ace of hearts to the last spade. 3. a. slang (originally U.S.) depreciative and offensive. As a term of contempt or casual reference among white people: a black person, esp. a black man. Formerly (among African Americans): a very dark-skinned black person. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > black person > [noun] AfriceOE MoorOE EthiopOE blomana1225 Ethiopiana1325 blue mana1387 Moriana1387 black mana1398 blackamoor1525 black Morian1526 black boy1530 molen1538 Nigro1548 Nigrite1554 Negro1555 neger1568 nigger1577 blackfellow1598 Kaffir1607 black1614 thick-lipsa1616 Hubsheea1627 black African1633 blackface1704 sambo1704 Cuffee1713 Nigritian1738 fellow1753 Cuff1755 blacky1759 mungo1768 Quashie1774 darkie?1775 snowball1785 blue skin1788 Moriscan1794 sooterkin1821 nigc1832 tar-brush1835–40 Jim Crow1838 sooty1838 mokec1847 dinge1848 monkey1849 Siddi1849 dark1853 nigre1853 Negroid1860 kink1865 Sam1867 Rastus1882 schvartze1886 race man1896 possum1900 shine1908 jigaboo1909 smoke1913 golliwog1916 jazzbo1918 boogie1923 jig1924 melanoderm1924 spade1928 jit1931 Zulu1931 eight ball1932 Afro1942 nigra1944 spook1945 munt1948 Tom1956 boot1957 soul brother1957 nig-nog1959 member1962 pork chop1963 splib1964 blood1965 non-voter1966 moolinyan1967 Oreo1968 boogaloo1972 pongo1972 moolie1988 1928 C. McKay Home to Harlem vi. 56 Jake is such a fool spade. Don't know how to handle the womens. 1929 W. Thurman Blacker the Berry i. 34 Wonder where all the spades keep themselves? 1945 L. Shelly Hepcats Jive Talk Dict. 17 Spade, colored person. 1957 C. MacInnes City of Spades ii. ii. 118 A British lady with a wild love of Spades, and a horrid habit of touching you on the shoulder because she says ‘to stroke a darkie brings you luck.’ 1969 A. Hunter Gently Coloured i. 4 A big buck nigger. A dinge. A spade. 1971 N. Saunders Alternative London xxviii. 263 On Saturdays try Brixton market—nearly as big, more genuine, lots of spades. 1978 J. A. Michener Chesapeake 678 The four Turlocks hated Negroes and never hestitated in voicing their disgust. ‘Goddamned spades killed my cousin Captain Matt—one of them gets out of line with me, he's dead.’ b. attributive or as adj. ΚΠ 1928 C. McKay Home to Harlem vi. 56 She was of the complexion known among Negroes as spade or chocolate-to-the-bone. 1952 C. Brossard Who walk in Darkness x. 61 These spade intellectuals really think they've made it when they get a white girl. 1964 Negro Digest Feb. 55/1 I can't see why no colored man'd want to marry no white chick... Not when there's so many fine spade chicks around. 1978 M. Puzo Fools Die liv. 568 Two spade hookers went gliding by arm in arm. Derivatives ˈspadelet n. [-let suffix] a black child.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1959 C. MacInnes Absolute Beginners 62 I passed a crocodile of infants, and among them a number of little Spadelets. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2021). spaden.³ Brit. /speɪd/, U.S. /speɪd/ Etymology: Old English sped, of unknown origin. Now dialect. The gummy or wax-like matter secreted at the corner of the eye. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > excretions from eye > [noun] spadec725 tear971 goundc1000 wateriness?1550 eye-stream1591 eye-water1591 eye drop1600 guma1616 eye-brine1616 gowl1665 gore1741 teardrop1789 tearlet1858 sleep1922 sleeper1942 c725 Corpus Gloss. P 375 Petuita, sped. a1100 in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses i. 1728 Glaucoma, sped. 1656 tr. J. A. Comenius Latinæ Linguæ Janua Reserata: Gate Lat. Tongue Unlocked xxi. §204 The eyes..whose corners often times sweat tears, every day spade or filth. 1825 J. Britton Beauties Wilts. III. 378 Spade, the congealed gum of the eye. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † spaden.⁴ Etymology: < Latin spado spado n.¹ Obsolete. rare. A eunuch. Spade in Blount Glossogr. (1656) and hence in Phillips and some later dictionaries, properly belongs to spayed adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > [noun] > castration > person geldinga1382 eunuchc1430 spadoc1430 chastelinga1570 capon1594 castrate1639 spade1680 wether1724 demi-male1728 androgyne1742 castrato1763 hijra1838 emasculate1886 half-man- 1680 C. Ness Compl. Church-hist. 497 Till pimp, or punk, or jade or spade, I do resolve to be. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2021). spadev.¹ Brit. /speɪd/, U.S. /speɪd/ Etymology: < spade n.¹ Compare Middle Dutch (Dutch) and Middle Low German (Low German) spaden (Low German also spâen), Danish spade, Swedish dialect spa(da), German spaten, -späten. 1. transitive. To cut in the form of a spade. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > beautify (the hair) [verb (transitive)] > cut > in a specific style marquisotte1567 spade1594 roach1833 bob1918 1594 T. Nashe Terrors of Night Ep. Ded., in Wks. (Grosart) III. 214 To let some vnskilfull pen-man or Nouerint-maker startch his ruffe & new spade his beard with the benefite he made of them. 2. a. To dig up, to remove, with a spade. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > earth-moving, etc. > [verb (transitive)] > dig (hole, etc.) > dig with specific tool shovel?a1500 spade1647 mattock1649 spade-trench1840 1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. To Spade and delve, spaden ende delven. 1755 J. Ismay in Yorks. Notes & Queries (1888) 1 208 Some sour marshy ground is made arable by spading the turf from the surface and then burning it in heaps. 1795 Trans. Soc. Arts 13 136 I was advised..to get it [sc. the land] dug or spaded. 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad ii. 90 They form to different arts the hand of toil, To whirl the spindle and to spade the soil. 1844 R. W. Emerson New Eng. Reformers in Ess. 2nd Ser. 277 The hundred acres of the farm must be spaded. 1889 Harper's Mag. Sept. 570/2 Spading the garden faithfully every spring. b. To dig up, lift out, take off, with the spade. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > reclaim [verb (transitive)] > clear land redeeOE ridlOE grubc1374 stub1464 clot1483 shrub1553 clear1634 cure1719 stump1796 spade1819 slash1821 underbrush1824 to clean up1839 underbush1886 screef1913 1785 G. Washington Diary 5 Sept. (1925) II. 410 Began to spade up the Lawn in front of the Court yard. 1819 W. Cobbett Year's Resid. U.S.A. (ed. 2) i. i. 17 Spaded up a corner of ground. 1832 T. Johnes Let. in A. E. Bray Descr. Part Devonshire (1836) I. xx. 348 The slight layer of turf which is spaded off the land. 1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 60 I spaded up all the land which I required. 1877 C. Tait Jrnl. Aug. in W. Benham Catharine & Craufurd Tait (1879) ii. 557 The grain is spaded out of trucks. 3. To cut or flense with a whaling-spade. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > whaling and seal-hunting > whaling > cutting up whale or seal > cut up whale or seal [verb (transitive)] > cut up whale or seal flench1814 to cut in1839 scarf1851 spade1887 1887 G. B. Goode Fisheries U.S. 265 Spading flukes is one of the lost arts of fishery. 4. intransitive. To work with a spade; to dig. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > earth-moving, etc. > [verb (intransitive)] > dig or excavate gravea1000 delvec1000 wrootc1325 minec1330 gruba1350 sinkc1358 undermine1382 diga1387 spit1393 to pick upc1400 holk1513 graff1532 pion1643 excavate1843 throw1843 crow1853 spade1869 the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > break up land [verb (intransitive)] > dig delvec1000 digc1320 spit1393 fork1647 yelve1817 graft1823 spade1869 spud1889 1869 R. D. Blackmore Lorna Doone I. v. 53 Young men would not spade or plough by reason of noble lineage. Derivatives ˈspaded adj.¹ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > broken > dug pastinate?1440 pastinated?1440 spaded1808 delved1883 1808 C. Vancouver Gen. View Agric. Devon vii. 140 The manure [being] thus applied upon the spaded land, the field is next ploughed. 1877 R. D. Blackmore Cripps iii The patches of spaded mould. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † spadev.² Etymology: < spaid, spayed, past participle of spay v., perhaps associated with Latin spado : see spade n.⁴ Obsolete. transitive. To spay. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > castrate > spay spaya1425 geld1557 splay1601 spade1612 spave1671 1612 G. Chapman Widdowes Teares v. sig. L2 Ile haue all yong widowwes spaded for marrying againe. 1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 208 The women of Egypt were sometimes spaded. 1710 London's Med. Informer 32 Women may be Spaded by Sow-Gelders. Derivatives † ˈspaded adj.² Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [adjective] > castrated or spayed geldedc1225 spayeda1425 geltc1440 unpizzled1554 splayed?1611 libbed1616 spaded1648 1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Gelte, a spaded Hogge, a barrow Hogge, or a Sowe. 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. viii. 68 Concerning Pork and Hogs flesh made of a spaded Sow, or a Hogg gelded. 1816 Sporting Mag. 47 204 Those spaded bitches appeared to have been grunes or greyhounds. † ˈspader n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > livestock > stock or breed > neutered animal gelding?1380 spader1648 spading1648 neuter1855 1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Een Lubber, a Gelder, or a Spader. Een Lubbinge, a Gelding or a Spading. † ˈspading n.² Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > livestock > stock or breed > neutered animal gelding?1380 spader1648 spading1648 neuter1855 1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Een Lubber, a Gelder, or a Spader. Een Lubbinge, a Gelding or a Spading. 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. viii. 63 If some shall..object, that gelding and spading be unnatural actions. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.¹c725n.²1598n.³c725n.⁴1680v.¹1594v.²1612
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