Soninken.adj.

Brit.

/sɒˈniːŋkeɪ/, U.S.

/sɑˈniŋˌkeɪ/, West African English

/ˈsoniŋke/

Inflections: Plural Soninkes, unchanged.

Forms: 1800s– Soninké, 1800s– Soninke.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Soninke. Etymons: French Soninké; Soninke Soninke.

Etymology: < (i) French Soninké (1868 in the passage translated in quot. 1869 at sense A. 1), and its etymon (ii) Soninke Soninke (plural Soninko), self-designation.

A. n.

1. A member of a people living in West Africa, esp. in Mali and Senegal; (with plural agreement) this people collectively.The Soninke ruled the Ghana Empire from the 7th to the 13th cent., when they dispersed into neighbouring regions.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of West Africa > [noun]

Fulbe1623

Mandingo1623

Akani1662

Gola1670

Ashanti1705

Beninese1705

Wolof1745

Igbo1757

Susu1786

Temne1791

Mossi1819

Ibibio1822

Koranko1825

Vaia1832

Sherbro1836

Yoruba1843

Akan1849

Songhai1851

Yoruban1853

Mitshi1854

Ijo1856

Igbirra1863

Soninke1869

Efik1876

Kanuri1876

Fante1879

Malinke1883

Mande1883

Kissi1884

Nupe1885

Mende1887

Ho1890

Benin1897

Limba1902

Munchi1905

Kono1909

Senufo1911

Tallensi1920

Yakö1926

Mandinka1957

Tiv1960

Togolese1962

Loma1964

the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [noun] > Niger-Congo > Mande > Mande languages

Susu1786

Soninke1869

Mende1908

Soninke1911

Loma1964

1869 tr. E. Mage in H. W. Bates Illustr. Trav. II. 210/1 At Difia we were mobbed, as usual, by the inhabitants: they were Soninkés [Fr. des Soninkés].

1878 A. K. Johnston Africa x. 114 In the hilly districts of the interior, dwell the Mandingoes, or Malinke, and the Soninke, who are justly looked on as the Jews of Africa, being mainly engaged in ‘exchange and barter’.

1939 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. (rev. ed.) iii. 61 The Mandingo..constitute one of the most important groups of French Senegal..and include such large and important tribes as the..Soninke, Malinke and Vei.

1989 Canad. Jrnl. Afr. Stud. 23 108 Today, Soninke are found practically everywhere in Africa and in many other places in the world... There is a saying in Senegal that when the Americans landed on the moon, a Soninke was already there.

2015 R. Shumway in S. Belmessous Empire by Treaty vii. 161 The Egyptians, Soninke (Ghana), Malinke (Mali) and various Islamic states..built empires in Africa in ancient, medieval, and early-modern times.

2. The language spoken by this people.Soninke belongs to the Mande subfamily of the Niger–Congo language family.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [noun] > Niger-Congo > Mande > Mande languages

Susu1786

Soninke1869

Mende1908

Soninke1911

Loma1964

1911 F. W. H. Migeod Lang. W. Afr. I. viii. 202 Malinke, Susu, and Soninke take suffixes to the verb.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XI. 382/2 Soninke and Dogon are also related to Bambara; Dogon includes many dialects.

2007 C. Siqués & I. Vila in P. Cuvelier Multilingualism & Exclusion xiii. 186 This same group of pupils..usually spoke Soninke when they sat together, saying that they did so because they were proud of their language.

B. adj.

Of or relating to the Soninke or their language.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of West Africa > [adjective]

Akani1686

Ashantian1705

Igbo1732

Mandingo1744

Nago1775

Temne1791

Wolof1828

Nupe1829

Kru1835

Gola1843

Mpongwe1844

Efik1849

Yoruban1853

Mossi1854

Fulbe1857

Ewe1861

Fan1861

Ibibio1862

Akan1863

Fon1864

Soninke1870

Mende1872

Ijo1883

Mande1883

Yoruba1883

Mitshi1892

Benin1893

Munchi1908

Yakö1926

Tallensi1936

Tiv1939

Limba1954

Kissi1957

Loma1957

1870 Leeds Mercury 30 June 6/1 We halted that night at Banamba, the largest Soninke village I had yet seen.

?1870 tr. Lieut. Mage in H. W. Bates Illustr. Trav. II. 63/1 He became eventually a most valuable interpreter of the Poul and Soninké dialects.

1945 E. Cunard tr. R. Michelet Afr. Empires & Civilisation i. 3 There was a wholesale slaughter of the Black Soninké population.

1971 N. Levtzion in J. F. A. Ajayi & M. Crowder Hist. W. Afr. I. iv. 124 They are united by..their pride in having once been part of the ancient Soninke kingdom of Wagadu.

2015 P. Gaibazzi Bush Bound 5 For centuries, people of Soninke ethnicity have been represented as eager travellers.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	soninke
释义	Soninken.adj. Brit. /sɒˈniːŋkeɪ/, U.S. /sɑˈniŋˌkeɪ/, West African English /ˈsoniŋke/ Inflections: Plural Soninkes, unchanged. Forms: 1800s– Soninké, 1800s– Soninke. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Soninke. Etymons: French Soninké; Soninke Soninke. Etymology: < (i) French Soninké (1868 in the passage translated in quot. 1869 at sense A. 1), and its etymon (ii) Soninke Soninke (plural Soninko), self-designation. A. n. 1. A member of a people living in West Africa, esp. in Mali and Senegal; (with plural agreement) this people collectively.The Soninke ruled the Ghana Empire from the 7th to the 13th cent., when they dispersed into neighbouring regions. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of West Africa > [noun] Fulbe1623 Mandingo1623 Akani1662 Gola1670 Ashanti1705 Beninese1705 Wolof1745 Igbo1757 Susu1786 Temne1791 Mossi1819 Ibibio1822 Koranko1825 Vaia1832 Sherbro1836 Yoruba1843 Akan1849 Songhai1851 Yoruban1853 Mitshi1854 Ijo1856 Igbirra1863 Soninke1869 Efik1876 Kanuri1876 Fante1879 Malinke1883 Mande1883 Kissi1884 Nupe1885 Mende1887 Ho1890 Benin1897 Limba1902 Munchi1905 Kono1909 Senufo1911 Tallensi1920 Yakö1926 Mandinka1957 Tiv1960 Togolese1962 Loma1964 the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [noun] > Niger-Congo > Mande > Mande languages Susu1786 Soninke1869 Mende1908 Soninke1911 Loma1964 1869 tr. E. Mage in H. W. Bates Illustr. Trav. II. 210/1 At Difia we were mobbed, as usual, by the inhabitants: they were Soninkés [Fr. des Soninkés]. 1878 A. K. Johnston Africa x. 114 In the hilly districts of the interior, dwell the Mandingoes, or Malinke, and the Soninke, who are justly looked on as the Jews of Africa, being mainly engaged in ‘exchange and barter’. 1939 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. (rev. ed.) iii. 61 The Mandingo..constitute one of the most important groups of French Senegal..and include such large and important tribes as the..Soninke, Malinke and Vei. 1989 Canad. Jrnl. Afr. Stud. 23 108 Today, Soninke are found practically everywhere in Africa and in many other places in the world... There is a saying in Senegal that when the Americans landed on the moon, a Soninke was already there. 2015 R. Shumway in S. Belmessous Empire by Treaty vii. 161 The Egyptians, Soninke (Ghana), Malinke (Mali) and various Islamic states..built empires in Africa in ancient, medieval, and early-modern times. 2. The language spoken by this people.Soninke belongs to the Mande subfamily of the Niger–Congo language family. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [noun] > Niger-Congo > Mande > Mande languages Susu1786 Soninke1869 Mende1908 Soninke1911 Loma1964 1911 F. W. H. Migeod Lang. W. Afr. I. viii. 202 Malinke, Susu, and Soninke take suffixes to the verb. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XI. 382/2 Soninke and Dogon are also related to Bambara; Dogon includes many dialects. 2007 C. Siqués & I. Vila in P. Cuvelier Multilingualism & Exclusion xiii. 186 This same group of pupils..usually spoke Soninke when they sat together, saying that they did so because they were proud of their language. B. adj. Of or relating to the Soninke or their language. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of West Africa > [adjective] Akani1686 Ashantian1705 Igbo1732 Mandingo1744 Nago1775 Temne1791 Wolof1828 Nupe1829 Kru1835 Gola1843 Mpongwe1844 Efik1849 Yoruban1853 Mossi1854 Fulbe1857 Ewe1861 Fan1861 Ibibio1862 Akan1863 Fon1864 Soninke1870 Mende1872 Ijo1883 Mande1883 Yoruba1883 Mitshi1892 Benin1893 Munchi1908 Yakö1926 Tallensi1936 Tiv1939 Limba1954 Kissi1957 Loma1957 1870 Leeds Mercury 30 June 6/1 We halted that night at Banamba, the largest Soninke village I had yet seen. ?1870 tr. Lieut. Mage in H. W. Bates Illustr. Trav. II. 63/1 He became eventually a most valuable interpreter of the Poul and Soninké dialects. 1945 E. Cunard tr. R. Michelet Afr. Empires & Civilisation i. 3 There was a wholesale slaughter of the Black Soninké population. 1971 N. Levtzion in J. F. A. Ajayi & M. Crowder Hist. W. Afr. I. iv. 124 They are united by..their pride in having once been part of the ancient Soninke kingdom of Wagadu. 2015 P. Gaibazzi Bush Bound 5 For centuries, people of Soninke ethnicity have been represented as eager travellers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1869
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