skinn.

Brit.

/skɪn/, U.S.

/skɪn/

Forms: Old English schynn, Old English scynn, Old English–Middle English scin, Middle English chyn, Middle English kyn (transmission error), Middle English schin, Middle English schinne, Middle English schyn, Middle English sckyn, Middle English scyn, Middle English scyne, Middle English shyne, Middle English skein, Middle English skene, Middle English skeyn, Middle English skiyn, Middle English skymys (plural, transmission error), Middle English–1500s scinne, Middle English–1500s skyne, Middle English–1600s skinn, Middle English–1600s skinne, Middle English–1600s skyn, Middle English–1600s skynn, Middle English–1600s skynne, Middle English– skin, 1500s scinn, 1500s skine, 1900s– kin (Jamaican); Scottish pre-1700 schon, pre-1700 schyn, pre-1700 scyne, pre-1700 skayne, pre-1700 skein, pre-1700 skine, pre-1700 skinn, pre-1700 skinne, pre-1700 skyne, pre-1700 skynn, pre-1700 1700s skyn, pre-1700 1700s– skin, pre-1700 1900s– sken, 1800s skane, 1800s skean.

Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic skinn , Old Norwegian skinn (Norwegian skinn ), Old Swedish skin (Swedish skinn ), Old Danish skindh , skin (Danish skind ), all in sense ‘skin, hide, fur’) < the same Germanic base as Middle Dutch schinden , schinnen to skin, flay, to abuse, to rob (Dutch regional (Limburg) schinnen to abuse, overwork (an animal)), Old Saxon (with prefix bi- be- prefix) biscindian to skin, flay, Middle Low German schinden , schinnen to skin, flay, to rob, to abuse, Old High German scindan , scintan to skin, flay, to peel off bark, to rob, to abuse (Middle High German schinden , schinten , German schinden , now only in sense ‘to abuse’), probably < the same Indo-European base as (with different ablaut grade: zero-grade) Breton skant scales (of fish) and (with the same ablaut grade as the Germanic words (e -grade), but without initial *s , and without suffixation) Welsh cen skin, dandruff, (of fish) scales, ysgen dandruff, Cornish cen skin (in Middle Cornish as cennen , with singulative suffix), Middle Breton quenn skin (Breton cenn ; in Old Breton as cennenn , with singulative suffix), perhaps ultimately < an extended form (nasal extension) of the zero grade of the Indo-European base of saw n.¹ Compare Dutch regional (eastern) schin dandruff (16th cent. in Kiliaan), Middle Low German schinne, dandruff, schin flake of skin, scab, also (after early Scandinavian) a piece of animal hide as a measure for value, hence a denomination of coin used in trade with Russia. Compare also early modern Dutch schinde skin, bark (16th cent. in Kiliaan), German regional (Bavaria and Austria) Schinde skin of fruit, rind (early modern German schint; now rare).With sense 2 compare Old Icelandic skinna piece of parchment or vellum, used as the second element in the names of manuscripts (compare e.g. Fagrskinna , lit. ‘fine skin’, Morkinskinna , lit. ‘rotten skin’, the names of 13th-cent. manuscripts). Compare skin book n. 1. Compare also the Old English derivative adjective scinnen made of skins of a specified kind, as grāscinnen made of miniver, hearmascinnen made of ermine ( < skin n. + -en suffix⁴; in grāscinnen after Old Icelandic gráskinn , lit. ‘grey skin’, miniver); see quot. OE² at sense 1a. It has been suggested that the following gloss in a mid 10th-cent. manuscript may represent an instance of the word glossing Latin hymen (compare hymen n.²), with both lemma and gloss garbled by scribal error (see H. D. Meritt Some of Hardest Glosses in Old English (1968) 53). If correct, this would be an unusually early attestation for a Scandinavian loan:eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 257 Imens, cinn.A more likely explanation is that the Latin lemma ultimately represents Greek ἱμάς chinstrap (see further S. M. Pons-Sanz in Mod. Lang. Rev. 101 (2006) 627–9). O. Schlutter ( Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 18 (1919) 376–7) seeks to explain the Cleopatra gloss, as well as occasional Middle English forms such as chyn , shyne , as showing a native cognate of the Scandinavian word. However, similar Middle English forms are also occasionally found for some other words of Scandinavian origin in sk- , as e.g. skill n.¹; they could perhaps result from analogy with words of Scandinavian origin in sk- which have native doublets in sh- . The usual words in Old English are fell , fell n.¹ and hȳd , hide n.¹

I. The natural external covering or integument of an animal removed from the body, and related uses.

a. The natural external covering or integument of an animal removed from the body, esp. one which is dressed or tanned (with or without the fur) and used as a material for clothing or other items. Frequently in contrast with hide (hide n.¹ 1a), denoting one from a small or young animal, as a calf, sheep, or goat, as opposed to one from a larger animal, as a cow, horse, or ox.In quot. OE¹ in bearskin n.

ΚΠ

OE Rec. Gifts of Bp. Leofric to Exeter Cathedral (Bodl.) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 226 vii oferbrædelsas & ii tæppedu & iii bera scin & vii setlhrægel & iii ricghrægel.

OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1075 Se cyngc Malcolm & his sweoster Margareta geafon him myccla geofa & manega gærsama..on scynnan mid pælle betogen, & on merðerne pyleceon, & graschynnene, & hearmascynnene, & on pællon.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 6862 His gulion, Which of the Skyn of a Leoun Was mad.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 3677 Wit a rugh skin sco hidd his hals.

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 175^v Wiþ a litel note shelle or a grete or with a skyn [?c1425 Paris lether] or a cloþ cered.

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. iii. 93 The Notayres skynners coryours and cardewaners werke by skynnes and hydes.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) cl. 4 Taburn is made of a dryid scyn.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. ciiii These be wolues in lambes skynnes.

1536 Wardrode Acct. Hen. VIII in Archaeologia 9 249 With twelve lusarne skynnes.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xiii. 126 b A fair Turkie horse decked with the whole skinne of a great Lion.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 173 Guilded leather.., three skins whereof were commonly sold for a Crowne.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 113 Skins of Beasts, the rude Barbarians wear.

1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 142 The Indians dye Skins, and make Ink with them.

1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 82 Some say, it should be wrapt in the skin of a calf.

1795 Hull Advertiser 28 Nov. 1/1 A large assortment of prime Buck and Doe Skins.

1837 W. Irving Adventures Capt. Bonneville II. 72 In a little while the skins began to make their appearance, a few at a time; they were laid down in the lodge.

1852 C. Morfit Art of Tanning, Currying, & Leather-dressing (1853) 411 The tanned skins..are subjected to what is technically termed staking.

1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 349/1 Beneath is stretched a leather apron, or ‘skin’, to catch the filings.

1904 J. Conrad Nostromo ii. v. 162 Father Corbelàn..had wandered clothed in skins, seeking for proselytes.

1959 E. M. Thomas Harmless People xii. 209 The bag was made of the entire skin of a duiker—a little nocturnal antelope no bigger than a small dog.

2002 P. Long Guide to Rural Wales vii. 303/1 Dating back to the Ice Age, these little round boats, once covered in skins, are still used for salmon fishing.

b. As a mass noun: this as a substance, esp. as a material for clothing or other items. Frequently with modifying word.goat-, lamb-, pig-, rabbit, sheepskin, etc.: see the first element.

ΚΠ

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3210 Hiss girrdell wass off shepess skinn.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark i. 6 John was clothid with heeris of camelis and a girdil of skyn [L. zona pellicea] abowte his leendis.

1592 T. Tymme Plaine Discouerie Ten Eng. Lepers K ij They have the skinne of the Hyena, which..will drawe the haire from the skinne of other beastes to it.

1700 P. Danet Compl. Dict. Greek & Rom. Antiq. Galerus, a Cap made of skin in the form of a Helmet.

1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad iv. 99 Liquid stores in bags of skin prepar'd.

1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 283 Wechts or maunds for taking up corn are made either of wood or of skin, attached to a rim of wood.

1955 Times 9 May 13/4 Like the scrolls of the first category, they are written mostly on skin.

1992 D. Robins Tarnished Vision Gloss. 131 Crocs, shoes made of crocodile skin.

2003 Whispering Wind May 32/1 A large outer covering somewhat resembling the Mexican ‘serapa’ but made of skin.

c. The integument of a bird or mammal when it is preserved but not mounted.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [noun] > unmounted skin

skin1840

1840 W. Swainson Taxidermy i. iii. 84 The preservation of birds in skins, or, more properly, in an unmounted state, is, above all others, the best for scientific purposes.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 90/1 When ‘skins’ only are to be made for the cabinet, it is sufficient to fill the head and neck with chopped tow, [etc.].

1926 World's Work Sept. 567/2 I killed a jay..and Merriam showed me how to make my first scientific skin.

2003 S. A. Prince Stuffing Birds, pressing Plants 4 A specimen is a curious means of representing nature because what is used—whether a skeleton, a skin, or a dried flower—is composed of all or part of what was the living thing itself.

2. A piece of animal skin, esp. from a sheep or goat, dressed and prepared as a surface for writing, or painting; a scroll or roll of this material. Frequently in skin of parchment, skin of vellum. Cf. parchment n. 2.Recorded earliest as sheep's skin (cf. sheepskin n. 2a).

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun]

bookfellOE

skin1340

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [noun] > a skin or hide

hidea900

skin1340

pellet1440

casea1569

spoil1664

felt1708

society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > parchment > piece of

skin of parchment1340

parchmenta1350

parchment skinc1390

press1405

panel1628

society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > vellum

calf-skin1604

skin of vellum1679–88

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 44 (MED) Betere may ech man rede þe ilke zenne and þe oþre ine þe boc of his inwyt þanne ine ane ssepes scinne.

c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 501 (MED) He wrot so faste til þat he want, ffor his parchemyn-skin was so scant.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xi. 280 This Pygwade had well herde all that the kyng yon had sayd, & wrote it in a skynne of parchemente.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. E7^v A whole skin of parchment, and sometimes 2. or 3. skins will hardly serue.

1649 Bp. J. Hall Resol. & Decisions iii. x. 360 It is not a small skin that would containe that Tome.

1679–88 in J. Y. Akerman Moneys Secret Services Charles II & James II (1851) (Camden) 65 Writing, flourishing, and embellishing one large skinn of vellom with his said Majesties armes.

1747 J. Wright in A. P. Jenkins Cor. T. Secker (1991) 307 40s shall be paid for every Skin etc on which any Dispensation to hold two Ecclesiastical Dignitys..shall be wrote.

1797 R. Hole Remarks on Arabian Nights' Entertainm. vi. 193 Diodorus Siculus informs us, that the old Persians wrote their records on skins.

1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth lx The very skin of vellum Gerard had longed for.

1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirlaugh I. 1 The ponderous deed of eight skins of parchment.

1924 Eng. Hist. Rev. 39 327 The manuscript..is written on a skin of vellum 20 inches long by 13 inches wide.

1957 P. Carrington Early Christian Church I. xiii. 240 The official scrolls of the Law, which were said to be written on skins in letters of gold, were deposited in the imperial palace.

2001 Oxoniensia 65 88 Their maps for Merton give the impression of quality products, being carefully drawn on good-quality skins of parchment.

3. An animal skin forming part of a tent; a tent flap, wall, or canopy made of animal skin. Chiefly in plural. under skins: in a tent or tents made of animal skins; cf. under canvas at canvas n. 1b.

ΚΠ

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) ciii. 3 (MED) Mi God, þou..Spredand out þe heuen as a skyn [L. pellem], þe which couered þe alderheȝestnes wyþ waters.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Isa. liv. 2 Opene þe place of þi tente & þe skynnes of þi tabernacle [L. pelles tabernaculorum tuorum] strecche out.

1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. 143/5 The ȝoung men of Rome, exercit in ithand travell and lauboure..growis harde vnder skynnys.

1609 Bible (Douay) I. 1 Chron. xvii. 1 Behold I dwel in a house of cedar: and the Arke of the couenant of our Lord is vnder skinnes.

1767 tr. D. Cranz Hist. Greenland I. ii. iv. 124 They use the undressed ones [sc. seal pelts] for tent-skins.

1881 R. M. Dorman Origin Primitive Superstitions xi. 363 The priest..crept under the skins of the tent on his hands and knees.

1917 Proc. 2nd Pan Amer. Sci. Congr.: Anthropol. 1 23 The Eskimo burrows under sod or camps in summer under skins.

2007 R. Holdstock Broken Kings ii. 124 I ducked below the skins of the tent.

4. A container made of animal skin.

a. A container made from the skin of a small animal, such as a sheep or goat, used for holding or carrying liquids. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > vessel > flask, flagon, or bottle > [noun] > leather

bossc1375

buffyllec1425

black jackc1540

skina1549

budget1579

court-jack1631

pigskin1812

olpe1883

a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (?1555) xxx. sig. L.i^v You shall draw your Wynde out of one of the legges of the skyne.

1651 J. F. tr. H. C. Agrippa Three Bks. Occult Philos. i. lvii. 125 There was of old a kind of Hydromancy..called Lecanomancy, from a skin full of water, upon which they put plates of Gold, and Silver, and pretious Stones.

1683 London Gaz. No. 1867/6 His Coach [was] visited, and a little Skin of Wine..taken out of it.

1745 P. Thomas True Jrnl. Voy. South-Seas 54 We brought..Tar one Skin.

1759 J. Grainger in tr. Euripides Cyclops i. iv, in C. Lennox tr. P. Brumoy Greek Theatre III. 457 Silenus, who had not for a long time tasted this precious liquor, uses many comical intreaties to Ulysses for a sight of it, who, shewing him a skin of it, makes him clap it to his mouth.

1835 J. Ross Narr. Second Voy. North-west Passage xl. 530 A native drawing two skins of oil.

1846 Edinb. Rev. 84 175 The best Xeres that ever smacked of the skin.

1874 G. C. Hutton in A. Oliver Life Hutton (1910) viii. 82 You cannot keep Christianity in the old bottles of Constantine. It is continually bursting the legislative skins.

1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar iv. 40 [The army] carried its water supplies with it in skins.

1954 G. Willans How to be Topp iii. 31 Corticus: (laying a skin of wine on the sideboard ) Eheu! (The headmaster and all lat. masters who watch roar with larffter.)

1991 A. Christelow in C. Coles & B. Mack Hausa Women in 20th Cent. vii. 142 Another case involved a girl named Khadija, whose father sent her to the well to carry water in a skin.

b. Criminals' slang. A purse, a wallet. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > money-bag, -purse, or -belt > [noun]

pungeOE

by-girdlec1000

purselOE

almonerc1330

pouch1355

almonryc1450

penny purse1523

cherry-bag1539

money bag1562

bung1567

jan1610

penny pouch1650

coda1680

zone1692

spung1728

money purse1759

spleuchan1787

skin1795

sporran1817

fisc1820

moneybelt1833

poke1859

purse-belt1901

society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > wallet > [noun]

pocketbook1670

reader1718

dummy1785

wallet1843

insider1846

porte-monnaie1850

skin1856

bill-holder1890

bill-book1895

billfold1895

poke1908

billfolder1909

1795 Potter's New Dict. Cant & Flash Lang. (ed. 2) Skin, a purse.

1819 J. H. Vaux New Vocab. Flash Lang. in Memoirs II. 205 Skin, a purse, a money bag.

1821 Life D. Haggart 15 Young M^cGuire had taken some skins with a few shillings in each.

1856 H. Mayhew Great World London iii. (Farmer) Abstracting skins from gentlemen's pockets.

1902 S. Clapin New Dict. Amer. 365 Skin... A purse; a pocket-book.

1936 ‘J. Curtis’ Gilt Kid xii. 137 Proper jobs I mean. Not nicking skins from blokes what are lit up.

1955 D. W. Maurer in Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. No. 24. 114 Synonymous terms [of billfold] are hide, skin, or poke.

a. The membrane or piece of skin stretched over a drum; a drumhead.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > percussion instrument > drum > [noun] > drumhead

head1567

swash-head1574–5

drumhead1580

skin1615

batter-head1704

tympanum1908

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 610 So wee see in a Drumme if the skin or Vellam be moist and laxe, either they will not sound at all, or they make but a dull noyse.

1718 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher I. xiii. v. 246 This Membrane is extended much after the same manner as the Skin of a Kettle Drum.

1818 W. Ward View Hindoos (ed. 2) I. iii. 188 Tŭvŭlŭ, a tabor, having the skin fastened on an earthen pot, or a piece of wood.

1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 24 Jan. 7/1 Fixing a skin upon a drum is a delicate operation requiring considerable patience.

1927 Melody Maker Aug. 756/1 Moisture from the breathing of the dancers will also condense on your side drum and the skins absorb this immediately.

1969 R. Shankar My Music i. 40/2 The most popular variety in the North is the tabla, which is actually two drums, each with one skin stretched across the top.

1999 S. Broughton et al. World Music: Rough Guide I. iii. 585/1 The duma percussion, played by a seated drummer pressing the skin of the drum with his foot to vary the sound.

b. slang (originally and chiefly Jazz). A drum. Usually in plural.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > percussion instrument > drum > [noun]

tympanc825

taborc1290

taborna1340

tambour1484

drumslade1527

drum?1534

tympany1534

tympanum1675

skin1929

1926 Melody Maker Mar. 32 (heading) The skin game.]

1929 Chicago Defender 9 Mar. i. 6/4 Buster Johnson, the drummer, wants the gang to know that he is out of the hospital now and expects to be whipping the skins again very soon.

1945 L. Shelly Hepcats Jive Talk Dict. 21 Beatin' the skins, striking the drums.

1955 A. Murray Let. 2 Nov. in R. Ellison & A. Murray Trading Twelves (2000) 101 Whereupon this cat falls to and commences to fair-thee-well all but cook supper on them skins as only a grayboy feels he's got to do.

1980 Musicians Only 26 Apr. 12/5 They come in with skins with holes in.

6. figurative. U.S. slang. A dollar; = frogskin n. (a) at frog n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2a.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > specific sums of money > a dollar

skin1834

rock1837

buck1856

scad1856

simoleon1881

plunk1885

clam1886

slug1887

bone1889

plunker1890

ace1900

sinker1900

Oxford1902

caser1907

iron man1907

man1910

berry1918

fish1920

smacker1920

Oxford scholar1937

loonie1987

1834 Mil. & Nav. Mag. U.S. Mar. 25 Now, I would advise you, as a friend, to be careful of your money. If you wish to put it where it will be safe, give a skin or so of the rhino, to one of the ‘twelve’, for Benny's treasury.

1923 Pirate Piece Mar. 3 Enclosed please find one skin toward this year's ‘Pirate Piece’.

1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. 456 Five skins is jake by me.

1941 ‘Gypsy Rose Lee’ G-string Murders iii. 60 A regular plumber would soak ya about ten skins, but my guy'll do it for half.

1976 R. B. Parker Promised Land xx. 121 I got a buyer with about a hundred thousand dollars..a hundred thousand skins.

1997 W. Hallberg Soul of Golf viii. 143 Larry..cans the putt for a beautiful deuce, which earns him a couple of skins from each of us.

7. Skiing. = climbing skin n. at climbing n. Additions. Usually in plural.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > skiing > [noun] > ski > parts or attachments

binding1911

skin1924

climbing skin1931

1924 E. C. Richardson ‘Shilling’ Ski-runner (ed. 3) 11 Sealskins..are useful where long, unbroken ascents are to be made. By far the best kind are those which are stuck temporarily to the bottom of the ski... They are called, after their inventor, ‘Sohm’ skins.

1924 K. Furse Ski-running 39 Skins are used for climbing uphill on tour. They consist of long strips of sealskin, which are attached to the running surface of the Skis.

1948 H. Innes Blue Ice vii. 192 The Norwegians use different waxes, not skins, for climbing through snow.

1980 J. Cartwright Horse of Darius xii. 175 He fastened his skis, attached some skins and made the climb.

1999 Time 8 Mar. 53/1 Others..insist that you must ‘earn your turns’—that is, ascend mountains on a pair of skis that have synthetic skins attached to the base for traction.

II. The external covering of the body of a person or animal, and related uses.

a. The layer of tissue forming the external covering of the body in vertebrates. Also (as a count noun): the skin of an individual person or animal; skin of a particular type.The skin is composed of two layers, the epidermis and dermis, and may contain specialized structures such as hairs, feathers, or scales, and various types of gland. It serves a general protective function and plays an active role in many important physiological processes such as thermoregulation, gas exchange, waste elimination, and sensation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > skin > [noun]

swardc725

fellOE

hidea1000

leather1303

skina1325

rinda1413

swarth?c1450

swadc1460

thackc1480

skin coat1589

hackle1609

flesha1616

pelta1626

integument1664

barka1758

exoskeleton1839

the world > life > the body > skin > layer of skin > [noun]

skina1325

a1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesworth (Arun.) (1857) 149 (MED) Homme et femme unt la peel [glossed] hyd, the chyn [v.r. the skyn].

a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Archbishop & Nun (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Skin His skin was klungen to the bane, For fleische apon him was thar nane.

c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 70 Be þe bolnyngs anoynted with oile of rose..and putte in wele with þi fynger þe oile atuix þe runclez of þe skynne.

c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1229 Marcia that lost her skyn Bothe in face, body and chyn.

c1470 tr. R. D'Argenteuil's French Bible (Cleveland) (1977) 85 (MED) He made him alle quycke to be flayne that ther shal no partie of his body be coverid with the skynne, but alle rede, rawe fleish.

a1513 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen in Poems (1998) I. 43 To se him scart his awin skyn grit scunner I think.

1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory ii. v. sig. c2^v The bestes be full of here and haue thycke skynnes, the foules haue fethers: but man is tender & naked.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. v. 237 Their women are white, hauing blacke haires and a most delicate skinne.

1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia Isagoge sig. B The skinne, in the seahorse is so thick, that speares may be made thereof.

1705 F. Fuller Medicina Gymnastica 211 The true Skin, and all its innumerable Glands.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 56 The skin of children newly brought forth, is always red.

1845 G. Budd On Dis. Liver 92 By circumscribed œdema, or a slight blush on the skin.

1880–4 F. Day Fishes Great Brit. & Ireland I. p. xx The skin or tegumentary system may be entirely or partially scaleless.

1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. iii. 248 The skin is composed of two layers, an outer epidermal layer and an inner corium or cutis vera.

1961 Express & News (San Antonio, Texas) 2 July e1/5 Fair skins sunburn quicker than olive tones.

1976 K. Thackeray Crownbird ii. 27 Her skin was dark and smooth, the colour of plain chocolate.

2002 A. Fuller Don't let's go to Dogs Tonight 28 Now how can we, who shed our ancestry the way a snake sheds skin in winter, hope to win against this history?

b. Without article: this as a substance.

ΚΠ

a1400 Prymer (St. John's Cambr.) (1891) 79 With skyn and fleschsches thou clothedest me.

?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f.170 It encarneþ wunderlie wele & regenderþ & makeþ skynne and represseþ hete þat is ouer passinge.

1486 Bk. St. Albans e iij b All [animals] that bere skyne and talow and Rounge.

1533 T. More Answere Poysened Bk. iv. xxii. f. cclviii^v I aske More, when he seeth his owne face in so many glasses, whyther all those faces that appere in the glasses be hys own very face hauynge boldely substaunce skynne, fleshe, and bone.

1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cxli. 126 The Eares are nothing else but gristill and skinne.

1659 W. S. Macollo's XCIX Canons in Physick 6 If in the draught there be found any piece of skin, it signifies the Guts to be ulcerate.

1679 S. Woodford Paraphr. upon Canticles 96 A side of Bone, That seem'd with Skin to have been cloath'd upon, And Musculage, not many Days before.

1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery xii. 126 Take six Pounds of good Pork, free from Skin and Gristles and Fat.

1769 J. Cook Voy. round World i. i Very sharp talons, which resemble those of a cat, and, like them, were retractable into a sheath of skin.

1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. iii. 78 When skin is exposed to solutions containing tannin, it slowly combines with that principle.

1871 J. Woodman Notes Transpl. or Engraft. Skin 19 I took three small pieces of skin from her own arm and engrafted them.

1909 Lancet 13 Mar. 756/2 I have placed under the microscope a piece of skin ionised with calcium.

2006 Good Woodworking June 44/1 Animal glue is a generic term: other names are Scotch, pearl and fish glue, but they are all similar and all basically boiled up bits of skin, bone or hoof.

9. A thin layer of tissue lining an internal part of the body; esp. the peritoneum or pleura. Cf. mesothelium n. Now only in gold-beater's skin n. at gold-beater n. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily substance > membrane > [noun]

rimeOE

hameOE

skina1398

caul1398

shrine1398

tunicle1398

panniclea1400

pelliculea1400

slougha1400

membrane?a1425

pellicle?a1425

pellet?1440

enfolder1545

kell1545

involucre1578

skinlet1598

striffena1612

swathe1615

veil1639

tunic1661

swath-band1668

involucruma1676

wall1682

panniculus1702

theca1807

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 55 Þese holes ben I-holed with certeyn smale skynnes, þe whiche skynnes openeþ and sendiþ blood fram þe herte to þe spirit.

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 169 Þe stomak & þe guttis is ordeyned a skyn, þat is clepid þe siphac.

c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 69 Swynez grese wele y-clensed of þe litel skynnez and smal y-kutted.

1545 T. Raynald in tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. sig. E.ii Vnder the last muskle of the belly..succedyth a certayn thyn ryme, kell, or skyn, named in latin Peritoneum.

1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke ii. ix. 67 If the skinnes which be ioyned all the length of the breast within be inflammate, then they feele payne at the breast.

1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Meninges, thinne skins in which the braine is contained.

1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) Introd. The internal Skin of the inner Cavities.

1714 J. Purcell Treat. Cholick 7 The two Skins of the Mesentery.

10. An outer layer or covering.

a. The outer covering of certain fruits and vegetables; the peel or rind; (also) the bark or rind of a tree or plant.banana, orange, potato skin, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > epidermis or cuticle

skina1398

cuticle1672

epidermis1813

epiderm1835

cortex1875

hypoderma1877

tapetum1882

sheath1884

hypodermis1898

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > [noun] > parts of > skin or roughening of skin

rindeOE

skina1398

peel?a1450

pill1530

shell1561

peeling1598

sloughc1660

russet1817

epicarp1819

exocarp1845

russeting1851

shuck1869

the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [noun] > integument or covering

skin1558

integument1664

armature1816

the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > bark

rindeOE

barka1300

pillc1300

scorch1480

utter-bark1530

skin1558

shell1561

tree-bark1910

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. cliv. 1050 Plius..seith þat fruyt of siliqua is swete..and þe skynne þerof is y-ete.

1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount f. 22^v You shal take the rootes of..wilde Mallow, and scrape from them cleane their skinne or barke.

1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia sig. B There is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades whereof there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee stript of.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) v. i. 51 The skinne [of the leek] is good for your broken Coxcombe.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. 34 The Cucumbers are so good in Aleppo, that..the Francks also eat them green, skin and all.

1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 116 I have often seen the very Skin, or Rind of the young Roots left behind in drawing.

1790 W. Speechly Treat. Culture Vine 5 The skin is thick and the flesh hard, something like the raisin grape.

1826 D. Booth Art of Brewing (ed. 2) 190 The moment the skin [of an apple] is first cut.

1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 511 Yellow pine timber..placed at first skin to skin, and afterward 2 feet apart.

1911 F. M. Farmer Catering for Special Occasions vi. 155 The apples should be quartered, cored, and pared previous to chopping, or skins may be left on.

2000 R. Sterling World Food: Vietnam 48 Mang cau (Custard Apple), a fruit with a bumpy green skin that blackens as it ripens.

b. The outer surface, or each of a number of outer layers, of a solid object; esp. (in early use) the surface of the earth; (now) the outer layer of a manufactured object.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > surface > [noun] > other specific types

skin?a1425

aerofoil1907

?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 107 Þe moldewarpe holoweþ atwixe þe two skynnes of þe erþe.

1763 Museum Rusticum (1764) 1 94 It enables the land..to come speedily to a good skin (as we term it), or coat of grass.

1875 J. W. Dawson Life's Dawn on Earth ii. 12 If they [sc. Laurentian hills] could be flattened out they would serve as a skin much too large for mother earth in her present state.

1894 Nature 26 July 289 Observations hitherto made in the earth's outer skin.

1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf xvi. 209 One quaint notion was that they [sc. pimples] protect the outer skin of the ball.

1920 A. D. Passmore in Man 20 9 A part of the old brown skin of the stone.

1986 Financial Times 2 Aug. (Weekend section) p. xi/1 The outer [sleeping] bag also has a protective skin made of Pertex which helps remove moisture from the inside and makes the bag itself fairly weatherproof.

1997 J. Updike Toward End of Time 75 A white caramelization that sparkled on the skin of the driveway.

c. The outer surface of a diamond in its natural state.

ΚΠ

1677 in Miscellanea Curiosa (Royal Soc.) (1708) III. 243 The Diamonds..are very well spread, large Stones.., they have generally a bright Skin.

1827 E. Turrell in Gill's Technol. Repository 1 xvi. 69 There can be no reason to doubt the truth of Dr. Wollaston's remarks, upon the superior hardness of the external laminæ, or skin of the diamond, in its natural crystallized state.

1970 E. Bruton Diamonds xi. 193 The bruter..will often brute a stone so that there is a small part of the original skin—natural surface of crystal—left.

1999 P. G. Read Gemmology (ed. 2) xix. 261 The bruter may sometimes leave a small fragment of the outer surface or ‘skin’ of the diamond crystal on the girdle. This is called a ‘natural’.

d. The outermost layer of a pearl; (also) each of the layers composing a pearl, including the outermost one.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > pearl > [noun] > outermost layer of

skin1885

1885 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 446/2 A pearl of the first water should possess, in jewellers' language, a perfect ‘skin’ and a fine ‘orient’.

1935 L. Kornitzer Pearls & Men xix. 165 Keep on inspecting your pearl... When the blemish has been removed and a clean bright skin shows up, the worst is over. Smooth the skin with the finest emery paper you can obtain.

1976 B. W. Anderson Gemstones for Everyman xxiii. 300 The finest cultured pearls have come from waters off the north Australian coast... The oyster used here is the large pinctada maxima. The resultant cultured pearls are also large and have very thick skins.

1990 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 26 Oct. e4/4 Pearl cutters are virtually extinct... By peeling away the multiple skins of a natural pearl layer by layer, these highly trained experts can uncover a series of tints.

11. A pellicle; a film on the surface of a liquid or a solid.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > [noun] > a coat or covering layer

rindOE

cloth1398

tayc1440

skina1475

coat1567

slough1610

hulling1708

surtout1732

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > [noun] > a coat or covering layer > thin

skina1475

weba1475

film1577

cuticle1658

cuticula1662

surface film1841

skim1951

a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 9 A liquor of oyle..fletynge aboue in maner of a skyn.

1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 64 Those remedies whiche ought..to drawe a skinne ouer my wound.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Harde,..an egge laied with a soft skin, or filme (about it) in stead of a shell; a soft-sheld egge; a wind egge.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. ii. 26 As fit..as the pudding to his skin .

1678 T. Hobbes Decameron Physiologicum viii. 98 For the skin of the Bubble is Water.

1758 A. Reid tr. P. J. Macquer Elements Theory & Pract. Chym. I. 385 In the same manner take off a second skin that will form on the surface of the Lead.

1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 279 The heat of boiling water would not..produce a skin upon milk without the presence of air.

1808 F. Shoberl tr. C. A. Fischer Picture of Valencia 215 If this infusion is left to stand, a skin is formed on the surface.

1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 81 It is this white solid substance which forms the thin skin on the surface of the water.

a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) I. xvi. 283 A sticky, sooty moisture saturated the air, formed a skin of oily black ooze over everything.

1924 T. Wood Animal Nutrition viii. 40 Remove the skin from the milk by means of a glass rod, and transfer it to a test tube.

1995 G. Burn Fullalove vi. 186 Middle age grew over me like a thick skin on a custard.

12. Technical senses (chiefly extended uses of sense 10).

(a) Nautical. The planking, plating, or similar covering fixed over the ribs or frame of a vessel; (sometimes) spec. the inner layer of this.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > planking

planking1432

skin1769

skinning1845

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > plating

skin1769

skin-plating1863

plating1895

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Planking,..completes the process of ship-building, and is sometimes called laying on the skin, by the artificers.

1814 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 104 ii. 287 The ribs are covered by a skin of greater or less substance from the extreme ends of them to the keel or back bone.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. xxxii. 444 The entire bulkhead was in a blaze, as well as the dry timbers and skin of the brig.

1862 Times 7 Mar. 6/1 The 18 inches of wood between the armour and iron skin.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 629 Skin, this term is frequently used for the inside planking of a vessel, the outside being the case.

1883 G. S. Nares Constr. Ironclad 5 The plates forming the outer and inner bottoms or skins are rivetted on.

1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 26 Aug. 4/1 The boat is most substantially constructed;..the skin being of mahogany three-eighths of an inch thick.

1938 Mariner's Mirror 24 414 Above the bilge strake or stringer..a longitudinal board, the ‘spurkin’, closed the space between the margin of the ceiling and the skin of the boat.

1977 Mod. Boating (Austral.) Jan. 100/2 The bottom and side skins are locked together by double seam welding.

2001 D. G. Brown Last Log of Titanic 99 The ship's outer skin, called the shell plating, was installed on the outside of the floors and up the vertical frames.

(b) The outer covering of an aircraft or, later, any other vehicle; a constituent layer of this.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > parts and equipment of motor vehicles > [noun] > body or bodywork

auto body1904

bodywork1908

skin1921

shell1937

1921 Flight 13 247/2 The skin below the chines is formed of two thicknesses of mahogany planking... One ply of varnished cotton fabric is laid between the mahogany skins.

1937 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 41 846 It is proposed to form the skin of the wing from two separated sheets of plywood.

1948 ‘N. Shute’ No Highway iii. 64 Here in the aircraft everything was firm and steady and secure; the even tremor of the engines, the faintly heard rush of air over the outer skin, these bred confidence.

1962 G. Cooper in J. Glenn et al. Into Orbit 29 The crews are equipped with..a fire axe for cutting through the capsule's skin.

1973 Times 3 May 4/1 They found that the whole of the skin of the caravan was full of blocks of cannabis.

1992 Car Feb. 25/1 Beneath the skin, we find the double-wishbone suspension of the 989 which is basically an updated blueprint of the 959 chassis.

2006 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 9 Apr. x. 12/1 9. Number of crash trucks at O'Hare. Newest is an Oshkosh T-3000 whose ‘snozzle’ can pierce a plane's skin and pump in 3,185 gallons of water.

b. Metallurgy. A thin surface layer of a piece of metal that differs from the bulk metal in some respect; spec. one on cast or rolled metal.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > metal in specific state or form > [noun] > cast metal > other parts of casting

skin1786

head metal1854

hot spot1908

1786 W. Playfair Commerc. & Polit. Atlas 90 At last the ingenuity of deceit found out a way of making them [sc. bracelets] of cast iron, turning off the outside skin, and covering them with a solution of copper, which sold for brass.

1840 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 3 425/1 The removal of the exterior skin of a casting greatly increases the corrosive action of salt water and its combined air.

1869 W. J. M. Rankine Cycl. Machine & Hand-tools App. 54 It is used to form a hard and impenetrable skin to a piece of grey cast iron by the process called chilling.

1917 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 96 330 Americans do not machine their malleable castings, and hence they use ‘black-heart’, which is ordinary cast iron when the decarburised skin is taken off.

1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker Electr. Arc & Oxy-acetylene Welding (ed. 3) x. 111 An old file should be used to scrape away the surplus metal before annealing the work. This removes the hard carburized skin.

2005 Wired Dec. 54/2 This self-healing skin prevents rust on metal structures like bridges.

c. Nautical. The portion of a sail pulled tight around the rest as a cover when the sail is furled. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > sail > [noun] > part of furled sail on outside

skin1831

1831 T. O'Scanlan Diccionario Marítimo Español Skin of a sail, camiseta de vela.

1833 Amer. Monthly Mag. Aug. 352 They can..mend sails, make rope, cut out trowsers as ‘taut as the skin of a furled foresail’, and cover hats with tarpaulin.

1834 C. Martelli Naval Officer's Guide 301 Taking a little trouble, will get all the sail in the skin.

c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 49 What cloth will you take for furling the spanker in a skin? The third from the leech.

1882 G. S. Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 134 Gather up the skin, shaking the slack sail well down into it.

1905 Strand Mag. Dec. 749/1 He dropped the gathered bunt into the skin of the sail and reached for the bunt gasket.

d. Architecture and Building. The surface or outer layer of a built structure; spec. the outer layer of brickwork, masonry, etc., in a wall; (now also) any of several layers forming a wall. Frequently with modifying word, as outer, inner.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > [noun] > a surfacing or cladding > of a wall

queering1688

facework1818

skin1873

1873 W. Longman Hist. Cathedrals St. Paul xiii. 195 Many persons entering the Cathedral suppose that the Dome over their heads is the actual lining of the external Dome. They are not aware that it is a shell..with a brick cone between it and the outer skin.

1884 Instr. Mil. Engin. (ed. 3) I. ii. 84 To have only a thin skin on the outside which could readily be knocked out by a crowbar.

1897 Daily News 23 Nov. 6/5 The disintegrated condition of the inner masonry..rendered impossible the project..of replacing the inside masonry without disturbing the ‘skin’.

1944 D. E. Warland Teach yourself Constructional Details iv. 70 The two skins of brickwork comprising a cavity wall would be structurally unsound if they were not tied together.

1955 Archit. Rev. 117 117/2 The construction is cavity brick walls with inner skin of thermalite blocks, with a roof of ¾ inch asphalt on rafters at 5° pitch, and 2 inch cork insulation.

1990 Ideal Home Aug. 51/3 The roof is triple glazed with a UV filter in the outside skin, which means the furniture doesn't fade.

2000 SelfBuild & Design Oct. 29/1 These timber clad houses require more maintenance than, for example, a masonry skin, but the advantages of the breathing wall were felt to outweigh this concern.

e. The outer or surface layers of an electrical conductor, in which alternating current tends to be concentrated at high frequencies.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > transmission of electricity, conduction > [noun] > conductor > device > outer layer of

skin1888

1888 Electr. Engineer 31 Aug. 187/1 Lightning cannot penetrate below the skin..of the conductor.

1943 C. L. Boltz Basic Radio vii. 121 As the frequency is increased, the current is concentrated more and more in the outer layer—the ‘skin’—of a conductor.

2000 A. Mornington-West in I. R. Sinclair Audio & Hi-fi Handbk. (rev. ed.) xxi. 386/2 The total current..tends to zero as the frequency is raised (and the skin that carries the current becomes thinner).

f. figurative. A duplicating stencil; spec. the part that actually goes on the copier. Also more fully duplicating skin.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > representation > [noun] > copying apparatus > with stencil > stencil

duplicating skin1965

1965 G. M. Beer Machines for Office Workers iv. 73 When the [correcting] fluid is applied [to the stencil] it will..seep through the incisions and make the carbon..adhere to the wax sheet; subsequently, at the duplicator, the carbon and backing sheets are removed, and in doing this it is..possible that the re-formed skin will also be detached so that both the incorrect letter, and the correction over it, appear on the duplicated sheet.

1972 T. Lilley K Section xl. 203 She had typed the ‘skin’; he would check it and then run off about four hundred copies.

1973 Daily Tel. 25 Apr. 13/8 It was then discovered that one foolscap duplicating skin could produce only 10,000 copies. Four skins had to be typed and ‘run off’.

2006 A. C. Wheeler Bombs, Ruins & Honey 55 The extreme heat meant that the ink often dried up, resulting in unreadable text,or even, disastrously, a torn duplicating skin.

13. slang. A cover or shell that protects or encloses something; a casing, a sheath.

a. U.S. A tyre.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > [noun] > parts of vehicle moving on wheels > wheel > rubber or pneumatic tyre

rubber1875

tyre1875

tirea1877

pneumatic1890

cushion1891

cushion-tire1891

pneu1891

solid tyre1891

balloon tyre1899

single-tube1904

tubular tyre1908

shoe1917

solid1919

tubular1924

air wheel1930

skin1954

tub1978

1954 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) 2 Sept. in Amer. Speech (1956) 31 305 Skin, a tire.

1977 Hot Car Oct. 62/1 The answer is to run at the same pressure as the standard tyres, as by dropping the pressure any more than two pounds, you could cause sidewall failure, even in the big American skins.

1997 S. Holtzman Semi-truck Color Hist. x. 100/1 Today's bedbug trailers usually include at least 18 dozen furniture pads, 12 dozen skins, [etc.].

b. slang (originally U.S.). A condom.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > contraception > [noun] > devices or methods

sponge1823

French tickler1905

Gräfenberg ring1930

male condom1938

skin1956

Johnny1963

internal condom1969

female condom1982

contragestive1987

Femidom1989

1956 N. Algren Walk on Wild Side ii. 179 When it rained or was overcast the big room was full of skins hanging in rainbowed rows above the dark gas range's flame.

1960 H. Wentworth & S. B. Flexner Dict. Amer. Slang 482/1 Skin, any thin rubber or animal membrane contraceptive; a condom; a rubber.

1976 T. Sharpe Wilt xvi. 160 ‘You got those rubbers you use?’ he asked... ‘I want those skins.’

2000 Jrnl. Amer. Hist. 87 445 By 1890..the condom entrepreneur Julius Schmid had launched a successful business in skins in New York.

c. Originally U.S. A paper for rolling cigarettes, esp. a marijuana cigarette.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > [noun] > equipment for taking drugs > equipment for taking marijuana

roach holder1965

skin1967

bong1971

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > thing which may be smoked > cigarette > tobacco and paper for rolling > cigarette paper

cigarette paper1860

Zig-Zag1909

papera1911

Rizla1916

Rizla paper1939

rolling paper1943

tissue1952

skin1967

1967 J. Rosevear Pot 159 Skin, cigarette paper.

1969 J. Fabian & J. Byrne Groupie xxx. 202 Passed the chick a plastic bag with skins and hash inside.

1980 S. McConville in L. Michaels & C. B. Ricks State of Lang. 525 It [sc. tobacco]..is smoked in a roll-up or spliff, the paper of which is called a skin.

1989 B. Robinson Withnail & I (1998) 117 Withnail: What are you gonna do with those? Danny: The joint I'm about to roll requires a craftsman. It can utilise up to twelve skins. It is called a Camberwell carrot.

1993 B. O'Connor Here comes John 167 Forty Marlboro and skins..and two packs of the Dutch rolling stuff.

2004 Independent (Compact ed.) 29 Jan. 53/4 How are you going to roll a five-skin spliff without the skins?

14. Computing. A set of graphical features, often designed by a user, which can be applied to a particular application, operating system, or (less commonly) website in order to customize its default appearance or modality.

ΚΠ

1998 Re: Group Download in Progress in alt.tv.duckman (Usenet newsgroup) 11 Mar. Anyone know of any sites which have lots of good images? I am trying to make a Winamp skin of Duckman and co.

2002 Computer Music Jan. 88/4 There are different colour schemes to choose from if the default skin isn't to your taste.

2006 Australian (Nexis) 7 Feb. (Features section) 6 We've spent hours downloading custom skins for Firefox, deciding on the perfect wallpaper and sticking some bitching stickers on the case.

III. Senses denoting a person or animal.Cf. quot. c1475² at Phrases 3, which refers figuratively to people.

†15. slang. In plural = tanner n.¹ 1. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific materials > worker with skins or hides > [noun] > worker with leather > tanner

tannera975

barker1402

skin1785

1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue Skins, a tanner.

16. An unpleasant or contemptible person; (U.S. slang) spec. = skinflint n. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > inferior person > [noun] > held in contempt

thingOE

cat?c1225

geggea1300

fox-whelpc1320

creaturea1325

whelp1338

scoutc1380

turnbroach14..

foumart1508

shit1508

get?a1513

strummel?a1513

scofting?1518

pismirea1535

clinchpoop1555

rag1566

huddle and twang1578

whipster1590

slop1599

shullocka1603

tailor1607

turnspit1607

fitchewa1616

bulchin1617

trundle-taila1626

tick1631

louse1633

fart1669

insect1684

mully-grub-gurgeon1746

grub-worm1752

rass1790

foutre1794

blister1806

snot1809

skin1825

scurf1851

scut1873

Siwash1882

stiff1882

bleeder1887

blighter1896

sugar1916

vuilgoed1924

klunk1942

fart sack1943

fart-arse1946

jerkwad1980

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > condition of being held in contempt > [noun] > state or quality of being contemptible > contemptible person

wormc825

wretchOE

thingOE

hinderlingc1175

harlot?c1225

mixa1300

villain1303

whelpc1330

wonnera1340

bismera1400

vilec1400

beasta1425

creaturec1450

dog bolt1465

fouling?a1475

drivel1478

shit1508

marmoset1523

mammeta1529

pilgarlica1529

pode1528

slave1537

slim1548

skit-brains?1553

grasshopper1556

scavenger1563

old boss1566

rag1566

shrub1566

ketterela1572

shake-rag1571

skybala1572

mumpsimus1573

smatchetc1582

squib1586

scabship1589

vassal1589

baboon1592

Gibraltar1593

polecat1593

mushroom1594

nodc1595

cittern-head1598

nit1598

stockfish1598

cum-twang1599

dish-wash1599

pettitoe1599

mustard-token1600

viliaco1600

cargo1602

stump1602

snotty-nose1604

sprat1605

wormling1605

brock1607

dogfly?1611

shag-rag1611

shack-rag1612

thrum1612

rabbita1616

fitchock1616

unworthy1616

baseling1618

shag1620

glow-worm1624

snip1633

the son of a worm1633

grousea1637

shab1637

wormship1648

muckworm1649

whiffler1659

prig1679

rotten egg1686

prigster1688

begged fool1693

hang-dog1693

bugger1694

reptile1697

squinny1716

snool1718

ramscallion1734

footer1748

jackass1756

hallion1789

skite1790

rattlesnake1791

snot1809

mudworm1814

skunk1816

stirrah1816

spalpeen1817

nyaff1825

skin1825

weed1825

tiger1827

beggar1834

despicability1837

squirt1844

prawn1845

shake1846

white mouse1846

scurf1851

sweep1853

cockroach1856

bummer1857

medlar1859

cunt1860

shuck1862

missing link1863

schweinhund1871

creepa1876

bum1882

trashbag1886

tinhorn1887

snot-rag1888

rodent1889

whelpling1889

pie eatera1891

mess1891

schmuck1892

fucker1893

cheapskate1894

cocksucker1894

gutter-bird1896

perisher1896

skate1896

schmendrick1897

nyamps1900

ullage1901

fink1903

onion1904

punk1904

shitepoke1905

tinhorn sport1906

streeler1907

zob1911

stink1916

motherfucker1918

Oscar1918

shitass1918

shit-face1923

tripe-hound1923

gimp1924

garbage can1925

twerp1925

jughead1926

mong1926

fuck?1927

arsehole1928

dirty dog1928

gazook1928

muzzler1928

roach1929

shite1929

mook1930

lug1931

slug1931

woodchuck1931

crud1932

dip1932

bohunkus1933

lint-head1933

Nimrod1933

warb1933

fuck-piga1935

owl-hoot1934

pissant1935

poot1935

shmegegge1937

motheree1938

motorcycle1938

squiff1939

pendejo1940

snotnose1941

jerkface1942

slag1943

yuck1943

fuckface?1945

fuckhead?1945

shit-head1945

shite-hawk1948

schlub1950

asswipe1953

mother1955

weenie1956

hard-on1958

rass hole1959

schmucko1959

bitch ass1961

effer1961

lamer1961

arsewipe1962

asshole1962

butthole1962

cock1962

dipshit1963

motherfuck1964

dork1965

bumhole1967

mofo1967

tosspot1967

crudball1968

dipstick1968

douche1968

frickface1968

schlong1968

fuckwit1969

rassclaat1969

ass1970

wank1970

fecker1971

wanker1971

butt-fucker1972

slimeball1972

bloodclaat1973

fuckwad1974

mutha1974

suck1974

cocksuck1977

tosser1977

plank1981

sleazebag1981

spastic1981

dweeb1982

bumboclaat1983

dickwad1983

scuzzbag1983

sleazeball1983

butt-face1984

dickweed1984

saddie1985

butt plug1986

jerkweed1988

dick-sucker1989

microcephalic1989

wankstain1990

sadster1992

buttmunch1993

fanny1995

jackhole1996

fassyhole1997

fannybaws2000

fassy2002

the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [noun] > niggard or mean person > of the worst kind

Jew1508

hood-pick?a1513

miser?1577

share-penny1606

flay-flint1672

skinflint1699

flint1841

skin1900

tight-ass1969

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Skin, a term applied to a person, as expressive of the greatest contempt; as, ‘Ye're naething but a nasty skin’.

1889 Cent. Mag. Dec. 227 Occasionally he would refer to the president of the Off-shore Wrecking Company, his former employer, as ‘that skin’.

1900 G. Ade More Fables 30 Some of the Folks..used to say that Henry was a Skin, and was too Stingy to give his Family enough to eat.

17. U.S. slang. Women considered sexually; sexual intercourse.

ΚΠ

1867 A. Doten Jrnls. 20 Sept. (1973) II. 950 Bed at 12—No skin [enciphered as Nj skln].

a1933 in V. Randolph & G. Legman Roll me in your Arms (1992) 108 I went upstairs to get a little skin.

1978 S. Pilcer Teen Angel vii. 81 ‘When you're ready to give him some skin, you'll have something. Believe me.’ ‘Yeah? But in the meantime, the Gooch is covering every position in the book.’ ‘Retard, she's a tramp. She'll do it with anyone.’

2004 J. Gorman My Last Busy Season 461 ‘Take off your shirt, Jess,’ I said softly. I was going to get some skin after all that day.

18. Originally and chiefly Irish English colloquial. As a term of friendship: a person, esp. a man; a ‘chap’, a ‘sort’. Usually with a positive modifier, as decent, good.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > [noun]

hadc900

lifesmaneOE

maneOE

world-maneOE

ghostOE

wyeOE

lifeOE

son of manOE

wightc1175

soulc1180

earthmanc1225

foodc1225

person?c1225

creaturec1300

bodyc1325

beera1382

poppetc1390

flippera1400

wat1399

corsec1400

mortal?a1425

deadly?c1450

hec1450

personagec1485

wretcha1500

human1509

mundane1509

member1525

worma1556

homo1561

piece of flesh1567

sconce1567

squirrel?1567

fellow creature1572

Adamite1581

bloat herringa1586

earthling1593

mother's child1594

stuff1598

a piece of flesh1600

wagtail1607

bosom1608

fragment1609

boots1623

tick1631

worthy1649

earthlies1651

snap1653

pippin1665

being1666

personal1678

personality1678

sooterkin1680

party1686

worldling1687

human being1694

water-wagtail1694

noddle1705

human subject1712

piece of work1713

somebody1724

terrestrial1726

anybody1733

individual1742

character1773

cuss1775

jig1781

thingy1787

bod1788

curse1790

his nabs1790

article1796

Earthite1814

critter1815

potato1815

personeityc1816

nibs1821

somebody1826

tellurian1828

case1832

tangata1840

prawn1845

nigger1848

nut1856

Snooks1860

mug1865

outfit1867

to deliver the goods1870

hairpin1879

baby1880

possum1894

hot tamale1895

babe1900

jobbie1902

virile1903

cup of tea1908

skin1914

pisser1918

number1919

job1927

apple1928

mush1936

face1944

jong1956

naked ape1965

oke1970

punter1975

1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 152 Ah, poor Joe is a decent skin.

1939 ‘F. O'Brien’ At Swim-Two-Birds 166 A decent skin if ever there was one, said Slug with warmth, a man that didn't stint the porter.

1958 B. Behan Borstal Boy iii. 258 These were lies..that Cragg was muttering about the Colonel, who wasn't a bad old skin at all,..since he got to know us.

1966 F. Shaw et al. Lern Yerself Scouse 22 Ee's a good skin, he is an agreeable fellow.

1975 ‘H. Leonard’ Da in Plays of Year XLIV. 338 Oh, the mistress is a decent skin.

1995 J. Murphy Brothers of Brush ii. 54 That place is so big a couple of skins could lose themselves in it.

2003 S. Feehily Duck viii. 50 A decent skin is our Marky.

19. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.). A horse, esp. an old or inferior one; (more generally) any old or worthless farm or working animal. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > equus caballus or horse > [noun]

horsec825

blonkOE

brockc1000

mareOE

stota1100

caplec1290

foala1300

rouncyc1300

scot1319

caballc1450

jade1553

chival1567

prancer1567

ball1570

pranker1591

roussin1602

wormly1606

cheval1609

sonipes1639

neigher1649

quadruped1660

keffel1699

prad1703

jig1706

hoss1815

cayuse1841

yarraman1848

quad1854

plug1860

bronco1869

gee-gee1869

quadrupedant1870

rabbit1882

gee1887

neddy1887

nanto1889

prod1891

goat1894

skin1918

bang-tail1921

horsy1923

steed-

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > [noun] > hybrid horse and ass > mule

muleOE

muletto1656

mute1838

hardtail1906

jarhead1906

skin1918

1918 H. S. Truman Let. 15 Sept. in Dear Bess (1983) 272 My horse lieutenant..moves the Battery with skins and cripples when it has to be done that way.

1923 E. Hemingway Three Stories & Ten Poems 32 They take the first batch of skins out to gallop.

1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 260 A skin, a horse: mule.

1935 Amer. Speech 10 272/1 Skins, thin, common hogs.

1941 S. J. Baker Pop. Dict. Austral. Slang 67 Skin, a horse, ‘generally the property of a professional wayfarer’.

20. Each of a number of units into which an Australian Aboriginal people is divided, typically on the basis of kinship, each unit being associated with a totemic bird, animal, or insect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > [noun] > under a headman or chief > subdivision

skin1927

the world > people > ethnicities > [adjective] > subdivision of tribe

skin1986

1927 Votes & Proc. (W. Austral.) I. iii. 83 The injury that I might do to..a native, is a hurt done..to the..group or skin, as they call it, of which he is a member.

1944 W. E. Harney Taboo (ed. 3) 153 Old Toop-Toop was..of the Jimara sub-section, or as the natives call it, ‘skin’ of the Mudbura tribe.

1986 Canberra Times 2 Apr. 7/2 The ‘skin’ name was the way of identifying an Aboriginal as part of a group.

2007 Austral. Aboriginal Stud. (Nexis) 22 Mar. 4 Marriage or sexual relationships with any member of the other seven ‘skins’..are regarded as improper.

21. In plural. With the and capital initial. (A nickname for) the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards; (also) the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. Also occasionally in singular: a member of either of these regiments. Now historical.The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers became part of the Royal Irish Rangers in 1968, and the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards became part of the Royal Dragoon Guards in 1992. [punningly after Inniskilling.]

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > unit of army > named companies, regiments, etc. > [noun] > British

Ulsters1649

Scots Guardsa1675

fusilier1680

guards1682

Scots Dragoons1689

Scots Fusiliers1689

Inniskilling1715

Scots Greys1728

blue1737

Black Watch1739

Oxford blues1766

green linnets1793

Grenadiers1800

slashers1802

the Buffs1806

tartan1817

Gay Gordons1823

cheesemongers1824

Green Jacket1824

The Bays1837

RHA1837

dirty half-hundred1841

die-hard1844

lifeguard1849

cherry-picker1865

lancer-regiment1868

cheeses1877

Territorial Regiment1877

the Sweeps1879

dirty shirts1887

Scottish Rifles1888

shiner1891

Yorkshire1898

imperials1899

Irish guards1902

Hampshires1904

BEF1914

Old Contemptibles1915

contemptibles1917

Tank Corps1917

the Tins1918

skins1928

pioneer corps1939

red devils1943

Blues and Royals1968

U.D.R.1969

1928 Observer 10 June 7 This is..a little on the heavy side in style, perhaps, and, therefore, not quite reminiscent of the ‘Skins’ as known in real life.

1938 R. Hayward In Praise of Ulster 235 The Indian Mutiny, South Africa and the Great War brought fresh glories to the valiant ‘Skins’.

1954 L. MacNeice Autumn Sequel 67 The Skins have gone to Kenya with their trousers smartly creased.

1981 J. Johnston Christmas Tree 25 Did you have a brother in the Skins?

2005 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 8 Feb. Last year, during the 90th anniversary of the First World War One, a concerted effort was made to establish whether any ‘Skin’ was still alive.

22. Sport (originally North American). In plural. In an informal game played without different team colours, in which the players of one team remove their shirts to distinguish themselves from their opponents: the team which plays without shirts. Opposed to shirt n. 3b.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > player or sportsperson > [noun] > team or group > types of

twelve1573

county1729

colt1789

in1825

Big-side1845

offence1884

all-American1888

farm1896

farm club1896

farm team1896

dream team1911

skin1930

A-team1976

1930 E. M. Draper & G. M. Smith Intramural Athletics & Play Days iii. 25 Four ways of meeting this problem are: 1. To have one team remove shirts. The game then becomes ‘skins versus shirts’ [etc.].

1964 Los Angeles Times 6 Feb. iii. 1/1 A YMCA game between the ‘skins and shirts’ would intrigue a passerby almost as much.

1998 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 23 May 30 Lads from the Torbay Combination League side Nova found a patch of grass and started up a makeshift game—result Yellow Shirts five, Skins four.

2005 Sports Illustr. (Electronic ed.) 19 Sept. 19 During a shirts-and-skins basketball game at a nudist colony, do the players in shirts feel self-conscious?

23. slang (originally and chiefly British). Short for skinhead n. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > young person > [noun] > adolescent

farrowa700

puberc1350

adolescent?1440

teen1818

teener1894

post-pubescent1904

teenager1913

tweenie1919

teeny1940

tweenager1949

jean-ager1959

skin1969

1969 Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier 4 Sept. 15/6 ‘It's all the rage with the Skins now,’ said a 14 year old boy who admitted stealing leather [from a Wolverhampton bus seat].

1978 R. Westall Devil on Road iv. 26 Those Midland sods must be crazy... I shouted the rudest things you can shout at skins.

1981 Times 22 July 11/3 ‘There's good and bad skinheads,’ is as far as he will go... The picture is complicated: there are black skins, and there are non-violent skins... Certainly, many of the skins are thugs.

1998 R. Newman Manners 23 The bouncers said ‘Shut the doors’, and some skins were trapped between the two doors and they were just slaughtered.

IV. Other uses.

24. U.S. [Perhaps in allusion to the citrus peel used in such drinks.] A type of cocktail. Usually with modifying word indicating the spirit used. Now rare.Recorded earliest in whisky-skin (cf. whisky-skin n. at whisky n.¹ Compounds 2).

ΚΠ

1846 Yankee Doodle 19 Dec. 262/2 Letheon..is generally taking place of vulgar brandy smashers and hot whisky skins at the bars of the upper range of drink-cellars.

1853 A. Marjoribanks Trav. in S. & N. Amer. xxii. 398 Brandy skin consists of brandy, sugar, and lemon skins.

1902 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang VI. i. 227/1 Skin,..punch made in the glass: as a whiskey-skin, a rum-skin, &c.

1919 H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. 85 The origin of..skin, shrub and smash..is quite unknown.

25. U.S. (chiefly in African-American usage). A card game in which players are each dealt a single card and then bet on that card not being the first to be matched in value by another dealt from the pack; = Georgia skin n. at Georgia n. 3. Perhaps cf. senses 4b, 6.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > games of chance played with cards > [noun] > others

banker1874

wappie1902

Georgia skin1911

skin1923

skin game1935

1923 Portsmouth (Ohio) Daily Times 18 June 9/4 (headline) Gamblers playing ‘skin’ when caught by police.

1935 Z. N. Hurston Mules & Men i. iii. 72 Ah played skin wid de Devil for mah life.

1978 R. Moore & S. Levine Big Paddle (1979) i. 15 Larsen loves skin. He'll go all over looking for a skin game.

2001 R. Alexander To ascend into Shining World Again ix. 75 The guys were always playing Skin and that was a game that I refuse to play. In my opinion, winning was based on luck or cheating.

26. North American. Golf. A sum of money offered as a wager or prize to the winner of a given hole, which in case of there being no outright winner may accrue to the following hole. Cf. skins game n. (a) at Compounds 5.

ΚΠ

1928 Amer. Golfer May 25/1 Every habitual foursome that starts out Sunday morning to play for the lunch, the drinks, dollar nassau, and cumulative skins on the side, has its own peculiar rules.

1942 Washington Post 16 Aug. 5/6 If one golfer has a four and the others are over four, the four-shooter wins the skin.

1970 Los Angeles Sentinel 3 Sept. b4/1 It was funny but no one dared laugh because $50 worth of skins were riding on the hole.

2007 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 20 June s3 [He] won a single skin and $15,000 on the third hole on Monday.

Phrases

P1. In metonymic uses denoting a person's life, identity, etc.

a. In miscellaneous uses concerning a person's identity, character, or behaviour, esp. to be in (also get into) someone's skin. Cf. to get under a person's skin at Phrases 12b.

ΚΠ

1372 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 88 I wolde ben clad in cristis skyn, Þat ran so longe on blode.

1573 C. Hollyband French Schoole-maister in M. St. C. Byrne Elizabethan Home (1949) 23 I would not be in thy skinne for twentie crownes of golde.

?1608 S. Lennard tr. P. Charron Of Wisdome ii. ii. 252 We must discerne the skinne from the shirt.

1665 R. South Serm. preached before Court 38 If Mens Religion lies no deeper then their skin.

1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 46 Why, where should she be? You must needs know; she's in her Skin.

1790 F. Burney Diary Feb. (1842) V. 93 I shall pity those men when the book comes out!—I would not be in their skins!

1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) (at cited word) ‘To be in another's skin,’ to be in his place or situation.

a1850 D. G. Rossetti Dante & Circle (1874) i. 221 Him who sticks so in his skin.

a1850 D. G. Rossetti Dante & Circle (1874) i. 224 Messer Angiolieri's slipped his skin.

1886 G. B. Shaw How to become Musical Critic (1960) 115 The one [sc. actor] gets into the skin of one character: the other only puts on the clothes of twelve.

1916 J. R. Towse Sixty Years of Theater xxiii. 361 In the church scene, Miss Rehan won her audience by a fine display of honest womanly indignation, but she never really ‘got into the skin’ of Beatrice.

1963 Listener 28 Mar. 564/2 Those who enjoy the fun of getting inside someone else's skin.

2003 Time 19 May 31/2 The Democrats..will need a candidate who is easy in his skin, who sounds different from other politicians.

b. In phrases denoting change in identity, nature, or beliefs. Now rare.In quot. 1579 echoing Persius Satires 5. 116 pelliculam veterem retines, which Cooper ( Thesaurus (1565)) renders ‘thou art the olde man still: thou hast still thine olde skinne’.

ΚΠ

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Jer. xiii. 23 Defoulid ben þi foot soles if chaunge mai an etheope his skyn [L. pellem suam].

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 379 (MED) Þe Blewman chaungeþ nouȝt liȝtliche his skyn.

1534 G. Joye tr. Jeremy Prophete xiii. f. xxv^v For euen as the Morin may change his skinne & the Leoparde his spottes, so maye you once accustomed & stayned with synne do good.

?1537 in tr. Erasmus Declamatio Med. sig. A.viii Man doth floryshe and waxe a yonge man agayne by castyng a way (as it were) his olde skynne.

1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 133/1 We shall be alwayes in part lead away with our old skin, and there will be great remnants of the old man in vs.

1632 P. Massinger & N. Field Fatall Dowry ii. sig. E They skip into my Lords cast skins some twice a yeere.

1740 H. Walpole Ep. from Florence in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems (1763) III. 80 While The Priest some blessed nothings mutters o'er, He seems at once to shed his mortal skin, Sucks in the sacred grease at ev'ry pore: And feels Divinity transfus'd within.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 133. ⁋3 I was punished with artificial excoriations in hopes of gaining new graces with a new skin.

1828 E. Bulwer-Lytton Pelham I. xxxiv. 309 That great epoch, when vanity casts off its first skin.

1856 H. Mayhew Great World London 39 The wealth in which the merchants of Rag Fair deal..is merely the offal of the well-to-do—the skins sloughed by gentility.

1902 Parl. Deb. Austral. 1901–2 8 19369/2 I was a free-trader once..but the moment I inquired into the question of how best to utilize the resources of a new country, I had to cast off the old skin of the Manchester school.

c. In phrases concerning a person's life and safety, esp. to save one's (own) skin: to protect oneself from injury, punishment, or some other unwanted fate; spec. to save one's own life.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > preserve from injury or destruction [verb (intransitive)] > preserve oneself from injury or harm

to save one's (own) skin1642

to save one's bacon1654

to save one's soul1688

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Job ii. 4 Sathan answeride, and seide, a man schal ȝyue skyn for skyn [L. pellem pro pelle], and alle thingis that he hath for his lijf.

1569 W. Wager Longer thou Liuest sig. B.iv^v Neither mockes nor gaudes shall your skinne saue.

1642 D. Rogers Naaman Table Æquivocating with our conscience..for the saving of our owne skin, is abominable.

1692 R. L'Estrange Fables liv. 54 Dangerous Civilities.., wherein 'tis a Hard Matter for a Man to Save, both his Skin, and his Credit.

1721 J. Strype Eccl. Memorials III. xviii. 146 Some..joined in Insurrections and Mutinies; others of a more easy or timorous Spirit, complied with the Queen out of Flattery, or to save their Skins.

1786 R. Burns Poems 38 Till skelp—a shot—they're aff, a' throw'ther, To save their skin.

1890 W. Stebbing Peterborough viii. 155 A poltroon who was ever considering how to save his skin.

1898 A. Conan Doyle Trag. Korosko v He was taken prisoner..and had to turn Dervish to save his skin.

1926 H. Crane Let. 1 Nov. (1965) 276 The terrific heat and bugs, etc., nearly killed me. But I've managed to come through, at least with my skin.

1965 J. Porter Dover Two xiv. 185 Anything to save his own skin, the yellow-bellied rat!

1989 V. Glendinning Grown-ups ii. 26 Preferring to let someone be murdered rather than get involved and risk their own skins.

2002 S. Holmes B-More Careful xii. 138 He started talking... He knew he'd never see the streets again if he didn't, so he was saving his own skin.

P2. to the skin.

a. To the extent of leaving no clothing on the body; to the point of nakedness. Also figurative. Now somewhat archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adverb]

naked as a worm?a1366

nakedlyc1425

to the skin?1518

in one's (pure) naturals1579

in puris naturalibus1581

unclothedlya1626

puris naturalibus1626

with nothing on1678

uncoveredly1683

in the buff1803

Adamically1860

in the (also one's) altogether1894

in the raw1941

in the nuddy1953

c1390 W. Hilton Expos. Qui habitat & Bonum Est (1954) 56 And he is laft as naked & as pore as a mon [perh. read mon robbed] of al þe gode þat he had to þe bare skynne.

?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. C.iii They clyp vs, they poll vs, they py vs to the skyn.

1581 J. Derricke Image Irelande ii. sig. Eiv^v An other sorte thei spoile, euen naked to the skin: And leaue hym nothyng for to wrappe, his naked bodie in.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 749 The Sauages..giuing all to their naked skinne..for the trifles he gaue them.

a1639 W. Whately Prototypes (1640) ii. xxxiv. 181 The Egyptians would rather sell themselves to the skinne, yea sell themselves and all, then they would..take corne by force.

a1640 P. Massinger & J. Fletcher Very Woman v. v. 35 in P. Massinger 3 New Playes (1655) We were boarded, pillag'd to the skin, and after Twice sold for slaves.

1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle I. xi. 81 He was stripped to the skin with the utmost expedition by order of his affrighted parent.

1767 W. Harte Amaranth 137 Proud of the wit, and heedless of the sin, They strip, and sell the christian to the skin.

1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. at Tirr Tir one to the skin, i.e. strip him naked.

1851 W. C. Spooner Youatt's On Struct. & Dis. Horse (new ed.) xxi. 411 As well may a man with a great coat on attempt to run a race with another stripped almost to the skin.

1877 J. Cook Biology viii. 162 Capital in our great municipalities is fleeced now to the skin.

1928 D. Barnes Ryder xli. 232 I am all charity an [sic] the supplicant be truly tattered to the skin.

a1979 H. Boswell Town House, Country House (1990) ii. 20 ‘It was a good thing Mr O'Neill was here to distract him,’ she said, ‘for he was set on stripping down to the skin.’

b. Through all one's garments; (hence) thoroughly, completely. Chiefly in wet (also soaked, etc.) to the skin.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > completeness > completely [phrase] > thoroughly > from beginning to end or through and through

to the boneOE

through and throughc1225

out and outc1300

from top to tail1303

out and inc1390

(from) head to heel (also heels)c1400

(from) head to foot (also feet)c1425

from top to (into, unto) toec1425

to the skin1526

to one's (also the) finger (also fingers') ends1530

from first to last1536

up and down1542

whole out1562

to the pith1587

to the back1594

from A to (also until) Z1612

from clew to earing1627

from top to bottom1666

back and edge1673

all hollow1762

(all) to pieces1788

from A to Za1821

to one's (also the) fingertips1825

to one's fingernails1851

from tip to toe1853

down to the ground1859

to the backbone1864

right the way1867

pur sang1893

from the ground up1895

in and out1895

from soda (card) to hock1902

1526 C. Mery Talys sig. Fi^v Well washyd & wett to the skyn.

1582 W. Allen Briefe Hist. Glorious Martyrdom sig. C1 After these iiij had bene searched vnto their skinnes, and nothing found vpon them.

1589 J. Lyly Pappe with Hatchet sig. A2^v We care not for a Scottish mist, though it wet vs to the skin.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xi. 7 This tempestious storme Inuades vs to the skin .

1681 Heraclitus Ridens 15 Nov. 2/1 ‘Udds Bobblekens,’ quoth he, ‘I were wet to the skin.’

1749 J. Hervey Medit. & Contempl. (ed. 5) II. 263 The Ploughman, soaked to the skin, leaves his half-tilled Acre.

1749 L. Pilkington Mem. (new ed.) II. 201 It snowed violently, insomuch that I, who had only a Chintz gown on, was wet to the Skin.

1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret i. 12 I don't believe..that they were ever wet to the skin in their lives.

1822 J. Galt Steam-boat 258 An even-doun thunder-plump came on, that..drookit the Doctor to the skin.

c1885 A. W. Pinero in M. R. Booth Eng. Plays of 19th Cent. (1973) IV. 338 I'm wet to the skin and frightfully hungry!

1905 Westm. Gaz. 8 July 2/2 Arriving in an Irish ‘misting’, drenched to the skin.

1931 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 41 422 Philosopheress to the skin, she is all things to all men.

1943 M. McLaverty White Mare & Other Stories 63 Coming home he was wet to the skin, but there was great joy in his heart for he felt now there'd be rain to-morrow.

2000 K. Atkinson Emotionally Weird (2001) 23 Maybe that's true, but it doesn't stop the cold rain from soaking us to the skin or the gales blowing in our hair.

P3. In phrases denoting severe or unfair treatment, or summary punishment, as to pull the skin over a person's ears and variants, to have (also take) the skin off a person's back, etc.

ΚΠ

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 2897 (MED) Out of his skyn he was beflain Al quyk.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) G. §4. l. 1273 The deuel, out of his skyn Hym terve, I pray to god, for his falshede.

?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 73 (MED) Tyrauntis..taken here skyn fro þe bak.

c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) ii. l. 126 Ȝe..plucked and pulled hem anon to þe skynnes.

c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) ii. l. 32 (MED) Þey plucked þe plomayle from þe pore skynnes.

1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 3rd Serm. sig. Hviii She can brynge the Iudges skyne ouer hys eares.

1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 3rd Serm. sig. Hviii^v He wyl for wyddowes sakes..plucke the Iudges skyne ouer theyr heades.

1621 T. W. tr. S. Goulart Wise Vieillard 55 Many..who in regard of their age,..being esteemed as dead men, haue made young men to tremble and quake, who earst purposed to plucke their skin ouer their eares.

1671 M. D'Assigny tr. P. Gautruche Poet. Hist. ii. v. 159 Apollo was the Victor, therefore he hang'd Marsyas upon a Tree, and pull'd his skin over his ears.

1717 C. Gildon tr. Heliodorus Adventures Theagenes & Chariclia II. viii. 105 Know otherwise, that I have ordered you to be laid in Chains, and brought hither in their Room, and that I shall pull your Skin over your Ears.

1799 W. Scott tr. J. W. von Goethe Goetz of Berlichingen i. 6 If we durst but once drub their masters so, who drag the skin over our ears!

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby viii. 70 ‘Let any boy speak a word without leave,’ said Mr. Squeers, mildly, ‘and I'll take the skin off his back.’

1852 W. G. Simms As Good as Comedy iv. 56 Jake, my boy, I've come here to-day to strip the skin off you altogether.

1919 G. B. Shaw O'Flaherty V.C. in Heartbreak House, Great Catherine, & Playlets of War 185 My mother would have taken the skin off my back if I'd ever let on to have any other king than Parnell.

1953 E. Simon Past Masters iii. 205 A lesser man woold [sic] have had the skin off for that.

2006 T. Field Squat ix. 188 He would take the skin off your back if he could.

P4. In proverbial phrases relating to the hunting and trading of animal skins.

†a. Denoting the extent or limits of one's obligations. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1450 MS Douce 52 in Festschrift zum XII. Neuphilologentage (1906) 50 (MED) I kepe no more but the skyn of the catt.

1555 J. Heywood Two Hundred Epigrammes with Thyrde sig. B.vi We can haue no more of the fox but the skyn: And the foxe thynkth that, to much for vs to wyn.

1570 in Hist. MSS. Comm.: Cal. MSS Marquis of Salisbury (1883) I. 489 in Parl. Papers (C. 3777) XXXVI. 1 You can have no more of the cat but the skin.

1582 T. Watson Poems (Arb.) 96 Besides his Skinne, the Fox hath nought to pay.

1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (Rom. iv. 6) Every Fox must pay his own skin to the flaier.

1657 A. B. tr. J. Buxtorf Jewish Synagogue i. 12 Every Fox should give his own skin to the Currier to be pulled off, and to suffer his own hairs to be plucked out at his pleasure.

b. Denoting premature action or overconfident anticipation of success. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1567 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1900) II. 392 Theye coulde not marchaundyze for the beares skynne before they had hym.

1577 tr. ‘F. de L'Isle’ Legendarie sig. Eviij Selling the beares skinne which yet they had not taken.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iv. iii. 94 The man that once did sell the Lions skin, While the beast liued, was kild with hunting him.

a1690 J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 436 We must not dispose of the Bears Skin till the Bear be Dead.

1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi II. v. iii. 231 Are ye dividing the skin while the lion lives.

1858 D. Costello Millionaire of Mincing Lane xvii. 146 That reckoning which sells the skin of the bear before the beast is captured.

1899 Westm. Gaz. 30 Nov. 5/2 I do not like to divide the skin before we have caught the bear.

1984 K. M. Setton Papacy & Levant IV. xxiv. 1066/2 As far as that went, however, Rambouillet agreed with a number of other informed persons that it was a matter of dividing the skin before they had caught the bear.

P5.

a. to be skin and bone (also bones): to be very thin or emaciated. to skin and bone (also bones): to the point of emaciation or complete despair. Also as a n. (also skin-and-boner): a very thin or emaciated person or animal (rare). Also occasionally skin-and-bony adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > slim shape or physique > [adjective] > thin

leanc1000

thinc1000

swonga1300

meagrea1398

empty?c1400

(as) thin (also lean, rank) as a rakec1405

macilent?a1425

rawc1425

gauntc1440

to be skin and bone (also bones)c1450

leany?a1475

swampc1480

scarrya1500

pinched1514

extenuate1528

lean-fleshed1535

carrion-lean1542

spare1548

lank1553

carrion1565

brawn-fallen1578

raw-bone1590

scraggeda1591

thin-bellied1591

rake-lean1593

bare-boned1594

forlorn1594

Lented1594

lean-looked1597

shotten herring1598

spiny1598

starved1598

thin-belly1598

raw-boned1600

larbar1603

meagry?1603

fleshless1605

scraggy1611

ballow1612

lank-leana1616

skinnya1616

hagged1616

scraggling1616

carrion-like1620

extenuated1620

thin-gutted1620

haggard1630

scrannel1638

leanisha1645

skeletontal1651

overlean1657

emaciated1665

slank1668

lathy1672

emaciate1676

nithered1691

emacerated1704

lean-looking1713

scranky1735

squinny-gut(s)1742

mauger1756

squinny1784

angular1789

etiolated1791

as thin (also lean) as a rail1795

wiry1808

slink1817

scranny1820

famine-hollowed1822

sharp featured1824

reedy1830

scrawny1833

stringy1833

lean-ribbeda1845

skeletony1852

famine-pinched1856

shelly1866

flesh-fallen1876

thinnish1884

all horn and hide1890

unfurnished1893

bone-thin1899

underweight1899

asthenic1925

skin-and-bony1935

skinny-malinky1940

skeletal1952

pencil-neck1960

c1450 in F. J. Furnivall Hymns to Virgin & Christ (1867) 73 (MED) Ful of fleissche Y was to fele, Now..Me is lefte But skyn & boon.

a1456 J. Lydgate Bycorne & Chychevache (Trin. Cambr. R.3.20) 84 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 436 I am but skyn and boon.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward V f. xvi^v In..whose reigne she dyed, when she had nothyng but a reueled skynne and bone.

1555 J. Heywood Two Hundred Epigrammes with Thyrde sig. A.vi^v Yet art thou skyn and bone.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 251 My self being nothing but skin and bone, as one that languished in a Consumption.

a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 10 She Languished and pinde away to skinne and bone.

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VII. liii. 201 Her features are so regular..that were she only skin and bone, she must be a beauty.

1792 W. Borrow in M. F. G.-B. Giner & M. Montgomery Knaresborough Workhouse Daybk. (2003) 187 She nothing but skin and bone and a boundance of Lumber.

1823 Blackwood's Mag. July 66 Steeds of various degrees, high-mettled racer, or hunter, Bit of blood, skin-and-boner, pad, hack, mule, jackass, or donkey.

1827 tr. Narr. Captivity de Brisson in tr. Perils & Captivity 224 We arrived, extenuated and reduced to skin and bone.

1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood xxii. 176 The breast, which is the only delicate cuts in a duck, always goes in a direction which I cannot imagine where, and your own plate comes down so miserably skin-and-bony!

1888 ‘W. Châteauclair’ Young Seigneur 73 ‘Heh, heh, heh!’ cried an old skin-and-bones.

1906 Daily Chron. 26 Nov. 4/7 What's wearing me to skin and bone? My neighbour's grinding gramophone.

1935 C. Day Lewis Time to Dance & Other Poems 61 You silly great fulminating bogeyman! You're nothing but a laugh and a daft skin-and-bony man.

1955 G. Greene Loser takes All i. vii. 43 The horse was all skin and bone and I had forgotten that the road was uphill.

1988 S. Deshpande That Long Silence ii. 68 Look at your arms—just skin and bone.

1998 Courier-Jrnl. (Louisville, Kentucky) 15 June a4/2 Their faces and limbs shrink to skin and bones.

2006 Racing Post (Nexis) 2 June 20 He was in a dreadful state. He was pretty much skin and bones.

b. skin and grief: emaciated; weak and starving. Frequently attributive. Also as n.: an emaciated or starving person (rare).

ΚΠ

1779 J. Warner in J. H. Jesse G. Selwyn & his Contemp. (1844) IV. 30 Such a number of pinch-bellied, woebegone, skin-and-grief, lanthorn-jawed, soup-maigre subjects.

?1837 E. Stirling Pickwick Club iii. vi. 50 What's your name, young skin and grief?

1856 E. L. C. Follen Old Garret II. 79 Perhaps it is your fault that poor Scrimp is nothing but skin and grief.

1887 T. Hardy Woodlanders I. xii. 226 He was almost well, but is much worse again; a man all skin and grief he ever were.

a1903 H. Latham in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1903) IV. 121/1 [Yorkshire] Ay, poor little minnit, he's all skin an' grief.

1912 D. H. Lawrence Let. 24 Dec. (1962) I. 172 They want me to have form: that means, they want me to have their pernicious ossiferous skin-and-grief form, and I won't.

1912 P. C. Wren Dew & Mildew xxv. 420 We had a chap at school called ‘Skin-and-Grief’.

1983 R. Brown Voy. of Iceberg 110 Their weight is down to fifty pounds and a pup that's all skin and grief is no use to anyone.

P6. in (also with) a whole skin: unwounded, uninjured. Frequently in †to sleep in a whole skin, to keep a whole skin: to escape unscathed, to remain uninjured. Now somewhat archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > be in state of health [verb (intransitive)] > remain uninjured

to sleep in a whole skin1534

the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > free from injury

unwoundedOE

wholeOE

unwemmedc1175

hailc1275

wemlessc1330

sound as a trouta1450

unmaimeda1470

unmaggled1508

unmenyied?a1513

in (also with) a whole skin1534

woundless1579

unmartyred1580

wound-free1609

invulnered1613

fist-free1615

invulneratea1680

unmangled1885

1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 170 I am a conquerour yf I may depart or escape with a hole skynne [L. latere tecto abscedere].

1543 T. Becon Invect. against Swearing Pref. f. iii^v It is good sleapyng in an whole skynne.

1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. M3^v The foole is crafty inough to sleepe in a whole skin.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxxii. xxi. 823 b To enter into no armes at all, to sit still and sleepe in a hole skin.

c1643 N. Boteler Dialogues (1929) (modernized text) 38 They propound it to themselves as the safer course to receive their pay in a whole skin.

1644 S. Rutherford Serm. House of Commons 47 Some sell Religion to be free from plundering, others to keep a whole skin, and to go to heaven, as they imagine without losse of bloud.

1694 L. Echard tr. Plautus Epidicus iv. viii, in tr. Plautus Comedies 110 Begon in a moment, as you hope to sleep in a whole skin.

1704 J. Pitts True Acct. Mohammetans ii. 12 The Algerines are a very timerous sort of People, willing to sleep in a whole Skin.

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa V. xxi. 193 Honest Hickman may now sleep in a whole skin.

1813 R. Southey March to Moscow x, in Poet. Wks. (1838) VI. 221 He was besides in a very great fright, For a whole skin he liked to be in.

1878 C. H. Spurgeon Metrop. Tabernacle Pulpit XXIII. 563 Others think the Gospel is true: Erasmus feels sure that it is, but Erasmus wants to die in a whole skin.

1897 W. E. Norris Marietta's Marriage xliii We'll assume..that your anxiety to keep a whole skin justified you in taking to your heels.

1904 E. Glasgow Deliverance v. vi. 499 If that young rascal wants to keep a whole skin he'd better stay off this place.

1932 R. Macaulay They were Defeated i. xii. 92 He gets through with it with a whole skin.

2005 L. A. Lawson Gorgon's Mask 11 The child Thomas feared that he would not get out of his predicament with a whole skin.

P7. by (also with) the skin of one's teeth: by a very narrow margin, barely, only just. Also occasionally with ellipsis of the preposition. [After biblical Hebrew bĕʿōr šinnāi (Job 19:20), lit. ‘with the skin of my teeth’, thus in quot. 1560 a literalism of translation, which its use in the King James Bible helped to make proverbial in English. However, the sense of the passage in Job is uncertain and disputed, as is the grammatical analysis and meaning of the Hebrew verb form immediately preceding the noun phrase; many recent commentators doubt that the Hebrew text offers any support for the notion of a ‘narrow escape’. The Vulgate and Septuagint render the passage differently (Vulgate: et derelicta sunt tantummodo labia circa dentes meos ‘only my lips are left around my teeth’; Septuagint: τὰ δὲ ὁστᾶ μου ἑν ὁδοῦσιν ἔχεται ‘my bones are held in my teeth’), the Septuagint apparently following an emendation of the Hebrew text. Compare the Wycliffite Bible, following the text of the Vulgate:

▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Job xix. 20 Oneli þe lippis ben laft aboute my teeþ.

]

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > [phrase] > with difficulty

of (also by, with) hardc1330

with needa1500

by (also with) the skin of one's teeth1560

1560 Bible (Geneva) Job xix. 20 I haue escaped with the skinne of my tethe.

1647 Earl of Clarendon Contempl. Psalms in Tracts (1727) 510 He reckoned himself only escaped with the skin of his teeth, that he had nothing left.

1774 E. Allen Brief Narr. Proc. Govt. New-York 72 They left their Possessions and Farms to the Conquerers, and escaped with the Skin of their Teeth.

1816 J. Marsden Narr. Mission Nova Scotia Pref. 8 Having escaped by the skin of my teeth, I may be allowed to look back upon the dangers I have passed and with the voice of salutary warning point them out to others.

1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan I. 109 Skin o' my teeth, I guess, if it hadn't been for Watty boy.

1893 Nation 9 Feb. 99/2 His eldest son was implicated in the robbery.., and came off by the skin of his teeth.

1941 J. R. R. Tolkien Let. 6–8 Mar. (1995) 52 I ought to have got a good scholarship, I only landed by the skin of my teeth an exhibition of £60 at Exeter.

1955 Times 16 May 12/2 On each occasion France escaped with the skin of their teeth.

2002 C. Slaughter Before Knife (2003) viii. 133 I made it here only by the skin of my teeth, I'm telling you.

P8.

a. to jump (also leap) out of one's skin.

(a) To feel extreme delight or excitement; to be full of joy or high spirits. Also occasionally to be out of one's skin. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > excitement > be or become excited [verb (intransitive)] > leap or skip with excitement

dancec1400

to jump (also leap) out of one's skin1567

1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. xxi. f. 154 Master Philippo, was so well pleased, as he was like to leape out of his skin for ioy.

1584 B. R. tr. Herodotus Famous Hyst. i. f. 38 Hymselfe as one ready to leape out of hys skynne for joy,..declared [etc.].

c1616 R. C. Times' Whistle (1871) vii. 2976 The marchant, if his gaines doe safe come in, Is with ioy ready to leape out on's skinne.

1668 H. More Divine Dialogues (1713) iii. xxxvi. 283 How transported are my Spirits, that I am ready even to skip out of my skin for Joy!

1706 S. Centlivre Love at Venture v. 59 I, I, I am so over-joy'd, I shall jump out of my skin.

1733 H. Fielding Miser (London ed.) v. i. 69 I am ready to leap out of my Skin for Joy.

1808 G. Colman Blue Devils i. i. 22 'Twould make me jump out of my skin, for joy.

1857 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. June 656/1 Any other child in the village would have leapt out of her skin to have her face upon my sketch-book.

1860 A. Trollope Castle Richmond III. xiii. 246 So is we all ould frinds, an we're all glad—out of our skins wid gladness.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. 710 An admirer he signed it I near jumped out of my skin.

(b) To start violently with surprise or alarm. Frequently with almost, nearly, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > surprise, unexpectedness > happen or move unexpectedly [verb (intransitive)] > act with surprise

abash?c1400

startc1405

startle1576

to raise one's eyebrow(s) (or an eyebrow)1849

to jump (also leap) out of one's skin1860

gloppen-

1860 ‘M. Harland’ Nemesis xxx. 431 There came sech a knock at the door that I a'most jumped out of my skin.

1915 Condor 17 7 It was so unexpected and so discordant that I nearly jumped out of my skin (figuratively speaking), entertaining the feelings of a pedestrian who hears a shrieking auto siren at his back.

1942 T. Kitching Diary 25 Jan. in Life & Death in Changi (1998) iii. 23 Says he, ‘1875? Yes, I was living in this house then.’ I nearly jumped out of my skin. ‘What! In 1875?’

1981 ‘J. Gash’ Lovejoy: Vatican Rip (1986) viii. 71 A pebble dislodging somewhere practically made me leap out of my skin.

2001 C. Glazebrook Madolescents 74 I nearly jump out of my skin when the phone rings.

b. out of one's skin: to the point of exhaustion; (in later use usually more generally) to an excessive or exceptional degree; exceptionally.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [phrase] > with excessive exertion

out of one's skin1578

1578 A. Golding tr. Seneca Conc. Benefyting iii. xix. f. 36^v He lackyeth after him when he iourneyeth, he tendeth him in his sicknesse, he tooyleth himself out of his skin [L. labore summo colit] too doo him ease.

1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. D3 The Souldiour may fight himselfe out of his skinne.

1605 S. Rowlands Hell's broke Loose sig. C When Phisicke comes in Gold, and Siluer's kinde, To thinke on this, what's hee, that would not craue it, And fight himselfe out of his skin to haue it?

1621 T. Taylor Parable of Sower & Seed 178 Yet are they not content, but repine and vexe themselues,..yea, and toyle themselues out of their skinnes.

1693 S. R. tr. A. Baillet Life M. Des Cartes vi. 195 M. Sorbiere..sought out other Subjects to plague and quite weary Monsieur Des Cartes out of his Skin.

1866 A. Trollope Belton Estate I. vii. 162 Why should he be made..to drive the poor beast out of its skin?

1891 N. Gould Double Event xv. 101 The horse..looked in splendid condition, ‘fit to jump out of his skin’, to use a racing term.

1978 Daily Mirror 18 Oct. 32/1 Barnes played out of his skin against Blackpool recently.

1989 Taxi Globe 15 Nov. 3/5 We were all worried out of our skins.

2006 FIFA Mag. Oct. 28/1 Hislop played out of his skin to keep his team in the game against a superior side.

c. to fly out of one's skin: to lose one's composure or self-control, esp. because of anger, fear, or frustration; spec. = Phrases 8a(b).

ΚΠ

1591 (?a1425) Three Kings (Huntington) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mill Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. 162 (MED) He would goe wood..and flye out of his skynne.

1722 S. Croxall tr. Æsop Fables lxix. 122 You, who are so stout and formidable at all other times, if you do but hear the cry of the Hounds, are ready to fly out of your Skin for fear.

1840 Knickerbocker Mar. 227 Do go and leave me, or I shall fly out of my skin.

1851 S. G. Goodrich Robert Merry's Museum 16 When the king beheld the false princess, he almost flew out of his skin with disappointment and anger.

1912 Amer. Mag. Apr. 759/2 At the end of a week, he'll be simply gasping for some golf, or tennis, or croquet even. Oh, he'll be ready to fly out of his skin.

1997 K. Eagle Night Remembers (1998) 259 All it took to send her flying out of her skin was a knock on the door.

†P9. as the skin between one's brows and variants: (used adverbially as an intensifier of an adjective) completely, utterly, absolutely. Obsolete.Chiefly in as honest as the skin between one's brows, in later use usually with allusion to Shakespeare (see quot. 1600¹).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > extremely > specific emphasizing a quality

as the skin between one's brows1575

as clean, clear, dry as a whistle1786

1575 W. Stevenson Gammer Gurtons Nedle v. ii. sig. Ei^v I am as true, I wold thou knew, as skin bet wene thy browes.

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iii. v. 12 An old man sir, and his wittes are not so blunt, as God helpe I would desire they were, but infaith honest, as the skin between his browes .

1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor ii. i. sig. Eiv Punt. Is he magnanimous? Gent. As the skin betweene your browes sir.

1631 B. Jonson Bartholmew Fayre iv. v. 64 in Wks. II Tou [sic] shalt be as honesht as the skinne betweene his hornsh.

a1643 W. Cartwright Ordinary (1651) v. iv. 83 I am as honest as the skin that is Between thy Brows?

1737 J. Miller Universal Passion iv. ii. 51 He's an old Man, Sir, and his Wits are not quite so ready as 'twere to be wish'd; but in troth he's as honest as the Skin between his Brows.

1783 G. Colman tr. Horace Art Poetry 32 As honest as the skin between his brows!

1861 D. Costello Holidays with Hobgoblins 95 He was good-natured to a fault, and honest as the skin between his brows.

P10. skin and birn: see burn n.³ 2b.

P11. colloquial. in a bad skin: in a bad mood or temper. Also in a good skin: in a good mood. Now chiefly English regional and historical.

ΚΠ

1788 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue (ed. 2) at Skin In a bad skin, out of temper, in an ill humour.

a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) 137 Good-mind, Good-skin... They both express good humour. Ex...‘he is in a bad skin to-day’.

1863 C. G. Rowe Fisherman's Niece iii. 33 ‘You don't seem in a good skin, brother, tonight,’ said Jenny's aunt.

1911 B. Swift Old Dance Master xvi. 258 If it ain't stilton, if it ain't fit to put a feller in a good skin, and if I don't love 'er as 'ard as a 'ammer, I'll be shot!

1929 F. Manning Middle Parts of Fortune I. vii. 152 I have been in a bad skin ever since we left Sand-pits.

1957 H. Hall Parish's Dict. Sussex Dial. (new ed.) 121/2 He's in a bad skin s'morning, 'e's got out o' bed the wrong side.

2003 M. Jennings Let Loose Dogs xxxii. 208 I was still in a bad skin. What I said didn't mean anything.

P12.

a. to get under the skin of: to reach or display a deep understanding of. Cf. to get into someone's skin at Phrases 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > sharpness, shrewdness, insight > achieve understanding [phrase]

to see, etc. through (also into) a (brick, mud, stone) wall1598

to read someone like an open book1827

there are no flies on1848

to get under the skin of1862

to get or have (someone or something) taped1914

1862 Bentley's Misc. 52 22 I have been invited to all sorts of houses, I have seen all sorts of people, I have tried to get under the skin of all classes of intelligences.

1927 H. Crane Let. 12 Sept. (1965) 307 I think I really succeed in getting under the skin of this glorious and dying animal [sc. the Indian].

1942 A. Christie Five Little Pigs i. iv. 32 I think you are interested in—character, shall we say?.. To get under the skin, as it were, of your criminal.

1959 M. Summerton Small Wilderness i. 11 He got under the skin of the rôle and lived it... He was given a small part in the spring production.

1999 Empire Nov. 34/5 A psychiatrist gets under the skin of a long lost primatologist who has ‘gone native’.

2004 HMV Choice Mar. 30/2 Amazing Grace, Ave Maria and Santa Lucia serve to demonstrate his ability to get under the skin of a sacred tune and raise the hairs on the back of your neck.

b. to get under a person's skin: to annoy or irritate someone intensely; (also) to fill someone's mind in a compelling or persistent way.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > anger > irritation > irritate [verb (transitive)]

gremec893

grillc897

teenOE

mispay?c1225

agrillec1275

oftenec1275

tarya1300

tarc1300

atenec1320

enchafec1374

to-tarc1384

stingc1386

chafe?a1400

pokec1400

irec1420

ertc1440

rehete1447

nettlec1450

bog1546

tickle1548

touch1581

urge1593

aggravate1598

irritate1598

dishumour1600

to wind up1602

to pick at ——1603

outhumour1607

vex1625

bloody1633

efferate1653

rankle1659

spleen1689

splenetize1700

rile1724

roil1742

to put out1796

to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823

roughen1837

acerbate1845

to stroke against the hair, the wrong way (of the hair)1846

nag1849

to rub (a person, etc.) up the wrong way1859

frump1862

rattle1865

to set up any one's bristles1873

urticate1873

needle1874

draw1876

to rough up1877

to stick pins into1879

to get on ——1880

to make (someone) tiredc1883

razoo1890

to get under a person's skin1896

to get a person's goat1905

to be on at1907

to get a person's nanny1909

cag1919

to get a person's nanny-goat1928

cagmag1932

peeve1934

tick-off1934

to get on a person's tits1945

to piss off1946

bug1947

to get up a person's nose1951

tee1955

bum1970

tick1975

1896 G. Ade Artie vi. 54 Say, Miller, if I was to beat his whole face off I could n't ketch even. He got way under the skin on me.

1927 H. T. Lowe-Porter tr. T. Mann Magic Mountain (London ed.) I. v. 300 What's the matter? Has anything got under your skin?

1933 F. Baldwin Innocent Bystander (1935) vii. 132 That pleased her, she had got under his skin, he had at least admitted something.

1938 E. Bowen Death of Heart i. viii. 143 ‘That is why she annoys me so.’ ‘You once said she'd been very kind.’ ‘Indeed she has—that's her way of getting under my skin.’

1948 L. A. G. Strong Trevannion xvi. 297 ‘Aren't you perhaps afraid the inadequacy may be on your side?’.. ‘Damn you, Walter. You do get under a man's skin.’

1972 D. Delman Sudden Death iii. 58 Do I bug you, Mr Mathews? Do I get under your skin?

1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds xvii. 455 I can keep you, because I'll never let you get under my skin.

1993 Q Jan. 61/1 The songs are quite structured and the melodies are not big melodies but they get under the skin.

2000 J. Harris Blackberry Wine (2001) xxxii. 166 He argued constantly with his mother..—everything got under his skin that year.

P13. under the skin (also skins): in reality; according to the true rather the apparent nature of something. Originally in sisters under the skin.The phrase sisters under the skin derives from Kipling (see quot. 1896); Kipling's passage was widely quoted in the form ‘sisters under the skin’ in the early 20th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > in reality

in substancea1393

indeed1412

in realitya1513

in nature1605

solidly1625

under the skin (also skins)1896

1896 R. Kipling Seven Seas 193 For the Colonel's lady an' Judy O'Grady Are sisters under their skins!

1903 C. M. Gayley Representative Eng. Comedies I. 430 If he appears more ready than Alexander was to yield his victim, it is only because a keeper's daughter and a princess are ‘sisters under the skin’.

1925 Amer. Mercury Oct. 215/1 That diplomacy and force have always been brothers under the skins is a truism that most writers upon the former will not admit.

1946 A. Christie Hollow iii. 31 They were the same, sisters under the skin, Mrs. Pearstock from Tottenham and Mrs. Forrester of Park Lane.

1949 A. Wilson Wrong Set 57 Like called to like. The Colonel's lady and Lily O'Grady were both ‘lumpen’ under the skin.

1975 D. Francis High Stakes xi. 160 Merchant bankers are pirates under the skin.

1990 N.Y. Woman Oct. 74/1 My gayness doesn't assure me closeness to women—we're not, ipso facto, sisters under the skin.

1996 I. Q. Hunter in P. J. Davies Representing & Imagining Amer. xi. 118 Wired for killing, all men are psychopaths under the skin.

P14.

(a) colloquial. no skin off a person's nose: used to indicate that one is not offended or adversely affected by something.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > indifference > [phrase] > a matter of indifference to one

all the same1803

no skin off a person's nose1911

1911 M. Glass Abe & Mawruss iv. 130 ‘Of course, Max,’ Abe added,..‘it ain't no skin off my nose.’

1926 S. Lewis Mantrap viii. 95 If you think..that it's any skin off my nose to lose the pleasures of your company..you got another think coming.

1960 D. Lytton Goddam White Man v. 113 But it was no skin off my nose that she was dead.

2005 N. Hornby Long Way Down 30 I'll go down there tonight if you want. Before I kill myself. I don't mind. No skin off my nose.

(b) no skin off a person's ass (also back, bugle, ear): = no skin off a person's nose at Phrases 14a(a). Also no skin off (a person).

ΚΠ

1920 S. Lewis Main St. xxv. 312 Go to it. No skin off my ear, Nat. Think I want to be fifth wheel in the coach?

1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. 420/1 It ain't no skin off of Hymie's bugle.

1934 J. O'Hara Appointment in Samarra vi. 158 Okay. No skin off my ass.

1938 D. Baker Young Man with Horn i. iv. 41 It was no skin off Jeff what colour his old lady painted the piano.

1971 B. Malamud Tenants 35 Make it like eight [o'clock] or around that if it's no skin off you. If I miss a day don't fret on it.

1972 R. Milner in W. King Black Short Story Anthol. 378 Then Clyde said it was no skin off his ass.

1982 New Yorker 2 Jan. 25/1 I expected that much of him. It wouldn't have been any skin off his back.

b. here's to the skin off your nose and variants: used as a toast. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > drinking salutations [interjection] > in drinking healths

have towardsc1400

here's to1597

skol1600

tope1651

hob or nob1756

slainte1824

here's hoping, how, looking (at you), luck1888

santé1903

prosit1916

here's to the skin off your nose1925

(here's) mud in your eye1927

lechayim1932

1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 260 Here's to the skin off your nose: Your good health!

1936 P. G. Wodehouse Young Men in Spats ii. 42 ‘Well, skin off your nose,’ said Pongo. ‘Fluff in your latchkey,’ said Barmy.

1959 D. Eden Sleeping Bride ix. 85 Philip handed her a drink and she added, ‘Here's the skin off your nose.’

P15. in one's skin: unclothed, naked. Also in skins: without shirts (cf. sense 22).

ΚΠ

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xviii. [Penelope] 714 I in my skin hopping around.

1956 H. Gold Man who was not with It xvi. 142 I asked her to bring her swimming clothes..because we were not to swim in our skins today.

1976 Western Mail (Cardiff) 27 Nov. The great day dawned, Wales v Africa, Wales in skins and Jack Sharkey's and S. Africa in white (skins meant no jerseys).

1991 S. S. Tepper Beauty xxii. 248 The little fool was going to let her clothes vanish and stand there in her skin, begging him to take her.

1998 Independent (Nexis) 10 July 31 Shirt-pulling and holding have become such standard defensive procedure players seem shocked when they are penalised... If it were not for the loss of income from the sales of replica shirts, teams might even consider playing in ‘skins’.

P16.

skin and blister n. [rhyming slang] British slang one's sister.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > sibling > sister > [noun]

sistereOE

sis1596

tittiea1628

sissy1757

skin and blister1925

1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 260 Skin and blister, sister. (Rhyming slang.)

1935 ‘G. Ingram’ Cockney Cavalcade x. 170 I saw your skin and blister last night.

1959 W. Hall Long & Short & Tall ii. 89 I've got a little skin and blister back in Blighty. Twelve years old.

1987 P. Booth Sisters v. 46 Hey, that's my skin and blister, Pete—as we say in London.

P17. slang (originally and chiefly in African-American usage). to give someone some skin and variants: to shake or slap hands together as a gesture of friendship or solidarity. Frequently in imperative use, as gimme some skin (also elliptically as skin). Also occasionally as a noun phrase denoting the action.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > on friendly terms [phrase] > asking for gesture of friendship or solidarity

gimme some skin1940

the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > symbol of friendship > skin of palm as making contact in friendship

skin1940

the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > be friendly [verb (intransitive)] > join hands in token of amity > slap or shake hands in gesture of friendship

to give someone some skin1967

1940 N.Y. Amsterdam News 6 July 20/1 ‘Well, Jack, lay it on me! Gimme some skin.’ (Shakes hands with pal.)

1942 Z. N. Hurston in Amer. Mercury July 86 ‘Gimme some skin!’ ‘Lay de skin on me, pal!’ Sweet Back grabbed Jelly's outstretched hand and shook hard.

1944 D. Burley Orig. Handbk. Harlem Jive 85 The act of ‘Gimme-some-skin’ involves some theatricals, an intricate sense of timing, plenty of gestures.

1967 Harper's Mag. Nov. 62/2 Once—when I came in on the break behind him at precisely the right point—Pops gave me some skin. He reached out his dark old hand..and I turned my hand, palm up... Pops lightly brushed my open palm in a half-slap, the jive set's seal of approval.

1968 N. Cruz & J. Buckingham Run Baby Run iv. 38 Then he grinned and stuck out his hand. ‘Slip me some skin, Nicky. Me, I'm Carlos. President of the Mau Maus.’

1974 H. L. Foster Ribbin', Jivin', & Playin' Dozens iv. 119 The viewer of TV sporting events will often observe black athletes, and whites too now, giving skin after a home run, a touchdown, or at the start of a basketball game.

2000 P. Beatty Tuff vii. 93 ‘Hey, it's hard dating a sister. Give me some skin on that one’, said Spencer, thrusting his palm toward Winston.

2003 V. O. Carter Such Sweet Thunder 318 ‘If you got the dime, I sure got the time!’ ‘Skin man!’ ‘I'm comin', mistah—can't you see how hard I'm breathin'?’

P18. colloquial (originally North American Business). to have (one's) skin in the game and variants: to have a stake in the success of something, esp. to have a financial or personal investment in a business; to be closely involved in something.It is not clear whether the metaphor underlying this phrase is to do with putting oneself at risk (cf. the metonymic uses of skin at Phrases 1c), or with risking one's money (cf. sense 6); both have been suggested.

ΚΠ

1976 Infosystems Mar. 8/1 I suggest that the various groups of participants should consider that they do not have any skin in the game.

1986 Wall St. Jrnl. 7 Apr. 27/5 Others..don't have their skin in the game the way the marketing rep does.

1995 CIO 1 Feb. 30/3 I'm trying to negotiate an agreement to get the supplier's skin in the game.

1996 Observer 11 Aug. (Business section) 4/2 We want to make a step change in our clients' business—and we're willing to risk our own capital to do it... We're transforming the business by having skin in the game.

2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 23 Jan. ii. 29/4 We'll pay for the commission, but we want the orchestra to have some skin in the game.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

a. In sense 1b, with the sense ‘made, or consisting, of skin’, as skin bag, skin boat, skin-bottle, skin canoe, skin-cover, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [adjective] > made of

skinc1503

hided1807

rawhide1812

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > vessels of primitive construction > [noun] > boat made with hides

skin boat1804

bull-boat1837

society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > bag > [noun] > skin

bladder?c1225

bulgec1230

bouge1387

budget1432

bulgetc1550

paidle1568

catskin1599

budge1606

petaca1648

taureau1794

buffalo-bag1856

mochila1856

parfleche1867

skin bag1910

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxxx^v/2 Long skyne threde & Iukyll at viij d.

1562 T. Sternhold et al. Whole Bk. Psalmes cxix. 313 As a skin bottell in the smoke, so am I partcht and dryed.

1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 73^v If..our costly skinne-cases, could keepe vs from consuming to dust.

1625 S. Purchas tr. G. Balbi in Pilgrimes (new ed.) II. x. v. 1723 To water their fields they vse abundance of skin-bottles.

1647 J. Trapp Comm. Evangelists & Acts (Luke i. 59) A skin-bottle hanging in the smoke of filthy desires.

1743 J. Isham Observ. Hudsons Bay (1949) 88 These Natives has no wodden or fine brick houses,..Living all in skin tents.

1762 Ann. Reg. 1761 128 This plate is to be moved round,..rubbing it with a small skin cushion.

1804 W. Clark Jrnl. 21 July in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1986) II. 403 The Indians pass this river in Skin Boats which is flat and will not turn over.

1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi (1810) ii. 155 We..nearly compleated the frame of a skin Canoe.

1871 W. Morris in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 246 Skin shoes tied about the ankle with neat thongs.

1895 W. C. Scully Kafir Stories 123 He carried a small skin wallet slung to his waist.

1910 W. de la Mare Three Mulla-mulgars xxviii. 237 Having cut one of their skin-bags to pieces.

1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Fellowship of Ring ii. ix. 408 They drew the skin-covers over their boats.

1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings i. i. 17 These hunters, fishermen, and food-gatherers from the south..developed the skin-boat.

1992 M. Ondaatje Eng. Patient ix. 249 Water in a skin bag he had filled from the ain hung from his shoulder and sloshed like a placenta.

b. In sense 8a, with the sense ‘of or relating to the skin’, as skin colour, skin condition, skin disease, skin rash, skin tint, skin wound, etc.

ΚΠ

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 349 Betwixt the fleshy membrane and the skinne runne certaine vessels called Skin-veines.

1676 A. Marvell Mr. Smirke sig. B4 'Tis a pitiful giddy..Insect, ingendered..in every Marish, can but run a pore thorow and give a skinne-wound.

1725 H. Sloane Voy. Islands II. 61 It cures presently the Skin Diseases, as Scabs, Leprosies, Ring-worms, &c.

1799 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1956) I. 530 I have..suffered much anxiety lest poor Eliza or Mrs S. should have been colonized by these damn'd invisible Skin-moles.

1845 S. Dickson Princ. Chrono-thermal Syst. Med. (ed. 4) iii. 39/1 The Cutaneous, or Skin-Tissue, performs the part of an outward envelope to all.

1876 Obstetrical Jrnl. Oct. 452 The boy has not scratched himself, nor has he appeared to suffer much from the skin condition.

1883 Lancet 7 Apr. 585/1 We find a long latent period followed by characteristic symptoms—skin rashes with pyrexia, and deposits in distant organs.

1896 Peterson's Mag. 6 231/2 The skin-tints are less clear and warm than the same painter's ‘Bubbles’.

1930 E. Pound Draft of XXX Cantos xv. 66 Skin-flakes, repetitions, erosions.

1972 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 27 May 18/2 The idea of discrimination based on skin color is beyond their comprehension.

1990 Health Guardian Nov. 14/2 (advt.) Skin problems such as eczema, dry, itchy skin or sores can be very upsetting.

2005 Aspire Apr. 51/4 This hydrating body cream sleekens skin-texture so it looks and feels more toned.

C2. Objective.

a. Forming adjectives, as skin-breaking, skin-clipping, skin-fitting, skin-piercing, skin-plastering, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [adjective] > that fits in specific way > close-fitting

straita1387

justc1440

sitting1440

close1488

well-fitted1590

close-bodied1677

succinct1714

tightish1775

tight1784

full-fashioned1812

skintight1838

snug1838

fully-fashioned1844

tight-fitting1846

close-fitting1870

slim1884

skin-fitting1915

skinny1915

slinky1921

tight-ass1969

1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 78 Those skin-playstring Painters.

1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 20 The curtaild skinclipping pagans.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Ratoire,..a skinne-breaking oyntment.

1785 W. Cowper Task v. 141 Arrowy sleet, Skin-piercing volley, blossom-bruising hail.

1891 M. M. Dowie Girl in Karpathians 244 I listened open-eyed to the herd's bear statistics, literally skin-clamming as these were.

1915 D. H. Lawrence Rainbow iv. 91 She wore an elegant, skin-fitting coat.

1962 H. C. Weston Sight, Light & Work (ed. 2) v. 156 The amount of erythemal (skin-reddening or ‘sun-burning’) ultra-violet radiation.

1980 J. Wainwright Dominoes vii. 167 She wore pyjamas—thin, skin-hugging pyjamas.

2007 Canad. Gardening Summer 25/1 (advt.) Ginger, selected for its skin-relaxing qualities, counteracts the microcontractions responsible for wrinkles.

b. Forming nouns of action, as skin-cutting, skin-dressing, etc.

ΚΠ

1806 M. Lewis Jrnl. 10 Aug. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1993) VIII. 154 It clouded up and began to rain which puting a stop to the opperation of skindressing we had nothing further to detain us.

1829 W. Scott Anne of Geierstein III. iv. 93 The other three are picked men, who will not fear their skin-cutting.

1860 C. Tomlinson Useful Arts & Manuf. 2nd Ser. Leather 25 When they are in the state of pelt, they are split... This is effected by means of a..machine called the ‘skin-splitting machine’.

1911 C. R. L. Fletcher & R. Kipling School Hist. Eng. 12 Even the women laid aside their everlasting skin-stitching.

1982 O. Untracht Jewelry Concepts & Technol. iv. 67/1 Skin rolling is rolling a thin-gauge, annealed sheet cold with an absolute minimum of dimensional decrease to give the surface as smoother, brighter, harder skin.

2005 G. Blunt Blackfly Season viii. 57 In any case, he was clean these days; just a little skin-popping now and again.

c. Forming agent nouns, as skin-dealer, skin-dresser, skin-hunter, etc. Cf. skin pricker n. at Compounds 5.

ΚΠ

1734 S.-Carolina Gaz. 23 Nov. 4/2 To be Sold A Negro man named Moon, by trade a Skin-packer (and Screws) likewise a very good Chaise and a parcel of Cedar-Posts.

1795 Philadelphia Directory 10 High, or Market-Street. 126 William Richards,..Skindresser.

1817 Times 16 Oct. 3/4 The skin-dealer admitted that the skins were placed as the complainant described.

1890 Daily News 9 Sept. 7/1 A brother..who carried on business as a furrier and skin-dresser.

1893 Scribner's Mag. June 794/1 Wholesale slaughter by skin-hunters has nearly destroyed the Platypus in some districts.

1942 R. E. Taylor No Royal Road iii. 20 He was the eldest son of Benedetto, a shoemaker and skin dresser.

1968 Times 25 Sept. 12/7 The Nile crocodile is in danger of extinction from the depredation of skin-hunters and continual disturbance by tourists during the breeding season.

2004 Portland (Maine) Press Herald (Nexis) 22 Feb. g1 Once beaver pelts are selected for the coat with the help of a Bethel skin dealer, the skins will be sent to a tannery in Canada for about a month.

C3. Adverbial, as skin-built, skin-clad, skin-covered, skin-spread, etc., adjs.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [adjective] > covered with

skin-covered1897

1684 J. Harington Grecian Story ii. 105 Skin clad, fierce Roaring Boys.

1763 E. Thompson Temple of Venus i. 6 To Sweden, Norway, and the frozen Isles, Nay skin clad Lapland, felt the genial smiles.

1823 J. Baillie in Coll. of Poems 260 Whilst travellers from their skin-spread couches rise.

1846 H. G. Robinson Odes of Horace ii. vi Galesus' tide, Sweet to the skin-clad flocks.

1883 Boats of World 27 Two examples of skin-built canoes.

1897 W. B. Yeats Secret Rose 1 A large house with skin-covered wattles for the assembly.

1919 Mariner's Mirror 5 131 A bidarrah is..a large skin-covered boat, propelled by oars, or used with sails before the wind.

1932 E. A. Powell Undiscovered Europe vii. 187 The Lithuanians were wearing woven garments..when the rest of Europe was inhabited by skin-clad barbarians.

1973 Art Internat. Mar. 76/2 The carnal claim sings for the spirit's skin-contained glory.

2004 Smithsonian Nov. 96/1 Inupiat hunters still build large skin-covered canoes, or umiaks , which enable them to catch seals, walrus and other sea mammals.

C4. Similative, esp. skin-thin adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > thickness > thinness > [adjective] > very thin

fine-drawn1840

waferish1866

tissuey1867

wafery1880

wafer-thina1911

paper-thin1929

micro-thin1945

skin-thin1946

1904 A. H. Buck & T. L. Stedman Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 221/2 The color ranges from skin-pink to a dirty grayish-black.

1927 E. V. Gordon Introd. Old Norse 224 Many historic persons were said to be ‘skin-strong’.

1936 L. B. Lyon Bright Feather Fading 56 That thin, far air may well be skin-frail.

1946 W. de la Mare Traveller 12 Their skin-thin gills.

1966 P. Scott Jewel in Crown iv. 171 The tough little shell of skin-thin masculinity that used to harden the outward appearance of the British military wives.

1998 J. Dupleix Favourite Food 10 Something like a large, flat, failure of a spring roll, a brik is a Tunisian pastry, traditionally made from skin-thin sheets of warkha pastry.

C5.

skin-beater n. slang (originally Jazz) a drummer.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musician > instrumentalist > percussion player > [noun] > drummer

drumslade1513

swash-man1533

drum?1535

drumsler1541

drummer1574

drumster1581

swasher1600

drum man1645

drum boy1758

stick1909

skin-beater1936

1936 Amer. Mercury 38 p. x/2 Skin beater, the drummer man.

1946 M. Mezzrow & B. Wolfe Really Blues ii. ix. 174 King Jazz was moving in, heading up his whole army of horn-tooters and skin-beaters.

1953 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 13 Sept. 33/3 Red, the reefer-smitten skin beater.

2005 Independent (Nexis) 2 Mar. 14 He is surprisingly eloquent for a skin-beater.

skin beetle n. originally U.S. a beetle of the either of the families Dermestidae and Trogidae, the members of which feed on carrion, dry animal skins, and other organic material.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Lamellicornia Scarabaeoidea > family Scarabaeidae > member of subfamily Trogidae

skin beetle1842

sand-beetle1854

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Diversicornia > family Dermestidae > dermestes lardarius (larder beetle)

bacon beetle1832

skin beetle1842

larder beetle1895

1842 T. W. Harris Treat. Insects New Eng. 11 Skin-beetles.., bone-beetles..act the useful part of scavengers.

1933 Victoria (Texas) Daily Advocate 24 Jan. 2/5 It is known as the ‘larder’ or ‘skin beetle’ and has a voracious appetite... Left to itself it will eat everything in sight.

1998 C. Mims When we Die (1999) v. 122 After the flies and their maggots come an assortment of beetles including skin beetles (Dermestes).

skin bone n. = dermal bone n. at dermal adj. Additions.

ΚΠ

1859 Proc. Royal Soc. 1857–9 9 667 Amongst the group of fishes in question, there are some which have beautiful dentine in their skin-bones.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1304 The quaint armadillo..stands alone among living mammals in having a strong encasement of skin-bones (dermal scutes).

1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia VII. 333/2 Protection from abrasion and predation is another function of the fish skin, and dermal (skin) bone arose early in fish evolution.

skin-bound n. and adj. (a) n. = sclerema n. (now historical); (b) adj. (esp. of a book) bound in skin (cf. hidebound adj.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > skin > textures or states of skin > [adjective] > tight

hidebound1599

skin-bound1784

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [adjective] > other diseases or conditions

redeOE

impetiginous1650

discrete1684

skin-bound1784

rupial1834

erythematous1842

rupitic1863

sprayed1869

copaibal1874

papulosquamous1877

keloidal1888

papuloerythematous1899

pyodermic1899

toxidermic1899

maculopapular1902

cheloidal1908

pitting1926

poikilodermatous1936

erythemal1940

porokeratotic1943

Sézary1953

rhabditic1964

erythematic-

1784 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children Contents p. vii Skin-bound.

1789 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children (rev. ed.) I. 173 Skin-bound. In the preceding edition, this disorder was considered only in a transient way..because I had then neither seen, nor heard enough of the disease to enable me to offer to the public any very distinct account of it.

1803 T. Beddoes Hygëia III. ix. 136 Except in a very close room, I feel as if skin~bound for days together.

1851 D. Craigie Elements Gen. & Pathol. Anat. (new ed.) 44 Scleroma of Chaussier,..Skin-bound of Chaussier and Burns.

1914 E. R. Burroughs At Earth's Core xi. 107 On the bench beside the flasks lay the skin-bound book.

2004 W. E. Hill Lewis & Clark Trail Yesterday & Today v. 83 There are a number of bound journal books, skin bound journals and separate sheets and pages.

2006 S. B. Mallory & R. Colven in J. Harper et al. Textbk. Pediatric Dermatol. (ed. 2) I. 66/1 The classic description [of sclerematous skin in the neonate]..was attributed to Underwood in 1784 because of his use of the term ‘skin-bound’.

skin bracer n. originally U.S. (a proprietary name for) aftershave lotion.

ΚΠ

1916 Marion (Ohio) Star 21 Mar. 16/3 Mennen skin bracer cool and refreshing for after-shave use.

1995 M. Amis Information (1996) 359 Like the Wesleyan district nurse who has her first drink at the age of forty and wakes up five days—or five years—later in a puddle of hair tonic and skin-bracer.

skin cancer n. cancer arising from or situated in the skin, (in later use) esp. squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > cancer > types of

soft cancer1804

soot-wart?1810

melanosis1826

mastoid cancer1846

skin cancer1847

cancroid1854

epithelioma1872

soot-cancer1878

scirrhus1881

chimney-sweep's cancer1888

peau d'orange1896

pigskin1898

medullary carcinoma1926

1847 J. F. South tr. J. M. Chelius Syst. Surg. II. ii. 785 Cancer of the breast not unfrequently is developed as skin cancer.

1869 Lancet 1 May 601/1 In skin cancers and lupus its value seems equally striking.

1956 Time 9 Jan. 61/2 The rarity of skin cancer among non-whites..is thought to be caused by a ‘true racial difference in susceptibility’.

2005 Prima Aug. 116/3 Some of these skin patches are Bowen's disease (a non-invasive form of squamous cell skin cancer that normally affects much older people); others are basal cell carcinomas, the most common type of skin cancer.

skin-changer n. [after classical Latin versipellis shape-shifter, werewolf (see versipellous adj.)] a creature who is supposedly able to metamorphose into another form.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > [noun] > cause of transformation > of shape

metamorphoser1576

skin-changer1869

shape-shifter1887

1869 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 319 In the second place, we find that a were-wolf was commonly called a ‘skin-changer’ (versipellis).

1927 E. V. Gordon Introd. Old Norse 224 Berserks were probably named ‘bear-shirts’ from a superstition that they were ‘skin-changers’.

1937 J. R. R. Tolkien Hobbit vi. 121 He is a skin-changer. He changes his skin: sometimes he is a huge black bear, sometimes he is a great strong black-haired man with huge arms and a great beard.

2002 Sunday Advocate (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) (Nexis) 27 Oct. (Mag.) 13 Whatever their origin, the stories of ‘skin-changers’ are told across south Louisiana. People who can transform themselves into wolves go out and prowl the bayous after dark.

skin conduction n. (a) conduction of an electric current by the outer layer of a conductor; cf. skin effect n. (now historical); (b) Physiology the conduction of heat or electricity by or through the skin of a person or animal; (also) the electrical conductance of the skin; frequently attributive.

ΚΠ

1893 O. Heaviside Electromagnetic Theory II. Pref. p. iii My old predictions relating to skin conduction.

1945 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 89 206/2 Under cold conditions the body attempts to dehydrate its dermal tissues in order to reduce the actual skin conduction.

1966 Science 11 Feb. 708/3 To avoid electrical skin-conduction effects, no test was administered when a worm was on the air-water interface.

1995 I. Yavetz From Obscurity to Enigma iv. 202 Maxwell did not associate these changes in resistance and inductance with the explicit notion of skin conduction.

2007 Jrnl. Communication Disorders 40 399 Dietrich and Roaman..failed to find a relationship between speech-related anxiety and skin conduction responses in adults who stutter.

skin cream n. a creamy cosmetic used to care for the skin, esp. of the face; chiefly as a mass noun.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > unguents or moisturizers

oil of talc1582

slick1626

cold cream1709

cream1765

amandin1861

face cream1889

skin food1892

skin cream1894

orange-flower skin food1908

violet cream1912

day cream1915

vanishing cream1916

night cream1926

orange skin food1926

baby oil1930

hormone cream1938

moisture cream1957

moisturizer1957

mousse1971

1894 Semi-Weekly Democrat (Olean, N.Y.) 16 Oct. 6/1 They will purchase skin creams and rub their faces diligently night after night, with varying results.

1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 537/1 Violet oatmeal skin cream.

1979 P. Ferris Talk to me about Eng. iii. 133 I appear to be missing a pot of special vitamin skin-cream.

1996 S. Lavery et al. Hamlyn Encycl. Complementary Health 290/2 Common sensitizers include nickel found in jewellery,..leathers or preservatives in some skin creams.

2005 Metro 5 July (London ed.) 17/2 Where are they in your bathroom? Deodorant, shampoo, skin cream, make-up and suntan lotion.

skin current n. (a) Physiology an electric current in the skin of an animal or person; (b) a current carried by the outer layer of an electrical conductor; cf. skin effect n.

ΚΠ

1852 Lancet 3 July 12/1 Notwithstanding the interference of skin currents..effects were produced which were most remarkable.

1892 J. T. Sprague Electricity (ed. 3) vi. 258 This will obviously result in..a mere skin current preceding the formation of true current.

1940 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 19 755 The superiority of tin electrodes did not appear to be due to the fact that they gave a smaller skin current than the others, but rather to this current being much more constant than with the other metals.

2000 Materials Sci. & Engin. A. 287 187/2 Skin current on crystals of semiconductors may promote crystal growth.

skin depth n. [compare sense 12e] the distance from the surface of a conductor at which an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency is attenuated by a factor of 1/e (e = 2·718…).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrically induced magnetism > [noun] > measure of

flux of force1863

skin depth1935

1935 Proc. Physical Soc. 47 917 If the two skin-depths are almost equal, no magnetization will be produced when the tension and magnetic field are balanced in the above manner.

1998 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 83 6804 Many problems in computational magnetics involve computation of fields which decay within a skin depth δ.

2002 R. Schmitt Electromagnetics Explained ix. 183 At a depth of five skin depths, the signal diminishes to about 0·7% of its surface value.

skin-dried adj. (a) †that has a markedly dry skin (obsolete); (b) Founding that has been subjected to skin-drying.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [adjective] > type of mould surface

skin-dried1908

1804 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry I. iv. 209 He is such a skin-dried philosopher, that an author would make as little out of him, as a fly would out of a weatherbeaten bone.

1831 J. Banim Smuggler I. xi. 87 Whatever disease had caused his emaciated and skin-dried appearance.

a1860 H. Crafts Bondwoman's Narr. (2002) vi. 80 She was a little old woman, withered and skin-dried and having altogether the most singular appearance.

1908 B. Stoughton Metall. Iron & Steel ix. 245 Skin-dried Molds.—The inside surface of green-sand molds is occasionally dried by painting or spraying it with some inflammable liquid, such as gasolene.

2005 R. K. Rajput Comprehensive Workshop Pract. (new ed.) ii. 90 The sand moulds with a dry sand facing and a green sand backing are called skin-dried moulds... They are more commonly used for large moulds.

skin-drying n. and adj. (a) n. Founding drying of the surface of a greensand mould before casting; (b) adj. that dries a person's skin.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > founding or casting > drying surface of mould

skin-drying1888

1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 324 Skin drying effects the removal of a portion of the moisture and diminishes the risk of a blown or a scabbed casting.

1927 in W. G. Kendrew Climates of Continents (ed. 2) 281 On the coast they are hot and are skin-drying, lip-cracking, unpleasant visitants.

1954 J. E. Garside in A. J. Murphy Non-Ferrous Foundry Metall. v. 171 Pouring should be completed as soon as possible after skin-drying owing to the fact that the moisture from the backing sand slowly penetrates towards the skin-dried mould face.

2007 Condé Nast Traveller May 45/2 Sodium lauryl sulphate (the skin-drying foaming factor in most soaps).

skin-eater n. a moth or beetle which infests and destroys prepared skins or furs; any organism that feeds on skin.

ΚΠ

1854 Trans. Amer. Inst. N.-Y. 1853 480 in Docs. Assembly State N.-Y. (77th Session, Doc. No. 150) V The second insect I found..is the Cryptophagus... Linnæus and Fabricius have formerly placed it among the Dermites (skin-eaters).

1901 Good Words Mar. 171/2 The skin-eaters (Dermestes) are beetles that bore into the toughest skins.

1999 National Wildlife Mag. Apr.–May 66/2 Ectoparasites [of birds] come in two forms: blood eaters that live on the skin itself, and skin eaters that reside in the tiny spaces between feathers.

skin effect n. [compare sense 12e] the tendency of a high-frequency electric current to flow through the outer layers only of a conductor, resulting in an increase in effective resistance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > resistance > [noun]

resistance1746

R1842

water resistance1859

resistivity1885

skin effect1890

high-frequency resistance1892

leak1896

negative resistance1896

photoresistance1925

piezoresistance1954

piezoresistivity1958

1890 Proc. Physical Soc. 11 56 This would give 72 amperes, and the ‘skin’ effect would absorb a great deal of power.

1965 Wireless World Aug. 401/1 The h.f. resistance is increased partly by skin effect, and more significantly by eddy currents induced in the lossy magnet system.

2000 J. McFall tr. K. Wille Physics Particle Accelerators iv. 151 The current density and hence the field distribution in the copper sheet are determined by the skin effect.

skin faro n. U.S. (now historical) a skin game (skin game n. 1a) of faro.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > games of chance played with cards > [noun] > faro > varieties of

snap1845

skin faro1871

stuss1894

1871 N.Y. Times 28 Apr. 4/5 Why is he dependent on the precarious chances of ‘skin’ faro for his noble livelihood?

1882 J. D. McCabe New York xxxix. 545 Skin-faro..offers no chance whatever to the player.

2003 M. Walsh And All Saints vi. 47 There was different versions of faro, like skin faro, short faro and rolling faro, but east of the Bowery the one most people played was stuss.

† skin-finish n. Obsolete a style of chasing in bronze imitating the texture of the skin.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > artistic work in metal > [noun] > chasing > specific style

skin-finish1878

1878 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. & Art 26 305 This mode of chasing, called..in English ‘skin-finish’, is..only found on work of the best class.

skin flap n. Surgery a piece of skin and subcutaneous tissue partially detached from its site of origin but retaining a vascular pedicle which allows it to survive while being moved (often in stages) to another site.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > transplanting and grafting operations > [noun] > a transplant or graft > of skin

flap1813

skin flap1841

skin graft1871

1841 Medico-chirurg. Trans. 24 163 In these cases the skin flaps healed with unusual rapidity; and the stumps were neat and well covered.

1915 Ann. Surg. 62 678 If the base of the skin flap is not too small the tissues will be well nourished with blood, and there is no danger of sloughing or of marginal skin necrosis.

1997 R. Porter Greatest Benefit to Mankind viii. 190 In his rhinoplastic procedure, a skin flap was partially detached from the flesh of the upper arm, and allowed to establish itself as a viable tissue.

skin-flick n. slang a pornographic film.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > a film > type of film > [noun] > pornographic film

stag movie1960

pornie1965

skin-flick1965

stag film1968

porno1971

hard R1974

1965 Washington Post 12 May d10/5 The once little..Arena Stage..worked in a house off Ninth street that's reverted to a movie theater, now showing skin flicks.

1988 D. A. Richards Nights below Station Street (1989) xxvi. 200 Vye wanted everything done the way everyone else did it, including the stag party—where they showed four skin-flicks.

2002 V. Coren & C. Skelton Once more, with Feeling liii. 325 The internet was bringing porn into offices everywhere, and cable TV meant 24-hour skinflicks for anyone who wants them.

skin food n. a cosmetic intended to maintain or improve the condition of the skin; also as a mass noun; cf. orange skin food n. at orange n.¹ and adj.¹ Compounds 2d.

ΘΚΠ

oil of talc1582

slick1626

cold cream1709

cream1765

amandin1861

face cream1889

skin food1892

skin cream1894

orange-flower skin food1908

violet cream1912

day cream1915

vanishing cream1916

night cream1926

orange skin food1926

baby oil1930

hormone cream1938

moisture cream1957

moisturizer1957

mousse1971

1892 Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Evening Gaz. 24 Mar. 7/3 She gets her skin foods from New York, and the shelves of the diva's cosmetic bureau are filled with them.

1898 H. A. Browning Beauty Culture x. 221 The face..is smeared with skin-food.

1977 B. Pym Quartet in Autumn ix. 81 Turning her attention to the wash basin she noted..a jar of skinfood and a tube of Steradent tablets.

1992 D. Coupland Shampoo Planet xxxi. 143 Daisy and Murray are off to the supermarket downtown to hunt for fur coats and to shop for ‘skin food’ (whatever that is).

2002 S. Stacey & J. Fairley 21st Cent. Beauty Bible 96/1 But we suggest that in your quest for velvety, dewy, age-defying skin, you try and major on Nature's own skin foods.

skin friction n. Physics and Aeronautics the friction developed between a solid and a liquid or gas through which it is moving; esp. the friction between a ship and the water, and between an aircraft and the air.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > resistance > friction > specific

internal friction1797

surface friction1834

skin resistance1855

static friction1865

skin friction1869

stiction1946

1869 N. P. Burgh Pract. Treat. Mod. Screw-propulsion i. 3 To have the least ‘skin friction’ from the bow to the midship section, the form of the hull for that length should be determined by the depth of immersion, width of beam, and the length.

1907 F. W. Lanchester Aerodynamics vi. 220 In actual planes it is impossible to do away with thickness, so that in addition to skin friction there must be the possibility of a longitudinal pressure component due to the shape of the plane.

1990 T. Cunliffe Easy on Helm vi. 51 She will carry her way until the wind resistance of her flogging sails and her topsides, coupled with her skin friction dragging through the water, combine to snuff it out.

skin frictional adj. Physics and Aeronautics of the nature of skin friction, relating to skin friction.

ΚΠ

1907 F. W. Lanchester Aerodynamics viii. 251 Resistance comprises..(2) Skin frictional = ξCρAV².

1986 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 313 70 In coelenterates, capture and adhesion is achieved through cnidae or mucous secretions. Forces that oppose adhesion include..skin frictional drag where the particle projects from the surface of the filtering element.

2006 Prog. in Org. Coatings 57 422/1 The drag of a ship that moves on the water consists of two major components, i.e., wave-making drag and skin frictional drag.

skin graft n. the transplantation of a piece of skin from one part of the body to another (or, rarely, to another individual) to cover a wound, burn, etc.; (also) the transplanted skin itself.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > transplanting and grafting operations > [noun] > a transplant or graft > of skin

flap1813

skin flap1841

skin graft1871

1871 Lancet 22 Apr. 535/1 On taking off the plaster the skin-grafts were found adhering.

1930 A. H. Davis Burns xxi. 195 Most surgeons..find that heteroplastic skin grafts are universally unsuccessful.

2004 New Yorker 8 Mar. 68/2 An instrument that Charlene called a ‘cheese grater’ had been run over the skin graft.

skin graft v. transitive to perform a skin graft upon (a wound, burn, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > transplanting and grafting operations > transplant or graft [verb (transitive)] > subject to skin-grafting

skin graft1893

1893 Lancet 25 Mar. 652/1 The raw surface which was left was skin grafted by Thiersch's method.

1982 A. F. Wallace Progress Plastic Surg. xv. 136 In 1870..George David Pollock..was the first to skin graft a burn, in an eight year old girl.

2007 Microsurgery 27 420 The donor site can be closed primarily or skin grafted.

skin-grafting n. the action of performing a skin graft; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > transplanting and grafting operations > [noun] > of skin

skin-grafting1870

1870 Lancet 27 Aug. 306/2 (heading) Skin-grafting.

1876 Clin. Soc. Trans. 9 30 During this period skin grafting was practised continuously.

1925 Amer. Mercury Aug. 457/1 A tissue of an individual can be grafted on another part of his own body; such transplants are widely used today by surgeons in skin grafting.

2001 N. Jones Rough Guide Trav. Health ii. 168 Significant ulceration requires radical surgical excision of the ulcer and skin grafting.

skin-heart n. Physiology rare (now disused) the blood vessels of the skin, regarded as a (supposed) source of pulsation in the circulatory system.

ΚΠ

1897 W. Hutchinson in Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 18 Nov. 513/1 We venture to claim that in the blood-vessels of the skin and underlying tissues we have in the higher vertebrates, just as everywhere in lower forms of life, a great ‘skin-heart’.

1907 Practitioner Apr. 516 Restoring the pulsations of the great skin-heart.

skin lady n. [after Japanese sukin redii < sukin skin, condom ( < English skin (compare sense 13b) + redii ( < English lady : see lady n.); compare office lady n. at office n. Compounds 3.] (in Japan) a woman who sells condoms from door to door; now chiefly historical.

ΚΠ

1975 Forbes 15 Oct. 68/3 Japanese companies employ so-called ‘skin’ saleswomen to sell condoms door-to-door.]

1983 S. Coleman Family Planning in Japanese Society 202 The three gross of condoms that the ‘skin lady’ had sold him.

2002 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 19 May 40 People needing contraception have traditionally relied on condoms, often sold door-to-door by saleswomen known as ‘skin ladies’.

skin lightener n. a cosmetic preparation that makes (or purports to make) skin paler or lighter, typically one designed for use by non-white people.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > other specific preparations

citrinade?a1439

tetanothrum1519

pencilry1620

petre1672

food1893

skin lightener1923

concealer1942

panstick1948

mattifier1996

1923 Chicago Defender 31 Mar. 8 (advt.) Beautiwhite..is valuable as a healing agent, besides its most important use as a skin lightener.

2002 N.Y. Times 15 June a4/3 To social critics on this continent, skin lighteners are merely another negative legacy of white colonialism.

skin-lightening adj. and n. (a) adj. that makes (or purports to make) skin paler or lighter; used esp. of a cosmetic product or treatment designed for use by non-white people; (b) n. the action or process of making skin lighter or paler.

ΚΠ

1928 Afro-American (Baltimore) 31 Mar. 15/5 Nadinola [bleaching cream] contains the most powerful skin-lightening properties known to beauty science, yet blended so carefully they cannot harm the tenderest skin.

1928 Photoplay Aug. (Advertising section) 111/2 Modern beauty science has perfected an utterly new way in skin lightening.

1974 Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin) 5 Dec. 15/2 An article written by four dermatologists at a hospital in Johannesburg..describes the skin-lightening creams as ‘cosmetic disasters’ and..blames them for inflicting permanent damage on thousands of Africans.

2017 L. Ajayi I'm judging You iv. 40 Skin lightening is a global issue, but I can only speak to my experience as a Nigerian. In Nigeria, bleaching is not uncommon... Folks refer to it as ‘toning’ to make themselves feel better.

skin lodge n. North American a tepee with a covering made of animal skins.

ΚΠ

1822 Port Folio Dec. 516 When pitched, the skin lodge is of a high conic form.

1903 Ann. Rep. Board Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1902 112 Dwelling group models... Skin lodges of the Great Plains Indians.

2002 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 28 June a1 Many [of the Nlaka'pamux people] still routinely moved into tipi-style skin lodges during the summer and fall hunting seasons.

skin mag n. slang (originally and chiefly North American) = skin magazine n.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > journalism > journal > periodical > [noun] > magazine > pornographic

skin magazine1943

skin mag1964

tits and bums1965

tit magazine1967

tit mag1970

wank mag1984

1964 City Lights Jrnl. No. 2. 158 As we pass by Orick grabs a skin mag clipped to the overhanging top of the stall and moves on scanning the beauties.

1992 City Limits 2 July 67/2 As parades of women in eye-poking bras wander past, children are warned that they risk ‘utter depravity’ by reading skin mags.

2000 J. M. Gray Gift for Little Master 81 The stack of tabloids and skin mags he brought to get through the hours of skull-sucking ennui.

skin magazine n. slang a pornographic magazine.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > journalism > journal > periodical > [noun] > magazine > pornographic

skin magazine1943

skin mag1964

tits and bums1965

tit magazine1967

tit mag1970

wank mag1984

1943 New Castle (Pa.) News 9 Mar. 9/4 It's not a question of what they read, mind you—everything from ‘skin magazines’ to the classics—but that they'll read anything that comes to hand.

1968 Rat 13–16 May 11/1 Two prophylactics and a skin magazine was found in President Kirk's drawer.

1996 S. King Desperation ii. v. 337 There was a skin magazine on the desk. Steve could read the title—Lesbo Sweethearts—upside down.

skinman n. now rare a dresser of or dealer in skins.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in skins or furs

leather-kersner1226

fellmonger1310

pelter1318

pelleter1332

peltier1389

peltmonger1565

furrier1575

pell-monger1676

north-wester1791

skinmana1821

pelterer1876

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific materials > worker with skins or hides > [noun]

pellipar1207

skinner1255

fellmonger1310

skinmana1821

a1821 C. Biddle Autobiogr. (1883) iv. 227 Skinmen, breechesmakers, and glovers.

1829 P. Egan Boxiana New Ser. II. 220 At a proper age, Jem turned out to earn an honest penny, and was apprenticed to a skyver, or skinman, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

1831 J. Hogg Songs 43 There's Cappie the cobbler, an' Tammie the tinman, An' Dickie the brewer, an' Peter the skinman.

1900 I. Savory Sportswoman in India vii. 227 Rolling up the skins up with the hair inwards, we sent them straight off on the back of a coolie to Srinagar to be roughly cured by our skin-man.

1968 H. McCracken Roughnecks & Gentlemen xvi. 163 Many of the trappers held part of their catch to dispose of at the higher prices paid by the cannery bosses when they came north in the spring, or the ‘skin men’ who traveled on the Dora.

skin mark n. (a) a mark made or occurring on the skin of a person or animal; †(b) (in Newcastle-upon-Tyne) a merchant's mark (obsolete).In sense (b) only as a historical term.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > marking > marking to identify > mark of identification > [noun] > mark identifying goods

merchant mark1540

merchant's mark1557

shop mark1592

skin mark1703

brand1728

chop1828

trademark1839

tally1851

scribing1859

trade name1890

word mark1902

TM1961

UPC1974

countermark-

1703 G. Garden tr. A. Bourignon Light risen in Darkness ii. i. 5 Not reflecting that all Mens Souls are Spirits, which have no need of outward Skin-marks, whereby it may be known when they belong to the Devil.

a1733 H. Bourne Hist. Newcastle (1736) 89 There are higher up this Isle..other Three Characters, which are the Merchants Skin-mark.

1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle I. 278 (note) Skin marks were not used instead of arms, but rather as distinct insignia appropriated to the profession of merchandise.

1881 ‘R. Bolderwood’ Austral. Grazier's Guide (1884) II. xx. 219 One other skin-mark only is used by cattle breeders.

1994 MTI Econews (Nexis) 26 Sept. Cholera is not obvious as it does not cause spots or other visible skin marks.

skin merchant n. (a) (slang) a military recruiting officer; (b) a trader in animal skins.

ΚΠ

1781 J. Burgoyne Lord of Manor iii. i. 67 I am..vulgarly call'd a recruiting dealer—or more vulgarly still, a skin merchant.

1822 J. Hogg Three Perils of Man III. xxix. 286 How are we to answer the skin-merchant?

1999 Leather (Nexis) Mar. 22 Low sheep and lambskin prices are here to stay for at least twelve months according to a consensus among skin merchants and exporters.

skin mesh n. Physiology rare (now disused) the network of blood vessels in the skin.

ΚΠ

1897 W. Hutchinson in Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 18 Nov. 513/2 Upon what would these cool baths..be most likely to act? Obviously, upon the great skin mesh.

1907 Practitioner Apr. 503 When the capillaries of the skin-mesh and the lung-mesh are distended, and greater quantities of blood are pumped through them, not only is heat escaping, but poisonous excretory matters.

skin moth n. any of several small moths of the family Tineidae whose larvae feed on skins, owl pellets, and other organic material; (now) spec. the common and widespread Monopis laevigella.

ΚΠ

1832 T. Brown Bk. Butterflies, Sphinxes, & Moths ii. 54 The Skin Moth (Tinea pellionella) is the dread of ladies in all parts of the world, who have too often occasion to deplore the frightful devastation they commit on the costly furs of muffs, tippets, and trimmings.

1881 Northern Microscopist 1 69 The Fur or Skin Moth (Tinea pellionella) is a little insect with silver-grey wings, marked with one or two spots.

2002 D. S. Hill Pests of Stored Foodstuffs xiv. 272 Monopsis laevigella [sic]..(Skin moth). Holarctic; on skins and foodstuffs of animal origin.

skin pack n. rare = face pack n. at face n. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1928 Daily Express 9 Nov. 5/3 There are many kinds of skin-packs, but perhaps the most useful is the almond oil pack for a skin that is inclined to dryness.

skin packaging n. a method of packaging in which a product is placed on a backing plate, typically of card, and a plastic film is heat-sealed over the whole.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > [noun] > processing > packing > specific

sacking1569

bagging1711

baling1762

woolpacking1875

blister packaging1954

vacuum packaging1954

skin packaging1957

crating1963

strip packaging1969

blister-packing1976

1957 Packaging Abstr. 14 299 ‘Skin’ and ‘blister’ packaging are defined with a description of the techniques used to form the acetate.

1962 A. L. Griff Plastics Extrusion Technol. vi. 122 In skin-packaging, the coated board can now be the base, while coated flexible film can be the skin.

1994 Packaging Today Oct. 51/2 Where medium or large runs are involved blister packaging is cheaper than skin packaging.

skin pass n. Metallurgy a final cold rolling that is given to heat-treated strip steel, effecting a small reduction in thickness and an increase in length, in order to improve surface and mechanical properties; (also) a unit for doing this.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > rolling

rolling1530

milling1613

hot rolling1853

cogging1878

roll-forming1922

skin pass1932

1932 U.S. Patent 1,873,659 1/2 The sheets while still wet, if desired, are given a skin pass in cold rolls.

1988 M. Reutter Making Steel (2004) xiv. 276 I left that job rather quickly and became a speed operator in the skin pass, running steel at around 1,200 feet a minute.

2000 A. Robinson & W. A. Livesey Repair of Vehicle Bodies (ed. 4) iv. 116/1 The annealed coil is decoiled and passed through a single-stand temper mill..where it is given a light skin pass, typically of 0.75–1.25 per cent extension.

skin patch n. (a) a small, well-circumscribed area of skin, esp. one used in patch testing for allergy (frequently attributive); (b) an adhesive patch impregnated with a drug.

ΚΠ

1890 Lancet 17 May 1063/1 The secondary eruptions of syphilis and the skin patches of leprosy have sometimes a vivid resemblance.

1954 Tubercle 35 142/1 Her general practitioner treated her by local applications of an anti-histamine cream, and three skin patch tests were negative.

1984 Arch. Internal Med. 144 1211 The drug was incorporated into small self-adhesive delivery systems (pliable skin patches, 3.5-sq-cm area) designed to continuously deliver 0.1 mg of clonidine hydrochloride per day.

2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 13 Feb. xiii. 8/5 Transdermal skin patches, which stick like bandages as they deliver medications, have several advantages over pills.

† skin-peeled adj. Obsolete rare = skinned adj. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adjective] > stripped or made bare > stripped of skin

discoriate1483

flayed1605

unskinned1607

skin-peeled1616

unhideda1658

skinned1673

1616 B. Holyday tr. Persius Sat. sig. B4 Who without heed..praise thee so, That (skinne-peel'd Asse!) thy selfe dost first cry, Hoe?

skin-plating n. = sense 12a; cf. armour plating n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > plating

skin1769

skin-plating1863

plating1895

1863 Times 8 Dec. 10/2 Wood backing, 10in. thick, is worked longitudinally on the skin plating.

1869 E. J. Reed Shipbuilding ix. 174 The fastenings of the stringer angle-irons connecting it with the skin-plating.

1946 Aircraft Engin. 18 211/2 The joint was made by bolting together the skin plating of the stern frame and rear fuselage.

2000 Sunday Territorian (Austral.) (Nexis) 23 July 42 It's called bulletproof because of its alloy construction and extra millimetre of skin plating to make it tougher and more robust.

skin potential n. (a) (now rare) the electrical potential of the outer layers or surface of a conductor (cf. skin effect n.); (b) the electrical potential of the skin.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > action of nervous system > [noun] > electrical phenomena

neuroelectricity1914

rheobase1917

bioelectricity1925

monophasicity1932

Berger rhythm1934

skin potential1934

brain wave1935

beta rhythm1936

beta waves1936

theta1944

hyperpolarization1946

hyperpolarizing1950

conductance1966

biopower1978

1907 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 512 The first term is a times the potential of the curved surface, or skin potential as it may be called of the cylinder.

1934 H. A. Abramson Electrokinetic Phenomena & their Applic. to Biol. & Med. x. 280 If the frog skin is immersed in Na-acetate buffers, pH 3.8 to 4.2, the pH at which reversal of the concentration potential occurs, the ordinary skin potential does not reappear.

1967 P. H. Venables & I. Martin Man. Psychophysiol. Methods ii. 58 The permeability of the cell membrane is a physiological phenomenon, and measurements of skin resistance and skin potential must be made within physiological limits.

2007 J. B. Andreassi Psychophysiology (ed. 5) xi. 263 Sweating, or sweat gland activity, is reflected as changes in skin potential..and skin conductance.

skin preserver n. (a) something which protects, or preserves the appearance of, a person's skin; (b) a person whose job is to make skins (sense 1c) (now rare).

ΚΠ

1849 Daguerreotype 3 527 It acts as a..guard against the razor..cutting the chin, lip or cheek—a perfect skin-preserver.

1893 Daily News 16 Feb. 5/5 No fewer than three taxidermists or skin preservers.

1905 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 20 Sept. 7/3 The skin preserver said it was a Russian eagle.

1981 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 30 Aug. 268 Oil was considered the skin preserver of the 1930's, and women went to bed slathered like channel swimmers.

2006 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 14 Oct. 3 Staff in white lab coats work next to a model of a human skeleton as they flog products with labels such as ‘anti-oxidant skin preserver’.

† skin pricker n. Obsolete an aggravating person (cf. pricker n. 2a).

ΚΠ

1611 in A. Shearer Extracts Burgh Rec. Dunfermline (1951) 89 Andro Stewart to have utterit contemptuous..langage..in saying, ‘Is that skinpriker comand to dimand me to ward?’

skin print n. rare after 17th cent. a decorative design made on the body, esp. a tattoo.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the body > [noun] > tattooing > tattoo

skin print1625

tattoo1777

henna tattoo1906

ink1931

tat1981

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. xix. 1655 (margin) Skin prints.

1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 237 The chief men and women have skin-prints, as a brave kind of Gallantry.

1997 Miami Herald (Nexis) 25 Sept. 4 Sheila..is making a mint with her alternative to tattoos, henna skin prints.

skin protection factor n. = sun protection factor n. at sun n.¹ Compounds 5a.

ΚΠ

1980 Chem. Week 6 Feb. 52 Among teenage users of suntan products, only 54% were aware of the Skin Protection Factor (SPF) system at the heart of the Food and Drug Administration's proposed monograph on sun-care products.

2003 M. Lanza Winter Hiking & Camping vi. 127 Frequently apply sunblock with a high skin protection factor (SPF) rating to all uncovered skin.

skin reaction n. an irritation or inflammation of the skin caused by an adverse response to a substance that has been inhaled, ingested, touched, or purposefully applied or injected for a skin test.

ΚΠ

1904 Proc. Royal Soc. 73 375 Five minutes such exposure produced a marked skin reaction.

1954 G. P. Gladstone in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxvi. 476 These patients exhibit a positive skin reaction to the intracutaneous injection of uveal pigment.

2004 Independent 9 Nov. (Review section) 13/3 Urticaria is the name for a skin reaction that consists of itchy swellings.

skin-scraper n. a strigil.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > cleaning or cleanliness of the person > [noun] > strigil

rubber1581

scraper1581

strigil1581

skin-scraper1864

raclette1887

1864 Descriptive Catal. Salisbury & South Wilts Mus. 22 Flint skin scraper; in this flake, unlike No. 34.

1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 555/1 Blunted strigils or skin-scrapers.

1995 Washington Post (Nexis) 13 Jan. n53 The exhibition ranges from exquisite perfume and body oil bottles to skin-scrapers and lice combs.

skin search n. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.) = strip-search n. at strip v.¹ Compounds 1a.

ΚΠ

1929 Montana Standard 3 Feb. 14/4 A ‘skin search’ of both men revealed a half dozen pawn tickets. Officers later found that these were for a diamond ring, several watches, and other small pieces of jewelry.

1973 Time (Atlantic ed.) 26 Mar. 64 So far, none of the three new guards in California's state prison system for men have been assigned to conduct ‘skin searches’ of nude prisoners for contraband.

1991 J. Quillen Alcatraz from Inside x. 53 If he was unfortunate enough to trigger the alarm again, he was subjected to a ‘skin search’.

skin-search v. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.) transitive. = strip-search vb. at strip v.¹ Compounds 1a.

ΚΠ

1970 G. Jackson Let. 4 Apr. in Soledad Brother (1971) 212 Our cells were being invaded by the goon squad: you wake up, take your licks, get skin-searched.

1979 F. Forsyth Devil's Alternative xvii. 386 If you are thinking of giving me a weapon, don't bother. On my return I am to be skin-searched.

1995 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 26 Feb. 12/2 Boyd said he skin-searched all Jack's girls [for hidden microphones].

† skin-sensory adj. [after German Hautsinnesblatt (1877 in the passage translated in quot. 1879)] Obsolete rare giving rise to the skin and the sensory apparatus.

ΚΠ

1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. ix. 270 The first of the secondary germ-layers, the skin-sensory-layer [Ger. das Hautsinnesblatt].

skins game n. North American Sport (a) Golf a game in which prize money is awarded to the winner of each hole (cf. sense 26); (b) Curling a game in which prize money is awarded to the winner of each end.

ΚΠ

1983 N.Y. Times 15 Aug. c2/2 Ohlymeyer..has structured the Skins Game so that $10,000 is at stake on each of the first six holes, $20,000 on each of the next six.

1986 Toronto Star (Nexis) 3 Dec. f8 The first televised curling skins game.

1998 C. A. Oglesby et al. Encycl. Women & Sport in Amer. 37 She won the JC Penney/LPGA Skins Game, earning $200,000.

2005 Halifax (Nova Scotia) Daily News (Nexis) 1 Dec. 33 Jones's team played a skins game against 2002 Olympic men's gold-medallist Pal Trulsen of Norway.

skin show n. (a) North American slang a striptease or other entertainment featuring naked or provocatively dressed (usually female) performers; (b) chiefly Indian English exposure of the body, esp. in a film.

ΚΠ

1933 Chicago Tribune 2 Aug. 1 (heading) Nude rhumba dance halted by mayor. Girls in ‘skin shows’ made to put on clothes.

1969 Washington Post 29 Oct. a25/8 Get rid of dirty books and skin shows.

1999 India-West (Electronic ed.) 14 May c4 Sonali has done a lot of skin-show in the film, but she's counting on the movie more to show her acting talent.

2003 Harper's Mag. Jan. 50/1 Some sailors from the Boston Navy Yard, in the crowd at the Old Howard theater's skin show.

2006 P. Mishra Temptations of West 117 I have been getting lots of SMS about the promo. It is very hot. Lots of skin show.

skinsman n. Music slang a drummer (cf. sense 5).

ΚΠ

1977 Sounds 24 Sept. 16/2 Male Model turned skinsman Bryn Burrows.

2006 Time Out N.Y. 19 Jan. 133/3 It uses programmed drums instead of a human skinsman.

skinsuit n. any of various types of (usually one-piece) suit made of elasticated material which fits tightly to the body, esp. one designed for a particular sport.

ΚΠ

1956 Chicago Sunday Tribune 19 Feb. iii. 16/4 [He] spent days exploring the underseas location in a skin suit.

1983 J. Varley Millennium ii. 17 I'd been feeling like I'd shrunk inside my skinsuit.

1991 Bicycling Feb. 49 Brittany jumps into her 3-season skinsuit,..and grabs her 6-pound Carbonium racing bike.

2008 Canberra Times (Nexis) 3 Jan. a3 Muscled rowers in black skinsuits chatted with sunbathers.

skin tag n. a small, benign, pendulous lesion of the skin, esp. one containing both epidermal and dermal tissue, common in the elderly.

ΚΠ

1887 Lancet 5 Nov. 915/1 In most cases the cartilages are associated with a skin tag or fistula.

1957 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 3 Sept. 20/1 These ‘skin tags’ generally appear around the neck and occur particularly in women after middle age.

2004 J. Kimes Pregnancy Sucks v. 93 Skin tags don't do much. They don't hurt or itch.

skin test n. a test to determine whether an allergic or other immune reaction is elicited when a substance is applied to or injected into the skin.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specific test

pneobiomantia1846

blood test1851

drug test1863

Romberg test1872

Rinne1881

Romberg's sign1884

tuberculin test1892

guaiac test1894

agglutination1896

percolation test1899

Pirquet test1908

skin test1908

Wassermann1909

Romberg1915

Pandy('s) test1916

glucose tolerance test1917

Kolmer1921

patch test1922

skin testing1923

provocation1924

Kolmer–Wassermann1925

Queckenstedt1928

Kline1929

Prausnitz–Küstner1929

cross-match1930

Mantoux test1931

paraffin test1935

Paul–Bunnell test1935

stress test1937

Burpee test1939

lepromin test1939

patch testing1941

pinprick1941

breath test1945

provocation test1948

protamine titration1949

Coombs test1950

smear test1950

Schilling test1955

tanned-(red-)cell1956

amniocentesis1958

Pap smear1963

Pap test1963

drugs test1967

Schultz–Charlton1974

amnio1984

cross-matching-

1908 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 21 Nov. 1756/2 The purpose of this paper is to compare the value of the tuberculo-opsonic index, the von Pirquet tuberculin skin test, and the Calmette or Wolff-Eisner conjunctival tuberculin test in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

1925 W. W. Duke Allergy xv. 207 She gave positive skin tests to a number of extracts including wheat.

2000 Fairlady (Cape Town) 2 Feb. 75/2 There are simple skin tests and, if necessary, the child can be supervised in a hospital for eight hours of double-blind placebo testing.

skin-test v. transitive to perform a skin test upon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > test [verb (transitive)] > specific test

tuberculin test1892

cross-match1930

skin-test1930

patch-test1940

1930 Tubercle July 434 To exclude previous infection, all animals were skin-tested with old tuberculin prior to inoculation.

1971 R. Scott Wedding Man ii. 65 Every Asian child was skin-tested [for tuberculosis] as soon as possible after arrival.

2003 T. L. Ogren Safe Sex in Garden xi. 126 Horses are skin tested for allergies by vets and may be given ‘allergy’ immunology shots.

skin testing n. the performance of a skin test or skin tests.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specific test

pneobiomantia1846

blood test1851

drug test1863

Romberg test1872

Rinne1881

Romberg's sign1884

tuberculin test1892

guaiac test1894

agglutination1896

percolation test1899

Pirquet test1908

skin test1908

Wassermann1909

Romberg1915

Pandy('s) test1916

glucose tolerance test1917

Kolmer1921

patch test1922

skin testing1923

provocation1924

Kolmer–Wassermann1925

Queckenstedt1928

Kline1929

Prausnitz–Küstner1929

cross-match1930

Mantoux test1931

paraffin test1935

Paul–Bunnell test1935

stress test1937

Burpee test1939

lepromin test1939

patch testing1941

pinprick1941

breath test1945

provocation test1948

protamine titration1949

Coombs test1950

smear test1950

Schilling test1955

tanned-(red-)cell1956

amniocentesis1958

Pap smear1963

Pap test1963

drugs test1967

Schultz–Charlton1974

amnio1984

cross-matching-

1923 Lancet 10 Mar. 498/2 Unless the history of the patient gives a decided lead, as it did toward silk in this particular case, nothing is likely to come out of routine skin testing.

1961 Times 30 June 15/3 Skin-testing is an essential preliminary to determine whether or not vaccination should be carried out.

1993 Latest Word Dec. 25/2 Because they have depressed immune responses, HIV patients may display anergy (no reaction) on TB skin testing, which could lead to a false-negative diagnosis.

skin tonic n. an astringent cosmetic used as a toner for the face; chiefly as a mass noun.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > lotions and liquids

waterOE

maiden milk?a1425

May-dew?a1425

milk of almondsa1425

maidens' milk?c1450

lac Virginis1477

surflingc1555

surfle1593

virgin's milk1600

lotion1606

washa1627

beauty water1675

mercury-water1676

beauty wash1706

Kalydor1824

skin tonic1863

flower-water1886

Limacol1936

moisture lotion1957

toning lotion1960

toner1970

1863 Times 29 Oct. 15/5 (advt.) Alex Ross' Skin Tonic immediately improves the complexion, 4s.

1906 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 27 Jan. 5/1 (advt.) Special Sales. Toilet Goods..Skin Tonics. Perfumes.

1971 M. Lee Dying for Fun xxxiv. 167 The fragrance of Lapsang Souchong, mingled with the tang of skin tonic.

2003 J. Musgrove Make-up for Film & Television 84 Toning. Apply skin tonic or astringent to two damp pads of cotton wool and, holding one in each hand, follow the movements for cleansing.

skin trade n. originally North American. (a) the trade in animals' skins; (in quot. 1710) the slave trade; (b) slang the pornography industry; cf. skin game n. 4.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > specific types of trade > [noun] > trade in skins or furs

skin trade1698

peltry trade1722

fur trade1732

fellmongery1759

furring1778

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > moral or spiritual impurity > indecency > [noun] > pornography > trade in

sex work1934

skin trade1969

1698 tr. L. Hennepin New Discov. in Amer. ii. xxxiii. 132 The..Skin-Trade [Fr. la pelleterie]..must needs produce a very considerable advantage for the Colonies which might be founded in that Countrey.

1710 W. Byrd Secret Diary (1941) 186 About 5 o'clock Robin Hix and Robin Mumford came to discourse about the skin trade.

1772 B. Romans in P. L. Phillips Notes on Life & Wks. B. Romans (1924) 120 Mobile will..become the only Mart, for the Skin Trade from the Chactaw, Chickesaw, and Upper Creek Nations.

1885 List of Subscribers Exchange Syst. (United Telephone Co.) (ed. 6) 101 (heading) Fur and skin trade.

1969 Screw 1 Sept. 7/2 Looked excellent. Looks like a ‘sleeper’ or ‘fucker’ in the vernacular of the skin trade. Great cunt shots.

1994 Pacific Affairs 67 342 Counselling prostitutes to go straight, like taking up factory or service work, after earning easy money from the skin trade can be a futile business.

1999 J. F. Eisenberg & K. H. Redford Mammals of Neotropics III. x. 299/1 F. Geoffroyi is the most important species of spotted cat in the skin trade of the southern cone.

skin vision n. [after German Hautgesicht (1882 or earlier)] the (supposed) ability to see, or to perceive light or colour, by means of the skin.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > [noun] > faculty of sensation > a sense > perception via skin

skin vision1883

1883 Nature 22 Feb. 399/2 A long series of experiments with regard to the ‘skin-vision’ of animals.

1977 Jrnl. Soc. Psychical Res. 49 616 Much of her book is devoted to describing phenomena of various kinds—Kirlian photography, healing, dowsing, skin vision, and acupuncture—in terms of bioenergy.

1992 Current Anthropol. 33 173/1 Some ‘sensitives’ who are (at least claimed to be) capable of photodermism or ‘skin vision’ describe green cross-modally as a ‘sticky’ colour and yellow as a ‘slippery’ colour.

skinwalker n. [used to translate Navajo yee naaldlooshii, lit. ‘the one that goes about on all fours with it’] (in Navajo folklore) a malevolent person with supernatural powers who assumes the appearance of a wolf, coyote, or other animal by wearing its skin.

ΚΠ

1970 M. Shepardson & B. Hammond Navajo Mountain Community 142 I don't know if there are more or fewer skinwalkers than there used to be.

2006 Denver Post (Nexis) 5 Feb. f14 Jade is confronted with a series of murders that seem to be the work of a witch not unlike the Navajo skinwalkers she grew up hearing about.

skin-whitener n. a cosmetic product or treatment that makes (or purports to make) skin paler or whiter, now esp. one designed for use by non-white people; cf. skin lightener n.

ΚΠ

1893 Morning News (Savannah, Georgia) 21 May 5/3 If the sallow girl with the yellow skin..will stop wasting her time and money on..skin whiteners that don't whiten and try a big juicy grape fruit..before breakfast she will see a nice face in her looking glass in a very short time.

1931 G. S. Schuyler Black no More (1969) ii. 23 There would be no more expenditures for skin whiteners; no more discrimination; no more obstacles in his path.

2007 Guardian 8 Jan. (G2 section) 3/1 Many skin-whiteners are illegal, and are mostly bought by people who are not white and who, for a whole poisonous stew of cultural reasons, are embarrassed to admit to using them.

skin-whitening adj. and n. (a) adj. that makes (or purports to make) skin paler or whiter; now used esp. of a cosmetic product or treatment designed for use by non-white people; (b) n. the action or process of making skin whiter or paler.

ΚΠ

1893 Jeffersonville (Indiana) News 31 Oct. There are volumes of skin whitening preparations. Most of them are worthless and some are foolish—for instance, sleeping with the hands in gloves filled with grease or mittens full of mush.

1908 Morning Jrnl.-Courier (New Haven, Connecticut) 1 Oct. (advt.) Peroxide Soap. Possessing many of the antiseptic germicidal properties and the skin whitening effect of peroxide of hydrogen.

1946 G. S. Schuyler in Negro Digest July 3/2 The pathetic hair-straightening and skin-whitening plague that has afflicted American Negro society with increasing intensity for the past forty years.

2013 StarStudio (Philippines) July 7 (advt.) Wake up to a revolutionary coffee experience! Taste the new way of skin whitening, figure slimming and body cleansing.

2020 Guardian 30 June (Electronic ed.) With skin-whitening products being discontinued, is the beauty industry actually beginning to address its issues with dark skin tones?

skin wool n. wool taken from the skin of a dead sheep.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > wool > [noun] > type of > from sheep > from dead sheep

pelt wool1341

pell wool1404

morling1448

skin wool1495

fell wool1677

slipe1856

1495 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 42 Centum stones de flesse wolle et skyn wolle.

1586 Edinb. Test. XV. f. 206 ^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Skin Aucht stane of skyn woll price of the stane xl s.

1739 G. Bridges Let. Segdirboeg 12 The Farmer, Skinner, or Grower of Wool, may do what he pleased with his Sheep, Lamb, or Skin-Wool.

1805 J. Luccock Nature & Prop. Wool 340 The skin-wool is not usually found most plentiful where the stock of sheep is most heavy.

1884 W. S. B. McLaren Spinning Woollen & Worsted (ed. 2) 71 With short wool, especially if it be skin wool, the rollers should be closed up.

1946 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 109 238 For the five years immediately preceding the war the average annual production of wool was 105 million lb., of which about 75 million lb. were fleece wool and 30 million lb. fell-mongered or skin wool.

2003 P. R. Lord Handbk. Yarn Production (new ed.) ii. 33 Pulled wool may alternatively be described as ‘skin wool’ or ‘slipes’.

skin worm n. [after German Hautwurm (1830 in the passage translated in quot. 1831)] a worm or other parasite that infests or migrates through the skin, as the Guinea worm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > genus Filaria > member of > filaria medinensis (Guinea worm)

Guinea worm1699

leg worm1699

dracunculus1706

hairworm1752

sea-dragon1775

skin worm1831

rishta1834

1798 Treaty 2 Oct. in Indian Treaties, & Laws & Regulations (1826) iv. 125 The parties hereunto set their hands and seals... Kunnateelah, or Rising Fawn, his x mark. Utturah, or Skin Worm, his x mark. [Etc.]]

1831 J. F. South tr. A. W. Otto Compend. Human & Compar. Pathol. Anat. i. xi. 82 In men occur the skin-worm [Ger. Hautwurm], guinea-worm, &c.

1890 E. R. Lankester Advancem. Sci. i. 40 The skin-worm (Demodex).

1986 Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 80 148/1 Day 3 and day 4 worms in lungs were similar in appearance and size to skin worms.

2002 L. J. Smith in M. Walker Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Pract. ix. 129 Parasites... Onchocercus volvulus antigens (skin worm).

skin yard n. a yard in which skins (sense 1a) are prepared.

ΚΠ

1797 Times 24 June 4/3 (advt.) Leather Rooms, Drying Lofts, Skin Yards.

1885 Manch. Examiner 7 Apr. 4/7 A fire occurred..in Mr. Pryce Parry's skinyard and wool warehouse.

1977 E. Chappell Rising Damp Compl. Scripts (2002) iii. vi. 396/2 Mabel Bagworthy that was. You used to live near the skin yard.

2000 Gloucestershire Echo (Nexis) 16 Mar. 4 There are also proposals for factories, warehouses, leisure outlets, car parking and homes on the gas works and former skinyard.

Derivatives

ˈskin-like adj. resembling skin (in various senses).

ΚΠ

1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 82 Skinny, or Skin-like.., tough, thin, and semi-transparent, like gold beater's skin.

1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 9 Gelatinous skin-like integument of the compound body.

1953 Sci. News Let. 10 Oct. 232/2 One of the buildings most outstanding features is its skin-like outer wall.

2002 Chesapeake Life June 80/2 Watermen..place the peelers in tanks of running water until they shed their hard shells and are left with soft, skin-like shells.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

skinv.

Brit.

/skɪn/, U.S.

/skɪn/

Forms: see skin n.; also past tense and past participle (chiefly U.S. regional) 1800s skunned (past participle), 1800s– scun, 1800s– skint, 1800s– skun, 1800s– skunt, 1900s– scunt.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: skin n.

Etymology: < skin n.With sense 5 compare slightly earlier skinning n. 3. The motivation for this sense is unclear; the explanation implied by quot. 1851² at sense 5 probably reflects a later reanalysis. The past tense and past participle forms skun probably result from analogy with the paradigm shown by stick v.¹, dig v., and spin v. For examples compare:1837 Crockett Almanacks (1955) 92 I was so wrothy I should have scun him alive.1917 R. Frost Let. 3 Dec. (1972) 20 They might have skun him alive if he had been a mere pupil in their classes.1927 Bulletin (Glasgow) 26 Sept. 12/3 When it comes to breakfast foods America has got Great Britain skun a mile.1936 J. G. Brandon Pawnshop Murder xxvi. 260 The toff Wibley is working for might be connected with the old dame Widgett skun for her ‘ice’?1942 W. Faulkner Go down, Moses & Other Stories 23 You run a hard race and you run a good one, but you skun the hen-house one time too many. Earlier currency of the word is perhaps implied by the surname Skynhoune (1310), although the original sense of this is uncertain; perhaps ‘flay (the) dog’ (compare the Anglo-Norman surname Escorceboef, ‘flay (the) ox’ (1183)).

I. To remove the skin from.

†1. transitive. To circumcise. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > cleanness (ceremonial) > circumcision > perform circumcision [verb (transitive)]

umbeclipc1175

umbeshearc1175

umbecarvea1240

sheara1300

circumcisea1325

circumcide1340

skina1400

carvec1420

excise1634

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 289 (MED) If it so be þat a mannes ȝerde be skynned, & be noon oþer passioun þeron saue þat, þan þou schalt leie þervpon vnguentum album.

a. transitive. To remove the skin from (an animal or occasionally a person); (also) to peel or pare off the skin of (a vegetable or piece of fruit), decorticate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of skin

flaya800

beflaya1000

hilda1000

scorchc1430

escorse1546

skin1566

case1575

uncase1575

unskin1598

blank?c1600

excoriate1614

deglubate1623

hide1757

flipe1892

1566 Mery Playe Albyon Knighte sig. Cii Nay I had leuer ye were skynned all three.

1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 12 As well the browne Eagles as the blacke, are skynned and vncased, as the Uultures be.

1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Desollar To skin, to pul off the skin.

1636 P. Heylyn Hist. Sabbath ii. vi. 171 On those dayes..hee might make ready what was to be sold on the morrow after, as kill and skinne his bestiall which were fit for sale.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 246 The Crocodile is very strong, and one day as I caused one of them..to be skinned [etc.].

1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Pears When they are off the Fire, stir, skin them, and squeeze about half a Lemon upon them.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1779 II. 286 A fishmonger who was skinning an eel alive.

1826 Sporting Mag. 17 185/2 On skinning the rabbit not the slightest wound of any kind was perceptible.

1845 W. Kitchiner Cook's Oracle (new ed.) 380 Instead of skinning the Oranges, cut a hole in the Orange.

1853 A. Soyer Pantropheon 167 It was necessary to skin the bird very carefully.

1926 Times 8 Apr. 9/6 A butcher's assistant..died from blood poisoning, due to scratching his finger while skinning a rabbit.

1992 M. Medved Hollywood vs. Amer. iv. x. 161 The plot..centers on a transvestite serial killer who stuffs larvae of a rare moth down the throats of his victims—after he has skinned them.

2007 BBC Good Food: Vegetarian Summer 38/3 2 red peppers, grilled, deseeded and skinned.

b. transitive. In hyperbolical use, with person as object. Frequently in to skin (a person) alive.

ΚΠ

1728 Lottery ii. ii. 22 I love you, skin me, if I don't, you little Rogue you.

1820 Ld. Byron Let. 21 Oct. in Lett. & Jrnls. (1830) 348/1 No more Keats, I entreat:—flay him alive; if some of you don't, I must skin him myself.

1866 Jrnl. Educ. for Upper Canada 19 99/2 ‘I will skin you alive if you do that again,’ exclaimed a mother to a naughty child.

1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 201 They may skin me alive, if they please..if only my skin is made at last, not like that of Marsyas, into a leathern bottle, but into a piece of virtue.

1936 M. R. Anand Coolie iii. 137 Come down..or I will skin you alive!

1982 V. Alcock Sylvia Game viii. 56 He pointed out that Oliver was wearing his new trousers and Nanny would skin him if he got them wet and muddy.

2004 S. Hall Electric Michelangelo 331 She'd skin me alive if I got this done but she'd like it really.

c. intransitive. To shed or cast the skin; to lose the skin by rubbing. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > by habits or actions > habits and actions > [verb (intransitive)] > cast off part of the body

shed1510

skin1773

exuviate1855

moult1869

autotomize1911

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > become uncovered [verb (intransitive)] > lose the skin

skin1773

1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 96/2 It skins every year; and its skin is said to be a remedy against the cramp.

1908 G. Murray tr. Aristophanes Frogs i. ii When all my shoulder's skinning, simply skinning.

1937 H. Jennings et al. May 12th Mass-observ. Day-surv. i. iii. 215 The old man..had some sort of rash and was now skinning so that the collar and shoulders of his navy blue suit were covered with pin-head flecks of dry skin.

d. transitive. To scrape, graze, or cut (a part of one's body). Cf. bark v.² 3c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > scratch or graze

cratchc1320

scrat1340

cramse1440

scratch1474

crutch1481

rata1560

razea1586

gravel1608

ravel1621

graze1701

ruffle1731

skin1795

bark1850

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > rubbing or friction > rub [verb (transitive)] > scrape

shavec725

shrapec1000

claw1377

screeve?1440

scartc1480

gratec1530

rape1533

ruffle1615

corrade1646

comb1654

rasp1707

scrape1731

skin1795

scuff1897

1795 J. Swanwick Rub from Snub 44 I believe he skinned his knuckles in striking fire out of the tables, and wrought himself up to such an extacy of enthusiasm, that his grinders churned foam, and snivel oozed from his nose.

1822 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 31 Aug. 1/2 I fell sprawling, and skinned my leg most villainously against the curb-stone.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. xiii. 167 It is the same hummock you skinned your shins upon.

1891 C. Roberts Adrift in Amer. 97 My feet were already skinned in several places.

1927 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 4 May 1/4 Mary, who is in the kintergarten [sic], fell down and skinned her knees and elbows while running across the street.

1977 B. MacLaverty Secrets 45 He plumped back down into his seat skinning his shin on the tubular frame of the desk.

1995 A. Warner Morvern Callar (1996) 18 When she was wee she came horsing in the scullery, slid on her knees and skinned one deep on these Christmas cards she was making.

e. transitive. To rub or scrape off the surface layer of (something); spec. to remove the turf from. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1835 Rep. Commissioners Corporations Ireland App. i. 780 in Parl. Papers XXVII. 199 The country people..commenced a new and destructive practice of stripping off the Surface, or, as it is called, ‘skinning’ the commons... The ‘sods’ are brought down openly from the commons.

1855 J. J. Jarves Art Hints 383 Almost every one of his pictures have been more or less skinned, to use an expressive term, by the carelessness of cleaners.

1904 N.Y. Amer. 2 Aug. 8/1 The time..was not considered fast, for the track stood in prime condition and has been ‘skinned’ and generally rendered faster than it was a year ago.

1907 Monroe (Wisconsin) Weekly Times 23 May 1/1 Individuals who were permitted to deface the public park by skinning it of sod to make a tennis court.

1962 Muscatine (Iowa) Jrnl. 25 Apr. 4/5 The meet was run on a grass track... Long range plans call for the track to be skinned and cindered.

1977 Kitchens & Bathrooms (Time Life Bks.) iv. 94/1 You then begin by skinning the wall. Power tools often used to remove the surfaces of the wall cannot be used with the typical tile wall of a kitchen or bathroom.

a. transitive. To strip or pull off (a skin or hide); (in extended use) to remove (an outer layer or external covering). Frequently with off.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip off (a covering)

shredc1000

tirvec1300

to turn offc1390

stripc1430

tirr1584

tirl1603

skin1659

1659 T. Burton Diary (1828) IV. 228 They skin off your skin.

1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 313 Having carefully skinned off the Film with the edge of the Slice.

1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 28 Turf of the Ground, skinned off, and burnt to Ashes.

1838 Caunter's & Daniell's Oriental Ann. 1839 xvii. 184 Having been carefully skinned, the hide was borne to the Mirza's home as a signal trophy of the day's sport.

1853 M. Reid Boy Hunters x. 362 The bear completely skinned off the bark as high as he could reach.

1870 G. P. Belden Belden, White Chief xii. 122 When the hog is killed, the tail is skinned off the bone, and a wooden handle inserted.

1926 Trans. Buchan Field Club 14 82 Small places had the turf skinned off or ‘scriefed’.

1961 Africa 31 237 The hide would be skinned off whole and tanned it were suitable for a kaross and someone wanted a new kaross at the time.

1991 New Scientist 3 Aug. 29/2 Modern extraction techniques..involve draining the bog and removing all surface vegetation so that the peat can be regularly skinned off in thin layers.

1999 K. Pomeranz & S. Topik World that Trade Created iv. 137 Most cattle carcasses were left to rot on the Pampa; the gaucho just cut out the tongue to eat and skinned the hide for export.

b. transitive. With out. To remove all flesh and bone from beneath the skin of (all or part of a carcass); to remove the contents of (a hide).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of meat > dress animals for food [verb (transitive)] > remove bones

bone1483

skin1850

debone1876

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of flesh

unflesh1598

excarnate1648

skin1850

1850 J. Frost Five Years Hunter's Life xxxii. 330 The afternoon was spent in drying the wet mane of the lion, skinning out the feet, and preserving the skin with alum and arsenical soap.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 90/2 The neck and head are skinned out down to the inner edges of the lips and nose... Fishes..are skinned out by removing ‘cutlets’.

1952 E. Hemingway Old Man & Sea 7 Their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting.

1983 J. E. Churchill Compl. Bk. Tanning Skins & Furs vii. 90 Skin out the ears as much as possible by turning the ear skin inside out and peeling off the ear cartilage as you go.

2005 D. O. Hyde Pastures of Beyond v. 58 They watched with mild interest as the old woman who had shot the deer slid it from the pickup and skinned out the animal on the ground.

c. transitive. With off. To remove (an article of clothing), esp. by drawing it off inside out.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > undressing or removing clothing > undress or remove clothing [verb (transitive)] > take off clothing

to do offeOE

to lay downc1275

to weve offc1290

stripc1320

doffa1375

loose1382

ofdrawa1393

casta1400

to take offa1400

warpa1400

to cast offc1400

to catch offc1400

waivec1400

voidc1407

to put off?a1425

to wap offc1440

to lay from, offc1480

despoil1483

to pull offc1500

slip1535

devest1566

to shift off1567

daff1609

discuss1640

to lay off1699

strip1762

douse1780

shuffle1837

derobe1841

shed1858

skin1861

peel1888

pull1888

1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations xxxi, in All Year Round 6 Apr. 29/2 Skin the stockings off,..or you'll bust 'em.

1896 J. F. B. Lillard Poker Stories ii. 59 Many a time I've seen a game player just skin off his watch and ring..and play them in.

1937 J. Steinbeck Red Pony i. 10 He brushed the tangled hair out of his eyes and skinned his nightgown off.

1974 N. Freeling Dressing of Diamond 182 The sequinned frock got skinned off, displaying odiously frilly undies.

2002 J. Thompson Wide Blue Yonder i. 25 When she skinned off her shorts and underpants her bare self looked exceptionally naked.

d. transitive. U.S. slang. With off. To remove (a banknote) from a roll of money. Cf. skin n. 6. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1891 Hamilton (Ohio) Daily Democrat 26 Sept. The dude skinned a twenty off his roll and laid it down.

1904 ‘O. Henry’ Cabbages & Kings vi. 96 Henry skinned a twenty off his roll.

1936 Frederick (Maryland) Post 15 Oct. 7/3 He drew a roll of bills from his pocket and skinned off the top one.

4. slang.

a. transitive. To exact money, property, etc., from (a person or group of people); to fleece, swindle.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > loss > taking away > take away [verb (transitive)] > fleece

milk?1531

shred1548

suck1558

shear1570

fleece1575

shave1606

unfleece1609

jib1728

skin1819

sweat1847

1768 J. Cremer Jrnl. 19 July in R. R. Bellany Ramblin' Jack (1936) 226 I..turned all of them out the Cabin to Mes in the Steerage, as being relations they Skined the poor man... He had Suffered in purse much by them.

1819 Massachusetts Spy 24 Mar. 3/1 They will not be able to skin the people as deep as they did during their former reign.

1839 C. F. Briggs Adventures Harry Franco II. vi. 76 I wish I may be blown into a gin shop if I warnt skinned clean O! The young woman had..picked my pockets of every cent.

1898 Eclectic Mag. 67 607 Some new device is invented for enmeshing and skinning the investor.

1925 P. G. Wodehouse Sam the Sudden xiii. 96 Do you mean to say..that if Soapy was sitting in with the Archbishop of Canterbury on a plan for skinning a sucker, the archbish wouldn't split Even Stephen?

1950 New Yorker 25 Feb. 43/2 Other methods of skinning and macing suckers and getting ahead in the world.

1979 W. Kennedy Ironweed vi. 149 I ain't no dummy, and I know when I'm bein' skinned.

1990 M8 Dec. 34/3 I suppose it was skinning the country [sc. by avoiding paying tax], but it skins everyone else doesn't it.

b. transitive. To win all the money wagered by (a person) in a gambling game; to clean (someone, spec. a bookmaker) out.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > gamble at a game [verb (transitive)] > make large profit from

skin1819

to clean up1888

1819 J. H. Vaux New Vocab. Flash Lang. in Memoirs II. (at cited word) To strip a man of all his money at play, is termed skinning him.

1846 W. I. Bicknell Illustr. London 127 This individual was ultimately skinned of every shilling, and died in a state of the most abject poverty.

1864 Daily Tel. 19 Oct. The gamblers did their best to give us fits; but in less than half an hour, sir, the little squaw she skinned the crowd.

1889 H. O'Reilly & J. Y. Nelson Fifty Years on Trail 343 In less than two or three hours [to] be skinned out of every cent.

1915 Washington Post 2 May ii. 2/4 These fellows, professional gamblers, had gotten me in between them, designing to raise and reraise each other..until I was skinned of every cent I had.

1930 P. G. Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves ix. 242 The only thing to do seems to be to get back to the course and try to skin a bookie or two.

1962 K. Kesey One flew over Cuckoo's Nest 115 He got mad and skinned them so bad at cards that they're all so in debt they're scared to go any deeper.

2000 Bangkok Post (Nexis) 30 Oct. Converting to a democratic form of government is much like joining a poker game when one doesn't know how to play and is given hasty instructions. Usually you get skinned.

†5. transitive. U.S. College slang. Chiefly at Yale: to cheat in (a recitation or other examination); to copy the answer to (an examination question); to crib. Also intransitive. Cf. skinning n. 3. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] > plagiarize

plagiarize1660

thig1728

skin1837

to rip off1971

1837 Yale Lit. Mag. Feb. 138 A student is said to skin a problem, when he places the most implicit faith in the correctness of his neighbor's solution of it, or at least sufficient to warrant bestowing upon it the rites of adoption.

1849 Yale Literary Mag. 15 81 Never skin a lesson which it requires any ability to learn.

1851 C. A. Bristed Five Years Eng. University (1852) 381 Classical men were continually tempted to ‘skin’ (copy) the solutions of these examples.

1851 B. H. Hall Coll. College Words 430 ‘At Yale College,..in our examinations,’ says a correspondent, ‘many of the fellows cover the palms of their hands with dates, and when called upon for a given date, they read it off directly from their hands. Such persons skin’.

1871 L. H. Bagg Four Years at Yale iii. iv. 622 A man may skin out a whole recitation without getting any advantage from it.

6. transitive. slang (originally U.S.). To defeat or overcome completely; (Association Football) to take the ball past (a defender) with ease.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or defeat > soundly

threshc1384

to knock the socks offa1529

thump1597

thrash1609

thwacka1616

capot1649

to beat to snuff1819

to knock into a cocked hat1830

to —— (the) hell out of1833

sledgehammer1834

rout1835

whop1836

skin1838

whip-saw1842

to knock (the) spots off1850

to make mincemeat of1853

to mop (up) the floor with1875

to beat pointless1877

to lick into fits1879

to take apart1880

to knock out1883

wax1884

contund1885

to give (a person) fits1885

to wipe the floor with1887

flatten1892

to knock (someone) for six1902

slaughter1903

slather1910

to hit for six1937

hammer1948

whomp1952

bulldozer1954

zilch1957

shred1966

tank1973

slam-dunk1975

beast1977

1838 Star & Republican Banner (Gettysburg, Pa.) 28 Aug. He fairly skinned the Loco Focos and their hopeful candidate!

1862 Charleston (S. Carolina) Mercury 9 Aug. 1/5 They were ‘skinning’ the soldiers of other regiments the ‘tallest kind’.

1911 H. Quick Yellowstone Nights iv. 110 ‘Purty good little places,’ said he, ‘but the home place skins 'em all.’

1926 J. Black You can't Win ix. 112 I see no reason why he cannot skin a third class judge in a territorial court.

1981 Verbatim 7 iii. 7/2 Puns (‘Eagles skin Washington’)..offer limitless possibilities to the enterprising sports journalist.

1989 Grimsby Evening Tel. 8 Mar. Hazel..skinned both Geoff Stephenson and Andy Tillson.

1999 Student Times (Dundee Univ. Students' Assoc.) 30 Apr. 12/3 One of our seemingly most ordinary players scores the goal of the tournament, skinning three Dutch defenders on the edge of the penalty area before chipping the goalkeeper with Cruyff-esque arrogance.

7. transitive. Originally and chiefly U.S. To exhaust or impoverish by excessive fishing, cropping, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > catch fish [verb (transitive)] > exhaust fishing stock

skin1845

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > exhaust land [verb (transitive)] > exhaust

wear?1507

to wear out1586

drive1645

to run out1698

overcrop1743

exhaust1787

overteem1818

skin1845

nigger1859

overplant1890

1845 Ohio Cultivator 1 Oct. 151/3 How many skin the land down to the bone, waste their manure, and at last denounce the barren soil, and emigrate to the West!

1851 A. Stevenson in N.Y. Daily Times 12 Nov. 1/3 The remaining eight millions of acres of the twelve, are in the hands of about three hundred thousand persons who still adhere to the ‘good old way’ of their fathers, in farming or rather skinning the land, and extracting from the virgin soil all it will yield, and returning to it little or nothing in aid of the productive powers of the land.

1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling vii. 239 He doesn't want to skin the stream.

1895 Forum (N.Y.) Sept. 8 To renovate the soil which had been ‘skinned’ in the days of slavery.

1921 Amer. Econ. Rev. 11 285 A society which can plan for its organic needs organically and not leave them to the tender mercies of scheming commission merchants, tenant farmers skinning the land, and suchlike undesirable citizens.

1988 Field & Stream Oct. 23/2 Sometimes too many people learn of these special places..and they're skinned for years to come.

2002 Santa Fe New Mexican (Nexis) 1 Mar. a11 Skinning the land in order to pad landowners' and developers' pockets does not seem to be the logical way to maintain or enhance Santa Fe's natural loveliness or desirability.

a. intransitive. Chiefly North American slang. To escape, abscond, make off, slip away; to depart hastily. Frequently with out.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > go away suddenly or hastily > secretly or abscond

to run awayOE

elope1596

to step aside1620

abscond1652

shirk1681

decamp1751

levant1797

absconce1823

skip1865

skin1871

to shoot the crow1887

sneak1896

to go through1933

to take a run-out powder1933

1871 Galaxy Jan. 156/1 Finally the beaver got across the river and the dog had almost caught him, when, phit! up the beaver skun up a tree.

1876 W. Besant & J. Rice Golden Butterfly III. iii. 53 You jest gether up your traps and skin out of this.

1894 Outing 24 442/1 The hero..would never have been one could he have skinned for cover in time.

1939 P. Gallagher My Story 163 He packed his kit and skinned out.

1975 Islander (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 23 Feb. 6/1 At the end of the previous voyage some [of the crew] were ‘sacked’ and others ‘skinned out’.

2008 E. Peters Laughter Dead Kings x. 202 He skun out of here before Feisal and Ashraf arrived because he knew it would be more difficult to get away from all four of us.

b. intransitive. U.S. colloquial. To pass through or slip by with little room to spare; to get successfully through a test or challenge by a narrow margin; to get by narrowly.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > succeed or be a success [verb (intransitive)] > achieve success (of persons) > succeed by a narrow margin

skin1873

to squeak through1938

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement over, across, through, or past > [verb (transitive)] > through > narrowly or skillfully

skin1920

1873 Waukesha (Wisconsin) Freeman 26 June 1/1 I guess I shall just be able to ‘skin’ through.

1890 M. Sidney Five Little Peppers Midway xxii. 450 ‘I've skinned through and saved my neck a thousand times,’ he reflected, ‘and now I've got to dig like sixty to make up.’

1916 Midland Aug. 244 Jen, there she was, screaming, and promising things to God. Then—God!—we just skinned by in front of the engine!

1920 W. Camp Football without Coach 57 The best a runner can hope for is a chance to skin through that opening before it ceases to exist.

1988 J. W. Davidson & J. Rugge Great Heart xxxv. 286 He and the boys beached their canoes as fast as they could and skinned through the alderbushes.

1994 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 9 Feb. b1 She taught Latin, too, and I barely skinned by.

9. U.S. slang. In a game of cards, esp. poker.

†a. transitive. With out. To spread out (one's cards) on the table; to display (one's hand) . Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > manifestation > showing to the sight > show to the sight [verb (transitive)]

to set beforea1000

openOE

showlOE

to put forth?c1225

kithe1297

to make (a) showing ofc1330

presenta1398

representa1398

to lay forthc1420

splayc1440

discovera1450

advisea1500

to set to (the) show?1510

to stall out1547

outlay1555

exhibit1573

strew1579

wray1587

displaya1616

ostentate1630

elevate1637

re-exhibita1648

expound1651

unveil1657

subject1720

flare1862

skin1873

patent1889

showcase1939

1873 J. Miller Life amongst Modocs iv. 44 Four aces! and what else? Skin 'em out, skin 'em out!

1884 H. G. Carleton Thompson St. Poker Club 48 Mr. Williams slowly and triumphantly skinned out three jacks and a pair of trays.

1888 Daily Morning Republican (Fresno, Calif.) 7 Mar. Here Professor Tyndall smiled and skinned out an ace flush.

b. transitive. To look at (one's hand) by fanning out the cards slightly. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > examine or inspect

through-lookc1175

spyc1325

to see overc1475

to see over ——1490

overview1549

sight1556

pervise1577

speculate1616

study1616

to have (also take) a look1673

to have a look1725

to eye over1795

scan1798

search1811

survey1860

skin1876

1876 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily Sentinel 4 July 7/2 The cove with the pat then wide opened his eyes, skinned his cards and got somewhat profane.

1884 H. G. Carleton in Life 18 Sept. 164/2 Mr. Williams..skinned his cards,..and said he would ‘Jess—jess call’.

1886 San Antonio (Texas) Daily Express 5 Aug. 7/2 The Rev. Mr. Thankful Smith, who sat on his left, skinned his hand with great nicety, and then, with a benevolent smile at the company in general, knocked to signify that he would not open.

1895 Cornhill Mag. Aug. 174 Each man skinned his cards and tried his hardest to look disappointed.

1910 Washington Post 19 June (Misc. section) 3/3 He skinned his cards carefully and turned livid as he saw the four of diamonds instead of the ace he had believed Potash had surely thrown him.

1942 R. G. Lillard Desert Challenge iv. 248 I would not blame people for thinking I am all kinds of a fool, but before they play that lead they had better skin their cards and look for something better.

II. To cover with skin.

10.

a. transitive. To provide or cover with or as with skin; to cause skin to form or grow on; to heal by the formation of skin. In later use usually with over and in passive. Cf. skinned adj. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > treatments uniting or replacing parts > unite or replace parts [verb (transitive)] > unite fractures, wounds, etc. > heal a wound > cause wound to heal over

regendera1400

regenera1400

incarnc1400

overhealc1450

skinc1475

covera1500

incarnate1543

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 45 (MED) Þe terce heed..may be cicatrisid or y-skynned [L. cicatrizatur..infossata] if it be discretly faren wiþ.

1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. xlix^v After that incarnate the place, and so skyn it.

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 39/2 We must..with an exsiccating plaster cure them, and soe skinne them.

1614 W. B. tr. Philosophers Banquet (ed. 2) i. xxvi. 55 Fresh-Butter, skinnes the rawnesse of the throate.

1871 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch (1872) I. i. x. 156 He looks like a death's head skinned over for the occasion.

1956 Winnipeg Free Press 12 Nov. 6/1 It was a horrible gash, and the doctor was anxious that it should be skinned over as soon as possible.

2007 New Yorker 7 May 62 I love the winter light, so thin,..Transparent as plastic wrap Clinging so effortlessly to whatever it skins over.

b. transitive. In figurative contexts. Frequently with over; also with †up. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1578 H. Wotton tr. J. Yver Courtlie Controuersie 47 His mortal wound, that not long before was almost cured by a fomentation of the oyle of time, and neare skinned with hope of the recouerie of his welbeloued Iewel.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. iv. 138 It will but skin and filme the vlcerous place.

a1659 R. Brownrig 65 Serm. (1674) II. xx. 253 They had skin'd up the sore, and yet, it breaks out in their Soul again.

1710 D. Manley Mem. Europe I. ii. 227 The real rankling Sore that lay latent and was but skin'd over by the artful Gloss Irene and Æmilius gave, was to all Intents conceal'd from Cæsar.

c1750 W. Warburton Serm. ii, in Wks. (1811) IX. 47 The wounds, our own earth hath formerly received,..which though skinned over by time and human culture, are seen.

1796 S. T. Coleridge Destiny of Nations 410 Short Peace shall skin the wounds of causeless War.

1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times IV. lx. 337 He does not seem to have considered the difference between skinning over a wound and healing it.

1927 E. C. Mayne tr. E. Ludwig Wilhelm Hohenzollern v. 276 Thus he was for ever reopening the wounds which, dealt in his youth, had never been quite skinned over.

1951 Portland (Maine) Press Herald 19 Apr. 10/1 The decisive blow in America is struck, which may involve millions in the consequences; and believe me, the very first drop of blood that is spilled will not be a wound easily skinned over.

c. transitive. figurative. With over. To conceal or remove (something unwanted or unpleasant) for a short period of time, esp. to deal with or resolve (a problem, an argument, etc.) in a manner which is only temporary or superficial. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > cover [verb (transitive)] > slightly or superficially

skina1616

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) ii. ii. 140 Authoritie..Hath yet a kinde of medicine in it selfe That skins the vice o' th top.

1650 in E. Nicholas Papers (1886) I. 191 It is to be feared your Amsterdam affaires are rather skinned than cured.

1658–9 Sir A. Haslerigge in T. Burton Diary (1828) III. 104 It may be skinned over for a time, but will break out. The people are not pleased.

1796 E. Burke Two Lett. Peace Regicide Directory France in Wks. (1842) II. 289 It is only their assured and confident expectation..that skins over their mischievous dispositions with a momentary quiet.

1833 T. Hook Parson's Daughter I. x. 210 The objects of which (so thinly were they skinned over) were just as evident to Emma as to Lady Frances.

1850 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire I. ix. 423 This open rupture was with difficulty skinned over at the last moment.

1884 Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel 20 Dec. Indeed, the first quarrel was only skinned over.

1931 W. S. Churchill World Crisis (rev. ed.) xi. 161 An awful gap merely skinned over! We may imagine the feelings of the German Main Headquarters in Luxemburg.

11. intransitive. To form skin; to become covered with skin or a skin (skin n. 11); to grow new skin, to heal over in this way.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > recovery > process of healing of an injury, etc. > of injury, etc.: heal [verb (intransitive)] > of wound: heal > heal over

barka1400

skin1578

cicatrize1582

incarnate1674

scab1683

incarn1689

scar1888

the world > plants > by growth or development > grow or vegetate [verb (intransitive)] > form skin over cut

skin1763

1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 78^v The sooner it skinneth the sorer it festereth.

1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 124 Her excoriated carkasse began to skin again.

1763 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry IV. 345 All suckers must be cut away from the root, and the place..smoothed with a knife; for then it will soon skin over.

1827 Lancet 6 Jan. 452/2 The whole rapidly filled up and skinned over.

1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxix. 392 The centre [of the ulcer] granulated and skinned naturally.

1920 P. J. Fryer Insect Pests & Fungus Dis. Fruit & Hops xxvi. 405 This was..more adhesive than greases..and it remained sticky throughout the whole season, showing no tendency at all to ‘skin over’ or ‘dry up’.

2002 Philippine Daily Inquirer (Nexis) 13 Feb. 4 Roughed up by reckless love drivers?.. ‘Now that my wounds have skinned over, I forgive my Jackie Chan or Cynthia Luster.’

12.

†a. transitive. figurative. To clothe, attire. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > provide with clothing [verb (transitive)]

wrya901

clothec950

shride971

aturnc1220

begoa1225

array1297

graith1297

agraithc1300

geara1325

cleadc1325

adightc1330

apparel1362

back1362

shape1362

attirea1375

parela1375

tirea1375

rayc1390

addressa1393

coverc1394

aguisea1400

scredea1400

shrouda1400

bedightc1400

buskc1400

harnessc1400

hatterc1400

revesta1449

able1449

dressa1450

reparel?c1450

adub?1473

endue?a1475

afaite1484

revestera1500

beclothe1509

trimc1516

riga1535

invest1540

vesture1555

suit1577

clad1579

investure1582

vest1582

deck1587

habit1594

to make ready1596

caparison1597

skin1601

shadow1608

garment1614

riga1625

raiment1656

garb1673

equip1695

to fit out1722

encase1725

tog1793

trick1821

to fig out1825

enclothe1832

toilet1842

to get up1858

habilitate1885

tailor1885

kit1919

1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love ii. iv. sig. E2^v You neuer skind a new [perh.: = anew] beauty more prosperously in your life.

1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie ii. sig. D4 Off with your husks, Ile skin you all in sattin.

b. transitive. To cover with a skin or skins (skin n. 1a). rare.In quot. 2003 overlapping with sense 12c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > cover [verb (transitive)]

beteec893

wryOE

heelOE

hilla1240

forhilla1300

covera1400

curea1400

covertc1420

paviliona1509

overdeck1509

heild?a1513

deck?1521

overhale1568

line1572

skin1618

operculate1623

endue1644

theek1667

to do over1700

sheugh1755

occlude1879

1618 in W. Foster Eng. Factories India 1618–21 (1906) I. 10 The jarres are all fild, stoped close, skyned, and marked with the distinction of the fruits.

2003 C. Cunningham Building Greenland Kayak x. 109/1 My method of skinning a Greenland kayak differs slightly from the traditional.

c. transitive. Shipbuilding. To fit the outer covering of planking or plating to (a vessel). Frequently with up. Chiefly in passive. Cf. skin n. 12a(a). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > build a ship [verb (transitive)] > specific operations

berth1627

reconcile1633

ceil1691

frieze1769

skin1774

score1779

mould1797

ribband1805

fortify1820

horn1850

spall1850

convert1862

1774 N. Smith Observ. East India Shipping 88 Ships of from 650 to 700 tons, full measurement, can, by any reduction of the scantlings, by leaving the timbers a little further asunder, and by skinning them with plank of the same thickness as formerly, be reduced something in the price.

1786 Measurem. of Ship Admiral Barrington 1 Aug. in Mariner's Mirror 52 (1966) 179 Extreme breadth (the bottoms being planked or skinned with thinner plank than at the extreme breadth, the Company's officers deduct two inches from each side for the same) 32 ft 4 ins.

1850 H. Mayhew in Morning Chron. 5 Sept. 5/1 After this the ship is in a state to be ‘skinned’, or planked.

1895 W. C. Steadman in F. W. Galton Workers on their Industries 63 ‘She’ is then ‘skinned up’..with either planks of wood or iron plates.

1965 Proc. U.S. Merchant Marine Council June 134/2 The vessel is skinned with one-eighth- to three-sixteenths-inch aluminum sheets.

d. transitive. Nautical. To leave (a furled sail) with a taut, smooth skin (skin n. 12c). Frequently with up. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > [noun] > furling > specific manner of

skin1804

furling1836

harbour stow1886

1804 C. Romme Dictionnaire Marine Anglaise Skin up a sail in the bunt, serrer une voile, de manière que les plis de la toile soient ramenés au-dessus de la vergue et bien comprimés.

1815 W. Burney Falconer's New Universal Dict. Marine (rev. ed.) Skin up a sail in the bunt, is to make that part of the canvas which covers the sail when furled, smooth and neat, by turning the sail well up on the yard.

1841 B. J. Totten Naval Text-bk. 394 To skin the sail up smooth is to turn it well up, and so as to cover the sail neatly and smoothly.

1961 F. H. Burgess Dict. Sailing 189 Skin the bunt, skin a sail, stow a sail by laying the leech along the boom or gaff, and rolling the bunt neat and taut.

1994 E. Marino Sailmaker's Apprentice viii. 383/1 (caption) Furling techniques. Another furling technique—‘skinning the bunt’. This works best with soft fabrics.

e. transitive. To provide with an outer layer or covering. Chiefly in passive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > coat or cover with a layer [verb (transitive)] > with a thin coating

overfilm1593

film1604

skim1667

sub1921

skin1946

1946 E. Diehl Bookbinding ii. iv. 51 The pasted sheet is ‘skinned’ by placing over it a piece of unprinted newspaper..[which] is then pulled off.

1987 Yachting World Apr. 102/3 Both seat tops and cockpit sole are skinned with laid teak.

2000 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 14 Sept. 17 Skinning buildings with poured concrete is not the way to build for future generations.

2007 Southeast Constr. (Nexis) June 27 The roof is skinned with stainless steel panels that are formed and curved on site.

†13. intransitive. Of pasture: to produce a good skin on cattle who graze on it. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > produce grass [verb (intransitive)] > put skin on cattle

skin1765

1765 Museum Rusticum 4 190 The largest pasture..will neither skin nor tallow, or, in other words, is fit for nothing but young stock.

14. intransitive. British slang. With up. To roll a marijuana cigarette. Also occasionally transitive. Cf. skin n. 13c.

ΚΠ

1985 Radio Times 6 Feb. 62/3 Skin up, roll a joint.

1986 Times 11 Dec. 16/7 Then Philippa skins up this really mega-spliff and they get really out of it.

1995 N. Blincoe Acid Casuals i. 4 ‘Should I skin up?’ asked Yen. Estela nodded. A joint might begin to mellow him out.

2005 N. Laird Utterly Monkey 24 He deftly skinned up, and passed the spliff to Dan to spark.

III. Other uses.

15. transitive and intransitive. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.). To inject (a drug) subcutaneously, as opposed to intravenously; = skin-pop v. Cf. main v.³ Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > take drugs [verb (transitive)] > inject (with) drugs

shoot1914

jab1938

mainline1938

main1952

pop1952

skin1953

fix1969

1953 W. S. Burroughs Junkie vi. 57 He had to shoot in the skin about half the time. But he only gave up and ‘skinned’ a shot after an agonizing half-hour of probing and poking and cleaning out the needle, which would clog up with blood.

1970 Time 16 Mar. 17 All my friends were on heroin. I snorted a couple of times, skinned a lot, and after that I mained it.

1972 J. Brown Chancer v. 69 The bastard, he mained me. I said to skin it, but he mained it. First time.

Phrases

P1. In hyperbolical phrases denoting excessive meanness or the willingness to go to extreme lengths to save or gain something, esp. in to skin a flint (cf. skinflint n.), to skin a flea for its hide and tallow (originally and chiefly U.S.).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > be niggardly or mean [verb (intransitive)] > extremely

to flay a flint1653

to skin a flint1656

to whip the cata1825

the mind > will > wish or inclination > desire > inordinate or excessive desire > desire inordinately [verb (intransitive)]

lust1530

greedc1685

to skin a flint1834

1656 W. T. in D. Lloyd Legend Capt. Jones (new ed.) Ded. sig. A7^v Quixot a winged Gyant once did kill, That's but a flying tale, beleiv't who will: This were but petty hardship, Jones was one Would Skinne a Flint, and eat him when h'had done.

1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 5th Bk. Wks. vii May I be broil'd like a Red-herring, if I don't think they are wise enough to skin a Flint.

1727 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Tradesman II. i. iii. 87 That he will let no Body live by him, that he will skin a Flint, that he will buy cheaper than any Man can sell, and sell dearer than any Man can buy.

1803 J. Davis Trav. U.S.A. 374 You New Jersey Men are close shavers; I believe you would skin a louse.

1819 W. Faux Jrnl. in Mem. Days Amer. (1823) 10 One of those Yankees..who, in the Southern States, are said to skin a flea..for its hide or tallow.

1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple II. viii. 116 Report says, that she would skin a flint if she could.

1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 134/1 They'd skin a flea for his hide and tallow.

1859 C. J. Lever Davenport Dunn iv I was..brought up amongst fellows would skin a cat.

1886 W. Besant Children of Gibeon ii. xxxi Just as the toper squeezes the empty bottle and the miser skins the flint.

1917 E. Thomas Poems 33 For a farthing she'd skin a flint and spoil a knife Worth sixpence skinning it.

1933 L. I. Wilder Farmer Boy xxviii. 220 He counted all the bills over twice, and he looked exactly like a man skinning a flea for its hide and tallow.

1984 Folklore 95 177 Sayings..claiming that in order to indulge his passion the skinflint would perform unlikely or impossible feats—that he would indeed skin a flint.

P2.

a. North American. to skin the cat: to pull one's body over a bar by hanging from it by the hands and passing the feet and legs between the arms. Also figurative and in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > gymnastics > take part in gymnastics [verb (intransitive)] > actions or positions

to skin the cat1844

to chin the bar1903

kip1909

pike1956

press1956

trampoline1972

1844 W. T. Thompson Major Jones's Courtship (ed. 2) v. 44 Thinks I to myself, how it would stonish 'em all now to see me skin the cat.

1845 S. Judd Margaret ii. i. 199 Their several diversions, snapping-the-whip, skinning-the-cat, racing round the Meeting-house, or what not.

1888 ‘C. E. Craddock’ Story of Keedon Bluffs v. 88 He did not wait a second but ‘skinned the cat’ among the rafters.

1905 N.Y. Evening Post 14 Oct. We have learned how to hide behind the back log of ‘environment’ or to ‘skin the cat’ in morality on the score of ‘heredity’.

1931 Sun (Baltimore) 29 May 12/7 You saw them skin the cat On the high trapeze.

1946 B. Treadwell Big Bk. of Swing 125/2 Skin the cat; ride, brother, ride.

1996 J. Updike In Beauty of Lilies 254 Nobody could skin the cat like Essie at the age of ten.

b. Originally U.S. there is more than one way to skin a cat and variants: there is more than one means of achieving a given aim.

ΚΠ

1847 Independent Amer. & Gen. Advertiser (Platteville, Wisconsin Territory) 11 June There are two ways to skin a cat, and two ways to win a heart.

1880 18th Ann. Rep. State Board Agric. Michigan 215 Usually, as the old saying is, ‘There is more than one way to skin a cat’—more than one method of producing the same result.

1958 F. O'Connor Let. 5 July in Habit of Being (1979) 291 Seventeen New York publishers turned his book down, so he had it privately printed himself... More than one way to skin a cat.

1992 Independent 22 Sept. 1/4 No, I'm choosing my words quite carefully because there are different ways of skinning this particular cat.

2000 J. J. Connolly Layer Cake (2004) 275 I don't want no blood-baths, no comebacks, no messy implications. There's more than one way to skin a cat.

P3. U.S. colloquial. to skin one's eyes: to remain alert, be on the lookout. Cf. to keep one's eyes skinned at skinned adj. Phrases.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (intransitive)] > observe or watch

spya1400

wait1399

espyc1405

watch1487

gate?1590

to look sharp1680

stag1796

to keep one's eyes peeled1844

to skin one's eyes1851

to peel one's eyes1875

to take sights1934

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > vigilance > be vigilant or on one's guard [verb (intransitive)]

watcha1225

warea1325

bewarea1400

keepc1400

waitc1400

lay good waitc1440

to lie in great waitc1440

to look out?1553

to look about1599

awake1602

advigilate1623

to keep an eye open1651

perdue1656

to look sharp1680

waken1682

tout1699

to keep a sharp look-out1827

to keep one's weather-eye open1829

to keep (also have) an eye out1833

to keep one's eyes peeled1844

to watch out1845

to skin one's eyes1851

to have (also keep) one's eye on the ball1937

to watch one's back1949

1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick xxxvi. 179 A white whale. Skin your eyes for him, men; look sharp for white water; if ye see but a bubble, sing out.

1860 Southern Literary Messenger 31 458/1 Hold your jaw and skin your eyes.

1875 J. G. Holland Sevenoaks x. 133 Skin yer eyes, now, Mr. Balfour, we're comin' to a lick.

1948 F. Blake Johnny Christmas i. 5 He was coyote-sly, skinning his eyes for the main chance, and the pickings on his raids were too good.

1965 Altoona (Pa.) Mirror 9 Jan. 13/3 (caption) Gary..skins his eyes apprehensively at his opponent's train.

1994 Guardian (Nexis) 19 Nov. 3 Ever since James Waller's unlikely folksy romance stormed to the top of US bestseller lists almost two years ago, publishers have been skinning their eyes for Bridges II.

P4.

a. Betting slang. to skin the lamb: (of a bookmaker) to win heavily on a race, esp. as the result of victory by a horse on which no bets were accepted or only long odds offered; (also, of such a horse) to win a race. Now rare.Frequently with the implication of impropriety.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > betting > bet [verb (intransitive)] > lose

to skin the lamb1842

1842 Sporting Rev. Feb. 108 For he has beat the rest; and sure I am Its coining money, and we'll skin the lamb.

1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) 232 Skin the Lamb, when a non favourite wins a race ‘bookmakers’ are said to skin the lamb.

1869 ‘W. Bradwood’ O.V.H. II. vi. 115 A carefully roped and bottled animal, that dropped like a meteor on the racing public for the Chester Cup, [and] skinned the lamb for Mr. Bacon.

1873 M. E. Braddon Milly Darrell & Other Tales II. 21 The Ring has got the day, old fellow... They've been skinning the lamb all through this meeting.

1883 Graphic 21 Apr. 410/2 The Ring are enormous winners on the race, the majority having ‘skinned the lamb’.

1903 N.Y. Times 28 Oct. 10/1 At the finish of the Nassau, Gaviota, the outsider of the three horses,..got up in the last stride, and, in the picturesque language of the betting ring, ‘skinned the lamb.’

1914 A. B. Patterson in Song of Pen (1983) 363 No matter what wins, the bookmaker cannot lose anything, while they will skin the lamb to some tune should an outsider get home.

† skin the lamb n. slang. Obsolete = lansquenet n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > other card games > [noun] > others

laugh and lie down1522

mack1548

decoyc1555

pinionc1557

to beat the knave out of doors1570

imperial1577

prima vista1587

loadum1591

flush1598

prime1598

thirty-perforce1599

gresco1605

hole1621

my sow's pigged1621

slam1621

fox-mine-host1622

whipperginnie1622

crimpa1637

hundred1636

pinache1641

sequence1653

lady's hole1658

quebas1668

art of memory1674

costly colours1674

penneech1674

plain dealing1674

wit and reason1680

comet1685

lansquenet1687

incertain1689

macham1689

uptails1694

quinze1714

hoc1730

commerce1732

matrimonya1743

tredrille1764

Tom come tickle me1769

tresette1785

snitch'ems1798

tontine1798

blind hazard1816

all fives1838

short cards1845

blind hookey1852

sixty-six1857

skin the lamb1864

brisque1870

handicap1870

manille1874

forty-five1875

slobberhannes1877

fifteen1884

Black Maria1885

slapjack1887

seven-and-a-half1895

pit1904

Russian Bank1915

red dog1919

fan-tan1923

Pelmanism1923

Slippery Sam1923

go fish1933

Russian Banker1937

racing demon1938

pit-a-pat1947

scopa1965

1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) 232 Skin the Lamb, a game at cards, a very expressive corruption of the term lansquenet.

P5. Caribbean. to skin one's teeth: to draw back one's lips in a grin; to smile or laugh.

ΚΠ

1950 L. Bennett et al. Anancy Stories & Dial. Verse 94 Go 'kin your teet' an show you smile.

1980 M. Thelwell Harder they Come x. 230 No sah, jus' a sing to 'imself an' look pon de bicycle an' skin 'im teeth in a big smile.

1991 P. Marshall Daughters (1992) ii. vi. 191 Waving her hand from the door of the plane like she's a movie star or the queen come on a visit! Skinning her damn teeth!

2005 D. Daley-Clarke Lazy Eye 164 I can't help skinning my teeth.

P6. In phrases used attributively, esp. skin-'em-alive, skin-your-nose.

ΚΠ

1869 W. Morris in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 203 If you had passed a week at this skin-'em-alive place.

1891 C. MacEwen Three Women in Boat 87 A good old skin-your-nose encounter.

1952 Statesville (N. Carolina) Daily Record 9 Oct. 2/2 The president..doesn't usually give them [sc. the crowds] the fire-and-brimstone, skin-'em-alive oratory that Ike delivers from the rear platform.

1996 R. Hansen Atticus vi. 178 But as skin-your-nose low as I was, there were a hundred others just like me down there.

2002 Arkansas Democrat-Gaz. (Nexis) 9 June j4 Rush Limbaugh is a pussycat compared to some of the skin-'em-alive rhetoric directed toward a football player gone bad.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	skin
释义	skinn. Brit. /skɪn/, U.S. /skɪn/ Forms: Old English schynn, Old English scynn, Old English–Middle English scin, Middle English chyn, Middle English kyn (transmission error), Middle English schin, Middle English schinne, Middle English schyn, Middle English sckyn, Middle English scyn, Middle English scyne, Middle English shyne, Middle English skein, Middle English skene, Middle English skeyn, Middle English skiyn, Middle English skymys (plural, transmission error), Middle English–1500s scinne, Middle English–1500s skyne, Middle English–1600s skinn, Middle English–1600s skinne, Middle English–1600s skyn, Middle English–1600s skynn, Middle English–1600s skynne, Middle English– skin, 1500s scinn, 1500s skine, 1900s– kin (Jamaican); Scottish pre-1700 schon, pre-1700 schyn, pre-1700 scyne, pre-1700 skayne, pre-1700 skein, pre-1700 skine, pre-1700 skinn, pre-1700 skinne, pre-1700 skyne, pre-1700 skynn, pre-1700 1700s skyn, pre-1700 1700s– skin, pre-1700 1900s– sken, 1800s skane, 1800s skean. Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic skinn , Old Norwegian skinn (Norwegian skinn ), Old Swedish skin (Swedish skinn ), Old Danish skindh , skin (Danish skind ), all in sense ‘skin, hide, fur’) < the same Germanic base as Middle Dutch schinden , schinnen to skin, flay, to abuse, to rob (Dutch regional (Limburg) schinnen to abuse, overwork (an animal)), Old Saxon (with prefix bi- be- prefix) biscindian to skin, flay, Middle Low German schinden , schinnen to skin, flay, to rob, to abuse, Old High German scindan , scintan to skin, flay, to peel off bark, to rob, to abuse (Middle High German schinden , schinten , German schinden , now only in sense ‘to abuse’), probably < the same Indo-European base as (with different ablaut grade: zero-grade) Breton skant scales (of fish) and (with the same ablaut grade as the Germanic words (e -grade), but without initial s , and without suffixation) Welsh cen* skin, dandruff, (of fish) scales, ysgen dandruff, Cornish cen skin (in Middle Cornish as cennen , with singulative suffix), Middle Breton quenn skin (Breton cenn ; in Old Breton as cennenn , with singulative suffix), perhaps ultimately < an extended form (nasal extension) of the zero grade of the Indo-European base of saw n.¹ Compare Dutch regional (eastern) schin dandruff (16th cent. in Kiliaan), Middle Low German schinne, dandruff, schin flake of skin, scab, also (after early Scandinavian) a piece of animal hide as a measure for value, hence a denomination of coin used in trade with Russia. Compare also early modern Dutch schinde skin, bark (16th cent. in Kiliaan), German regional (Bavaria and Austria) Schinde skin of fruit, rind (early modern German schint; now rare).With sense 2 compare Old Icelandic skinna piece of parchment or vellum, used as the second element in the names of manuscripts (compare e.g. Fagrskinna , lit. ‘fine skin’, Morkinskinna , lit. ‘rotten skin’, the names of 13th-cent. manuscripts). Compare skin book n. 1. Compare also the Old English derivative adjective scinnen made of skins of a specified kind, as grāscinnen made of miniver, hearmascinnen made of ermine ( < skin n. + -en suffix⁴; in grāscinnen after Old Icelandic gráskinn , lit. ‘grey skin’, miniver); see quot. OE² at sense 1a. It has been suggested that the following gloss in a mid 10th-cent. manuscript may represent an instance of the word glossing Latin hymen (compare hymen n.²), with both lemma and gloss garbled by scribal error (see H. D. Meritt Some of Hardest Glosses in Old English (1968) 53). If correct, this would be an unusually early attestation for a Scandinavian loan:eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 257 Imens, cinn.A more likely explanation is that the Latin lemma ultimately represents Greek ἱμάς chinstrap (see further S. M. Pons-Sanz in Mod. Lang. Rev. 101 (2006) 627–9). O. Schlutter ( Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 18 (1919) 376–7) seeks to explain the Cleopatra gloss, as well as occasional Middle English forms such as chyn , shyne , as showing a native cognate of the Scandinavian word. However, similar Middle English forms are also occasionally found for some other words of Scandinavian origin in sk- , as e.g. skill n.¹; they could perhaps result from analogy with words of Scandinavian origin in sk- which have native doublets in sh- . The usual words in Old English are fell , fell n.¹ and hȳd , hide n.¹ I. The natural external covering or integument of an animal removed from the body, and related uses. 1. a. The natural external covering or integument of an animal removed from the body, esp. one which is dressed or tanned (with or without the fur) and used as a material for clothing or other items. Frequently in contrast with hide (hide n.¹ 1a), denoting one from a small or young animal, as a calf, sheep, or goat, as opposed to one from a larger animal, as a cow, horse, or ox.In quot. OE¹ in bearskin n. ΚΠ OE Rec. Gifts of Bp. Leofric to Exeter Cathedral (Bodl.) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 226 vii oferbrædelsas & ii tæppedu & iii bera scin & vii setlhrægel & iii ricghrægel. OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1075 Se cyngc Malcolm & his sweoster Margareta geafon him myccla geofa & manega gærsama..on scynnan mid pælle betogen, & on merðerne pyleceon, & graschynnene, & hearmascynnene, & on pællon. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 6862 His gulion, Which of the Skyn of a Leoun Was mad. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 3677 Wit a rugh skin sco hidd his hals. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 175^v Wiþ a litel note shelle or a grete or with a skyn [?c1425 Paris lether] or a cloþ cered. 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. iii. 93 The Notayres skynners coryours and cardewaners werke by skynnes and hydes. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) cl. 4 Taburn is made of a dryid scyn. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. ciiii These be wolues in lambes skynnes. 1536 Wardrode Acct. Hen. VIII in Archaeologia 9 249 With twelve lusarne skynnes. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xiii. 126 b A fair Turkie horse decked with the whole skinne of a great Lion. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 173 Guilded leather.., three skins whereof were commonly sold for a Crowne. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 113 Skins of Beasts, the rude Barbarians wear. View more context for this quotation 1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 142 The Indians dye Skins, and make Ink with them. 1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 82 Some say, it should be wrapt in the skin of a calf. 1795 Hull Advertiser 28 Nov. 1/1 A large assortment of prime Buck and Doe Skins. 1837 W. Irving Adventures Capt. Bonneville II. 72 In a little while the skins began to make their appearance, a few at a time; they were laid down in the lodge. 1852 C. Morfit Art of Tanning, Currying, & Leather-dressing (1853) 411 The tanned skins..are subjected to what is technically termed staking. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 349/1 Beneath is stretched a leather apron, or ‘skin’, to catch the filings. 1904 J. Conrad Nostromo ii. v. 162 Father Corbelàn..had wandered clothed in skins, seeking for proselytes. 1959 E. M. Thomas Harmless People xii. 209 The bag was made of the entire skin of a duiker—a little nocturnal antelope no bigger than a small dog. 2002 P. Long Guide to Rural Wales vii. 303/1 Dating back to the Ice Age, these little round boats, once covered in skins, are still used for salmon fishing. b. As a mass noun: this as a substance, esp. as a material for clothing or other items. Frequently with modifying word.goat-, lamb-, pig-, rabbit, sheepskin, etc.: see the first element. ΚΠ c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3210 Hiss girrdell wass off shepess skinn. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark i. 6 John was clothid with heeris of camelis and a girdil of skyn [L. zona pellicea] abowte his leendis. 1592 T. Tymme Plaine Discouerie Ten Eng. Lepers K ij They have the skinne of the Hyena, which..will drawe the haire from the skinne of other beastes to it. 1700 P. Danet Compl. Dict. Greek & Rom. Antiq. Galerus, a Cap made of skin in the form of a Helmet. 1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad iv. 99 Liquid stores in bags of skin prepar'd. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 283 Wechts or maunds for taking up corn are made either of wood or of skin, attached to a rim of wood. 1955 Times 9 May 13/4 Like the scrolls of the first category, they are written mostly on skin. 1992 D. Robins Tarnished Vision Gloss. 131 Crocs, shoes made of crocodile skin. 2003 Whispering Wind May 32/1 A large outer covering somewhat resembling the Mexican ‘serapa’ but made of skin. c. The integument of a bird or mammal when it is preserved but not mounted. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [noun] > unmounted skin skin1840 1840 W. Swainson Taxidermy i. iii. 84 The preservation of birds in skins, or, more properly, in an unmounted state, is, above all others, the best for scientific purposes. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 90/1 When ‘skins’ only are to be made for the cabinet, it is sufficient to fill the head and neck with chopped tow, [etc.]. 1926 World's Work Sept. 567/2 I killed a jay..and Merriam showed me how to make my first scientific skin. 2003 S. A. Prince Stuffing Birds, pressing Plants 4 A specimen is a curious means of representing nature because what is used—whether a skeleton, a skin, or a dried flower—is composed of all or part of what was the living thing itself. 2. A piece of animal skin, esp. from a sheep or goat, dressed and prepared as a surface for writing, or painting; a scroll or roll of this material. Frequently in skin of parchment, skin of vellum. Cf. parchment n. 2.Recorded earliest as sheep's skin (cf. sheepskin n. 2a). ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] bookfellOE skin1340 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [noun] > a skin or hide hidea900 skin1340 pellet1440 casea1569 spoil1664 felt1708 society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > parchment > piece of skin of parchment1340 parchmenta1350 parchment skinc1390 press1405 panel1628 society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > vellum calf-skin1604 skin of vellum1679–88 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 44 (MED) Betere may ech man rede þe ilke zenne and þe oþre ine þe boc of his inwyt þanne ine ane ssepes scinne. c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 501 (MED) He wrot so faste til þat he want, ffor his parchemyn-skin was so scant. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xi. 280 This Pygwade had well herde all that the kyng yon had sayd, & wrote it in a skynne of parchemente. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. E7^v A whole skin of parchment, and sometimes 2. or 3. skins will hardly serue. 1649 Bp. J. Hall Resol. & Decisions iii. x. 360 It is not a small skin that would containe that Tome. 1679–88 in J. Y. Akerman Moneys Secret Services Charles II & James II (1851) (Camden) 65 Writing, flourishing, and embellishing one large skinn of vellom with his said Majesties armes. 1747 J. Wright in A. P. Jenkins Cor. T. Secker (1991) 307 40s shall be paid for every Skin etc on which any Dispensation to hold two Ecclesiastical Dignitys..shall be wrote. 1797 R. Hole Remarks on Arabian Nights' Entertainm. vi. 193 Diodorus Siculus informs us, that the old Persians wrote their records on skins. 1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth lx The very skin of vellum Gerard had longed for. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirlaugh I. 1 The ponderous deed of eight skins of parchment. 1924 Eng. Hist. Rev. 39 327 The manuscript..is written on a skin of vellum 20 inches long by 13 inches wide. 1957 P. Carrington Early Christian Church I. xiii. 240 The official scrolls of the Law, which were said to be written on skins in letters of gold, were deposited in the imperial palace. 2001 Oxoniensia 65 88 Their maps for Merton give the impression of quality products, being carefully drawn on good-quality skins of parchment. 3. An animal skin forming part of a tent; a tent flap, wall, or canopy made of animal skin. Chiefly in plural. under skins: in a tent or tents made of animal skins; cf. under canvas at canvas n. 1b. ΚΠ c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) ciii. 3 (MED) Mi God, þou..Spredand out þe heuen as a skyn [L. pellem], þe which couered þe alderheȝestnes wyþ waters. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Isa. liv. 2 Opene þe place of þi tente & þe skynnes of þi tabernacle [L. pelles tabernaculorum tuorum] strecche out. 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. 143/5 The ȝoung men of Rome, exercit in ithand travell and lauboure..growis harde vnder skynnys. 1609 Bible (Douay) I. 1 Chron. xvii. 1 Behold I dwel in a house of cedar: and the Arke of the couenant of our Lord is vnder skinnes. 1767 tr. D. Cranz Hist. Greenland I. ii. iv. 124 They use the undressed ones [sc. seal pelts] for tent-skins. 1881 R. M. Dorman Origin Primitive Superstitions xi. 363 The priest..crept under the skins of the tent on his hands and knees. 1917 Proc. 2nd Pan Amer. Sci. Congr.: Anthropol. 1 23 The Eskimo burrows under sod or camps in summer under skins. 2007 R. Holdstock Broken Kings ii. 124 I ducked below the skins of the tent. 4. A container made of animal skin. a. A container made from the skin of a small animal, such as a sheep or goat, used for holding or carrying liquids. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > vessel > flask, flagon, or bottle > [noun] > leather bossc1375 buffyllec1425 black jackc1540 skina1549 budget1579 court-jack1631 pigskin1812 olpe1883 a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (?1555) xxx. sig. L.i^v You shall draw your Wynde out of one of the legges of the skyne. 1651 J. F. tr. H. C. Agrippa Three Bks. Occult Philos. i. lvii. 125 There was of old a kind of Hydromancy..called Lecanomancy, from a skin full of water, upon which they put plates of Gold, and Silver, and pretious Stones. 1683 London Gaz. No. 1867/6 His Coach [was] visited, and a little Skin of Wine..taken out of it. 1745 P. Thomas True Jrnl. Voy. South-Seas 54 We brought..Tar one Skin. 1759 J. Grainger in tr. Euripides Cyclops i. iv, in C. Lennox tr. P. Brumoy Greek Theatre III. 457 Silenus, who had not for a long time tasted this precious liquor, uses many comical intreaties to Ulysses for a sight of it, who, shewing him a skin of it, makes him clap it to his mouth. 1835 J. Ross Narr. Second Voy. North-west Passage xl. 530 A native drawing two skins of oil. 1846 Edinb. Rev. 84 175 The best Xeres that ever smacked of the skin. 1874 G. C. Hutton in A. Oliver Life Hutton (1910) viii. 82 You cannot keep Christianity in the old bottles of Constantine. It is continually bursting the legislative skins. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar iv. 40 [The army] carried its water supplies with it in skins. 1954 G. Willans How to be Topp iii. 31 Corticus: (laying a skin of wine on the sideboard ) Eheu! (The headmaster and all lat. masters who watch roar with larffter.) 1991 A. Christelow in C. Coles & B. Mack Hausa Women in 20th Cent. vii. 142 Another case involved a girl named Khadija, whose father sent her to the well to carry water in a skin. b. Criminals' slang. A purse, a wallet. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > money-bag, -purse, or -belt > [noun] pungeOE by-girdlec1000 purselOE almonerc1330 pouch1355 almonryc1450 penny purse1523 cherry-bag1539 money bag1562 bung1567 jan1610 penny pouch1650 coda1680 zone1692 spung1728 money purse1759 spleuchan1787 skin1795 sporran1817 fisc1820 moneybelt1833 poke1859 purse-belt1901 society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > wallet > [noun] pocketbook1670 reader1718 dummy1785 wallet1843 insider1846 porte-monnaie1850 skin1856 bill-holder1890 bill-book1895 billfold1895 poke1908 billfolder1909 1795 Potter's New Dict. Cant & Flash Lang. (ed. 2) Skin, a purse. 1819 J. H. Vaux New Vocab. Flash Lang. in Memoirs II. 205 Skin, a purse, a money bag. 1821 Life D. Haggart 15 Young M^cGuire had taken some skins with a few shillings in each. 1856 H. Mayhew Great World London iii. (Farmer) Abstracting skins from gentlemen's pockets. 1902 S. Clapin New Dict. Amer. 365 Skin... A purse; a pocket-book. 1936 ‘J. Curtis’ Gilt Kid xii. 137 Proper jobs I mean. Not nicking skins from blokes what are lit up. 1955 D. W. Maurer in Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. No. 24. 114 Synonymous terms [of billfold] are hide, skin, or poke. 5. a. The membrane or piece of skin stretched over a drum; a drumhead. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > percussion instrument > drum > [noun] > drumhead head1567 swash-head1574–5 drumhead1580 skin1615 batter-head1704 tympanum1908 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 610 So wee see in a Drumme if the skin or Vellam be moist and laxe, either they will not sound at all, or they make but a dull noyse. 1718 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher I. xiii. v. 246 This Membrane is extended much after the same manner as the Skin of a Kettle Drum. 1818 W. Ward View Hindoos (ed. 2) I. iii. 188 Tŭvŭlŭ, a tabor, having the skin fastened on an earthen pot, or a piece of wood. 1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 24 Jan. 7/1 Fixing a skin upon a drum is a delicate operation requiring considerable patience. 1927 Melody Maker Aug. 756/1 Moisture from the breathing of the dancers will also condense on your side drum and the skins absorb this immediately. 1969 R. Shankar My Music i. 40/2 The most popular variety in the North is the tabla, which is actually two drums, each with one skin stretched across the top. 1999 S. Broughton et al. World Music: Rough Guide I. iii. 585/1 The duma percussion, played by a seated drummer pressing the skin of the drum with his foot to vary the sound. b. slang (originally and chiefly Jazz). A drum. Usually in plural. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > percussion instrument > drum > [noun] tympanc825 taborc1290 taborna1340 tambour1484 drumslade1527 drum?1534 tympany1534 tympanum1675 skin1929 1926 Melody Maker Mar. 32 (heading) The skin game.] 1929 Chicago Defender 9 Mar. i. 6/4 Buster Johnson, the drummer, wants the gang to know that he is out of the hospital now and expects to be whipping the skins again very soon. 1945 L. Shelly Hepcats Jive Talk Dict. 21 Beatin' the skins, striking the drums. 1955 A. Murray Let. 2 Nov. in R. Ellison & A. Murray Trading Twelves (2000) 101 Whereupon this cat falls to and commences to fair-thee-well all but cook supper on them skins as only a grayboy feels he's got to do. 1980 Musicians Only 26 Apr. 12/5 They come in with skins with holes in. 6. figurative. U.S. slang. A dollar; = frogskin n. (a) at frog n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2a. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > specific sums of money > a dollar skin1834 rock1837 buck1856 scad1856 simoleon1881 plunk1885 clam1886 slug1887 bone1889 plunker1890 ace1900 sinker1900 Oxford1902 caser1907 iron man1907 man1910 berry1918 fish1920 smacker1920 Oxford scholar1937 loonie1987 1834 Mil. & Nav. Mag. U.S. Mar. 25 Now, I would advise you, as a friend, to be careful of your money. If you wish to put it where it will be safe, give a skin or so of the rhino, to one of the ‘twelve’, for Benny's treasury. 1923 Pirate Piece Mar. 3 Enclosed please find one skin toward this year's ‘Pirate Piece’. 1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. 456 Five skins is jake by me. 1941 ‘Gypsy Rose Lee’ G-string Murders iii. 60 A regular plumber would soak ya about ten skins, but my guy'll do it for half. 1976 R. B. Parker Promised Land xx. 121 I got a buyer with about a hundred thousand dollars..a hundred thousand skins. 1997 W. Hallberg Soul of Golf viii. 143 Larry..cans the putt for a beautiful deuce, which earns him a couple of skins from each of us. 7. Skiing. = climbing skin n. at climbing n. Additions. Usually in plural. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > skiing > [noun] > ski > parts or attachments binding1911 skin1924 climbing skin1931 1924 E. C. Richardson ‘Shilling’ Ski-runner (ed. 3) 11 Sealskins..are useful where long, unbroken ascents are to be made. By far the best kind are those which are stuck temporarily to the bottom of the ski... They are called, after their inventor, ‘Sohm’ skins. 1924 K. Furse Ski-running 39 Skins are used for climbing uphill on tour. They consist of long strips of sealskin, which are attached to the running surface of the Skis. 1948 H. Innes Blue Ice vii. 192 The Norwegians use different waxes, not skins, for climbing through snow. 1980 J. Cartwright Horse of Darius xii. 175 He fastened his skis, attached some skins and made the climb. 1999 Time 8 Mar. 53/1 Others..insist that you must ‘earn your turns’—that is, ascend mountains on a pair of skis that have synthetic skins attached to the base for traction. II. The external covering of the body of a person or animal, and related uses. 8. a. The layer of tissue forming the external covering of the body in vertebrates. Also (as a count noun): the skin of an individual person or animal; skin of a particular type.The skin is composed of two layers, the epidermis and dermis, and may contain specialized structures such as hairs, feathers, or scales, and various types of gland. It serves a general protective function and plays an active role in many important physiological processes such as thermoregulation, gas exchange, waste elimination, and sensation. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > skin > [noun] swardc725 fellOE hidea1000 leather1303 skina1325 rinda1413 swarth?c1450 swadc1460 thackc1480 skin coat1589 hackle1609 flesha1616 pelta1626 integument1664 barka1758 exoskeleton1839 the world > life > the body > skin > layer of skin > [noun] skina1325 a1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesworth (Arun.) (1857) 149 (MED) Homme et femme unt la peel [glossed] hyd, the chyn [v.r. the skyn]. a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Archbishop & Nun (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Skin His skin was klungen to the bane, For fleische apon him was thar nane. c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 70 Be þe bolnyngs anoynted with oile of rose..and putte in wele with þi fynger þe oile atuix þe runclez of þe skynne. c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1229 Marcia that lost her skyn Bothe in face, body and chyn. c1470 tr. R. D'Argenteuil's French Bible (Cleveland) (1977) 85 (MED) He made him alle quycke to be flayne that ther shal no partie of his body be coverid with the skynne, but alle rede, rawe fleish. a1513 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen in Poems (1998) I. 43 To se him scart his awin skyn grit scunner I think. 1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory ii. v. sig. c2^v The bestes be full of here and haue thycke skynnes, the foules haue fethers: but man is tender & naked. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. v. 237 Their women are white, hauing blacke haires and a most delicate skinne. 1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia Isagoge sig. B The skinne, in the seahorse is so thick, that speares may be made thereof. 1705 F. Fuller Medicina Gymnastica 211 The true Skin, and all its innumerable Glands. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 56 The skin of children newly brought forth, is always red. 1845 G. Budd On Dis. Liver 92 By circumscribed œdema, or a slight blush on the skin. 1880–4 F. Day Fishes Great Brit. & Ireland I. p. xx The skin or tegumentary system may be entirely or partially scaleless. 1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. iii. 248 The skin is composed of two layers, an outer epidermal layer and an inner corium or cutis vera. 1961 Express & News (San Antonio, Texas) 2 July e1/5 Fair skins sunburn quicker than olive tones. 1976 K. Thackeray Crownbird ii. 27 Her skin was dark and smooth, the colour of plain chocolate. 2002 A. Fuller Don't let's go to Dogs Tonight 28 Now how can we, who shed our ancestry the way a snake sheds skin in winter, hope to win against this history? b. Without article: this as a substance. ΚΠ a1400 Prymer (St. John's Cambr.) (1891) 79 With skyn and fleschsches thou clothedest me. ?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f.170 It encarneþ wunderlie wele & regenderþ & makeþ skynne and represseþ hete þat is ouer passinge. 1486 Bk. St. Albans e iij b All [animals] that bere skyne and talow and Rounge. 1533 T. More Answere Poysened Bk. iv. xxii. f. cclviii^v I aske More, when he seeth his owne face in so many glasses, whyther all those faces that appere in the glasses be hys own very face hauynge boldely substaunce skynne, fleshe, and bone. 1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cxli. 126 The Eares are nothing else but gristill and skinne. 1659 W. S. Macollo's XCIX Canons in Physick 6 If in the draught there be found any piece of skin, it signifies the Guts to be ulcerate. 1679 S. Woodford Paraphr. upon Canticles 96 A side of Bone, That seem'd with Skin to have been cloath'd upon, And Musculage, not many Days before. 1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery xii. 126 Take six Pounds of good Pork, free from Skin and Gristles and Fat. 1769 J. Cook Voy. round World i. i Very sharp talons, which resemble those of a cat, and, like them, were retractable into a sheath of skin. 1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. iii. 78 When skin is exposed to solutions containing tannin, it slowly combines with that principle. 1871 J. Woodman Notes Transpl. or Engraft. Skin 19 I took three small pieces of skin from her own arm and engrafted them. 1909 Lancet 13 Mar. 756/2 I have placed under the microscope a piece of skin ionised with calcium. 2006 Good Woodworking June 44/1 Animal glue is a generic term: other names are Scotch, pearl and fish glue, but they are all similar and all basically boiled up bits of skin, bone or hoof. 9. A thin layer of tissue lining an internal part of the body; esp. the peritoneum or pleura. Cf. mesothelium n. Now only in gold-beater's skin n. at gold-beater n. 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily substance > membrane > [noun] rimeOE hameOE skina1398 caul1398 shrine1398 tunicle1398 panniclea1400 pelliculea1400 slougha1400 membrane?a1425 pellicle?a1425 pellet?1440 enfolder1545 kell1545 involucre1578 skinlet1598 striffena1612 swathe1615 veil1639 tunic1661 swath-band1668 involucruma1676 wall1682 panniculus1702 theca1807 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 55 Þese holes ben I-holed with certeyn smale skynnes, þe whiche skynnes openeþ and sendiþ blood fram þe herte to þe spirit. a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 169 Þe stomak & þe guttis is ordeyned a skyn, þat is clepid þe siphac. c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 69 Swynez grese wele y-clensed of þe litel skynnez and smal y-kutted. 1545 T. Raynald in tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. sig. E.ii Vnder the last muskle of the belly..succedyth a certayn thyn ryme, kell, or skyn, named in latin Peritoneum. 1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke ii. ix. 67 If the skinnes which be ioyned all the length of the breast within be inflammate, then they feele payne at the breast. 1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Meninges, thinne skins in which the braine is contained. 1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) Introd. The internal Skin of the inner Cavities. 1714 J. Purcell Treat. Cholick 7 The two Skins of the Mesentery. 10. An outer layer or covering. a. The outer covering of certain fruits and vegetables; the peel or rind; (also) the bark or rind of a tree or plant.banana, orange, potato skin, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > epidermis or cuticle skina1398 cuticle1672 epidermis1813 epiderm1835 cortex1875 hypoderma1877 tapetum1882 sheath1884 hypodermis1898 the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > [noun] > parts of > skin or roughening of skin rindeOE skina1398 peel?a1450 pill1530 shell1561 peeling1598 sloughc1660 russet1817 epicarp1819 exocarp1845 russeting1851 shuck1869 the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [noun] > integument or covering skin1558 integument1664 armature1816 the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > bark rindeOE barka1300 pillc1300 scorch1480 utter-bark1530 skin1558 shell1561 tree-bark1910 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. cliv. 1050 Plius..seith þat fruyt of siliqua is swete..and þe skynne þerof is y-ete. 1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount f. 22^v You shal take the rootes of..wilde Mallow, and scrape from them cleane their skinne or barke. 1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia sig. B There is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades whereof there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee stript of. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) v. i. 51 The skinne [of the leek] is good for your broken Coxcombe. View more context for this quotation 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. 34 The Cucumbers are so good in Aleppo, that..the Francks also eat them green, skin and all. 1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 116 I have often seen the very Skin, or Rind of the young Roots left behind in drawing. 1790 W. Speechly Treat. Culture Vine 5 The skin is thick and the flesh hard, something like the raisin grape. 1826 D. Booth Art of Brewing (ed. 2) 190 The moment the skin [of an apple] is first cut. 1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 511 Yellow pine timber..placed at first skin to skin, and afterward 2 feet apart. 1911 F. M. Farmer Catering for Special Occasions vi. 155 The apples should be quartered, cored, and pared previous to chopping, or skins may be left on. 2000 R. Sterling World Food: Vietnam 48 Mang cau (Custard Apple), a fruit with a bumpy green skin that blackens as it ripens. b. The outer surface, or each of a number of outer layers, of a solid object; esp. (in early use) the surface of the earth; (now) the outer layer of a manufactured object. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > surface > [noun] > other specific types skin?a1425 aerofoil1907 ?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 107 Þe moldewarpe holoweþ atwixe þe two skynnes of þe erþe. 1763 Museum Rusticum (1764) 1 94 It enables the land..to come speedily to a good skin (as we term it), or coat of grass. 1875 J. W. Dawson Life's Dawn on Earth ii. 12 If they [sc. Laurentian hills] could be flattened out they would serve as a skin much too large for mother earth in her present state. 1894 Nature 26 July 289 Observations hitherto made in the earth's outer skin. 1909 P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf xvi. 209 One quaint notion was that they [sc. pimples] protect the outer skin of the ball. 1920 A. D. Passmore in Man 20 9 A part of the old brown skin of the stone. 1986 Financial Times 2 Aug. (Weekend section) p. xi/1 The outer [sleeping] bag also has a protective skin made of Pertex which helps remove moisture from the inside and makes the bag itself fairly weatherproof. 1997 J. Updike Toward End of Time 75 A white caramelization that sparkled on the skin of the driveway. c. The outer surface of a diamond in its natural state. ΚΠ 1677 in Miscellanea Curiosa (Royal Soc.) (1708) III. 243 The Diamonds..are very well spread, large Stones.., they have generally a bright Skin. 1827 E. Turrell in Gill's Technol. Repository 1 xvi. 69 There can be no reason to doubt the truth of Dr. Wollaston's remarks, upon the superior hardness of the external laminæ, or skin of the diamond, in its natural crystallized state. 1970 E. Bruton Diamonds xi. 193 The bruter..will often brute a stone so that there is a small part of the original skin—natural surface of crystal—left. 1999 P. G. Read Gemmology (ed. 2) xix. 261 The bruter may sometimes leave a small fragment of the outer surface or ‘skin’ of the diamond crystal on the girdle. This is called a ‘natural’. d. The outermost layer of a pearl; (also) each of the layers composing a pearl, including the outermost one. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > pearl > [noun] > outermost layer of skin1885 1885 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 446/2 A pearl of the first water should possess, in jewellers' language, a perfect ‘skin’ and a fine ‘orient’. 1935 L. Kornitzer Pearls & Men xix. 165 Keep on inspecting your pearl... When the blemish has been removed and a clean bright skin shows up, the worst is over. Smooth the skin with the finest emery paper you can obtain. 1976 B. W. Anderson Gemstones for Everyman xxiii. 300 The finest cultured pearls have come from waters off the north Australian coast... The oyster used here is the large pinctada maxima. The resultant cultured pearls are also large and have very thick skins. 1990 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 26 Oct. e4/4 Pearl cutters are virtually extinct... By peeling away the multiple skins of a natural pearl layer by layer, these highly trained experts can uncover a series of tints. 11. A pellicle; a film on the surface of a liquid or a solid. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > [noun] > a coat or covering layer rindOE cloth1398 tayc1440 skina1475 coat1567 slough1610 hulling1708 surtout1732 the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > [noun] > a coat or covering layer > thin skina1475 weba1475 film1577 cuticle1658 cuticula1662 surface film1841 skim1951 a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 9 A liquor of oyle..fletynge aboue in maner of a skyn. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 64 Those remedies whiche ought..to drawe a skinne ouer my wound. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Harde,..an egge laied with a soft skin, or filme (about it) in stead of a shell; a soft-sheld egge; a wind egge. a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. ii. 26 As fit..as the pudding to his skin . View more context for this quotation 1678 T. Hobbes Decameron Physiologicum viii. 98 For the skin of the Bubble is Water. 1758 A. Reid tr. P. J. Macquer Elements Theory & Pract. Chym. I. 385 In the same manner take off a second skin that will form on the surface of the Lead. 1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 279 The heat of boiling water would not..produce a skin upon milk without the presence of air. 1808 F. Shoberl tr. C. A. Fischer Picture of Valencia 215 If this infusion is left to stand, a skin is formed on the surface. 1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 81 It is this white solid substance which forms the thin skin on the surface of the water. a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) I. xvi. 283 A sticky, sooty moisture saturated the air, formed a skin of oily black ooze over everything. 1924 T. Wood Animal Nutrition viii. 40 Remove the skin from the milk by means of a glass rod, and transfer it to a test tube. 1995 G. Burn Fullalove vi. 186 Middle age grew over me like a thick skin on a custard. 12. Technical senses (chiefly extended uses of sense 10). a. (a) Nautical. The planking, plating, or similar covering fixed over the ribs or frame of a vessel; (sometimes) spec. the inner layer of this. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > planking planking1432 skin1769 skinning1845 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > plating skin1769 skin-plating1863 plating1895 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Planking,..completes the process of ship-building, and is sometimes called laying on the skin, by the artificers. 1814 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 104 ii. 287 The ribs are covered by a skin of greater or less substance from the extreme ends of them to the keel or back bone. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. xxxii. 444 The entire bulkhead was in a blaze, as well as the dry timbers and skin of the brig. 1862 Times 7 Mar. 6/1 The 18 inches of wood between the armour and iron skin. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 629 Skin, this term is frequently used for the inside planking of a vessel, the outside being the case. 1883 G. S. Nares Constr. Ironclad 5 The plates forming the outer and inner bottoms or skins are rivetted on. 1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 26 Aug. 4/1 The boat is most substantially constructed;..the skin being of mahogany three-eighths of an inch thick. 1938 Mariner's Mirror 24 414 Above the bilge strake or stringer..a longitudinal board, the ‘spurkin’, closed the space between the margin of the ceiling and the skin of the boat. 1977 Mod. Boating (Austral.) Jan. 100/2 The bottom and side skins are locked together by double seam welding. 2001 D. G. Brown Last Log of Titanic 99 The ship's outer skin, called the shell plating, was installed on the outside of the floors and up the vertical frames. (b) The outer covering of an aircraft or, later, any other vehicle; a constituent layer of this. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > parts and equipment of motor vehicles > [noun] > body or bodywork auto body1904 bodywork1908 skin1921 shell1937 1921 Flight 13 247/2 The skin below the chines is formed of two thicknesses of mahogany planking... One ply of varnished cotton fabric is laid between the mahogany skins. 1937 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 41 846 It is proposed to form the skin of the wing from two separated sheets of plywood. 1948 ‘N. Shute’ No Highway iii. 64 Here in the aircraft everything was firm and steady and secure; the even tremor of the engines, the faintly heard rush of air over the outer skin, these bred confidence. 1962 G. Cooper in J. Glenn et al. Into Orbit 29 The crews are equipped with..a fire axe for cutting through the capsule's skin. 1973 Times 3 May 4/1 They found that the whole of the skin of the caravan was full of blocks of cannabis. 1992 Car Feb. 25/1 Beneath the skin, we find the double-wishbone suspension of the 989 which is basically an updated blueprint of the 959 chassis. 2006 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 9 Apr. x. 12/1 9. Number of crash trucks at O'Hare. Newest is an Oshkosh T-3000 whose ‘snozzle’ can pierce a plane's skin and pump in 3,185 gallons of water. b. Metallurgy. A thin surface layer of a piece of metal that differs from the bulk metal in some respect; spec. one on cast or rolled metal. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > metal in specific state or form > [noun] > cast metal > other parts of casting skin1786 head metal1854 hot spot1908 1786 W. Playfair Commerc. & Polit. Atlas 90 At last the ingenuity of deceit found out a way of making them [sc. bracelets] of cast iron, turning off the outside skin, and covering them with a solution of copper, which sold for brass. 1840 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 3 425/1 The removal of the exterior skin of a casting greatly increases the corrosive action of salt water and its combined air. 1869 W. J. M. Rankine Cycl. Machine & Hand-tools App. 54 It is used to form a hard and impenetrable skin to a piece of grey cast iron by the process called chilling. 1917 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 96 330 Americans do not machine their malleable castings, and hence they use ‘black-heart’, which is ordinary cast iron when the decarburised skin is taken off. 1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker Electr. Arc & Oxy-acetylene Welding (ed. 3) x. 111 An old file should be used to scrape away the surplus metal before annealing the work. This removes the hard carburized skin. 2005 Wired Dec. 54/2 This self-healing skin prevents rust on metal structures like bridges. c. Nautical. The portion of a sail pulled tight around the rest as a cover when the sail is furled. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > sail > [noun] > part of furled sail on outside skin1831 1831 T. O'Scanlan Diccionario Marítimo Español Skin of a sail, camiseta de vela. 1833 Amer. Monthly Mag. Aug. 352 They can..mend sails, make rope, cut out trowsers as ‘taut as the skin of a furled foresail’, and cover hats with tarpaulin. 1834 C. Martelli Naval Officer's Guide 301 Taking a little trouble, will get all the sail in the skin. c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 49 What cloth will you take for furling the spanker in a skin? The third from the leech. 1882 G. S. Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 134 Gather up the skin, shaking the slack sail well down into it. 1905 Strand Mag. Dec. 749/1 He dropped the gathered bunt into the skin of the sail and reached for the bunt gasket. d. Architecture and Building. The surface or outer layer of a built structure; spec. the outer layer of brickwork, masonry, etc., in a wall; (now also) any of several layers forming a wall. Frequently with modifying word, as outer, inner. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > [noun] > a surfacing or cladding > of a wall queering1688 facework1818 skin1873 1873 W. Longman Hist. Cathedrals St. Paul xiii. 195 Many persons entering the Cathedral suppose that the Dome over their heads is the actual lining of the external Dome. They are not aware that it is a shell..with a brick cone between it and the outer skin. 1884 Instr. Mil. Engin. (ed. 3) I. ii. 84 To have only a thin skin on the outside which could readily be knocked out by a crowbar. 1897 Daily News 23 Nov. 6/5 The disintegrated condition of the inner masonry..rendered impossible the project..of replacing the inside masonry without disturbing the ‘skin’. 1944 D. E. Warland Teach yourself Constructional Details iv. 70 The two skins of brickwork comprising a cavity wall would be structurally unsound if they were not tied together. 1955 Archit. Rev. 117 117/2 The construction is cavity brick walls with inner skin of thermalite blocks, with a roof of ¾ inch asphalt on rafters at 5° pitch, and 2 inch cork insulation. 1990 Ideal Home Aug. 51/3 The roof is triple glazed with a UV filter in the outside skin, which means the furniture doesn't fade. 2000 SelfBuild & Design Oct. 29/1 These timber clad houses require more maintenance than, for example, a masonry skin, but the advantages of the breathing wall were felt to outweigh this concern. e. The outer or surface layers of an electrical conductor, in which alternating current tends to be concentrated at high frequencies. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > transmission of electricity, conduction > [noun] > conductor > device > outer layer of skin1888 1888 Electr. Engineer 31 Aug. 187/1 Lightning cannot penetrate below the skin..of the conductor. 1943 C. L. Boltz Basic Radio vii. 121 As the frequency is increased, the current is concentrated more and more in the outer layer—the ‘skin’—of a conductor. 2000 A. Mornington-West in I. R. Sinclair Audio & Hi-fi Handbk. (rev. ed.) xxi. 386/2 The total current..tends to zero as the frequency is raised (and the skin that carries the current becomes thinner). f. figurative. A duplicating stencil; spec. the part that actually goes on the copier. Also more fully duplicating skin. ΘΚΠ society > communication > representation > [noun] > copying apparatus > with stencil > stencil duplicating skin1965 1965 G. M. Beer Machines for Office Workers iv. 73 When the [correcting] fluid is applied [to the stencil] it will..seep through the incisions and make the carbon..adhere to the wax sheet; subsequently, at the duplicator, the carbon and backing sheets are removed, and in doing this it is..possible that the re-formed skin will also be detached so that both the incorrect letter, and the correction over it, appear on the duplicated sheet. 1972 T. Lilley K Section xl. 203 She had typed the ‘skin’; he would check it and then run off about four hundred copies. 1973 Daily Tel. 25 Apr. 13/8 It was then discovered that one foolscap duplicating skin could produce only 10,000 copies. Four skins had to be typed and ‘run off’. 2006 A. C. Wheeler Bombs, Ruins & Honey 55 The extreme heat meant that the ink often dried up, resulting in unreadable text,or even, disastrously, a torn duplicating skin. 13. slang. A cover or shell that protects or encloses something; a casing, a sheath. a. U.S. A tyre. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > [noun] > parts of vehicle moving on wheels > wheel > rubber or pneumatic tyre rubber1875 tyre1875 tirea1877 pneumatic1890 cushion1891 cushion-tire1891 pneu1891 solid tyre1891 balloon tyre1899 single-tube1904 tubular tyre1908 shoe1917 solid1919 tubular1924 air wheel1930 skin1954 tub1978 1954 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) 2 Sept. in Amer. Speech (1956) 31 305 Skin, a tire. 1977 Hot Car Oct. 62/1 The answer is to run at the same pressure as the standard tyres, as by dropping the pressure any more than two pounds, you could cause sidewall failure, even in the big American skins. 1997 S. Holtzman Semi-truck Color Hist. x. 100/1 Today's bedbug trailers usually include at least 18 dozen furniture pads, 12 dozen skins, [etc.]. b. slang (originally U.S.). A condom. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > contraception > [noun] > devices or methods sponge1823 French tickler1905 Gräfenberg ring1930 male condom1938 skin1956 Johnny1963 internal condom1969 female condom1982 contragestive1987 Femidom1989 1956 N. Algren Walk on Wild Side ii. 179 When it rained or was overcast the big room was full of skins hanging in rainbowed rows above the dark gas range's flame. 1960 H. Wentworth & S. B. Flexner Dict. Amer. Slang 482/1 Skin, any thin rubber or animal membrane contraceptive; a condom; a rubber. 1976 T. Sharpe Wilt xvi. 160 ‘You got those rubbers you use?’ he asked... ‘I want those skins.’ 2000 Jrnl. Amer. Hist. 87 445 By 1890..the condom entrepreneur Julius Schmid had launched a successful business in skins in New York. c. Originally U.S. A paper for rolling cigarettes, esp. a marijuana cigarette. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > [noun] > equipment for taking drugs > equipment for taking marijuana roach holder1965 skin1967 bong1971 the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > thing which may be smoked > cigarette > tobacco and paper for rolling > cigarette paper cigarette paper1860 Zig-Zag1909 papera1911 Rizla1916 Rizla paper1939 rolling paper1943 tissue1952 skin1967 1967 J. Rosevear Pot 159 Skin, cigarette paper. 1969 J. Fabian & J. Byrne Groupie xxx. 202 Passed the chick a plastic bag with skins and hash inside. 1980 S. McConville in L. Michaels & C. B. Ricks State of Lang. 525 It [sc. tobacco]..is smoked in a roll-up or spliff, the paper of which is called a skin. 1989 B. Robinson Withnail & I (1998) 117 Withnail: What are you gonna do with those? Danny: The joint I'm about to roll requires a craftsman. It can utilise up to twelve skins. It is called a Camberwell carrot. 1993 B. O'Connor Here comes John 167 Forty Marlboro and skins..and two packs of the Dutch rolling stuff. 2004 Independent (Compact ed.) 29 Jan. 53/4 How are you going to roll a five-skin spliff without the skins? 14. Computing. A set of graphical features, often designed by a user, which can be applied to a particular application, operating system, or (less commonly) website in order to customize its default appearance or modality. ΚΠ 1998 Re: Group Download in Progress in alt.tv.duckman (Usenet newsgroup) 11 Mar. Anyone know of any sites which have lots of good images? I am trying to make a Winamp skin of Duckman and co. 2002 Computer Music Jan. 88/4 There are different colour schemes to choose from if the default skin isn't to your taste. 2006 Australian (Nexis) 7 Feb. (Features section) 6 We've spent hours downloading custom skins for Firefox, deciding on the perfect wallpaper and sticking some bitching stickers on the case. III. Senses denoting a person or animal.Cf. quot. c1475² at Phrases 3, which refers figuratively to people. †15. slang. In plural = tanner n.¹ 1. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific materials > worker with skins or hides > [noun] > worker with leather > tanner tannera975 barker1402 skin1785 1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue Skins, a tanner. 16. An unpleasant or contemptible person; (U.S. slang) spec. = skinflint n. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > inferior person > [noun] > held in contempt thingOE cat?c1225 geggea1300 fox-whelpc1320 creaturea1325 whelp1338 scoutc1380 turnbroach14.. foumart1508 shit1508 get?a1513 strummel?a1513 scofting?1518 pismirea1535 clinchpoop1555 rag1566 huddle and twang1578 whipster1590 slop1599 shullocka1603 tailor1607 turnspit1607 fitchewa1616 bulchin1617 trundle-taila1626 tick1631 louse1633 fart1669 insect1684 mully-grub-gurgeon1746 grub-worm1752 rass1790 foutre1794 blister1806 snot1809 skin1825 scurf1851 scut1873 Siwash1882 stiff1882 bleeder1887 blighter1896 sugar1916 vuilgoed1924 klunk1942 fart sack1943 fart-arse1946 jerkwad1980 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > condition of being held in contempt > [noun] > state or quality of being contemptible > contemptible person wormc825 wretchOE thingOE hinderlingc1175 harlot?c1225 mixa1300 villain1303 whelpc1330 wonnera1340 bismera1400 vilec1400 beasta1425 creaturec1450 dog bolt1465 fouling?a1475 drivel1478 shit1508 marmoset1523 mammeta1529 pilgarlica1529 pode1528 slave1537 slim1548 skit-brains?1553 grasshopper1556 scavenger1563 old boss1566 rag1566 shrub1566 ketterela1572 shake-rag1571 skybala1572 mumpsimus1573 smatchetc1582 squib1586 scabship1589 vassal1589 baboon1592 Gibraltar1593 polecat1593 mushroom1594 nodc1595 cittern-head1598 nit1598 stockfish1598 cum-twang1599 dish-wash1599 pettitoe1599 mustard-token1600 viliaco1600 cargo1602 stump1602 snotty-nose1604 sprat1605 wormling1605 brock1607 dogfly?1611 shag-rag1611 shack-rag1612 thrum1612 rabbita1616 fitchock1616 unworthy1616 baseling1618 shag1620 glow-worm1624 snip1633 the son of a worm1633 grousea1637 shab1637 wormship1648 muckworm1649 whiffler1659 prig1679 rotten egg1686 prigster1688 begged fool1693 hang-dog1693 bugger1694 reptile1697 squinny1716 snool1718 ramscallion1734 footer1748 jackass1756 hallion1789 skite1790 rattlesnake1791 snot1809 mudworm1814 skunk1816 stirrah1816 spalpeen1817 nyaff1825 skin1825 weed1825 tiger1827 beggar1834 despicability1837 squirt1844 prawn1845 shake1846 white mouse1846 scurf1851 sweep1853 cockroach1856 bummer1857 medlar1859 cunt1860 shuck1862 missing link1863 schweinhund1871 creepa1876 bum1882 trashbag1886 tinhorn1887 snot-rag1888 rodent1889 whelpling1889 pie eatera1891 mess1891 schmuck1892 fucker1893 cheapskate1894 cocksucker1894 gutter-bird1896 perisher1896 skate1896 schmendrick1897 nyamps1900 ullage1901 fink1903 onion1904 punk1904 shitepoke1905 tinhorn sport1906 streeler1907 zob1911 stink1916 motherfucker1918 Oscar1918 shitass1918 shit-face1923 tripe-hound1923 gimp1924 garbage can1925 twerp1925 jughead1926 mong1926 fuck?1927 arsehole1928 dirty dog1928 gazook1928 muzzler1928 roach1929 shite1929 mook1930 lug1931 slug1931 woodchuck1931 crud1932 dip1932 bohunkus1933 lint-head1933 Nimrod1933 warb1933 fuck-piga1935 owl-hoot1934 pissant1935 poot1935 shmegegge1937 motheree1938 motorcycle1938 squiff1939 pendejo1940 snotnose1941 jerkface1942 slag1943 yuck1943 fuckface?1945 fuckhead?1945 shit-head1945 shite-hawk1948 schlub1950 asswipe1953 mother1955 weenie1956 hard-on1958 rass hole1959 schmucko1959 bitch ass1961 effer1961 lamer1961 arsewipe1962 asshole1962 butthole1962 cock1962 dipshit1963 motherfuck1964 dork1965 bumhole1967 mofo1967 tosspot1967 crudball1968 dipstick1968 douche1968 frickface1968 schlong1968 fuckwit1969 rassclaat1969 ass1970 wank1970 fecker1971 wanker1971 butt-fucker1972 slimeball1972 bloodclaat1973 fuckwad1974 mutha1974 suck1974 cocksuck1977 tosser1977 plank1981 sleazebag1981 spastic1981 dweeb1982 bumboclaat1983 dickwad1983 scuzzbag1983 sleazeball1983 butt-face1984 dickweed1984 saddie1985 butt plug1986 jerkweed1988 dick-sucker1989 microcephalic1989 wankstain1990 sadster1992 buttmunch1993 fanny1995 jackhole1996 fassyhole1997 fannybaws2000 fassy2002 the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [noun] > niggard or mean person > of the worst kind Jew1508 hood-pick?a1513 miser?1577 share-penny1606 flay-flint1672 skinflint1699 flint1841 skin1900 tight-ass1969 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Skin, a term applied to a person, as expressive of the greatest contempt; as, ‘Ye're naething but a nasty skin’. 1889 Cent. Mag. Dec. 227 Occasionally he would refer to the president of the Off-shore Wrecking Company, his former employer, as ‘that skin’. 1900 G. Ade More Fables 30 Some of the Folks..used to say that Henry was a Skin, and was too Stingy to give his Family enough to eat. 17. U.S. slang. Women considered sexually; sexual intercourse. ΚΠ 1867 A. Doten Jrnls. 20 Sept. (1973) II. 950 Bed at 12—No skin [enciphered as Nj skln]. a1933 in V. Randolph & G. Legman Roll me in your Arms (1992) 108 I went upstairs to get a little skin. 1978 S. Pilcer Teen Angel vii. 81 ‘When you're ready to give him some skin, you'll have something. Believe me.’ ‘Yeah? But in the meantime, the Gooch is covering every position in the book.’ ‘Retard, she's a tramp. She'll do it with anyone.’ 2004 J. Gorman My Last Busy Season 461 ‘Take off your shirt, Jess,’ I said softly. I was going to get some skin after all that day. 18. Originally and chiefly Irish English colloquial. As a term of friendship: a person, esp. a man; a ‘chap’, a ‘sort’. Usually with a positive modifier, as decent, good. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > [noun] hadc900 lifesmaneOE maneOE world-maneOE ghostOE wyeOE lifeOE son of manOE wightc1175 soulc1180 earthmanc1225 foodc1225 person?c1225 creaturec1300 bodyc1325 beera1382 poppetc1390 flippera1400 wat1399 corsec1400 mortal?a1425 deadly?c1450 hec1450 personagec1485 wretcha1500 human1509 mundane1509 member1525 worma1556 homo1561 piece of flesh1567 sconce1567 squirrel?1567 fellow creature1572 Adamite1581 bloat herringa1586 earthling1593 mother's child1594 stuff1598 a piece of flesh1600 wagtail1607 bosom1608 fragment1609 boots1623 tick1631 worthy1649 earthlies1651 snap1653 pippin1665 being1666 personal1678 personality1678 sooterkin1680 party1686 worldling1687 human being1694 water-wagtail1694 noddle1705 human subject1712 piece of work1713 somebody1724 terrestrial1726 anybody1733 individual1742 character1773 cuss1775 jig1781 thingy1787 bod1788 curse1790 his nabs1790 article1796 Earthite1814 critter1815 potato1815 personeityc1816 nibs1821 somebody1826 tellurian1828 case1832 tangata1840 prawn1845 nigger1848 nut1856 Snooks1860 mug1865 outfit1867 to deliver the goods1870 hairpin1879 baby1880 possum1894 hot tamale1895 babe1900 jobbie1902 virile1903 cup of tea1908 skin1914 pisser1918 number1919 job1927 apple1928 mush1936 face1944 jong1956 naked ape1965 oke1970 punter1975 1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 152 Ah, poor Joe is a decent skin. 1939 ‘F. O'Brien’ At Swim-Two-Birds 166 A decent skin if ever there was one, said Slug with warmth, a man that didn't stint the porter. 1958 B. Behan Borstal Boy iii. 258 These were lies..that Cragg was muttering about the Colonel, who wasn't a bad old skin at all,..since he got to know us. 1966 F. Shaw et al. Lern Yerself Scouse 22 Ee's a good skin, he is an agreeable fellow. 1975 ‘H. Leonard’ Da in Plays of Year XLIV. 338 Oh, the mistress is a decent skin. 1995 J. Murphy Brothers of Brush ii. 54 That place is so big a couple of skins could lose themselves in it. 2003 S. Feehily Duck viii. 50 A decent skin is our Marky. 19. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.). A horse, esp. an old or inferior one; (more generally) any old or worthless farm or working animal. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > equus caballus or horse > [noun] horsec825 blonkOE brockc1000 mareOE stota1100 caplec1290 foala1300 rouncyc1300 scot1319 caballc1450 jade1553 chival1567 prancer1567 ball1570 pranker1591 roussin1602 wormly1606 cheval1609 sonipes1639 neigher1649 quadruped1660 keffel1699 prad1703 jig1706 hoss1815 cayuse1841 yarraman1848 quad1854 plug1860 bronco1869 gee-gee1869 quadrupedant1870 rabbit1882 gee1887 neddy1887 nanto1889 prod1891 goat1894 skin1918 bang-tail1921 horsy1923 steed- the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > [noun] > hybrid horse and ass > mule muleOE muletto1656 mute1838 hardtail1906 jarhead1906 skin1918 1918 H. S. Truman Let. 15 Sept. in Dear Bess (1983) 272 My horse lieutenant..moves the Battery with skins and cripples when it has to be done that way. 1923 E. Hemingway Three Stories & Ten Poems 32 They take the first batch of skins out to gallop. 1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 260 A skin, a horse: mule. 1935 Amer. Speech 10 272/1 Skins, thin, common hogs. 1941 S. J. Baker Pop. Dict. Austral. Slang 67 Skin, a horse, ‘generally the property of a professional wayfarer’. 20. Each of a number of units into which an Australian Aboriginal people is divided, typically on the basis of kinship, each unit being associated with a totemic bird, animal, or insect. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > [noun] > under a headman or chief > subdivision skin1927 the world > people > ethnicities > [adjective] > subdivision of tribe skin1986 1927 Votes & Proc. (W. Austral.) I. iii. 83 The injury that I might do to..a native, is a hurt done..to the..group or skin, as they call it, of which he is a member. 1944 W. E. Harney Taboo (ed. 3) 153 Old Toop-Toop was..of the Jimara sub-section, or as the natives call it, ‘skin’ of the Mudbura tribe. 1986 Canberra Times 2 Apr. 7/2 The ‘skin’ name was the way of identifying an Aboriginal as part of a group. 2007 Austral. Aboriginal Stud. (Nexis) 22 Mar. 4 Marriage or sexual relationships with any member of the other seven ‘skins’..are regarded as improper. 21. In plural. With the and capital initial. (A nickname for) the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards; (also) the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. Also occasionally in singular: a member of either of these regiments. Now historical.The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers became part of the Royal Irish Rangers in 1968, and the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards became part of the Royal Dragoon Guards in 1992. [punningly after Inniskilling.] ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > unit of army > named companies, regiments, etc. > [noun] > British Ulsters1649 Scots Guardsa1675 fusilier1680 guards1682 Scots Dragoons1689 Scots Fusiliers1689 Inniskilling1715 Scots Greys1728 blue1737 Black Watch1739 Oxford blues1766 green linnets1793 Grenadiers1800 slashers1802 the Buffs1806 tartan1817 Gay Gordons1823 cheesemongers1824 Green Jacket1824 The Bays1837 RHA1837 dirty half-hundred1841 die-hard1844 lifeguard1849 cherry-picker1865 lancer-regiment1868 cheeses1877 Territorial Regiment1877 the Sweeps1879 dirty shirts1887 Scottish Rifles1888 shiner1891 Yorkshire1898 imperials1899 Irish guards1902 Hampshires1904 BEF1914 Old Contemptibles1915 contemptibles1917 Tank Corps1917 the Tins1918 skins1928 pioneer corps1939 red devils1943 Blues and Royals1968 U.D.R.1969 1928 Observer 10 June 7 This is..a little on the heavy side in style, perhaps, and, therefore, not quite reminiscent of the ‘Skins’ as known in real life. 1938 R. Hayward In Praise of Ulster 235 The Indian Mutiny, South Africa and the Great War brought fresh glories to the valiant ‘Skins’. 1954 L. MacNeice Autumn Sequel 67 The Skins have gone to Kenya with their trousers smartly creased. 1981 J. Johnston Christmas Tree 25 Did you have a brother in the Skins? 2005 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 8 Feb. Last year, during the 90th anniversary of the First World War One, a concerted effort was made to establish whether any ‘Skin’ was still alive. 22. Sport (originally North American). In plural. In an informal game played without different team colours, in which the players of one team remove their shirts to distinguish themselves from their opponents: the team which plays without shirts. Opposed to shirt n. 3b. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > player or sportsperson > [noun] > team or group > types of twelve1573 county1729 colt1789 in1825 Big-side1845 offence1884 all-American1888 farm1896 farm club1896 farm team1896 dream team1911 skin1930 A-team1976 1930 E. M. Draper & G. M. Smith Intramural Athletics & Play Days iii. 25 Four ways of meeting this problem are: 1. To have one team remove shirts. The game then becomes ‘skins versus shirts’ [etc.]. 1964 Los Angeles Times 6 Feb. iii. 1/1 A YMCA game between the ‘skins and shirts’ would intrigue a passerby almost as much. 1998 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 23 May 30 Lads from the Torbay Combination League side Nova found a patch of grass and started up a makeshift game—result Yellow Shirts five, Skins four. 2005 Sports Illustr. (Electronic ed.) 19 Sept. 19 During a shirts-and-skins basketball game at a nudist colony, do the players in shirts feel self-conscious? 23. slang (originally and chiefly British). Short for skinhead n. 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > young person > [noun] > adolescent farrowa700 puberc1350 adolescent?1440 teen1818 teener1894 post-pubescent1904 teenager1913 tweenie1919 teeny1940 tweenager1949 jean-ager1959 skin1969 1969 Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier 4 Sept. 15/6 ‘It's all the rage with the Skins now,’ said a 14 year old boy who admitted stealing leather [from a Wolverhampton bus seat]. 1978 R. Westall Devil on Road iv. 26 Those Midland sods must be crazy... I shouted the rudest things you can shout at skins. 1981 Times 22 July 11/3 ‘There's good and bad skinheads,’ is as far as he will go... The picture is complicated: there are black skins, and there are non-violent skins... Certainly, many of the skins are thugs. 1998 R. Newman Manners 23 The bouncers said ‘Shut the doors’, and some skins were trapped between the two doors and they were just slaughtered. IV. Other uses. 24. U.S. [Perhaps in allusion to the citrus peel used in such drinks.] A type of cocktail. Usually with modifying word indicating the spirit used. Now rare.Recorded earliest in whisky-skin (cf. whisky-skin n. at whisky n.¹ Compounds 2). ΚΠ 1846 Yankee Doodle 19 Dec. 262/2 Letheon..is generally taking place of vulgar brandy smashers and hot whisky skins at the bars of the upper range of drink-cellars. 1853 A. Marjoribanks Trav. in S. & N. Amer. xxii. 398 Brandy skin consists of brandy, sugar, and lemon skins. 1902 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang VI. i. 227/1 Skin,..punch made in the glass: as a whiskey-skin, a rum-skin, &c. 1919 H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. 85 The origin of..skin, shrub and smash..is quite unknown. 25. U.S. (chiefly in African-American usage). A card game in which players are each dealt a single card and then bet on that card not being the first to be matched in value by another dealt from the pack; = Georgia skin n. at Georgia n. 3. Perhaps cf. senses 4b, 6. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > games of chance played with cards > [noun] > others banker1874 wappie1902 Georgia skin1911 skin1923 skin game1935 1923 Portsmouth (Ohio) Daily Times 18 June 9/4 (headline) Gamblers playing ‘skin’ when caught by police. 1935 Z. N. Hurston Mules & Men i. iii. 72 Ah played skin wid de Devil for mah life. 1978 R. Moore & S. Levine Big Paddle (1979) i. 15 Larsen loves skin. He'll go all over looking for a skin game. 2001 R. Alexander To ascend into Shining World Again ix. 75 The guys were always playing Skin and that was a game that I refuse to play. In my opinion, winning was based on luck or cheating. 26. North American. Golf. A sum of money offered as a wager or prize to the winner of a given hole, which in case of there being no outright winner may accrue to the following hole. Cf. skins game n. (a) at Compounds 5. ΚΠ 1928 Amer. Golfer May 25/1 Every habitual foursome that starts out Sunday morning to play for the lunch, the drinks, dollar nassau, and cumulative skins on the side, has its own peculiar rules. 1942 Washington Post 16 Aug. 5/6 If one golfer has a four and the others are over four, the four-shooter wins the skin. 1970 Los Angeles Sentinel 3 Sept. b4/1 It was funny but no one dared laugh because $50 worth of skins were riding on the hole. 2007 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 20 June s3 [He] won a single skin and $15,000 on the third hole on Monday. Phrases P1. In metonymic uses denoting a person's life, identity, etc. a. In miscellaneous uses concerning a person's identity, character, or behaviour, esp. to be in (also get into) someone's skin. Cf. to get under a person's skin at Phrases 12b. ΚΠ 1372 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 88 I wolde ben clad in cristis skyn, Þat ran so longe on blode. 1573 C. Hollyband French Schoole-maister in M. St. C. Byrne Elizabethan Home (1949) 23 I would not be in thy skinne for twentie crownes of golde. ?1608 S. Lennard tr. P. Charron Of Wisdome ii. ii. 252 We must discerne the skinne from the shirt. 1665 R. South Serm. preached before Court 38 If Mens Religion lies no deeper then their skin. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 46 Why, where should she be? You must needs know; she's in her Skin. 1790 F. Burney Diary Feb. (1842) V. 93 I shall pity those men when the book comes out!—I would not be in their skins! 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) (at cited word) ‘To be in another's skin,’ to be in his place or situation. a1850 D. G. Rossetti Dante & Circle (1874) i. 221 Him who sticks so in his skin. a1850 D. G. Rossetti Dante & Circle (1874) i. 224 Messer Angiolieri's slipped his skin. 1886 G. B. Shaw How to become Musical Critic (1960) 115 The one [sc. actor] gets into the skin of one character: the other only puts on the clothes of twelve. 1916 J. R. Towse Sixty Years of Theater xxiii. 361 In the church scene, Miss Rehan won her audience by a fine display of honest womanly indignation, but she never really ‘got into the skin’ of Beatrice. 1963 Listener 28 Mar. 564/2 Those who enjoy the fun of getting inside someone else's skin. 2003 Time 19 May 31/2 The Democrats..will need a candidate who is easy in his skin, who sounds different from other politicians. b. In phrases denoting change in identity, nature, or beliefs. Now rare.In quot. 1579 echoing Persius Satires 5. 116 pelliculam veterem retines, which Cooper ( Thesaurus (1565)) renders ‘thou art the olde man still: thou hast still thine olde skinne’. ΚΠ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Jer. xiii. 23 Defoulid ben þi foot soles if chaunge mai an etheope his skyn [L. pellem suam]. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 379 (MED) Þe Blewman chaungeþ nouȝt liȝtliche his skyn. 1534 G. Joye tr. Jeremy Prophete xiii. f. xxv^v For euen as the Morin may change his skinne & the Leoparde his spottes, so maye you once accustomed & stayned with synne do good. ?1537 in tr. Erasmus Declamatio Med. sig. A.viii Man doth floryshe and waxe a yonge man agayne by castyng a way (as it were) his olde skynne. 1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 133/1 We shall be alwayes in part lead away with our old skin, and there will be great remnants of the old man in vs. 1632 P. Massinger & N. Field Fatall Dowry ii. sig. E They skip into my Lords cast skins some twice a yeere. 1740 H. Walpole Ep. from Florence in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems (1763) III. 80 While The Priest some blessed nothings mutters o'er, He seems at once to shed his mortal skin, Sucks in the sacred grease at ev'ry pore: And feels Divinity transfus'd within. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 133. ⁋3 I was punished with artificial excoriations in hopes of gaining new graces with a new skin. 1828 E. Bulwer-Lytton Pelham I. xxxiv. 309 That great epoch, when vanity casts off its first skin. 1856 H. Mayhew Great World London 39 The wealth in which the merchants of Rag Fair deal..is merely the offal of the well-to-do—the skins sloughed by gentility. 1902 Parl. Deb. Austral. 1901–2 8 19369/2 I was a free-trader once..but the moment I inquired into the question of how best to utilize the resources of a new country, I had to cast off the old skin of the Manchester school. c. In phrases concerning a person's life and safety, esp. to save one's (own) skin: to protect oneself from injury, punishment, or some other unwanted fate; spec. to save one's own life. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > preserve from injury or destruction [verb (intransitive)] > preserve oneself from injury or harm to save one's (own) skin1642 to save one's bacon1654 to save one's soul1688 a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Job ii. 4 Sathan answeride, and seide, a man schal ȝyue skyn for skyn [L. pellem pro pelle], and alle thingis that he hath for his lijf. 1569 W. Wager Longer thou Liuest sig. B.iv^v Neither mockes nor gaudes shall your skinne saue. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman Table Æquivocating with our conscience..for the saving of our owne skin, is abominable. 1692 R. L'Estrange Fables liv. 54 Dangerous Civilities.., wherein 'tis a Hard Matter for a Man to Save, both his Skin, and his Credit. 1721 J. Strype Eccl. Memorials III. xviii. 146 Some..joined in Insurrections and Mutinies; others of a more easy or timorous Spirit, complied with the Queen out of Flattery, or to save their Skins. 1786 R. Burns Poems 38 Till skelp—a shot—they're aff, a' throw'ther, To save their skin. 1890 W. Stebbing Peterborough viii. 155 A poltroon who was ever considering how to save his skin. 1898 A. Conan Doyle Trag. Korosko v He was taken prisoner..and had to turn Dervish to save his skin. 1926 H. Crane Let. 1 Nov. (1965) 276 The terrific heat and bugs, etc., nearly killed me. But I've managed to come through, at least with my skin. 1965 J. Porter Dover Two xiv. 185 Anything to save his own skin, the yellow-bellied rat! 1989 V. Glendinning Grown-ups ii. 26 Preferring to let someone be murdered rather than get involved and risk their own skins. 2002 S. Holmes B-More Careful xii. 138 He started talking... He knew he'd never see the streets again if he didn't, so he was saving his own skin. P2. to the skin. a. To the extent of leaving no clothing on the body; to the point of nakedness. Also figurative. Now somewhat archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adverb] naked as a worm?a1366 nakedlyc1425 to the skin?1518 in one's (pure) naturals1579 in puris naturalibus1581 unclothedlya1626 puris naturalibus1626 with nothing on1678 uncoveredly1683 in the buff1803 Adamically1860 in the (also one's) altogether1894 in the raw1941 in the nuddy1953 c1390 W. Hilton Expos. Qui habitat & Bonum Est (1954) 56 And he is laft as naked & as pore as a mon [perh. read mon robbed] of al þe gode þat he had to þe bare skynne. ?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. C.iii They clyp vs, they poll vs, they py vs to the skyn. 1581 J. Derricke Image Irelande ii. sig. Eiv^v An other sorte thei spoile, euen naked to the skin: And leaue hym nothyng for to wrappe, his naked bodie in. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 749 The Sauages..giuing all to their naked skinne..for the trifles he gaue them. a1639 W. Whately Prototypes (1640) ii. xxxiv. 181 The Egyptians would rather sell themselves to the skinne, yea sell themselves and all, then they would..take corne by force. a1640 P. Massinger & J. Fletcher Very Woman v. v. 35 in P. Massinger 3 New Playes (1655) We were boarded, pillag'd to the skin, and after Twice sold for slaves. 1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle I. xi. 81 He was stripped to the skin with the utmost expedition by order of his affrighted parent. 1767 W. Harte Amaranth 137 Proud of the wit, and heedless of the sin, They strip, and sell the christian to the skin. 1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. at Tirr Tir one to the skin, i.e. strip him naked. 1851 W. C. Spooner Youatt's On Struct. & Dis. Horse (new ed.) xxi. 411 As well may a man with a great coat on attempt to run a race with another stripped almost to the skin. 1877 J. Cook Biology viii. 162 Capital in our great municipalities is fleeced now to the skin. 1928 D. Barnes Ryder xli. 232 I am all charity an [sic] the supplicant be truly tattered to the skin. a1979 H. Boswell Town House, Country House (1990) ii. 20 ‘It was a good thing Mr O'Neill was here to distract him,’ she said, ‘for he was set on stripping down to the skin.’ b. Through all one's garments; (hence) thoroughly, completely. Chiefly in wet (also soaked, etc.) to the skin. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > completeness > completely [phrase] > thoroughly > from beginning to end or through and through to the boneOE through and throughc1225 out and outc1300 from top to tail1303 out and inc1390 (from) head to heel (also heels)c1400 (from) head to foot (also feet)c1425 from top to (into, unto) toec1425 to the skin1526 to one's (also the) finger (also fingers') ends1530 from first to last1536 up and down1542 whole out1562 to the pith1587 to the back1594 from A to (also until) Z1612 from clew to earing1627 from top to bottom1666 back and edge1673 all hollow1762 (all) to pieces1788 from A to Za1821 to one's (also the) fingertips1825 to one's fingernails1851 from tip to toe1853 down to the ground1859 to the backbone1864 right the way1867 pur sang1893 from the ground up1895 in and out1895 from soda (card) to hock1902 1526 C. Mery Talys sig. Fi^v Well washyd & wett to the skyn. 1582 W. Allen Briefe Hist. Glorious Martyrdom sig. C1 After these iiij had bene searched vnto their skinnes, and nothing found vpon them. 1589 J. Lyly Pappe with Hatchet sig. A2^v We care not for a Scottish mist, though it wet vs to the skin. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xi. 7 This tempestious storme Inuades vs to the skin . View more context for this quotation 1681 Heraclitus Ridens 15 Nov. 2/1 ‘Udds Bobblekens,’ quoth he, ‘I were wet to the skin.’ 1749 J. Hervey Medit. & Contempl. (ed. 5) II. 263 The Ploughman, soaked to the skin, leaves his half-tilled Acre. 1749 L. Pilkington Mem. (new ed.) II. 201 It snowed violently, insomuch that I, who had only a Chintz gown on, was wet to the Skin. 1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret i. 12 I don't believe..that they were ever wet to the skin in their lives. 1822 J. Galt Steam-boat 258 An even-doun thunder-plump came on, that..drookit the Doctor to the skin. c1885 A. W. Pinero in M. R. Booth Eng. Plays of 19th Cent. (1973) IV. 338 I'm wet to the skin and frightfully hungry! 1905 Westm. Gaz. 8 July 2/2 Arriving in an Irish ‘misting’, drenched to the skin. 1931 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 41 422 Philosopheress to the skin, she is all things to all men. 1943 M. McLaverty White Mare & Other Stories 63 Coming home he was wet to the skin, but there was great joy in his heart for he felt now there'd be rain to-morrow. 2000 K. Atkinson Emotionally Weird (2001) 23 Maybe that's true, but it doesn't stop the cold rain from soaking us to the skin or the gales blowing in our hair. P3. In phrases denoting severe or unfair treatment, or summary punishment, as to pull the skin over a person's ears and variants, to have (also take) the skin off a person's back, etc. ΚΠ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 2897 (MED) Out of his skyn he was beflain Al quyk. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) G. §4. l. 1273 The deuel, out of his skyn Hym terve, I pray to god, for his falshede. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 73 (MED) Tyrauntis..taken here skyn fro þe bak. c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) ii. l. 126 Ȝe..plucked and pulled hem anon to þe skynnes. c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) ii. l. 32 (MED) Þey plucked þe plomayle from þe pore skynnes. 1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 3rd Serm. sig. Hviii She can brynge the Iudges skyne ouer hys eares. 1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 3rd Serm. sig. Hviii^v He wyl for wyddowes sakes..plucke the Iudges skyne ouer theyr heades. 1621 T. W. tr. S. Goulart Wise Vieillard 55 Many..who in regard of their age,..being esteemed as dead men, haue made young men to tremble and quake, who earst purposed to plucke their skin ouer their eares. 1671 M. D'Assigny tr. P. Gautruche Poet. Hist. ii. v. 159 Apollo was the Victor, therefore he hang'd Marsyas upon a Tree, and pull'd his skin over his ears. 1717 C. Gildon tr. Heliodorus Adventures Theagenes & Chariclia II. viii. 105 Know otherwise, that I have ordered you to be laid in Chains, and brought hither in their Room, and that I shall pull your Skin over your Ears. 1799 W. Scott tr. J. W. von Goethe Goetz of Berlichingen i. 6 If we durst but once drub their masters so, who drag the skin over our ears! 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby viii. 70 ‘Let any boy speak a word without leave,’ said Mr. Squeers, mildly, ‘and I'll take the skin off his back.’ 1852 W. G. Simms As Good as Comedy iv. 56 Jake, my boy, I've come here to-day to strip the skin off you altogether. 1919 G. B. Shaw O'Flaherty V.C. in Heartbreak House, Great Catherine, & Playlets of War 185 My mother would have taken the skin off my back if I'd ever let on to have any other king than Parnell. 1953 E. Simon Past Masters iii. 205 A lesser man woold [sic] have had the skin off for that. 2006 T. Field Squat ix. 188 He would take the skin off your back if he could. P4. In proverbial phrases relating to the hunting and trading of animal skins. †a. Denoting the extent or limits of one's obligations. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1450 MS Douce 52 in Festschrift zum XII. Neuphilologentage (1906) 50 (MED) I kepe no more but the skyn of the catt. 1555 J. Heywood Two Hundred Epigrammes with Thyrde sig. B.vi We can haue no more of the fox but the skyn: And the foxe thynkth that, to much for vs to wyn. 1570 in Hist. MSS. Comm.: Cal. MSS Marquis of Salisbury (1883) I. 489 in Parl. Papers (C. 3777) XXXVI. 1 You can have no more of the cat but the skin. 1582 T. Watson Poems (Arb.) 96 Besides his Skinne, the Fox hath nought to pay. 1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (Rom. iv. 6) Every Fox must pay his own skin to the flaier. 1657 A. B. tr. J. Buxtorf Jewish Synagogue i. 12 Every Fox should give his own skin to the Currier to be pulled off, and to suffer his own hairs to be plucked out at his pleasure. b. Denoting premature action or overconfident anticipation of success. Now rare. ΚΠ 1567 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1900) II. 392 Theye coulde not marchaundyze for the beares skynne before they had hym. 1577 tr. ‘F. de L'Isle’ Legendarie sig. Eviij Selling the beares skinne which yet they had not taken. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iv. iii. 94 The man that once did sell the Lions skin, While the beast liued, was kild with hunting him. a1690 J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 436 We must not dispose of the Bears Skin till the Bear be Dead. 1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi II. v. iii. 231 Are ye dividing the skin while the lion lives. 1858 D. Costello Millionaire of Mincing Lane xvii. 146 That reckoning which sells the skin of the bear before the beast is captured. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 30 Nov. 5/2 I do not like to divide the skin before we have caught the bear. 1984 K. M. Setton Papacy & Levant IV. xxiv. 1066/2 As far as that went, however, Rambouillet agreed with a number of other informed persons that it was a matter of dividing the skin before they had caught the bear. P5. a. to be skin and bone (also bones): to be very thin or emaciated. to skin and bone (also bones): to the point of emaciation or complete despair. Also as a n. (also skin-and-boner): a very thin or emaciated person or animal (rare). Also occasionally skin-and-bony adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > slim shape or physique > [adjective] > thin leanc1000 thinc1000 swonga1300 meagrea1398 empty?c1400 (as) thin (also lean, rank) as a rakec1405 macilent?a1425 rawc1425 gauntc1440 to be skin and bone (also bones)c1450 leany?a1475 swampc1480 scarrya1500 pinched1514 extenuate1528 lean-fleshed1535 carrion-lean1542 spare1548 lank1553 carrion1565 brawn-fallen1578 raw-bone1590 scraggeda1591 thin-bellied1591 rake-lean1593 bare-boned1594 forlorn1594 Lented1594 lean-looked1597 shotten herring1598 spiny1598 starved1598 thin-belly1598 raw-boned1600 larbar1603 meagry?1603 fleshless1605 scraggy1611 ballow1612 lank-leana1616 skinnya1616 hagged1616 scraggling1616 carrion-like1620 extenuated1620 thin-gutted1620 haggard1630 scrannel1638 leanisha1645 skeletontal1651 overlean1657 emaciated1665 slank1668 lathy1672 emaciate1676 nithered1691 emacerated1704 lean-looking1713 scranky1735 squinny-gut(s)1742 mauger1756 squinny1784 angular1789 etiolated1791 as thin (also lean) as a rail1795 wiry1808 slink1817 scranny1820 famine-hollowed1822 sharp featured1824 reedy1830 scrawny1833 stringy1833 lean-ribbeda1845 skeletony1852 famine-pinched1856 shelly1866 flesh-fallen1876 thinnish1884 all horn and hide1890 unfurnished1893 bone-thin1899 underweight1899 asthenic1925 skin-and-bony1935 skinny-malinky1940 skeletal1952 pencil-neck1960 c1450 in F. J. Furnivall Hymns to Virgin & Christ (1867) 73 (MED) Ful of fleissche Y was to fele, Now..Me is lefte But skyn & boon. a1456 J. Lydgate Bycorne & Chychevache (Trin. Cambr. R.3.20) 84 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 436 I am but skyn and boon. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward V f. xvi^v In..whose reigne she dyed, when she had nothyng but a reueled skynne and bone. 1555 J. Heywood Two Hundred Epigrammes with Thyrde sig. A.vi^v Yet art thou skyn and bone. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 251 My self being nothing but skin and bone, as one that languished in a Consumption. a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 10 She Languished and pinde away to skinne and bone. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VII. liii. 201 Her features are so regular..that were she only skin and bone, she must be a beauty. 1792 W. Borrow in M. F. G.-B. Giner & M. Montgomery Knaresborough Workhouse Daybk. (2003) 187 She nothing but skin and bone and a boundance of Lumber. 1823 Blackwood's Mag. July 66 Steeds of various degrees, high-mettled racer, or hunter, Bit of blood, skin-and-boner, pad, hack, mule, jackass, or donkey. 1827 tr. Narr. Captivity de Brisson in tr. Perils & Captivity 224 We arrived, extenuated and reduced to skin and bone. 1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood xxii. 176 The breast, which is the only delicate cuts in a duck, always goes in a direction which I cannot imagine where, and your own plate comes down so miserably skin-and-bony! 1888 ‘W. Châteauclair’ Young Seigneur 73 ‘Heh, heh, heh!’ cried an old skin-and-bones. 1906 Daily Chron. 26 Nov. 4/7 What's wearing me to skin and bone? My neighbour's grinding gramophone. 1935 C. Day Lewis Time to Dance & Other Poems 61 You silly great fulminating bogeyman! You're nothing but a laugh and a daft skin-and-bony man. 1955 G. Greene Loser takes All i. vii. 43 The horse was all skin and bone and I had forgotten that the road was uphill. 1988 S. Deshpande That Long Silence ii. 68 Look at your arms—just skin and bone. 1998 Courier-Jrnl. (Louisville, Kentucky) 15 June a4/2 Their faces and limbs shrink to skin and bones. 2006 Racing Post (Nexis) 2 June 20 He was in a dreadful state. He was pretty much skin and bones. b. skin and grief: emaciated; weak and starving. Frequently attributive. Also as n.: an emaciated or starving person (rare). ΚΠ 1779 J. Warner in J. H. Jesse G. Selwyn & his Contemp. (1844) IV. 30 Such a number of pinch-bellied, woebegone, skin-and-grief, lanthorn-jawed, soup-maigre subjects. ?1837 E. Stirling Pickwick Club iii. vi. 50 What's your name, young skin and grief? 1856 E. L. C. Follen Old Garret II. 79 Perhaps it is your fault that poor Scrimp is nothing but skin and grief. 1887 T. Hardy Woodlanders I. xii. 226 He was almost well, but is much worse again; a man all skin and grief he ever were. a1903 H. Latham in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1903) IV. 121/1 [Yorkshire] Ay, poor little minnit, he's all skin an' grief. 1912 D. H. Lawrence Let. 24 Dec. (1962) I. 172 They want me to have form: that means, they want me to have their pernicious ossiferous skin-and-grief form, and I won't. 1912 P. C. Wren Dew & Mildew xxv. 420 We had a chap at school called ‘Skin-and-Grief’. 1983 R. Brown Voy. of Iceberg 110 Their weight is down to fifty pounds and a pup that's all skin and grief is no use to anyone. P6. in (also with) a whole skin: unwounded, uninjured. Frequently in †to sleep in a whole skin, to keep a whole skin: to escape unscathed, to remain uninjured. Now somewhat archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > be in state of health [verb (intransitive)] > remain uninjured to sleep in a whole skin1534 the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > free from injury unwoundedOE wholeOE unwemmedc1175 hailc1275 wemlessc1330 sound as a trouta1450 unmaimeda1470 unmaggled1508 unmenyied?a1513 in (also with) a whole skin1534 woundless1579 unmartyred1580 wound-free1609 invulnered1613 fist-free1615 invulneratea1680 unmangled1885 1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 170 I am a conquerour yf I may depart or escape with a hole skynne [L. latere tecto abscedere]. 1543 T. Becon Invect. against Swearing Pref. f. iii^v It is good sleapyng in an whole skynne. 1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. M3^v The foole is crafty inough to sleepe in a whole skin. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxxii. xxi. 823 b To enter into no armes at all, to sit still and sleepe in a hole skin. c1643 N. Boteler Dialogues (1929) (modernized text) 38 They propound it to themselves as the safer course to receive their pay in a whole skin. 1644 S. Rutherford Serm. House of Commons 47 Some sell Religion to be free from plundering, others to keep a whole skin, and to go to heaven, as they imagine without losse of bloud. 1694 L. Echard tr. Plautus Epidicus iv. viii, in tr. Plautus Comedies 110 Begon in a moment, as you hope to sleep in a whole skin. 1704 J. Pitts True Acct. Mohammetans ii. 12 The Algerines are a very timerous sort of People, willing to sleep in a whole Skin. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa V. xxi. 193 Honest Hickman may now sleep in a whole skin. 1813 R. Southey March to Moscow x, in Poet. Wks. (1838) VI. 221 He was besides in a very great fright, For a whole skin he liked to be in. 1878 C. H. Spurgeon Metrop. Tabernacle Pulpit XXIII. 563 Others think the Gospel is true: Erasmus feels sure that it is, but Erasmus wants to die in a whole skin. 1897 W. E. Norris Marietta's Marriage xliii We'll assume..that your anxiety to keep a whole skin justified you in taking to your heels. 1904 E. Glasgow Deliverance v. vi. 499 If that young rascal wants to keep a whole skin he'd better stay off this place. 1932 R. Macaulay They were Defeated i. xii. 92 He gets through with it with a whole skin. 2005 L. A. Lawson Gorgon's Mask 11 The child Thomas feared that he would not get out of his predicament with a whole skin. P7. by (also with) the skin of one's teeth: by a very narrow margin, barely, only just. Also occasionally with ellipsis of the preposition. [After biblical Hebrew bĕʿōr šinnāi (Job 19:20), lit. ‘with the skin of my teeth’, thus in quot. 1560 a literalism of translation, which its use in the King James Bible helped to make proverbial in English. However, the sense of the passage in Job is uncertain and disputed, as is the grammatical analysis and meaning of the Hebrew verb form immediately preceding the noun phrase; many recent commentators doubt that the Hebrew text offers any support for the notion of a ‘narrow escape’. The Vulgate and Septuagint render the passage differently (Vulgate: et derelicta sunt tantummodo labia circa dentes meos ‘only my lips are left around my teeth’; Septuagint: τὰ δὲ ὁστᾶ μου ἑν ὁδοῦσιν ἔχεται ‘my bones are held in my teeth’), the Septuagint apparently following an emendation of the Hebrew text. Compare the Wycliffite Bible, following the text of the Vulgate: ▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Job xix. 20 Oneli þe lippis ben laft aboute my teeþ. ] ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > [phrase] > with difficulty of (also by, with) hardc1330 with needa1500 by (also with) the skin of one's teeth1560 1560 Bible (Geneva) Job xix. 20 I haue escaped with the skinne of my tethe. 1647 Earl of Clarendon Contempl. Psalms in Tracts (1727) 510 He reckoned himself only escaped with the skin of his teeth, that he had nothing left. 1774 E. Allen Brief Narr. Proc. Govt. New-York 72 They left their Possessions and Farms to the Conquerers, and escaped with the Skin of their Teeth. 1816 J. Marsden Narr. Mission Nova Scotia Pref. 8 Having escaped by the skin of my teeth, I may be allowed to look back upon the dangers I have passed and with the voice of salutary warning point them out to others. 1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan I. 109 Skin o' my teeth, I guess, if it hadn't been for Watty boy. 1893 Nation 9 Feb. 99/2 His eldest son was implicated in the robbery.., and came off by the skin of his teeth. 1941 J. R. R. Tolkien Let. 6–8 Mar. (1995) 52 I ought to have got a good scholarship, I only landed by the skin of my teeth an exhibition of £60 at Exeter. 1955 Times 16 May 12/2 On each occasion France escaped with the skin of their teeth. 2002 C. Slaughter Before Knife (2003) viii. 133 I made it here only by the skin of my teeth, I'm telling you. P8. a. to jump (also leap) out of one's skin. (a) To feel extreme delight or excitement; to be full of joy or high spirits. Also occasionally to be out of one's skin. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > excitement > be or become excited [verb (intransitive)] > leap or skip with excitement dancec1400 to jump (also leap) out of one's skin1567 1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. xxi. f. 154 Master Philippo, was so well pleased, as he was like to leape out of his skin for ioy. 1584 B. R. tr. Herodotus Famous Hyst. i. f. 38 Hymselfe as one ready to leape out of hys skynne for joy,..declared [etc.]. c1616 R. C. Times' Whistle (1871) vii. 2976 The marchant, if his gaines doe safe come in, Is with ioy ready to leape out on's skinne. 1668 H. More Divine Dialogues (1713) iii. xxxvi. 283 How transported are my Spirits, that I am ready even to skip out of my skin for Joy! 1706 S. Centlivre Love at Venture v. 59 I, I, I am so over-joy'd, I shall jump out of my skin. 1733 H. Fielding Miser (London ed.) v. i. 69 I am ready to leap out of my Skin for Joy. 1808 G. Colman Blue Devils i. i. 22 'Twould make me jump out of my skin, for joy. 1857 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. June 656/1 Any other child in the village would have leapt out of her skin to have her face upon my sketch-book. 1860 A. Trollope Castle Richmond III. xiii. 246 So is we all ould frinds, an we're all glad—out of our skins wid gladness. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. 710 An admirer he signed it I near jumped out of my skin. (b) To start violently with surprise or alarm. Frequently with almost, nearly, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > surprise, unexpectedness > happen or move unexpectedly [verb (intransitive)] > act with surprise abash?c1400 startc1405 startle1576 to raise one's eyebrow(s) (or an eyebrow)1849 to jump (also leap) out of one's skin1860 gloppen- 1860 ‘M. Harland’ Nemesis xxx. 431 There came sech a knock at the door that I a'most jumped out of my skin. 1915 Condor 17 7 It was so unexpected and so discordant that I nearly jumped out of my skin (figuratively speaking), entertaining the feelings of a pedestrian who hears a shrieking auto siren at his back. 1942 T. Kitching Diary 25 Jan. in Life & Death in Changi (1998) iii. 23 Says he, ‘1875? Yes, I was living in this house then.’ I nearly jumped out of my skin. ‘What! In 1875?’ 1981 ‘J. Gash’ Lovejoy: Vatican Rip (1986) viii. 71 A pebble dislodging somewhere practically made me leap out of my skin. 2001 C. Glazebrook Madolescents 74 I nearly jump out of my skin when the phone rings. b. out of one's skin: to the point of exhaustion; (in later use usually more generally) to an excessive or exceptional degree; exceptionally. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [phrase] > with excessive exertion out of one's skin1578 1578 A. Golding tr. Seneca Conc. Benefyting iii. xix. f. 36^v He lackyeth after him when he iourneyeth, he tendeth him in his sicknesse, he tooyleth himself out of his skin [L. labore summo colit] too doo him ease. 1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. D3 The Souldiour may fight himselfe out of his skinne. 1605 S. Rowlands Hell's broke Loose sig. C When Phisicke comes in Gold, and Siluer's kinde, To thinke on this, what's hee, that would not craue it, And fight himselfe out of his skin to haue it? 1621 T. Taylor Parable of Sower & Seed 178 Yet are they not content, but repine and vexe themselues,..yea, and toyle themselues out of their skinnes. 1693 S. R. tr. A. Baillet Life M. Des Cartes vi. 195 M. Sorbiere..sought out other Subjects to plague and quite weary Monsieur Des Cartes out of his Skin. 1866 A. Trollope Belton Estate I. vii. 162 Why should he be made..to drive the poor beast out of its skin? 1891 N. Gould Double Event xv. 101 The horse..looked in splendid condition, ‘fit to jump out of his skin’, to use a racing term. 1978 Daily Mirror 18 Oct. 32/1 Barnes played out of his skin against Blackpool recently. 1989 Taxi Globe 15 Nov. 3/5 We were all worried out of our skins. 2006 FIFA Mag. Oct. 28/1 Hislop played out of his skin to keep his team in the game against a superior side. c. to fly out of one's skin: to lose one's composure or self-control, esp. because of anger, fear, or frustration; spec. = Phrases 8a(b). ΚΠ 1591 (?a1425) Three Kings (Huntington) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mill Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. 162 (MED) He would goe wood..and flye out of his skynne. 1722 S. Croxall tr. Æsop Fables lxix. 122 You, who are so stout and formidable at all other times, if you do but hear the cry of the Hounds, are ready to fly out of your Skin for fear. 1840 Knickerbocker Mar. 227 Do go and leave me, or I shall fly out of my skin. 1851 S. G. Goodrich Robert Merry's Museum 16 When the king beheld the false princess, he almost flew out of his skin with disappointment and anger. 1912 Amer. Mag. Apr. 759/2 At the end of a week, he'll be simply gasping for some golf, or tennis, or croquet even. Oh, he'll be ready to fly out of his skin. 1997 K. Eagle Night Remembers (1998) 259 All it took to send her flying out of her skin was a knock on the door. †P9. as the skin between one's brows and variants: (used adverbially as an intensifier of an adjective) completely, utterly, absolutely. Obsolete.Chiefly in as honest as the skin between one's brows, in later use usually with allusion to Shakespeare (see quot. 1600¹). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > extremely > specific emphasizing a quality as the skin between one's brows1575 as clean, clear, dry as a whistle1786 1575 W. Stevenson Gammer Gurtons Nedle v. ii. sig. Ei^v I am as true, I wold thou knew, as skin bet wene thy browes. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iii. v. 12 An old man sir, and his wittes are not so blunt, as God helpe I would desire they were, but infaith honest, as the skin between his browes . View more context for this quotation 1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor ii. i. sig. Eiv Punt. Is he magnanimous? Gent. As the skin betweene your browes sir. View more context for this quotation 1631 B. Jonson Bartholmew Fayre iv. v. 64 in Wks. II Tou [sic] shalt be as honesht as the skinne betweene his hornsh. a1643 W. Cartwright Ordinary (1651) v. iv. 83 I am as honest as the skin that is Between thy Brows? 1737 J. Miller Universal Passion iv. ii. 51 He's an old Man, Sir, and his Wits are not quite so ready as 'twere to be wish'd; but in troth he's as honest as the Skin between his Brows. 1783 G. Colman tr. Horace Art Poetry 32 As honest as the skin between his brows! 1861 D. Costello Holidays with Hobgoblins 95 He was good-natured to a fault, and honest as the skin between his brows. P10. skin and birn: see burn n.³ 2b. P11. colloquial. in a bad skin: in a bad mood or temper. Also in a good skin: in a good mood. Now chiefly English regional and historical. ΚΠ 1788 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue (ed. 2) at Skin In a bad skin, out of temper, in an ill humour. a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) 137 Good-mind, Good-skin... They both express good humour. Ex...‘he is in a bad skin to-day’. 1863 C. G. Rowe Fisherman's Niece iii. 33 ‘You don't seem in a good skin, brother, tonight,’ said Jenny's aunt. 1911 B. Swift Old Dance Master xvi. 258 If it ain't stilton, if it ain't fit to put a feller in a good skin, and if I don't love 'er as 'ard as a 'ammer, I'll be shot! 1929 F. Manning Middle Parts of Fortune I. vii. 152 I have been in a bad skin ever since we left Sand-pits. 1957 H. Hall Parish's Dict. Sussex Dial. (new ed.) 121/2 He's in a bad skin s'morning, 'e's got out o' bed the wrong side. 2003 M. Jennings Let Loose Dogs xxxii. 208 I was still in a bad skin. What I said didn't mean anything. P12. a. to get under the skin of: to reach or display a deep understanding of. Cf. to get into someone's skin at Phrases 1a. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > sharpness, shrewdness, insight > achieve understanding [phrase] to see, etc. through (also into) a (brick, mud, stone) wall1598 to read someone like an open book1827 there are no flies on1848 to get under the skin of1862 to get or have (someone or something) taped1914 1862 Bentley's Misc. 52 22 I have been invited to all sorts of houses, I have seen all sorts of people, I have tried to get under the skin of all classes of intelligences. 1927 H. Crane Let. 12 Sept. (1965) 307 I think I really succeed in getting under the skin of this glorious and dying animal [sc. the Indian]. 1942 A. Christie Five Little Pigs i. iv. 32 I think you are interested in—character, shall we say?.. To get under the skin, as it were, of your criminal. 1959 M. Summerton Small Wilderness i. 11 He got under the skin of the rôle and lived it... He was given a small part in the spring production. 1999 Empire Nov. 34/5 A psychiatrist gets under the skin of a long lost primatologist who has ‘gone native’. 2004 HMV Choice Mar. 30/2 Amazing Grace, Ave Maria and Santa Lucia serve to demonstrate his ability to get under the skin of a sacred tune and raise the hairs on the back of your neck. b. to get under a person's skin: to annoy or irritate someone intensely; (also) to fill someone's mind in a compelling or persistent way. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > irritation > irritate [verb (transitive)] gremec893 grillc897 teenOE mispay?c1225 agrillec1275 oftenec1275 tarya1300 tarc1300 atenec1320 enchafec1374 to-tarc1384 stingc1386 chafe?a1400 pokec1400 irec1420 ertc1440 rehete1447 nettlec1450 bog1546 tickle1548 touch1581 urge1593 aggravate1598 irritate1598 dishumour1600 to wind up1602 to pick at ——1603 outhumour1607 vex1625 bloody1633 efferate1653 rankle1659 spleen1689 splenetize1700 rile1724 roil1742 to put out1796 to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823 roughen1837 acerbate1845 to stroke against the hair, the wrong way (of the hair)1846 nag1849 to rub (a person, etc.) up the wrong way1859 frump1862 rattle1865 to set up any one's bristles1873 urticate1873 needle1874 draw1876 to rough up1877 to stick pins into1879 to get on ——1880 to make (someone) tiredc1883 razoo1890 to get under a person's skin1896 to get a person's goat1905 to be on at1907 to get a person's nanny1909 cag1919 to get a person's nanny-goat1928 cagmag1932 peeve1934 tick-off1934 to get on a person's tits1945 to piss off1946 bug1947 to get up a person's nose1951 tee1955 bum1970 tick1975 1896 G. Ade Artie vi. 54 Say, Miller, if I was to beat his whole face off I could n't ketch even. He got way under the skin on me. 1927 H. T. Lowe-Porter tr. T. Mann Magic Mountain (London ed.) I. v. 300 What's the matter? Has anything got under your skin? 1933 F. Baldwin Innocent Bystander (1935) vii. 132 That pleased her, she had got under his skin, he had at least admitted something. 1938 E. Bowen Death of Heart i. viii. 143 ‘That is why she annoys me so.’ ‘You once said she'd been very kind.’ ‘Indeed she has—that's her way of getting under my skin.’ 1948 L. A. G. Strong Trevannion xvi. 297 ‘Aren't you perhaps afraid the inadequacy may be on your side?’.. ‘Damn you, Walter. You do get under a man's skin.’ 1972 D. Delman Sudden Death iii. 58 Do I bug you, Mr Mathews? Do I get under your skin? 1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds xvii. 455 I can keep you, because I'll never let you get under my skin. 1993 Q Jan. 61/1 The songs are quite structured and the melodies are not big melodies but they get under the skin. 2000 J. Harris Blackberry Wine (2001) xxxii. 166 He argued constantly with his mother..—everything got under his skin that year. P13. under the skin (also skins): in reality; according to the true rather the apparent nature of something. Originally in sisters under the skin.The phrase sisters under the skin derives from Kipling (see quot. 1896); Kipling's passage was widely quoted in the form ‘sisters under the skin’ in the early 20th cent. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > in reality in substancea1393 indeed1412 in realitya1513 in nature1605 solidly1625 under the skin (also skins)1896 1896 R. Kipling Seven Seas 193 For the Colonel's lady an' Judy O'Grady Are sisters under their skins! 1903 C. M. Gayley Representative Eng. Comedies I. 430 If he appears more ready than Alexander was to yield his victim, it is only because a keeper's daughter and a princess are ‘sisters under the skin’. 1925 Amer. Mercury Oct. 215/1 That diplomacy and force have always been brothers under the skins is a truism that most writers upon the former will not admit. 1946 A. Christie Hollow iii. 31 They were the same, sisters under the skin, Mrs. Pearstock from Tottenham and Mrs. Forrester of Park Lane. 1949 A. Wilson Wrong Set 57 Like called to like. The Colonel's lady and Lily O'Grady were both ‘lumpen’ under the skin. 1975 D. Francis High Stakes xi. 160 Merchant bankers are pirates under the skin. 1990 N.Y. Woman Oct. 74/1 My gayness doesn't assure me closeness to women—we're not, ipso facto, sisters under the skin. 1996 I. Q. Hunter in P. J. Davies Representing & Imagining Amer. xi. 118 Wired for killing, all men are psychopaths under the skin. P14. a. (a) colloquial. no skin off a person's nose: used to indicate that one is not offended or adversely affected by something. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > indifference > [phrase] > a matter of indifference to one all the same1803 no skin off a person's nose1911 1911 M. Glass Abe & Mawruss iv. 130 ‘Of course, Max,’ Abe added,..‘it ain't no skin off my nose.’ 1926 S. Lewis Mantrap viii. 95 If you think..that it's any skin off my nose to lose the pleasures of your company..you got another think coming. 1960 D. Lytton Goddam White Man v. 113 But it was no skin off my nose that she was dead. 2005 N. Hornby Long Way Down 30 I'll go down there tonight if you want. Before I kill myself. I don't mind. No skin off my nose. (b) no skin off a person's ass (also back, bugle, ear): = no skin off a person's nose at Phrases 14a(a). Also no skin off (a person). ΚΠ 1920 S. Lewis Main St. xxv. 312 Go to it. No skin off my ear, Nat. Think I want to be fifth wheel in the coach? 1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. 420/1 It ain't no skin off of Hymie's bugle. 1934 J. O'Hara Appointment in Samarra vi. 158 Okay. No skin off my ass. 1938 D. Baker Young Man with Horn i. iv. 41 It was no skin off Jeff what colour his old lady painted the piano. 1971 B. Malamud Tenants 35 Make it like eight [o'clock] or around that if it's no skin off you. If I miss a day don't fret on it. 1972 R. Milner in W. King Black Short Story Anthol. 378 Then Clyde said it was no skin off his ass. 1982 New Yorker 2 Jan. 25/1 I expected that much of him. It wouldn't have been any skin off his back. b. here's to the skin off your nose and variants: used as a toast. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > drinking salutations [interjection] > in drinking healths have towardsc1400 here's to1597 skol1600 tope1651 hob or nob1756 slainte1824 here's hoping, how, looking (at you), luck1888 santé1903 prosit1916 here's to the skin off your nose1925 (here's) mud in your eye1927 lechayim1932 1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 260 Here's to the skin off your nose: Your good health! 1936 P. G. Wodehouse Young Men in Spats ii. 42 ‘Well, skin off your nose,’ said Pongo. ‘Fluff in your latchkey,’ said Barmy. 1959 D. Eden Sleeping Bride ix. 85 Philip handed her a drink and she added, ‘Here's the skin off your nose.’ P15. in one's skin: unclothed, naked. Also in skins: without shirts (cf. sense 22). ΚΠ 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xviii. [Penelope] 714 I in my skin hopping around. 1956 H. Gold Man who was not with It xvi. 142 I asked her to bring her swimming clothes..because we were not to swim in our skins today. 1976 Western Mail (Cardiff) 27 Nov. The great day dawned, Wales v Africa, Wales in skins and Jack Sharkey's and S. Africa in white (skins meant no jerseys). 1991 S. S. Tepper Beauty xxii. 248 The little fool was going to let her clothes vanish and stand there in her skin, begging him to take her. 1998 Independent (Nexis) 10 July 31 Shirt-pulling and holding have become such standard defensive procedure players seem shocked when they are penalised... If it were not for the loss of income from the sales of replica shirts, teams might even consider playing in ‘skins’. P16. skin and blister n. [rhyming slang] British slang one's sister. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > sibling > sister > [noun] sistereOE sis1596 tittiea1628 sissy1757 skin and blister1925 1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 260 Skin and blister, sister. (Rhyming slang.) 1935 ‘G. Ingram’ Cockney Cavalcade x. 170 I saw your skin and blister last night. 1959 W. Hall Long & Short & Tall ii. 89 I've got a little skin and blister back in Blighty. Twelve years old. 1987 P. Booth Sisters v. 46 Hey, that's my skin and blister, Pete—as we say in London. P17. slang (originally and chiefly in African-American usage). to give someone some skin and variants: to shake or slap hands together as a gesture of friendship or solidarity. Frequently in imperative use, as gimme some skin (also elliptically as skin). Also occasionally as a noun phrase denoting the action. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > on friendly terms [phrase] > asking for gesture of friendship or solidarity gimme some skin1940 the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > symbol of friendship > skin of palm as making contact in friendship skin1940 the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > be friendly [verb (intransitive)] > join hands in token of amity > slap or shake hands in gesture of friendship to give someone some skin1967 1940 N.Y. Amsterdam News 6 July 20/1 ‘Well, Jack, lay it on me! Gimme some skin.’ (Shakes hands with pal.) 1942 Z. N. Hurston in Amer. Mercury July 86 ‘Gimme some skin!’ ‘Lay de skin on me, pal!’ Sweet Back grabbed Jelly's outstretched hand and shook hard. 1944 D. Burley Orig. Handbk. Harlem Jive 85 The act of ‘Gimme-some-skin’ involves some theatricals, an intricate sense of timing, plenty of gestures. 1967 Harper's Mag. Nov. 62/2 Once—when I came in on the break behind him at precisely the right point—Pops gave me some skin. He reached out his dark old hand..and I turned my hand, palm up... Pops lightly brushed my open palm in a half-slap, the jive set's seal of approval. 1968 N. Cruz & J. Buckingham Run Baby Run iv. 38 Then he grinned and stuck out his hand. ‘Slip me some skin, Nicky. Me, I'm Carlos. President of the Mau Maus.’ 1974 H. L. Foster Ribbin', Jivin', & Playin' Dozens iv. 119 The viewer of TV sporting events will often observe black athletes, and whites too now, giving skin after a home run, a touchdown, or at the start of a basketball game. 2000 P. Beatty Tuff vii. 93 ‘Hey, it's hard dating a sister. Give me some skin on that one’, said Spencer, thrusting his palm toward Winston. 2003 V. O. Carter Such Sweet Thunder 318 ‘If you got the dime, I sure got the time!’ ‘Skin man!’ ‘I'm comin', mistah—can't you see how hard I'm breathin'?’ P18. colloquial (originally North American Business). to have (one's) skin in the game and variants: to have a stake in the success of something, esp. to have a financial or personal investment in a business; to be closely involved in something.It is not clear whether the metaphor underlying this phrase is to do with putting oneself at risk (cf. the metonymic uses of skin at Phrases 1c), or with risking one's money (cf. sense 6); both have been suggested. ΚΠ 1976 Infosystems Mar. 8/1 I suggest that the various groups of participants should consider that they do not have any skin in the game. 1986 Wall St. Jrnl. 7 Apr. 27/5 Others..don't have their skin in the game the way the marketing rep does. 1995 CIO 1 Feb. 30/3 I'm trying to negotiate an agreement to get the supplier's skin in the game. 1996 Observer 11 Aug. (Business section) 4/2 We want to make a step change in our clients' business—and we're willing to risk our own capital to do it... We're transforming the business by having skin in the game. 2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 23 Jan. ii. 29/4 We'll pay for the commission, but we want the orchestra to have some skin in the game. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. In sense 1b, with the sense ‘made, or consisting, of skin’, as skin bag, skin boat, skin-bottle, skin canoe, skin-cover, etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [adjective] > made of skinc1503 hided1807 rawhide1812 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > vessels of primitive construction > [noun] > boat made with hides skin boat1804 bull-boat1837 society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > bag > [noun] > skin bladder?c1225 bulgec1230 bouge1387 budget1432 bulgetc1550 paidle1568 catskin1599 budge1606 petaca1648 taureau1794 buffalo-bag1856 mochila1856 parfleche1867 skin bag1910 c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxxx^v/2 Long skyne threde & Iukyll at viij d. 1562 T. Sternhold et al. Whole Bk. Psalmes cxix. 313 As a skin bottell in the smoke, so am I partcht and dryed. 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 73^v If..our costly skinne-cases, could keepe vs from consuming to dust. 1625 S. Purchas tr. G. Balbi in Pilgrimes (new ed.) II. x. v. 1723 To water their fields they vse abundance of skin-bottles. 1647 J. Trapp Comm. Evangelists & Acts (Luke i. 59) A skin-bottle hanging in the smoke of filthy desires. 1743 J. Isham Observ. Hudsons Bay (1949) 88 These Natives has no wodden or fine brick houses,..Living all in skin tents. 1762 Ann. Reg. 1761 128 This plate is to be moved round,..rubbing it with a small skin cushion. 1804 W. Clark Jrnl. 21 July in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1986) II. 403 The Indians pass this river in Skin Boats which is flat and will not turn over. 1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi (1810) ii. 155 We..nearly compleated the frame of a skin Canoe. 1871 W. Morris in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 246 Skin shoes tied about the ankle with neat thongs. 1895 W. C. Scully Kafir Stories 123 He carried a small skin wallet slung to his waist. 1910 W. de la Mare Three Mulla-mulgars xxviii. 237 Having cut one of their skin-bags to pieces. 1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Fellowship of Ring ii. ix. 408 They drew the skin-covers over their boats. 1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings i. i. 17 These hunters, fishermen, and food-gatherers from the south..developed the skin-boat. 1992 M. Ondaatje Eng. Patient ix. 249 Water in a skin bag he had filled from the ain hung from his shoulder and sloshed like a placenta. b. In sense 8a, with the sense ‘of or relating to the skin’, as skin colour, skin condition, skin disease, skin rash, skin tint, skin wound, etc. ΚΠ 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 349 Betwixt the fleshy membrane and the skinne runne certaine vessels called Skin-veines. 1676 A. Marvell Mr. Smirke sig. B4 'Tis a pitiful giddy..Insect, ingendered..in every Marish, can but run a pore thorow and give a skinne-wound. 1725 H. Sloane Voy. Islands II. 61 It cures presently the Skin Diseases, as Scabs, Leprosies, Ring-worms, &c. 1799 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1956) I. 530 I have..suffered much anxiety lest poor Eliza or Mrs S. should have been colonized by these damn'd invisible Skin-moles. 1845 S. Dickson Princ. Chrono-thermal Syst. Med. (ed. 4) iii. 39/1 The Cutaneous, or Skin-Tissue, performs the part of an outward envelope to all. 1876 Obstetrical Jrnl. Oct. 452 The boy has not scratched himself, nor has he appeared to suffer much from the skin condition. 1883 Lancet 7 Apr. 585/1 We find a long latent period followed by characteristic symptoms—skin rashes with pyrexia, and deposits in distant organs. 1896 Peterson's Mag. 6 231/2 The skin-tints are less clear and warm than the same painter's ‘Bubbles’. 1930 E. Pound Draft of XXX Cantos xv. 66 Skin-flakes, repetitions, erosions. 1972 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 27 May 18/2 The idea of discrimination based on skin color is beyond their comprehension. 1990 Health Guardian Nov. 14/2 (advt.) Skin problems such as eczema, dry, itchy skin or sores can be very upsetting. 2005 Aspire Apr. 51/4 This hydrating body cream sleekens skin-texture so it looks and feels more toned. C2. Objective. a. Forming adjectives, as skin-breaking, skin-clipping, skin-fitting, skin-piercing, skin-plastering, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [adjective] > that fits in specific way > close-fitting straita1387 justc1440 sitting1440 close1488 well-fitted1590 close-bodied1677 succinct1714 tightish1775 tight1784 full-fashioned1812 skintight1838 snug1838 fully-fashioned1844 tight-fitting1846 close-fitting1870 slim1884 skin-fitting1915 skinny1915 slinky1921 tight-ass1969 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 78 Those skin-playstring Painters. 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 20 The curtaild skinclipping pagans. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Ratoire,..a skinne-breaking oyntment. 1785 W. Cowper Task v. 141 Arrowy sleet, Skin-piercing volley, blossom-bruising hail. 1891 M. M. Dowie Girl in Karpathians 244 I listened open-eyed to the herd's bear statistics, literally skin-clamming as these were. 1915 D. H. Lawrence Rainbow iv. 91 She wore an elegant, skin-fitting coat. 1962 H. C. Weston Sight, Light & Work (ed. 2) v. 156 The amount of erythemal (skin-reddening or ‘sun-burning’) ultra-violet radiation. 1980 J. Wainwright Dominoes vii. 167 She wore pyjamas—thin, skin-hugging pyjamas. 2007 Canad. Gardening Summer 25/1 (advt.) Ginger, selected for its skin-relaxing qualities, counteracts the microcontractions responsible for wrinkles. b. Forming nouns of action, as skin-cutting, skin-dressing, etc. ΚΠ 1806 M. Lewis Jrnl. 10 Aug. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1993) VIII. 154 It clouded up and began to rain which puting a stop to the opperation of skindressing we had nothing further to detain us. 1829 W. Scott Anne of Geierstein III. iv. 93 The other three are picked men, who will not fear their skin-cutting. 1860 C. Tomlinson Useful Arts & Manuf. 2nd Ser. Leather 25 When they are in the state of pelt, they are split... This is effected by means of a..machine called the ‘skin-splitting machine’. 1911 C. R. L. Fletcher & R. Kipling School Hist. Eng. 12 Even the women laid aside their everlasting skin-stitching. 1982 O. Untracht Jewelry Concepts & Technol. iv. 67/1 Skin rolling is rolling a thin-gauge, annealed sheet cold with an absolute minimum of dimensional decrease to give the surface as smoother, brighter, harder skin. 2005 G. Blunt Blackfly Season viii. 57 In any case, he was clean these days; just a little skin-popping now and again. c. Forming agent nouns, as skin-dealer, skin-dresser, skin-hunter, etc. Cf. skin pricker n. at Compounds 5. ΚΠ 1734 S.-Carolina Gaz. 23 Nov. 4/2 To be Sold A Negro man named Moon, by trade a Skin-packer (and Screws) likewise a very good Chaise and a parcel of Cedar-Posts. 1795 Philadelphia Directory 10 High, or Market-Street. 126 William Richards,..Skindresser. 1817 Times 16 Oct. 3/4 The skin-dealer admitted that the skins were placed as the complainant described. 1890 Daily News 9 Sept. 7/1 A brother..who carried on business as a furrier and skin-dresser. 1893 Scribner's Mag. June 794/1 Wholesale slaughter by skin-hunters has nearly destroyed the Platypus in some districts. 1942 R. E. Taylor No Royal Road iii. 20 He was the eldest son of Benedetto, a shoemaker and skin dresser. 1968 Times 25 Sept. 12/7 The Nile crocodile is in danger of extinction from the depredation of skin-hunters and continual disturbance by tourists during the breeding season. 2004 Portland (Maine) Press Herald (Nexis) 22 Feb. g1 Once beaver pelts are selected for the coat with the help of a Bethel skin dealer, the skins will be sent to a tannery in Canada for about a month. C3. Adverbial, as skin-built, skin-clad, skin-covered, skin-spread, etc., adjs. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [adjective] > covered with skin-covered1897 1684 J. Harington Grecian Story ii. 105 Skin clad, fierce Roaring Boys. 1763 E. Thompson Temple of Venus i. 6 To Sweden, Norway, and the frozen Isles, Nay skin clad Lapland, felt the genial smiles. 1823 J. Baillie in Coll. of Poems 260 Whilst travellers from their skin-spread couches rise. 1846 H. G. Robinson Odes of Horace ii. vi Galesus' tide, Sweet to the skin-clad flocks. 1883 Boats of World 27 Two examples of skin-built canoes. 1897 W. B. Yeats Secret Rose 1 A large house with skin-covered wattles for the assembly. 1919 Mariner's Mirror 5 131 A bidarrah is..a large skin-covered boat, propelled by oars, or used with sails before the wind. 1932 E. A. Powell Undiscovered Europe vii. 187 The Lithuanians were wearing woven garments..when the rest of Europe was inhabited by skin-clad barbarians. 1973 Art Internat. Mar. 76/2 The carnal claim sings for the spirit's skin-contained glory. 2004 Smithsonian Nov. 96/1 Inupiat hunters still build large skin-covered canoes, or umiaks , which enable them to catch seals, walrus and other sea mammals. C4. Similative, esp. skin-thin adj. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > thickness > thinness > [adjective] > very thin fine-drawn1840 waferish1866 tissuey1867 wafery1880 wafer-thina1911 paper-thin1929 micro-thin1945 skin-thin1946 1904 A. H. Buck & T. L. Stedman Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 221/2 The color ranges from skin-pink to a dirty grayish-black. 1927 E. V. Gordon Introd. Old Norse 224 Many historic persons were said to be ‘skin-strong’. 1936 L. B. Lyon Bright Feather Fading 56 That thin, far air may well be skin-frail. 1946 W. de la Mare Traveller 12 Their skin-thin gills. 1966 P. Scott Jewel in Crown iv. 171 The tough little shell of skin-thin masculinity that used to harden the outward appearance of the British military wives. 1998 J. Dupleix Favourite Food 10 Something like a large, flat, failure of a spring roll, a brik is a Tunisian pastry, traditionally made from skin-thin sheets of warkha pastry. C5. skin-beater n. slang (originally Jazz) a drummer. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musician > instrumentalist > percussion player > [noun] > drummer drumslade1513 swash-man1533 drum?1535 drumsler1541 drummer1574 drumster1581 swasher1600 drum man1645 drum boy1758 stick1909 skin-beater1936 1936 Amer. Mercury 38 p. x/2 Skin beater, the drummer man. 1946 M. Mezzrow & B. Wolfe Really Blues ii. ix. 174 King Jazz was moving in, heading up his whole army of horn-tooters and skin-beaters. 1953 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 13 Sept. 33/3 Red, the reefer-smitten skin beater. 2005 Independent (Nexis) 2 Mar. 14 He is surprisingly eloquent for a skin-beater. skin beetle n. originally U.S. a beetle of the either of the families Dermestidae and Trogidae, the members of which feed on carrion, dry animal skins, and other organic material. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Lamellicornia Scarabaeoidea > family Scarabaeidae > member of subfamily Trogidae skin beetle1842 sand-beetle1854 the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Diversicornia > family Dermestidae > dermestes lardarius (larder beetle) bacon beetle1832 skin beetle1842 larder beetle1895 1842 T. W. Harris Treat. Insects New Eng. 11 Skin-beetles.., bone-beetles..act the useful part of scavengers. 1933 Victoria (Texas) Daily Advocate 24 Jan. 2/5 It is known as the ‘larder’ or ‘skin beetle’ and has a voracious appetite... Left to itself it will eat everything in sight. 1998 C. Mims When we Die (1999) v. 122 After the flies and their maggots come an assortment of beetles including skin beetles (Dermestes). skin bone n. = dermal bone n. at dermal adj. Additions. ΚΠ 1859 Proc. Royal Soc. 1857–9 9 667 Amongst the group of fishes in question, there are some which have beautiful dentine in their skin-bones. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1304 The quaint armadillo..stands alone among living mammals in having a strong encasement of skin-bones (dermal scutes). 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia VII. 333/2 Protection from abrasion and predation is another function of the fish skin, and dermal (skin) bone arose early in fish evolution. skin-bound n. and adj. (a) n. = sclerema n. (now historical); (b) adj. (esp. of a book) bound in skin (cf. hidebound adj.). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > skin > textures or states of skin > [adjective] > tight hidebound1599 skin-bound1784 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [adjective] > other diseases or conditions redeOE impetiginous1650 discrete1684 skin-bound1784 rupial1834 erythematous1842 rupitic1863 sprayed1869 copaibal1874 papulosquamous1877 keloidal1888 papuloerythematous1899 pyodermic1899 toxidermic1899 maculopapular1902 cheloidal1908 pitting1926 poikilodermatous1936 erythemal1940 porokeratotic1943 Sézary1953 rhabditic1964 erythematic- 1784 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children Contents p. vii Skin-bound. 1789 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children (rev. ed.) I. 173 Skin-bound. In the preceding edition, this disorder was considered only in a transient way..because I had then neither seen, nor heard enough of the disease to enable me to offer to the public any very distinct account of it. 1803 T. Beddoes Hygëia III. ix. 136 Except in a very close room, I feel as if skin~bound for days together. 1851 D. Craigie Elements Gen. & Pathol. Anat. (new ed.) 44 Scleroma of Chaussier,..Skin-bound of Chaussier and Burns. 1914 E. R. Burroughs At Earth's Core xi. 107 On the bench beside the flasks lay the skin-bound book. 2004 W. E. Hill Lewis & Clark Trail Yesterday & Today v. 83 There are a number of bound journal books, skin bound journals and separate sheets and pages. 2006 S. B. Mallory & R. Colven in J. Harper et al. Textbk. Pediatric Dermatol. (ed. 2) I. 66/1 The classic description [of sclerematous skin in the neonate]..was attributed to Underwood in 1784 because of his use of the term ‘skin-bound’. skin bracer n. originally U.S. (a proprietary name for) aftershave lotion. ΚΠ 1916 Marion (Ohio) Star 21 Mar. 16/3 Mennen skin bracer cool and refreshing for after-shave use. 1995 M. Amis Information (1996) 359 Like the Wesleyan district nurse who has her first drink at the age of forty and wakes up five days—or five years—later in a puddle of hair tonic and skin-bracer. skin cancer n. cancer arising from or situated in the skin, (in later use) esp. squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > cancer > types of soft cancer1804 soot-wart?1810 melanosis1826 mastoid cancer1846 skin cancer1847 cancroid1854 epithelioma1872 soot-cancer1878 scirrhus1881 chimney-sweep's cancer1888 peau d'orange1896 pigskin1898 medullary carcinoma1926 1847 J. F. South tr. J. M. Chelius Syst. Surg. II. ii. 785 Cancer of the breast not unfrequently is developed as skin cancer. 1869 Lancet 1 May 601/1 In skin cancers and lupus its value seems equally striking. 1956 Time 9 Jan. 61/2 The rarity of skin cancer among non-whites..is thought to be caused by a ‘true racial difference in susceptibility’. 2005 Prima Aug. 116/3 Some of these skin patches are Bowen's disease (a non-invasive form of squamous cell skin cancer that normally affects much older people); others are basal cell carcinomas, the most common type of skin cancer. skin-changer n. [after classical Latin versipellis shape-shifter, werewolf (see versipellous adj.)] a creature who is supposedly able to metamorphose into another form. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > [noun] > cause of transformation > of shape metamorphoser1576 skin-changer1869 shape-shifter1887 1869 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 319 In the second place, we find that a were-wolf was commonly called a ‘skin-changer’ (versipellis). 1927 E. V. Gordon Introd. Old Norse 224 Berserks were probably named ‘bear-shirts’ from a superstition that they were ‘skin-changers’. 1937 J. R. R. Tolkien Hobbit vi. 121 He is a skin-changer. He changes his skin: sometimes he is a huge black bear, sometimes he is a great strong black-haired man with huge arms and a great beard. 2002 Sunday Advocate (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) (Nexis) 27 Oct. (Mag.) 13 Whatever their origin, the stories of ‘skin-changers’ are told across south Louisiana. People who can transform themselves into wolves go out and prowl the bayous after dark. skin conduction n. (a) conduction of an electric current by the outer layer of a conductor; cf. skin effect n. (now historical); (b) Physiology the conduction of heat or electricity by or through the skin of a person or animal; (also) the electrical conductance of the skin; frequently attributive. ΚΠ 1893 O. Heaviside Electromagnetic Theory II. Pref. p. iii My old predictions relating to skin conduction. 1945 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 89 206/2 Under cold conditions the body attempts to dehydrate its dermal tissues in order to reduce the actual skin conduction. 1966 Science 11 Feb. 708/3 To avoid electrical skin-conduction effects, no test was administered when a worm was on the air-water interface. 1995 I. Yavetz From Obscurity to Enigma iv. 202 Maxwell did not associate these changes in resistance and inductance with the explicit notion of skin conduction. 2007 Jrnl. Communication Disorders 40 399 Dietrich and Roaman..failed to find a relationship between speech-related anxiety and skin conduction responses in adults who stutter. skin cream n. a creamy cosmetic used to care for the skin, esp. of the face; chiefly as a mass noun. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > unguents or moisturizers oil of talc1582 slick1626 cold cream1709 cream1765 amandin1861 face cream1889 skin food1892 skin cream1894 orange-flower skin food1908 violet cream1912 day cream1915 vanishing cream1916 night cream1926 orange skin food1926 baby oil1930 hormone cream1938 moisture cream1957 moisturizer1957 mousse1971 1894 Semi-Weekly Democrat (Olean, N.Y.) 16 Oct. 6/1 They will purchase skin creams and rub their faces diligently night after night, with varying results. 1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 537/1 Violet oatmeal skin cream. 1979 P. Ferris Talk to me about Eng. iii. 133 I appear to be missing a pot of special vitamin skin-cream. 1996 S. Lavery et al. Hamlyn Encycl. Complementary Health 290/2 Common sensitizers include nickel found in jewellery,..leathers or preservatives in some skin creams. 2005 Metro 5 July (London ed.) 17/2 Where are they in your bathroom? Deodorant, shampoo, skin cream, make-up and suntan lotion. skin current n. (a) Physiology an electric current in the skin of an animal or person; (b) a current carried by the outer layer of an electrical conductor; cf. skin effect n. ΚΠ 1852 Lancet 3 July 12/1 Notwithstanding the interference of skin currents..effects were produced which were most remarkable. 1892 J. T. Sprague Electricity (ed. 3) vi. 258 This will obviously result in..a mere skin current preceding the formation of true current. 1940 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 19 755 The superiority of tin electrodes did not appear to be due to the fact that they gave a smaller skin current than the others, but rather to this current being much more constant than with the other metals. 2000 Materials Sci. & Engin. A. 287 187/2 Skin current on crystals of semiconductors may promote crystal growth. skin depth n. [compare sense 12e] the distance from the surface of a conductor at which an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency is attenuated by a factor of 1/e (e = 2·718…). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrically induced magnetism > [noun] > measure of flux of force1863 skin depth1935 1935 Proc. Physical Soc. 47 917 If the two skin-depths are almost equal, no magnetization will be produced when the tension and magnetic field are balanced in the above manner. 1998 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 83 6804 Many problems in computational magnetics involve computation of fields which decay within a skin depth δ. 2002 R. Schmitt Electromagnetics Explained ix. 183 At a depth of five skin depths, the signal diminishes to about 0·7% of its surface value. skin-dried adj. (a) †that has a markedly dry skin (obsolete); (b) Founding that has been subjected to skin-drying. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [adjective] > type of mould surface skin-dried1908 1804 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry I. iv. 209 He is such a skin-dried philosopher, that an author would make as little out of him, as a fly would out of a weatherbeaten bone. 1831 J. Banim Smuggler I. xi. 87 Whatever disease had caused his emaciated and skin-dried appearance. a1860 H. Crafts Bondwoman's Narr. (2002) vi. 80 She was a little old woman, withered and skin-dried and having altogether the most singular appearance. 1908 B. Stoughton Metall. Iron & Steel ix. 245 Skin-dried Molds.—The inside surface of green-sand molds is occasionally dried by painting or spraying it with some inflammable liquid, such as gasolene. 2005 R. K. Rajput Comprehensive Workshop Pract. (new ed.) ii. 90 The sand moulds with a dry sand facing and a green sand backing are called skin-dried moulds... They are more commonly used for large moulds. skin-drying n. and adj. (a) n. Founding drying of the surface of a greensand mould before casting; (b) adj. that dries a person's skin. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > founding or casting > drying surface of mould skin-drying1888 1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 324 Skin drying effects the removal of a portion of the moisture and diminishes the risk of a blown or a scabbed casting. 1927 in W. G. Kendrew Climates of Continents (ed. 2) 281 On the coast they are hot and are skin-drying, lip-cracking, unpleasant visitants. 1954 J. E. Garside in A. J. Murphy Non-Ferrous Foundry Metall. v. 171 Pouring should be completed as soon as possible after skin-drying owing to the fact that the moisture from the backing sand slowly penetrates towards the skin-dried mould face. 2007 Condé Nast Traveller May 45/2 Sodium lauryl sulphate (the skin-drying foaming factor in most soaps). skin-eater n. a moth or beetle which infests and destroys prepared skins or furs; any organism that feeds on skin. ΚΠ 1854 Trans. Amer. Inst. N.-Y. 1853 480 in Docs. Assembly State N.-Y. (77th Session, Doc. No. 150) V The second insect I found..is the Cryptophagus... Linnæus and Fabricius have formerly placed it among the Dermites (skin-eaters). 1901 Good Words Mar. 171/2 The skin-eaters (Dermestes) are beetles that bore into the toughest skins. 1999 National Wildlife Mag. Apr.–May 66/2 Ectoparasites [of birds] come in two forms: blood eaters that live on the skin itself, and skin eaters that reside in the tiny spaces between feathers. skin effect n. [compare sense 12e] the tendency of a high-frequency electric current to flow through the outer layers only of a conductor, resulting in an increase in effective resistance. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > resistance > [noun] resistance1746 R1842 water resistance1859 resistivity1885 skin effect1890 high-frequency resistance1892 leak1896 negative resistance1896 photoresistance1925 piezoresistance1954 piezoresistivity1958 1890 Proc. Physical Soc. 11 56 This would give 72 amperes, and the ‘skin’ effect would absorb a great deal of power. 1965 Wireless World Aug. 401/1 The h.f. resistance is increased partly by skin effect, and more significantly by eddy currents induced in the lossy magnet system. 2000 J. McFall tr. K. Wille Physics Particle Accelerators iv. 151 The current density and hence the field distribution in the copper sheet are determined by the skin effect. skin faro n. U.S. (now historical) a skin game (skin game n. 1a) of faro. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > games of chance played with cards > [noun] > faro > varieties of snap1845 skin faro1871 stuss1894 1871 N.Y. Times 28 Apr. 4/5 Why is he dependent on the precarious chances of ‘skin’ faro for his noble livelihood? 1882 J. D. McCabe New York xxxix. 545 Skin-faro..offers no chance whatever to the player. 2003 M. Walsh And All Saints vi. 47 There was different versions of faro, like skin faro, short faro and rolling faro, but east of the Bowery the one most people played was stuss. † skin-finish n. Obsolete a style of chasing in bronze imitating the texture of the skin. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > artistic work in metal > [noun] > chasing > specific style skin-finish1878 1878 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. & Art 26 305 This mode of chasing, called..in English ‘skin-finish’, is..only found on work of the best class. skin flap n. Surgery a piece of skin and subcutaneous tissue partially detached from its site of origin but retaining a vascular pedicle which allows it to survive while being moved (often in stages) to another site. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > transplanting and grafting operations > [noun] > a transplant or graft > of skin flap1813 skin flap1841 skin graft1871 1841 Medico-chirurg. Trans. 24 163 In these cases the skin flaps healed with unusual rapidity; and the stumps were neat and well covered. 1915 Ann. Surg. 62 678 If the base of the skin flap is not too small the tissues will be well nourished with blood, and there is no danger of sloughing or of marginal skin necrosis. 1997 R. Porter Greatest Benefit to Mankind viii. 190 In his rhinoplastic procedure, a skin flap was partially detached from the flesh of the upper arm, and allowed to establish itself as a viable tissue. skin-flick n. slang a pornographic film. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > a film > type of film > [noun] > pornographic film stag movie1960 pornie1965 skin-flick1965 stag film1968 porno1971 hard R1974 1965 Washington Post 12 May d10/5 The once little..Arena Stage..worked in a house off Ninth street that's reverted to a movie theater, now showing skin flicks. 1988 D. A. Richards Nights below Station Street (1989) xxvi. 200 Vye wanted everything done the way everyone else did it, including the stag party—where they showed four skin-flicks. 2002 V. Coren & C. Skelton Once more, with Feeling liii. 325 The internet was bringing porn into offices everywhere, and cable TV meant 24-hour skinflicks for anyone who wants them. skin food n. a cosmetic intended to maintain or improve the condition of the skin; also as a mass noun; cf. orange skin food n. at orange n.¹ and adj.¹ Compounds 2d. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > unguents or moisturizers oil of talc1582 slick1626 cold cream1709 cream1765 amandin1861 face cream1889 skin food1892 skin cream1894 orange-flower skin food1908 violet cream1912 day cream1915 vanishing cream1916 night cream1926 orange skin food1926 baby oil1930 hormone cream1938 moisture cream1957 moisturizer1957 mousse1971 1892 Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Evening Gaz. 24 Mar. 7/3 She gets her skin foods from New York, and the shelves of the diva's cosmetic bureau are filled with them. 1898 H. A. Browning Beauty Culture x. 221 The face..is smeared with skin-food. 1977 B. Pym Quartet in Autumn ix. 81 Turning her attention to the wash basin she noted..a jar of skinfood and a tube of Steradent tablets. 1992 D. Coupland Shampoo Planet xxxi. 143 Daisy and Murray are off to the supermarket downtown to hunt for fur coats and to shop for ‘skin food’ (whatever that is). 2002 S. Stacey & J. Fairley 21st Cent. Beauty Bible 96/1 But we suggest that in your quest for velvety, dewy, age-defying skin, you try and major on Nature's own skin foods. skin friction n. Physics and Aeronautics the friction developed between a solid and a liquid or gas through which it is moving; esp. the friction between a ship and the water, and between an aircraft and the air. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > resistance > friction > specific internal friction1797 surface friction1834 skin resistance1855 static friction1865 skin friction1869 stiction1946 1869 N. P. Burgh Pract. Treat. Mod. Screw-propulsion i. 3 To have the least ‘skin friction’ from the bow to the midship section, the form of the hull for that length should be determined by the depth of immersion, width of beam, and the length. 1907 F. W. Lanchester Aerodynamics vi. 220 In actual planes it is impossible to do away with thickness, so that in addition to skin friction there must be the possibility of a longitudinal pressure component due to the shape of the plane. 1990 T. Cunliffe Easy on Helm vi. 51 She will carry her way until the wind resistance of her flogging sails and her topsides, coupled with her skin friction dragging through the water, combine to snuff it out. skin frictional adj. Physics and Aeronautics of the nature of skin friction, relating to skin friction. ΚΠ 1907 F. W. Lanchester Aerodynamics viii. 251 Resistance comprises..(2) Skin frictional = ξCρAV². 1986 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 313 70 In coelenterates, capture and adhesion is achieved through cnidae or mucous secretions. Forces that oppose adhesion include..skin frictional drag where the particle projects from the surface of the filtering element. 2006 Prog. in Org. Coatings 57 422/1 The drag of a ship that moves on the water consists of two major components, i.e., wave-making drag and skin frictional drag. skin graft n. the transplantation of a piece of skin from one part of the body to another (or, rarely, to another individual) to cover a wound, burn, etc.; (also) the transplanted skin itself. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > transplanting and grafting operations > [noun] > a transplant or graft > of skin flap1813 skin flap1841 skin graft1871 1871 Lancet 22 Apr. 535/1 On taking off the plaster the skin-grafts were found adhering. 1930 A. H. Davis Burns xxi. 195 Most surgeons..find that heteroplastic skin grafts are universally unsuccessful. 2004 New Yorker 8 Mar. 68/2 An instrument that Charlene called a ‘cheese grater’ had been run over the skin graft. skin graft v. transitive to perform a skin graft upon (a wound, burn, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > transplanting and grafting operations > transplant or graft [verb (transitive)] > subject to skin-grafting skin graft1893 1893 Lancet 25 Mar. 652/1 The raw surface which was left was skin grafted by Thiersch's method. 1982 A. F. Wallace Progress Plastic Surg. xv. 136 In 1870..George David Pollock..was the first to skin graft a burn, in an eight year old girl. 2007 Microsurgery 27 420 The donor site can be closed primarily or skin grafted. skin-grafting n. the action of performing a skin graft; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > transplanting and grafting operations > [noun] > of skin skin-grafting1870 1870 Lancet 27 Aug. 306/2 (heading) Skin-grafting. 1876 Clin. Soc. Trans. 9 30 During this period skin grafting was practised continuously. 1925 Amer. Mercury Aug. 457/1 A tissue of an individual can be grafted on another part of his own body; such transplants are widely used today by surgeons in skin grafting. 2001 N. Jones Rough Guide Trav. Health ii. 168 Significant ulceration requires radical surgical excision of the ulcer and skin grafting. skin-heart n. Physiology rare (now disused) the blood vessels of the skin, regarded as a (supposed) source of pulsation in the circulatory system. ΚΠ 1897 W. Hutchinson in Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 18 Nov. 513/1 We venture to claim that in the blood-vessels of the skin and underlying tissues we have in the higher vertebrates, just as everywhere in lower forms of life, a great ‘skin-heart’. 1907 Practitioner Apr. 516 Restoring the pulsations of the great skin-heart. skin lady n. [after Japanese sukin redii < sukin skin, condom ( < English skin (compare sense 13b) + redii ( < English lady : see lady n.); compare office lady n. at office n. Compounds 3.] (in Japan) a woman who sells condoms from door to door; now chiefly historical. ΚΠ 1975 Forbes 15 Oct. 68/3 Japanese companies employ so-called ‘skin’ saleswomen to sell condoms door-to-door.] 1983 S. Coleman Family Planning in Japanese Society 202 The three gross of condoms that the ‘skin lady’ had sold him. 2002 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 19 May 40 People needing contraception have traditionally relied on condoms, often sold door-to-door by saleswomen known as ‘skin ladies’. skin lightener n. a cosmetic preparation that makes (or purports to make) skin paler or lighter, typically one designed for use by non-white people. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > other specific preparations citrinade?a1439 tetanothrum1519 pencilry1620 petre1672 food1893 skin lightener1923 concealer1942 panstick1948 mattifier1996 1923 Chicago Defender 31 Mar. 8 (advt.) Beautiwhite..is valuable as a healing agent, besides its most important use as a skin lightener. 2002 N.Y. Times 15 June a4/3 To social critics on this continent, skin lighteners are merely another negative legacy of white colonialism. skin-lightening adj. and n. (a) adj. that makes (or purports to make) skin paler or lighter; used esp. of a cosmetic product or treatment designed for use by non-white people; (b) n. the action or process of making skin lighter or paler. ΚΠ 1928 Afro-American (Baltimore) 31 Mar. 15/5 Nadinola [bleaching cream] contains the most powerful skin-lightening properties known to beauty science, yet blended so carefully they cannot harm the tenderest skin. 1928 Photoplay Aug. (Advertising section) 111/2 Modern beauty science has perfected an utterly new way in skin lightening. 1974 Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin) 5 Dec. 15/2 An article written by four dermatologists at a hospital in Johannesburg..describes the skin-lightening creams as ‘cosmetic disasters’ and..blames them for inflicting permanent damage on thousands of Africans. 2017 L. Ajayi I'm judging You iv. 40 Skin lightening is a global issue, but I can only speak to my experience as a Nigerian. In Nigeria, bleaching is not uncommon... Folks refer to it as ‘toning’ to make themselves feel better. skin lodge n. North American a tepee with a covering made of animal skins. ΚΠ 1822 Port Folio Dec. 516 When pitched, the skin lodge is of a high conic form. 1903 Ann. Rep. Board Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1902 112 Dwelling group models... Skin lodges of the Great Plains Indians. 2002 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 28 June a1 Many [of the Nlaka'pamux people] still routinely moved into tipi-style skin lodges during the summer and fall hunting seasons. skin mag n. slang (originally and chiefly North American) = skin magazine n. ΘΚΠ society > communication > journalism > journal > periodical > [noun] > magazine > pornographic skin magazine1943 skin mag1964 tits and bums1965 tit magazine1967 tit mag1970 wank mag1984 1964 City Lights Jrnl. No. 2. 158 As we pass by Orick grabs a skin mag clipped to the overhanging top of the stall and moves on scanning the beauties. 1992 City Limits 2 July 67/2 As parades of women in eye-poking bras wander past, children are warned that they risk ‘utter depravity’ by reading skin mags. 2000 J. M. Gray Gift for Little Master 81 The stack of tabloids and skin mags he brought to get through the hours of skull-sucking ennui. skin magazine n. slang a pornographic magazine. ΘΚΠ society > communication > journalism > journal > periodical > [noun] > magazine > pornographic skin magazine1943 skin mag1964 tits and bums1965 tit magazine1967 tit mag1970 wank mag1984 1943 New Castle (Pa.) News 9 Mar. 9/4 It's not a question of what they read, mind you—everything from ‘skin magazines’ to the classics—but that they'll read anything that comes to hand. 1968 Rat 13–16 May 11/1 Two prophylactics and a skin magazine was found in President Kirk's drawer. 1996 S. King Desperation ii. v. 337 There was a skin magazine on the desk. Steve could read the title—Lesbo Sweethearts—upside down. skinman n. now rare a dresser of or dealer in skins. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in skins or furs leather-kersner1226 fellmonger1310 pelter1318 pelleter1332 peltier1389 peltmonger1565 furrier1575 pell-monger1676 north-wester1791 skinmana1821 pelterer1876 society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific materials > worker with skins or hides > [noun] pellipar1207 skinner1255 fellmonger1310 skinmana1821 a1821 C. Biddle Autobiogr. (1883) iv. 227 Skinmen, breechesmakers, and glovers. 1829 P. Egan Boxiana New Ser. II. 220 At a proper age, Jem turned out to earn an honest penny, and was apprenticed to a skyver, or skinman, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 1831 J. Hogg Songs 43 There's Cappie the cobbler, an' Tammie the tinman, An' Dickie the brewer, an' Peter the skinman. 1900 I. Savory Sportswoman in India vii. 227 Rolling up the skins up with the hair inwards, we sent them straight off on the back of a coolie to Srinagar to be roughly cured by our skin-man. 1968 H. McCracken Roughnecks & Gentlemen xvi. 163 Many of the trappers held part of their catch to dispose of at the higher prices paid by the cannery bosses when they came north in the spring, or the ‘skin men’ who traveled on the Dora. skin mark n. (a) a mark made or occurring on the skin of a person or animal; †(b) (in Newcastle-upon-Tyne) a merchant's mark (obsolete).In sense (b) only as a historical term. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > marking > marking to identify > mark of identification > [noun] > mark identifying goods merchant mark1540 merchant's mark1557 shop mark1592 skin mark1703 brand1728 chop1828 trademark1839 tally1851 scribing1859 trade name1890 word mark1902 TM1961 UPC1974 countermark- 1703 G. Garden tr. A. Bourignon Light risen in Darkness ii. i. 5 Not reflecting that all Mens Souls are Spirits, which have no need of outward Skin-marks, whereby it may be known when they belong to the Devil. a1733 H. Bourne Hist. Newcastle (1736) 89 There are higher up this Isle..other Three Characters, which are the Merchants Skin-mark. 1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle I. 278 (note) Skin marks were not used instead of arms, but rather as distinct insignia appropriated to the profession of merchandise. 1881 ‘R. Bolderwood’ Austral. Grazier's Guide (1884) II. xx. 219 One other skin-mark only is used by cattle breeders. 1994 MTI Econews (Nexis) 26 Sept. Cholera is not obvious as it does not cause spots or other visible skin marks. skin merchant n. (a) (slang) a military recruiting officer; (b) a trader in animal skins. ΚΠ 1781 J. Burgoyne Lord of Manor iii. i. 67 I am..vulgarly call'd a recruiting dealer—or more vulgarly still, a skin merchant. 1822 J. Hogg Three Perils of Man III. xxix. 286 How are we to answer the skin-merchant? 1999 Leather (Nexis) Mar. 22 Low sheep and lambskin prices are here to stay for at least twelve months according to a consensus among skin merchants and exporters. skin mesh n. Physiology rare (now disused) the network of blood vessels in the skin. ΚΠ 1897 W. Hutchinson in Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 18 Nov. 513/2 Upon what would these cool baths..be most likely to act? Obviously, upon the great skin mesh. 1907 Practitioner Apr. 503 When the capillaries of the skin-mesh and the lung-mesh are distended, and greater quantities of blood are pumped through them, not only is heat escaping, but poisonous excretory matters. skin moth n. any of several small moths of the family Tineidae whose larvae feed on skins, owl pellets, and other organic material; (now) spec. the common and widespread Monopis laevigella. ΚΠ 1832 T. Brown Bk. Butterflies, Sphinxes, & Moths ii. 54 The Skin Moth (Tinea pellionella) is the dread of ladies in all parts of the world, who have too often occasion to deplore the frightful devastation they commit on the costly furs of muffs, tippets, and trimmings. 1881 Northern Microscopist 1 69 The Fur or Skin Moth (Tinea pellionella) is a little insect with silver-grey wings, marked with one or two spots. 2002 D. S. Hill Pests of Stored Foodstuffs xiv. 272 Monopsis laevigella [sic]..(Skin moth). Holarctic; on skins and foodstuffs of animal origin. skin pack n. rare = face pack n. at face n. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1928 Daily Express 9 Nov. 5/3 There are many kinds of skin-packs, but perhaps the most useful is the almond oil pack for a skin that is inclined to dryness. skin packaging n. a method of packaging in which a product is placed on a backing plate, typically of card, and a plastic film is heat-sealed over the whole. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > [noun] > processing > packing > specific sacking1569 bagging1711 baling1762 woolpacking1875 blister packaging1954 vacuum packaging1954 skin packaging1957 crating1963 strip packaging1969 blister-packing1976 1957 Packaging Abstr. 14 299 ‘Skin’ and ‘blister’ packaging are defined with a description of the techniques used to form the acetate. 1962 A. L. Griff Plastics Extrusion Technol. vi. 122 In skin-packaging, the coated board can now be the base, while coated flexible film can be the skin. 1994 Packaging Today Oct. 51/2 Where medium or large runs are involved blister packaging is cheaper than skin packaging. skin pass n. Metallurgy a final cold rolling that is given to heat-treated strip steel, effecting a small reduction in thickness and an increase in length, in order to improve surface and mechanical properties; (also) a unit for doing this. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > rolling rolling1530 milling1613 hot rolling1853 cogging1878 roll-forming1922 skin pass1932 1932 U.S. Patent 1,873,659 1/2 The sheets while still wet, if desired, are given a skin pass in cold rolls. 1988 M. Reutter Making Steel (2004) xiv. 276 I left that job rather quickly and became a speed operator in the skin pass, running steel at around 1,200 feet a minute. 2000 A. Robinson & W. A. Livesey Repair of Vehicle Bodies (ed. 4) iv. 116/1 The annealed coil is decoiled and passed through a single-stand temper mill..where it is given a light skin pass, typically of 0.75–1.25 per cent extension. skin patch n. (a) a small, well-circumscribed area of skin, esp. one used in patch testing for allergy (frequently attributive); (b) an adhesive patch impregnated with a drug. ΚΠ 1890 Lancet 17 May 1063/1 The secondary eruptions of syphilis and the skin patches of leprosy have sometimes a vivid resemblance. 1954 Tubercle 35 142/1 Her general practitioner treated her by local applications of an anti-histamine cream, and three skin patch tests were negative. 1984 Arch. Internal Med. 144 1211 The drug was incorporated into small self-adhesive delivery systems (pliable skin patches, 3.5-sq-cm area) designed to continuously deliver 0.1 mg of clonidine hydrochloride per day. 2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 13 Feb. xiii. 8/5 Transdermal skin patches, which stick like bandages as they deliver medications, have several advantages over pills. † skin-peeled adj. Obsolete rare = skinned adj. 4. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adjective] > stripped or made bare > stripped of skin discoriate1483 flayed1605 unskinned1607 skin-peeled1616 unhideda1658 skinned1673 1616 B. Holyday tr. Persius Sat. sig. B4 Who without heed..praise thee so, That (skinne-peel'd Asse!) thy selfe dost first cry, Hoe? skin-plating n. = sense 12a; cf. armour plating n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > plating skin1769 skin-plating1863 plating1895 1863 Times 8 Dec. 10/2 Wood backing, 10in. thick, is worked longitudinally on the skin plating. 1869 E. J. Reed Shipbuilding ix. 174 The fastenings of the stringer angle-irons connecting it with the skin-plating. 1946 Aircraft Engin. 18 211/2 The joint was made by bolting together the skin plating of the stern frame and rear fuselage. 2000 Sunday Territorian (Austral.) (Nexis) 23 July 42 It's called bulletproof because of its alloy construction and extra millimetre of skin plating to make it tougher and more robust. skin potential n. (a) (now rare) the electrical potential of the outer layers or surface of a conductor (cf. skin effect n.); (b) the electrical potential of the skin. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > action of nervous system > [noun] > electrical phenomena neuroelectricity1914 rheobase1917 bioelectricity1925 monophasicity1932 Berger rhythm1934 skin potential1934 brain wave1935 beta rhythm1936 beta waves1936 theta1944 hyperpolarization1946 hyperpolarizing1950 conductance1966 biopower1978 1907 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 512 The first term is a times the potential of the curved surface, or skin potential as it may be called of the cylinder. 1934 H. A. Abramson Electrokinetic Phenomena & their Applic. to Biol. & Med. x. 280 If the frog skin is immersed in Na-acetate buffers, pH 3.8 to 4.2, the pH at which reversal of the concentration potential occurs, the ordinary skin potential does not reappear. 1967 P. H. Venables & I. Martin Man. Psychophysiol. Methods ii. 58 The permeability of the cell membrane is a physiological phenomenon, and measurements of skin resistance and skin potential must be made within physiological limits. 2007 J. B. Andreassi Psychophysiology (ed. 5) xi. 263 Sweating, or sweat gland activity, is reflected as changes in skin potential..and skin conductance. skin preserver n. (a) something which protects, or preserves the appearance of, a person's skin; (b) a person whose job is to make skins (sense 1c) (now rare). ΚΠ 1849 Daguerreotype 3 527 It acts as a..guard against the razor..cutting the chin, lip or cheek—a perfect skin-preserver. 1893 Daily News 16 Feb. 5/5 No fewer than three taxidermists or skin preservers. 1905 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 20 Sept. 7/3 The skin preserver said it was a Russian eagle. 1981 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 30 Aug. 268 Oil was considered the skin preserver of the 1930's, and women went to bed slathered like channel swimmers. 2006 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 14 Oct. 3 Staff in white lab coats work next to a model of a human skeleton as they flog products with labels such as ‘anti-oxidant skin preserver’. † skin pricker n. Obsolete an aggravating person (cf. pricker n. 2a). ΚΠ 1611 in A. Shearer Extracts Burgh Rec. Dunfermline (1951) 89 Andro Stewart to have utterit contemptuous..langage..in saying, ‘Is that skinpriker comand to dimand me to ward?’ skin print n. rare after 17th cent. a decorative design made on the body, esp. a tattoo. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the body > [noun] > tattooing > tattoo skin print1625 tattoo1777 henna tattoo1906 ink1931 tat1981 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. xix. 1655 (margin) Skin prints. 1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 237 The chief men and women have skin-prints, as a brave kind of Gallantry. 1997 Miami Herald (Nexis) 25 Sept. 4 Sheila..is making a mint with her alternative to tattoos, henna skin prints. skin protection factor n. = sun protection factor n. at sun n.¹ Compounds 5a. ΚΠ 1980 Chem. Week 6 Feb. 52 Among teenage users of suntan products, only 54% were aware of the Skin Protection Factor (SPF) system at the heart of the Food and Drug Administration's proposed monograph on sun-care products. 2003 M. Lanza Winter Hiking & Camping vi. 127 Frequently apply sunblock with a high skin protection factor (SPF) rating to all uncovered skin. skin reaction n. an irritation or inflammation of the skin caused by an adverse response to a substance that has been inhaled, ingested, touched, or purposefully applied or injected for a skin test. ΚΠ 1904 Proc. Royal Soc. 73 375 Five minutes such exposure produced a marked skin reaction. 1954 G. P. Gladstone in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxvi. 476 These patients exhibit a positive skin reaction to the intracutaneous injection of uveal pigment. 2004 Independent 9 Nov. (Review section) 13/3 Urticaria is the name for a skin reaction that consists of itchy swellings. skin-scraper n. a strigil. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > cleaning or cleanliness of the person > [noun] > strigil rubber1581 scraper1581 strigil1581 skin-scraper1864 raclette1887 1864 Descriptive Catal. Salisbury & South Wilts Mus. 22 Flint skin scraper; in this flake, unlike No. 34. 1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 555/1 Blunted strigils or skin-scrapers. 1995 Washington Post (Nexis) 13 Jan. n53 The exhibition ranges from exquisite perfume and body oil bottles to skin-scrapers and lice combs. skin search n. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.) = strip-search n. at strip v.¹ Compounds 1a. ΚΠ 1929 Montana Standard 3 Feb. 14/4 A ‘skin search’ of both men revealed a half dozen pawn tickets. Officers later found that these were for a diamond ring, several watches, and other small pieces of jewelry. 1973 Time (Atlantic ed.) 26 Mar. 64 So far, none of the three new guards in California's state prison system for men have been assigned to conduct ‘skin searches’ of nude prisoners for contraband. 1991 J. Quillen Alcatraz from Inside x. 53 If he was unfortunate enough to trigger the alarm again, he was subjected to a ‘skin search’. skin-search v. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.) transitive. = strip-search vb. at strip v.¹ Compounds 1a. ΚΠ 1970 G. Jackson Let. 4 Apr. in Soledad Brother (1971) 212 Our cells were being invaded by the goon squad: you wake up, take your licks, get skin-searched. 1979 F. Forsyth Devil's Alternative xvii. 386 If you are thinking of giving me a weapon, don't bother. On my return I am to be skin-searched. 1995 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 26 Feb. 12/2 Boyd said he skin-searched all Jack's girls [for hidden microphones]. † skin-sensory adj. [after German Hautsinnesblatt (1877 in the passage translated in quot. 1879)] Obsolete rare giving rise to the skin and the sensory apparatus. ΚΠ 1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. ix. 270 The first of the secondary germ-layers, the skin-sensory-layer [Ger. das Hautsinnesblatt]. skins game n. North American Sport (a) Golf a game in which prize money is awarded to the winner of each hole (cf. sense 26); (b) Curling a game in which prize money is awarded to the winner of each end. ΚΠ 1983 N.Y. Times 15 Aug. c2/2 Ohlymeyer..has structured the Skins Game so that $10,000 is at stake on each of the first six holes, $20,000 on each of the next six. 1986 Toronto Star (Nexis) 3 Dec. f8 The first televised curling skins game. 1998 C. A. Oglesby et al. Encycl. Women & Sport in Amer. 37 She won the JC Penney/LPGA Skins Game, earning $200,000. 2005 Halifax (Nova Scotia) Daily News (Nexis) 1 Dec. 33 Jones's team played a skins game against 2002 Olympic men's gold-medallist Pal Trulsen of Norway. skin show n. (a) North American slang a striptease or other entertainment featuring naked or provocatively dressed (usually female) performers; (b) chiefly Indian English exposure of the body, esp. in a film. ΚΠ 1933 Chicago Tribune 2 Aug. 1 (heading) Nude rhumba dance halted by mayor. Girls in ‘skin shows’ made to put on clothes. 1969 Washington Post 29 Oct. a25/8 Get rid of dirty books and skin shows. 1999 India-West (Electronic ed.) 14 May c4 Sonali has done a lot of skin-show in the film, but she's counting on the movie more to show her acting talent. 2003 Harper's Mag. Jan. 50/1 Some sailors from the Boston Navy Yard, in the crowd at the Old Howard theater's skin show. 2006 P. Mishra Temptations of West 117 I have been getting lots of SMS about the promo. It is very hot. Lots of skin show. skinsman n. Music slang a drummer (cf. sense 5). ΚΠ 1977 Sounds 24 Sept. 16/2 Male Model turned skinsman Bryn Burrows. 2006 Time Out N.Y. 19 Jan. 133/3 It uses programmed drums instead of a human skinsman. skinsuit n. any of various types of (usually one-piece) suit made of elasticated material which fits tightly to the body, esp. one designed for a particular sport. ΚΠ 1956 Chicago Sunday Tribune 19 Feb. iii. 16/4 [He] spent days exploring the underseas location in a skin suit. 1983 J. Varley Millennium ii. 17 I'd been feeling like I'd shrunk inside my skinsuit. 1991 Bicycling Feb. 49 Brittany jumps into her 3-season skinsuit,..and grabs her 6-pound Carbonium racing bike. 2008 Canberra Times (Nexis) 3 Jan. a3 Muscled rowers in black skinsuits chatted with sunbathers. skin tag n. a small, benign, pendulous lesion of the skin, esp. one containing both epidermal and dermal tissue, common in the elderly. ΚΠ 1887 Lancet 5 Nov. 915/1 In most cases the cartilages are associated with a skin tag or fistula. 1957 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 3 Sept. 20/1 These ‘skin tags’ generally appear around the neck and occur particularly in women after middle age. 2004 J. Kimes Pregnancy Sucks v. 93 Skin tags don't do much. They don't hurt or itch. skin test n. a test to determine whether an allergic or other immune reaction is elicited when a substance is applied to or injected into the skin. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specific test pneobiomantia1846 blood test1851 drug test1863 Romberg test1872 Rinne1881 Romberg's sign1884 tuberculin test1892 guaiac test1894 agglutination1896 percolation test1899 Pirquet test1908 skin test1908 Wassermann1909 Romberg1915 Pandy('s) test1916 glucose tolerance test1917 Kolmer1921 patch test1922 skin testing1923 provocation1924 Kolmer–Wassermann1925 Queckenstedt1928 Kline1929 Prausnitz–Küstner1929 cross-match1930 Mantoux test1931 paraffin test1935 Paul–Bunnell test1935 stress test1937 Burpee test1939 lepromin test1939 patch testing1941 pinprick1941 breath test1945 provocation test1948 protamine titration1949 Coombs test1950 smear test1950 Schilling test1955 tanned-(red-)cell1956 amniocentesis1958 Pap smear1963 Pap test1963 drugs test1967 Schultz–Charlton1974 amnio1984 cross-matching- 1908 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 21 Nov. 1756/2 The purpose of this paper is to compare the value of the tuberculo-opsonic index, the von Pirquet tuberculin skin test, and the Calmette or Wolff-Eisner conjunctival tuberculin test in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. 1925 W. W. Duke Allergy xv. 207 She gave positive skin tests to a number of extracts including wheat. 2000 Fairlady (Cape Town) 2 Feb. 75/2 There are simple skin tests and, if necessary, the child can be supervised in a hospital for eight hours of double-blind placebo testing. skin-test v. transitive to perform a skin test upon. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > test [verb (transitive)] > specific test tuberculin test1892 cross-match1930 skin-test1930 patch-test1940 1930 Tubercle July 434 To exclude previous infection, all animals were skin-tested with old tuberculin prior to inoculation. 1971 R. Scott Wedding Man ii. 65 Every Asian child was skin-tested [for tuberculosis] as soon as possible after arrival. 2003 T. L. Ogren Safe Sex in Garden xi. 126 Horses are skin tested for allergies by vets and may be given ‘allergy’ immunology shots. skin testing n. the performance of a skin test or skin tests. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specific test pneobiomantia1846 blood test1851 drug test1863 Romberg test1872 Rinne1881 Romberg's sign1884 tuberculin test1892 guaiac test1894 agglutination1896 percolation test1899 Pirquet test1908 skin test1908 Wassermann1909 Romberg1915 Pandy('s) test1916 glucose tolerance test1917 Kolmer1921 patch test1922 skin testing1923 provocation1924 Kolmer–Wassermann1925 Queckenstedt1928 Kline1929 Prausnitz–Küstner1929 cross-match1930 Mantoux test1931 paraffin test1935 Paul–Bunnell test1935 stress test1937 Burpee test1939 lepromin test1939 patch testing1941 pinprick1941 breath test1945 provocation test1948 protamine titration1949 Coombs test1950 smear test1950 Schilling test1955 tanned-(red-)cell1956 amniocentesis1958 Pap smear1963 Pap test1963 drugs test1967 Schultz–Charlton1974 amnio1984 cross-matching- 1923 Lancet 10 Mar. 498/2 Unless the history of the patient gives a decided lead, as it did toward silk in this particular case, nothing is likely to come out of routine skin testing. 1961 Times 30 June 15/3 Skin-testing is an essential preliminary to determine whether or not vaccination should be carried out. 1993 Latest Word Dec. 25/2 Because they have depressed immune responses, HIV patients may display anergy (no reaction) on TB skin testing, which could lead to a false-negative diagnosis. skin tonic n. an astringent cosmetic used as a toner for the face; chiefly as a mass noun. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > preparations for the skin or complexion > lotions and liquids waterOE maiden milk?a1425 May-dew?a1425 milk of almondsa1425 maidens' milk?c1450 lac Virginis1477 surflingc1555 surfle1593 virgin's milk1600 lotion1606 washa1627 beauty water1675 mercury-water1676 beauty wash1706 Kalydor1824 skin tonic1863 flower-water1886 Limacol1936 moisture lotion1957 toning lotion1960 toner1970 1863 Times 29 Oct. 15/5 (advt.) Alex Ross' Skin Tonic immediately improves the complexion, 4s. 1906 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 27 Jan. 5/1 (advt.) Special Sales. Toilet Goods..Skin Tonics. Perfumes. 1971 M. Lee Dying for Fun xxxiv. 167 The fragrance of Lapsang Souchong, mingled with the tang of skin tonic. 2003 J. Musgrove Make-up for Film & Television 84 Toning. Apply skin tonic or astringent to two damp pads of cotton wool and, holding one in each hand, follow the movements for cleansing. skin trade n. originally North American. (a) the trade in animals' skins; (in quot. 1710) the slave trade; (b) slang the pornography industry; cf. skin game n. 4. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > specific types of trade > [noun] > trade in skins or furs skin trade1698 peltry trade1722 fur trade1732 fellmongery1759 furring1778 society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > moral or spiritual impurity > indecency > [noun] > pornography > trade in sex work1934 skin trade1969 1698 tr. L. Hennepin New Discov. in Amer. ii. xxxiii. 132 The..Skin-Trade [Fr. la pelleterie]..must needs produce a very considerable advantage for the Colonies which might be founded in that Countrey. 1710 W. Byrd Secret Diary (1941) 186 About 5 o'clock Robin Hix and Robin Mumford came to discourse about the skin trade. 1772 B. Romans in P. L. Phillips Notes on Life & Wks. B. Romans (1924) 120 Mobile will..become the only Mart, for the Skin Trade from the Chactaw, Chickesaw, and Upper Creek Nations. 1885 List of Subscribers Exchange Syst. (United Telephone Co.) (ed. 6) 101 (heading) Fur and skin trade. 1969 Screw 1 Sept. 7/2 Looked excellent. Looks like a ‘sleeper’ or ‘fucker’ in the vernacular of the skin trade. Great cunt shots. 1994 Pacific Affairs 67 342 Counselling prostitutes to go straight, like taking up factory or service work, after earning easy money from the skin trade can be a futile business. 1999 J. F. Eisenberg & K. H. Redford Mammals of Neotropics III. x. 299/1 F. Geoffroyi is the most important species of spotted cat in the skin trade of the southern cone. skin vision n. [after German Hautgesicht (1882 or earlier)] the (supposed) ability to see, or to perceive light or colour, by means of the skin. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > [noun] > faculty of sensation > a sense > perception via skin skin vision1883 1883 Nature 22 Feb. 399/2 A long series of experiments with regard to the ‘skin-vision’ of animals. 1977 Jrnl. Soc. Psychical Res. 49 616 Much of her book is devoted to describing phenomena of various kinds—Kirlian photography, healing, dowsing, skin vision, and acupuncture—in terms of bioenergy. 1992 Current Anthropol. 33 173/1 Some ‘sensitives’ who are (at least claimed to be) capable of photodermism or ‘skin vision’ describe green cross-modally as a ‘sticky’ colour and yellow as a ‘slippery’ colour. skinwalker n. [used to translate Navajo yee naaldlooshii, lit. ‘the one that goes about on all fours with it’] (in Navajo folklore) a malevolent person with supernatural powers who assumes the appearance of a wolf, coyote, or other animal by wearing its skin. ΚΠ 1970 M. Shepardson & B. Hammond Navajo Mountain Community 142 I don't know if there are more or fewer skinwalkers than there used to be. 2006 Denver Post (Nexis) 5 Feb. f14 Jade is confronted with a series of murders that seem to be the work of a witch not unlike the Navajo skinwalkers she grew up hearing about. skin-whitener n. a cosmetic product or treatment that makes (or purports to make) skin paler or whiter, now esp. one designed for use by non-white people; cf. skin lightener n. ΚΠ 1893 Morning News (Savannah, Georgia) 21 May 5/3 If the sallow girl with the yellow skin..will stop wasting her time and money on..skin whiteners that don't whiten and try a big juicy grape fruit..before breakfast she will see a nice face in her looking glass in a very short time. 1931 G. S. Schuyler Black no More (1969) ii. 23 There would be no more expenditures for skin whiteners; no more discrimination; no more obstacles in his path. 2007 Guardian 8 Jan. (G2 section) 3/1 Many skin-whiteners are illegal, and are mostly bought by people who are not white and who, for a whole poisonous stew of cultural reasons, are embarrassed to admit to using them. skin-whitening adj. and n. (a) adj. that makes (or purports to make) skin paler or whiter; now used esp. of a cosmetic product or treatment designed for use by non-white people; (b) n. the action or process of making skin whiter or paler. ΚΠ 1893 Jeffersonville (Indiana) News 31 Oct. There are volumes of skin whitening preparations. Most of them are worthless and some are foolish—for instance, sleeping with the hands in gloves filled with grease or mittens full of mush. 1908 Morning Jrnl.-Courier (New Haven, Connecticut) 1 Oct. (advt.) Peroxide Soap. Possessing many of the antiseptic germicidal properties and the skin whitening effect of peroxide of hydrogen. 1946 G. S. Schuyler in Negro Digest July 3/2 The pathetic hair-straightening and skin-whitening plague that has afflicted American Negro society with increasing intensity for the past forty years. 2013 StarStudio (Philippines) July 7 (advt.) Wake up to a revolutionary coffee experience! Taste the new way of skin whitening, figure slimming and body cleansing. 2020 Guardian 30 June (Electronic ed.) With skin-whitening products being discontinued, is the beauty industry actually beginning to address its issues with dark skin tones? skin wool n. wool taken from the skin of a dead sheep. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > wool > [noun] > type of > from sheep > from dead sheep pelt wool1341 pell wool1404 morling1448 skin wool1495 fell wool1677 slipe1856 1495 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 42 Centum stones de flesse wolle et skyn wolle. 1586 Edinb. Test. XV. f. 206 ^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Skin Aucht stane of skyn woll price of the stane xl s. 1739 G. Bridges Let. Segdirboeg 12 The Farmer, Skinner, or Grower of Wool, may do what he pleased with his Sheep, Lamb, or Skin-Wool. 1805 J. Luccock Nature & Prop. Wool 340 The skin-wool is not usually found most plentiful where the stock of sheep is most heavy. 1884 W. S. B. McLaren Spinning Woollen & Worsted (ed. 2) 71 With short wool, especially if it be skin wool, the rollers should be closed up. 1946 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 109 238 For the five years immediately preceding the war the average annual production of wool was 105 million lb., of which about 75 million lb. were fleece wool and 30 million lb. fell-mongered or skin wool. 2003 P. R. Lord Handbk. Yarn Production (new ed.) ii. 33 Pulled wool may alternatively be described as ‘skin wool’ or ‘slipes’. skin worm n. [after German Hautwurm (1830 in the passage translated in quot. 1831)] a worm or other parasite that infests or migrates through the skin, as the Guinea worm. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > genus Filaria > member of > filaria medinensis (Guinea worm) Guinea worm1699 leg worm1699 dracunculus1706 hairworm1752 sea-dragon1775 skin worm1831 rishta1834 1798 Treaty 2 Oct. in Indian Treaties, & Laws & Regulations (1826) iv. 125 The parties hereunto set their hands and seals... Kunnateelah, or Rising Fawn, his x mark. Utturah, or Skin Worm, his x mark. [Etc.]] 1831 J. F. South tr. A. W. Otto Compend. Human & Compar. Pathol. Anat. i. xi. 82 In men occur the skin-worm [Ger. Hautwurm], guinea-worm, &c. 1890 E. R. Lankester Advancem. Sci. i. 40 The skin-worm (Demodex). 1986 Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 80 148/1 Day 3 and day 4 worms in lungs were similar in appearance and size to skin worms. 2002 L. J. Smith in M. Walker Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Pract. ix. 129 Parasites... Onchocercus volvulus antigens (skin worm). skin yard n. a yard in which skins (sense 1a) are prepared. ΚΠ 1797 Times 24 June 4/3 (advt.) Leather Rooms, Drying Lofts, Skin Yards. 1885 Manch. Examiner 7 Apr. 4/7 A fire occurred..in Mr. Pryce Parry's skinyard and wool warehouse. 1977 E. Chappell Rising Damp Compl. Scripts (2002) iii. vi. 396/2 Mabel Bagworthy that was. You used to live near the skin yard. 2000 Gloucestershire Echo (Nexis) 16 Mar. 4 There are also proposals for factories, warehouses, leisure outlets, car parking and homes on the gas works and former skinyard. Derivatives ˈskin-like adj. resembling skin (in various senses). ΚΠ 1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 82 Skinny, or Skin-like.., tough, thin, and semi-transparent, like gold beater's skin. 1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 9 Gelatinous skin-like integument of the compound body. 1953 Sci. News Let. 10 Oct. 232/2 One of the buildings most outstanding features is its skin-like outer wall. 2002 Chesapeake Life June 80/2 Watermen..place the peelers in tanks of running water until they shed their hard shells and are left with soft, skin-like shells. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022). skinv. Brit. /skɪn/, U.S. /skɪn/ Forms: see skin n.; also past tense and past participle (chiefly U.S. regional) 1800s skunned (past participle), 1800s– scun, 1800s– skint, 1800s– skun, 1800s– skunt, 1900s– scunt. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: skin n. Etymology: < skin n.With sense 5 compare slightly earlier skinning n. 3. The motivation for this sense is unclear; the explanation implied by quot. 1851² at sense 5 probably reflects a later reanalysis. The past tense and past participle forms skun probably result from analogy with the paradigm shown by stick v.¹, dig v., and spin v. For examples compare:1837 Crockett Almanacks (1955) 92 I was so wrothy I should have scun him alive.1917 R. Frost Let. 3 Dec. (1972) 20 They might have skun him alive if he had been a mere pupil in their classes.1927 Bulletin (Glasgow) 26 Sept. 12/3 When it comes to breakfast foods America has got Great Britain skun a mile.1936 J. G. Brandon Pawnshop Murder xxvi. 260 The toff Wibley is working for might be connected with the old dame Widgett skun for her ‘ice’?1942 W. Faulkner Go down, Moses & Other Stories 23 You run a hard race and you run a good one, but you skun the hen-house one time too many. Earlier currency of the word is perhaps implied by the surname Skynhoune (1310), although the original sense of this is uncertain; perhaps ‘flay (the) dog’ (compare the Anglo-Norman surname Escorceboef, ‘flay (the) ox’ (1183)). I. To remove the skin from. †1. transitive. To circumcise. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > cleanness (ceremonial) > circumcision > perform circumcision [verb (transitive)] umbeclipc1175 umbeshearc1175 umbecarvea1240 sheara1300 circumcisea1325 circumcide1340 skina1400 carvec1420 excise1634 a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 289 (MED) If it so be þat a mannes ȝerde be skynned, & be noon oþer passioun þeron saue þat, þan þou schalt leie þervpon vnguentum album. 2. a. transitive. To remove the skin from (an animal or occasionally a person); (also) to peel or pare off the skin of (a vegetable or piece of fruit), decorticate. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of skin flaya800 beflaya1000 hilda1000 scorchc1430 escorse1546 skin1566 case1575 uncase1575 unskin1598 blank?c1600 excoriate1614 deglubate1623 hide1757 flipe1892 1566 Mery Playe Albyon Knighte sig. Cii Nay I had leuer ye were skynned all three. 1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 12 As well the browne Eagles as the blacke, are skynned and vncased, as the Uultures be. 1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Desollar To skin, to pul off the skin. 1636 P. Heylyn Hist. Sabbath ii. vi. 171 On those dayes..hee might make ready what was to be sold on the morrow after, as kill and skinne his bestiall which were fit for sale. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 246 The Crocodile is very strong, and one day as I caused one of them..to be skinned [etc.]. 1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Pears When they are off the Fire, stir, skin them, and squeeze about half a Lemon upon them. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1779 II. 286 A fishmonger who was skinning an eel alive. 1826 Sporting Mag. 17 185/2 On skinning the rabbit not the slightest wound of any kind was perceptible. 1845 W. Kitchiner Cook's Oracle (new ed.) 380 Instead of skinning the Oranges, cut a hole in the Orange. 1853 A. Soyer Pantropheon 167 It was necessary to skin the bird very carefully. 1926 Times 8 Apr. 9/6 A butcher's assistant..died from blood poisoning, due to scratching his finger while skinning a rabbit. 1992 M. Medved Hollywood vs. Amer. iv. x. 161 The plot..centers on a transvestite serial killer who stuffs larvae of a rare moth down the throats of his victims—after he has skinned them. 2007 BBC Good Food: Vegetarian Summer 38/3 2 red peppers, grilled, deseeded and skinned. b. transitive. In hyperbolical use, with person as object. Frequently in to skin (a person) alive. ΚΠ 1728 Lottery ii. ii. 22 I love you, skin me, if I don't, you little Rogue you. 1820 Ld. Byron Let. 21 Oct. in Lett. & Jrnls. (1830) 348/1 No more Keats, I entreat:—flay him alive; if some of you don't, I must skin him myself. 1866 Jrnl. Educ. for Upper Canada 19 99/2 ‘I will skin you alive if you do that again,’ exclaimed a mother to a naughty child. 1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 201 They may skin me alive, if they please..if only my skin is made at last, not like that of Marsyas, into a leathern bottle, but into a piece of virtue. 1936 M. R. Anand Coolie iii. 137 Come down..or I will skin you alive! 1982 V. Alcock Sylvia Game viii. 56 He pointed out that Oliver was wearing his new trousers and Nanny would skin him if he got them wet and muddy. 2004 S. Hall Electric Michelangelo 331 She'd skin me alive if I got this done but she'd like it really. c. intransitive. To shed or cast the skin; to lose the skin by rubbing. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > by habits or actions > habits and actions > [verb (intransitive)] > cast off part of the body shed1510 skin1773 exuviate1855 moult1869 autotomize1911 the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > become uncovered [verb (intransitive)] > lose the skin skin1773 1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 96/2 It skins every year; and its skin is said to be a remedy against the cramp. 1908 G. Murray tr. Aristophanes Frogs i. ii When all my shoulder's skinning, simply skinning. 1937 H. Jennings et al. May 12th Mass-observ. Day-surv. i. iii. 215 The old man..had some sort of rash and was now skinning so that the collar and shoulders of his navy blue suit were covered with pin-head flecks of dry skin. d. transitive. To scrape, graze, or cut (a part of one's body). Cf. bark v.² 3c. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > scratch or graze cratchc1320 scrat1340 cramse1440 scratch1474 crutch1481 rata1560 razea1586 gravel1608 ravel1621 graze1701 ruffle1731 skin1795 bark1850 the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > rubbing or friction > rub [verb (transitive)] > scrape shavec725 shrapec1000 claw1377 screeve?1440 scartc1480 gratec1530 rape1533 ruffle1615 corrade1646 comb1654 rasp1707 scrape1731 skin1795 scuff1897 1795 J. Swanwick Rub from Snub 44 I believe he skinned his knuckles in striking fire out of the tables, and wrought himself up to such an extacy of enthusiasm, that his grinders churned foam, and snivel oozed from his nose. 1822 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 31 Aug. 1/2 I fell sprawling, and skinned my leg most villainously against the curb-stone. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. xiii. 167 It is the same hummock you skinned your shins upon. 1891 C. Roberts Adrift in Amer. 97 My feet were already skinned in several places. 1927 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 4 May 1/4 Mary, who is in the kintergarten [sic], fell down and skinned her knees and elbows while running across the street. 1977 B. MacLaverty Secrets 45 He plumped back down into his seat skinning his shin on the tubular frame of the desk. 1995 A. Warner Morvern Callar (1996) 18 When she was wee she came horsing in the scullery, slid on her knees and skinned one deep on these Christmas cards she was making. e. transitive. To rub or scrape off the surface layer of (something); spec. to remove the turf from. Now rare. ΚΠ 1835 Rep. Commissioners Corporations Ireland App. i. 780 in Parl. Papers XXVII. 199 The country people..commenced a new and destructive practice of stripping off the Surface, or, as it is called, ‘skinning’ the commons... The ‘sods’ are brought down openly from the commons. 1855 J. J. Jarves Art Hints 383 Almost every one of his pictures have been more or less skinned, to use an expressive term, by the carelessness of cleaners. 1904 N.Y. Amer. 2 Aug. 8/1 The time..was not considered fast, for the track stood in prime condition and has been ‘skinned’ and generally rendered faster than it was a year ago. 1907 Monroe (Wisconsin) Weekly Times 23 May 1/1 Individuals who were permitted to deface the public park by skinning it of sod to make a tennis court. 1962 Muscatine (Iowa) Jrnl. 25 Apr. 4/5 The meet was run on a grass track... Long range plans call for the track to be skinned and cindered. 1977 Kitchens & Bathrooms (Time Life Bks.) iv. 94/1 You then begin by skinning the wall. Power tools often used to remove the surfaces of the wall cannot be used with the typical tile wall of a kitchen or bathroom. 3. a. transitive. To strip or pull off (a skin or hide); (in extended use) to remove (an outer layer or external covering). Frequently with off. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip off (a covering) shredc1000 tirvec1300 to turn offc1390 stripc1430 tirr1584 tirl1603 skin1659 1659 T. Burton Diary (1828) IV. 228 They skin off your skin. 1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 313 Having carefully skinned off the Film with the edge of the Slice. 1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 28 Turf of the Ground, skinned off, and burnt to Ashes. 1838 Caunter's & Daniell's Oriental Ann. 1839 xvii. 184 Having been carefully skinned, the hide was borne to the Mirza's home as a signal trophy of the day's sport. 1853 M. Reid Boy Hunters x. 362 The bear completely skinned off the bark as high as he could reach. 1870 G. P. Belden Belden, White Chief xii. 122 When the hog is killed, the tail is skinned off the bone, and a wooden handle inserted. 1926 Trans. Buchan Field Club 14 82 Small places had the turf skinned off or ‘scriefed’. 1961 Africa 31 237 The hide would be skinned off whole and tanned it were suitable for a kaross and someone wanted a new kaross at the time. 1991 New Scientist 3 Aug. 29/2 Modern extraction techniques..involve draining the bog and removing all surface vegetation so that the peat can be regularly skinned off in thin layers. 1999 K. Pomeranz & S. Topik World that Trade Created iv. 137 Most cattle carcasses were left to rot on the Pampa; the gaucho just cut out the tongue to eat and skinned the hide for export. b. transitive. With out. To remove all flesh and bone from beneath the skin of (all or part of a carcass); to remove the contents of (a hide). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of meat > dress animals for food [verb (transitive)] > remove bones bone1483 skin1850 debone1876 the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of flesh unflesh1598 excarnate1648 skin1850 1850 J. Frost Five Years Hunter's Life xxxii. 330 The afternoon was spent in drying the wet mane of the lion, skinning out the feet, and preserving the skin with alum and arsenical soap. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 90/2 The neck and head are skinned out down to the inner edges of the lips and nose... Fishes..are skinned out by removing ‘cutlets’. 1952 E. Hemingway Old Man & Sea 7 Their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. 1983 J. E. Churchill Compl. Bk. Tanning Skins & Furs vii. 90 Skin out the ears as much as possible by turning the ear skin inside out and peeling off the ear cartilage as you go. 2005 D. O. Hyde Pastures of Beyond v. 58 They watched with mild interest as the old woman who had shot the deer slid it from the pickup and skinned out the animal on the ground. c. transitive. With off. To remove (an article of clothing), esp. by drawing it off inside out. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > undressing or removing clothing > undress or remove clothing [verb (transitive)] > take off clothing to do offeOE to lay downc1275 to weve offc1290 stripc1320 doffa1375 loose1382 ofdrawa1393 casta1400 to take offa1400 warpa1400 to cast offc1400 to catch offc1400 waivec1400 voidc1407 to put off?a1425 to wap offc1440 to lay from, offc1480 despoil1483 to pull offc1500 slip1535 devest1566 to shift off1567 daff1609 discuss1640 to lay off1699 strip1762 douse1780 shuffle1837 derobe1841 shed1858 skin1861 peel1888 pull1888 1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations xxxi, in All Year Round 6 Apr. 29/2 Skin the stockings off,..or you'll bust 'em. 1896 J. F. B. Lillard Poker Stories ii. 59 Many a time I've seen a game player just skin off his watch and ring..and play them in. 1937 J. Steinbeck Red Pony i. 10 He brushed the tangled hair out of his eyes and skinned his nightgown off. 1974 N. Freeling Dressing of Diamond 182 The sequinned frock got skinned off, displaying odiously frilly undies. 2002 J. Thompson Wide Blue Yonder i. 25 When she skinned off her shorts and underpants her bare self looked exceptionally naked. d. transitive. U.S. slang. With off. To remove (a banknote) from a roll of money. Cf. skin n. 6. Now rare. ΚΠ 1891 Hamilton (Ohio) Daily Democrat 26 Sept. The dude skinned a twenty off his roll and laid it down. 1904 ‘O. Henry’ Cabbages & Kings vi. 96 Henry skinned a twenty off his roll. 1936 Frederick (Maryland) Post 15 Oct. 7/3 He drew a roll of bills from his pocket and skinned off the top one. 4. slang. a. transitive. To exact money, property, etc., from (a person or group of people); to fleece, swindle. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > loss > taking away > take away [verb (transitive)] > fleece milk?1531 shred1548 suck1558 shear1570 fleece1575 shave1606 unfleece1609 jib1728 skin1819 sweat1847 1768 J. Cremer Jrnl. 19 July in R. R. Bellany Ramblin' Jack (1936) 226 I..turned all of them out the Cabin to Mes in the Steerage, as being relations they Skined the poor man... He had Suffered in purse much by them. 1819 Massachusetts Spy 24 Mar. 3/1 They will not be able to skin the people as deep as they did during their former reign. 1839 C. F. Briggs Adventures Harry Franco II. vi. 76 I wish I may be blown into a gin shop if I warnt skinned clean O! The young woman had..picked my pockets of every cent. 1898 Eclectic Mag. 67 607 Some new device is invented for enmeshing and skinning the investor. 1925 P. G. Wodehouse Sam the Sudden xiii. 96 Do you mean to say..that if Soapy was sitting in with the Archbishop of Canterbury on a plan for skinning a sucker, the archbish wouldn't split Even Stephen? 1950 New Yorker 25 Feb. 43/2 Other methods of skinning and macing suckers and getting ahead in the world. 1979 W. Kennedy Ironweed vi. 149 I ain't no dummy, and I know when I'm bein' skinned. 1990 M8 Dec. 34/3 I suppose it was skinning the country [sc. by avoiding paying tax], but it skins everyone else doesn't it. b. transitive. To win all the money wagered by (a person) in a gambling game; to clean (someone, spec. a bookmaker) out. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > gamble at a game [verb (transitive)] > make large profit from skin1819 to clean up1888 1819 J. H. Vaux New Vocab. Flash Lang. in Memoirs II. (at cited word) To strip a man of all his money at play, is termed skinning him. 1846 W. I. Bicknell Illustr. London 127 This individual was ultimately skinned of every shilling, and died in a state of the most abject poverty. 1864 Daily Tel. 19 Oct. The gamblers did their best to give us fits; but in less than half an hour, sir, the little squaw she skinned the crowd. 1889 H. O'Reilly & J. Y. Nelson Fifty Years on Trail 343 In less than two or three hours [to] be skinned out of every cent. 1915 Washington Post 2 May ii. 2/4 These fellows, professional gamblers, had gotten me in between them, designing to raise and reraise each other..until I was skinned of every cent I had. 1930 P. G. Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves ix. 242 The only thing to do seems to be to get back to the course and try to skin a bookie or two. 1962 K. Kesey One flew over Cuckoo's Nest 115 He got mad and skinned them so bad at cards that they're all so in debt they're scared to go any deeper. 2000 Bangkok Post (Nexis) 30 Oct. Converting to a democratic form of government is much like joining a poker game when one doesn't know how to play and is given hasty instructions. Usually you get skinned. †5. transitive. U.S. College slang. Chiefly at Yale: to cheat in (a recitation or other examination); to copy the answer to (an examination question); to crib. Also intransitive. Cf. skinning n. 3. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (transitive)] > plagiarize plagiarize1660 thig1728 skin1837 to rip off1971 1837 Yale Lit. Mag. Feb. 138 A student is said to skin a problem, when he places the most implicit faith in the correctness of his neighbor's solution of it, or at least sufficient to warrant bestowing upon it the rites of adoption. 1849 Yale Literary Mag. 15 81 Never skin a lesson which it requires any ability to learn. 1851 C. A. Bristed Five Years Eng. University (1852) 381 Classical men were continually tempted to ‘skin’ (copy) the solutions of these examples. 1851 B. H. Hall Coll. College Words 430 ‘At Yale College,..in our examinations,’ says a correspondent, ‘many of the fellows cover the palms of their hands with dates, and when called upon for a given date, they read it off directly from their hands. Such persons skin’. 1871 L. H. Bagg Four Years at Yale iii. iv. 622 A man may skin out a whole recitation without getting any advantage from it. 6. transitive. slang (originally U.S.). To defeat or overcome completely; (Association Football) to take the ball past (a defender) with ease. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or defeat > soundly threshc1384 to knock the socks offa1529 thump1597 thrash1609 thwacka1616 capot1649 to beat to snuff1819 to knock into a cocked hat1830 to —— (the) hell out of1833 sledgehammer1834 rout1835 whop1836 skin1838 whip-saw1842 to knock (the) spots off1850 to make mincemeat of1853 to mop (up) the floor with1875 to beat pointless1877 to lick into fits1879 to take apart1880 to knock out1883 wax1884 contund1885 to give (a person) fits1885 to wipe the floor with1887 flatten1892 to knock (someone) for six1902 slaughter1903 slather1910 to hit for six1937 hammer1948 whomp1952 bulldozer1954 zilch1957 shred1966 tank1973 slam-dunk1975 beast1977 1838 Star & Republican Banner (Gettysburg, Pa.) 28 Aug. He fairly skinned the Loco Focos and their hopeful candidate! 1862 Charleston (S. Carolina) Mercury 9 Aug. 1/5 They were ‘skinning’ the soldiers of other regiments the ‘tallest kind’. 1911 H. Quick Yellowstone Nights iv. 110 ‘Purty good little places,’ said he, ‘but the home place skins 'em all.’ 1926 J. Black You can't Win ix. 112 I see no reason why he cannot skin a third class judge in a territorial court. 1981 Verbatim 7 iii. 7/2 Puns (‘Eagles skin Washington’)..offer limitless possibilities to the enterprising sports journalist. 1989 Grimsby Evening Tel. 8 Mar. Hazel..skinned both Geoff Stephenson and Andy Tillson. 1999 Student Times (Dundee Univ. Students' Assoc.) 30 Apr. 12/3 One of our seemingly most ordinary players scores the goal of the tournament, skinning three Dutch defenders on the edge of the penalty area before chipping the goalkeeper with Cruyff-esque arrogance. 7. transitive. Originally and chiefly U.S. To exhaust or impoverish by excessive fishing, cropping, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > catch fish [verb (transitive)] > exhaust fishing stock skin1845 the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > exhaust land [verb (transitive)] > exhaust wear?1507 to wear out1586 drive1645 to run out1698 overcrop1743 exhaust1787 overteem1818 skin1845 nigger1859 overplant1890 1845 Ohio Cultivator 1 Oct. 151/3 How many skin the land down to the bone, waste their manure, and at last denounce the barren soil, and emigrate to the West! 1851 A. Stevenson in N.Y. Daily Times 12 Nov. 1/3 The remaining eight millions of acres of the twelve, are in the hands of about three hundred thousand persons who still adhere to the ‘good old way’ of their fathers, in farming or rather skinning the land, and extracting from the virgin soil all it will yield, and returning to it little or nothing in aid of the productive powers of the land. 1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling vii. 239 He doesn't want to skin the stream. 1895 Forum (N.Y.) Sept. 8 To renovate the soil which had been ‘skinned’ in the days of slavery. 1921 Amer. Econ. Rev. 11 285 A society which can plan for its organic needs organically and not leave them to the tender mercies of scheming commission merchants, tenant farmers skinning the land, and suchlike undesirable citizens. 1988 Field & Stream Oct. 23/2 Sometimes too many people learn of these special places..and they're skinned for years to come. 2002 Santa Fe New Mexican (Nexis) 1 Mar. a11 Skinning the land in order to pad landowners' and developers' pockets does not seem to be the logical way to maintain or enhance Santa Fe's natural loveliness or desirability. 8. a. intransitive. Chiefly North American slang. To escape, abscond, make off, slip away; to depart hastily. Frequently with out. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > go away suddenly or hastily > secretly or abscond to run awayOE elope1596 to step aside1620 abscond1652 shirk1681 decamp1751 levant1797 absconce1823 skip1865 skin1871 to shoot the crow1887 sneak1896 to go through1933 to take a run-out powder1933 1871 Galaxy Jan. 156/1 Finally the beaver got across the river and the dog had almost caught him, when, phit! up the beaver skun up a tree. 1876 W. Besant & J. Rice Golden Butterfly III. iii. 53 You jest gether up your traps and skin out of this. 1894 Outing 24 442/1 The hero..would never have been one could he have skinned for cover in time. 1939 P. Gallagher My Story 163 He packed his kit and skinned out. 1975 Islander (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 23 Feb. 6/1 At the end of the previous voyage some [of the crew] were ‘sacked’ and others ‘skinned out’. 2008 E. Peters Laughter Dead Kings x. 202 He skun out of here before Feisal and Ashraf arrived because he knew it would be more difficult to get away from all four of us. b. intransitive. U.S. colloquial. To pass through or slip by with little room to spare; to get successfully through a test or challenge by a narrow margin; to get by narrowly. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > succeed or be a success [verb (intransitive)] > achieve success (of persons) > succeed by a narrow margin skin1873 to squeak through1938 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement over, across, through, or past > [verb (transitive)] > through > narrowly or skillfully skin1920 1873 Waukesha (Wisconsin) Freeman 26 June 1/1 I guess I shall just be able to ‘skin’ through. 1890 M. Sidney Five Little Peppers Midway xxii. 450 ‘I've skinned through and saved my neck a thousand times,’ he reflected, ‘and now I've got to dig like sixty to make up.’ 1916 Midland Aug. 244 Jen, there she was, screaming, and promising things to God. Then—God!—we just skinned by in front of the engine! 1920 W. Camp Football without Coach 57 The best a runner can hope for is a chance to skin through that opening before it ceases to exist. 1988 J. W. Davidson & J. Rugge Great Heart xxxv. 286 He and the boys beached their canoes as fast as they could and skinned through the alderbushes. 1994 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 9 Feb. b1 She taught Latin, too, and I barely skinned by. 9. U.S. slang. In a game of cards, esp. poker. †a. transitive. With out. To spread out (one's cards) on the table; to display (one's hand) . Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > communication > manifestation > showing to the sight > show to the sight [verb (transitive)] to set beforea1000 openOE showlOE to put forth?c1225 kithe1297 to make (a) showing ofc1330 presenta1398 representa1398 to lay forthc1420 splayc1440 discovera1450 advisea1500 to set to (the) show?1510 to stall out1547 outlay1555 exhibit1573 strew1579 wray1587 displaya1616 ostentate1630 elevate1637 re-exhibita1648 expound1651 unveil1657 subject1720 flare1862 skin1873 patent1889 showcase1939 1873 J. Miller Life amongst Modocs iv. 44 Four aces! and what else? Skin 'em out, skin 'em out! 1884 H. G. Carleton Thompson St. Poker Club 48 Mr. Williams slowly and triumphantly skinned out three jacks and a pair of trays. 1888 Daily Morning Republican (Fresno, Calif.) 7 Mar. Here Professor Tyndall smiled and skinned out an ace flush. b. transitive. To look at (one's hand) by fanning out the cards slightly. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > examine or inspect through-lookc1175 spyc1325 to see overc1475 to see over ——1490 view1544 overview1549 sight1556 pervise1577 speculate1616 study1616 to have (also take) a look1673 to have a look1725 to eye over1795 scan1798 search1811 survey1860 skin1876 1876 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily Sentinel 4 July 7/2 The cove with the pat then wide opened his eyes, skinned his cards and got somewhat profane. 1884 H. G. Carleton in Life 18 Sept. 164/2 Mr. Williams..skinned his cards,..and said he would ‘Jess—jess call’. 1886 San Antonio (Texas) Daily Express 5 Aug. 7/2 The Rev. Mr. Thankful Smith, who sat on his left, skinned his hand with great nicety, and then, with a benevolent smile at the company in general, knocked to signify that he would not open. 1895 Cornhill Mag. Aug. 174 Each man skinned his cards and tried his hardest to look disappointed. 1910 Washington Post 19 June (Misc. section) 3/3 He skinned his cards carefully and turned livid as he saw the four of diamonds instead of the ace he had believed Potash had surely thrown him. 1942 R. G. Lillard Desert Challenge iv. 248 I would not blame people for thinking I am all kinds of a fool, but before they play that lead they had better skin their cards and look for something better. II. To cover with skin. 10. a. transitive. To provide or cover with or as with skin; to cause skin to form or grow on; to heal by the formation of skin. In later use usually with over and in passive. Cf. skinned adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > treatments uniting or replacing parts > unite or replace parts [verb (transitive)] > unite fractures, wounds, etc. > heal a wound > cause wound to heal over regendera1400 regenera1400 incarnc1400 overhealc1450 skinc1475 covera1500 incarnate1543 c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 45 (MED) Þe terce heed..may be cicatrisid or y-skynned [L. cicatrizatur..infossata] if it be discretly faren wiþ. 1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. xlix^v After that incarnate the place, and so skyn it. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 39/2 We must..with an exsiccating plaster cure them, and soe skinne them. 1614 W. B. tr. Philosophers Banquet (ed. 2) i. xxvi. 55 Fresh-Butter, skinnes the rawnesse of the throate. 1871 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch (1872) I. i. x. 156 He looks like a death's head skinned over for the occasion. 1956 Winnipeg Free Press 12 Nov. 6/1 It was a horrible gash, and the doctor was anxious that it should be skinned over as soon as possible. 2007 New Yorker 7 May 62 I love the winter light, so thin,..Transparent as plastic wrap Clinging so effortlessly to whatever it skins over. b. transitive. In figurative contexts. Frequently with over; also with †up. Now rare. ΚΠ 1578 H. Wotton tr. J. Yver Courtlie Controuersie 47 His mortal wound, that not long before was almost cured by a fomentation of the oyle of time, and neare skinned with hope of the recouerie of his welbeloued Iewel. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. iv. 138 It will but skin and filme the vlcerous place. View more context for this quotation a1659 R. Brownrig 65 Serm. (1674) II. xx. 253 They had skin'd up the sore, and yet, it breaks out in their Soul again. 1710 D. Manley Mem. Europe I. ii. 227 The real rankling Sore that lay latent and was but skin'd over by the artful Gloss Irene and Æmilius gave, was to all Intents conceal'd from Cæsar. c1750 W. Warburton Serm. ii, in Wks. (1811) IX. 47 The wounds, our own earth hath formerly received,..which though skinned over by time and human culture, are seen. 1796 S. T. Coleridge Destiny of Nations 410 Short Peace shall skin the wounds of causeless War. 1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times IV. lx. 337 He does not seem to have considered the difference between skinning over a wound and healing it. 1927 E. C. Mayne tr. E. Ludwig Wilhelm Hohenzollern v. 276 Thus he was for ever reopening the wounds which, dealt in his youth, had never been quite skinned over. 1951 Portland (Maine) Press Herald 19 Apr. 10/1 The decisive blow in America is struck, which may involve millions in the consequences; and believe me, the very first drop of blood that is spilled will not be a wound easily skinned over. c. transitive. figurative. With over. To conceal or remove (something unwanted or unpleasant) for a short period of time, esp. to deal with or resolve (a problem, an argument, etc.) in a manner which is only temporary or superficial. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > cover [verb (transitive)] > slightly or superficially skina1616 a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) ii. ii. 140 Authoritie..Hath yet a kinde of medicine in it selfe That skins the vice o' th top. View more context for this quotation 1650 in E. Nicholas Papers (1886) I. 191 It is to be feared your Amsterdam affaires are rather skinned than cured. 1658–9 Sir A. Haslerigge in T. Burton Diary (1828) III. 104 It may be skinned over for a time, but will break out. The people are not pleased. 1796 E. Burke Two Lett. Peace Regicide Directory France in Wks. (1842) II. 289 It is only their assured and confident expectation..that skins over their mischievous dispositions with a momentary quiet. 1833 T. Hook Parson's Daughter I. x. 210 The objects of which (so thinly were they skinned over) were just as evident to Emma as to Lady Frances. 1850 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire I. ix. 423 This open rupture was with difficulty skinned over at the last moment. 1884 Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sentinel 20 Dec. Indeed, the first quarrel was only skinned over. 1931 W. S. Churchill World Crisis (rev. ed.) xi. 161 An awful gap merely skinned over! We may imagine the feelings of the German Main Headquarters in Luxemburg. 11. intransitive. To form skin; to become covered with skin or a skin (skin n. 11); to grow new skin, to heal over in this way. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > recovery > process of healing of an injury, etc. > of injury, etc.: heal [verb (intransitive)] > of wound: heal > heal over barka1400 skin1578 cicatrize1582 incarnate1674 scab1683 incarn1689 scar1888 the world > plants > by growth or development > grow or vegetate [verb (intransitive)] > form skin over cut skin1763 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 78^v The sooner it skinneth the sorer it festereth. 1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 124 Her excoriated carkasse began to skin again. 1763 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry IV. 345 All suckers must be cut away from the root, and the place..smoothed with a knife; for then it will soon skin over. 1827 Lancet 6 Jan. 452/2 The whole rapidly filled up and skinned over. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxix. 392 The centre [of the ulcer] granulated and skinned naturally. 1920 P. J. Fryer Insect Pests & Fungus Dis. Fruit & Hops xxvi. 405 This was..more adhesive than greases..and it remained sticky throughout the whole season, showing no tendency at all to ‘skin over’ or ‘dry up’. 2002 Philippine Daily Inquirer (Nexis) 13 Feb. 4 Roughed up by reckless love drivers?.. ‘Now that my wounds have skinned over, I forgive my Jackie Chan or Cynthia Luster.’ 12. †a. transitive. figurative. To clothe, attire. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > provide with clothing [verb (transitive)] wrya901 clothec950 shride971 aturnc1220 begoa1225 array1297 graith1297 agraithc1300 geara1325 cleadc1325 adightc1330 apparel1362 back1362 shape1362 attirea1375 parela1375 tirea1375 rayc1390 addressa1393 coverc1394 aguisea1400 scredea1400 shrouda1400 bedightc1400 buskc1400 harnessc1400 hatterc1400 revesta1449 able1449 dressa1450 reparel?c1450 adub?1473 endue?a1475 afaite1484 revestera1500 beclothe1509 trimc1516 riga1535 invest1540 vesture1555 suit1577 clad1579 investure1582 vest1582 deck1587 habit1594 to make ready1596 caparison1597 skin1601 shadow1608 garment1614 riga1625 raiment1656 garb1673 equip1695 to fit out1722 encase1725 tog1793 trick1821 to fig out1825 enclothe1832 toilet1842 to get up1858 habilitate1885 tailor1885 kit1919 1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love ii. iv. sig. E2^v You neuer skind a new [perh.: = anew] beauty more prosperously in your life. View more context for this quotation 1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie ii. sig. D4 Off with your husks, Ile skin you all in sattin. b. transitive. To cover with a skin or skins (skin n. 1a). rare.In quot. 2003 overlapping with sense 12c. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > cover [verb (transitive)] beteec893 wryOE heelOE hilla1240 forhilla1300 covera1400 curea1400 covertc1420 paviliona1509 overdeck1509 heild?a1513 deck?1521 overhale1568 line1572 skin1618 operculate1623 endue1644 theek1667 to do over1700 sheugh1755 occlude1879 1618 in W. Foster Eng. Factories India 1618–21 (1906) I. 10 The jarres are all fild, stoped close, skyned, and marked with the distinction of the fruits. 2003 C. Cunningham Building Greenland Kayak x. 109/1 My method of skinning a Greenland kayak differs slightly from the traditional. c. transitive. Shipbuilding. To fit the outer covering of planking or plating to (a vessel). Frequently with up. Chiefly in passive. Cf. skin n. 12a(a). Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > build a ship [verb (transitive)] > specific operations berth1627 reconcile1633 ceil1691 frieze1769 skin1774 score1779 mould1797 ribband1805 fortify1820 horn1850 spall1850 convert1862 1774 N. Smith Observ. East India Shipping 88 Ships of from 650 to 700 tons, full measurement, can, by any reduction of the scantlings, by leaving the timbers a little further asunder, and by skinning them with plank of the same thickness as formerly, be reduced something in the price. 1786 Measurem. of Ship Admiral Barrington 1 Aug. in Mariner's Mirror 52 (1966) 179 Extreme breadth (the bottoms being planked or skinned with thinner plank than at the extreme breadth, the Company's officers deduct two inches from each side for the same) 32 ft 4 ins. 1850 H. Mayhew in Morning Chron. 5 Sept. 5/1 After this the ship is in a state to be ‘skinned’, or planked. 1895 W. C. Steadman in F. W. Galton Workers on their Industries 63 ‘She’ is then ‘skinned up’..with either planks of wood or iron plates. 1965 Proc. U.S. Merchant Marine Council June 134/2 The vessel is skinned with one-eighth- to three-sixteenths-inch aluminum sheets. d. transitive. Nautical. To leave (a furled sail) with a taut, smooth skin (skin n. 12c). Frequently with up. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > [noun] > furling > specific manner of skin1804 furling1836 harbour stow1886 1804 C. Romme Dictionnaire Marine Anglaise Skin up a sail in the bunt, serrer une voile, de manière que les plis de la toile soient ramenés au-dessus de la vergue et bien comprimés. 1815 W. Burney Falconer's New Universal Dict. Marine (rev. ed.) Skin up a sail in the bunt, is to make that part of the canvas which covers the sail when furled, smooth and neat, by turning the sail well up on the yard. 1841 B. J. Totten Naval Text-bk. 394 To skin the sail up smooth is to turn it well up, and so as to cover the sail neatly and smoothly. 1961 F. H. Burgess Dict. Sailing 189 Skin the bunt, skin a sail, stow a sail by laying the leech along the boom or gaff, and rolling the bunt neat and taut. 1994 E. Marino Sailmaker's Apprentice viii. 383/1 (caption) Furling techniques. Another furling technique—‘skinning the bunt’. This works best with soft fabrics. e. transitive. To provide with an outer layer or covering. Chiefly in passive. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > coat or cover with a layer [verb (transitive)] > with a thin coating overfilm1593 film1604 skim1667 sub1921 skin1946 1946 E. Diehl Bookbinding ii. iv. 51 The pasted sheet is ‘skinned’ by placing over it a piece of unprinted newspaper..[which] is then pulled off. 1987 Yachting World Apr. 102/3 Both seat tops and cockpit sole are skinned with laid teak. 2000 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 14 Sept. 17 Skinning buildings with poured concrete is not the way to build for future generations. 2007 Southeast Constr. (Nexis) June 27 The roof is skinned with stainless steel panels that are formed and curved on site. †13. intransitive. Of pasture: to produce a good skin on cattle who graze on it. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > produce grass [verb (intransitive)] > put skin on cattle skin1765 1765 Museum Rusticum 4 190 The largest pasture..will neither skin nor tallow, or, in other words, is fit for nothing but young stock. 14. intransitive. British slang. With up. To roll a marijuana cigarette. Also occasionally transitive. Cf. skin n. 13c. ΚΠ 1985 Radio Times 6 Feb. 62/3 Skin up, roll a joint. 1986 Times 11 Dec. 16/7 Then Philippa skins up this really mega-spliff and they get really out of it. 1995 N. Blincoe Acid Casuals i. 4 ‘Should I skin up?’ asked Yen. Estela nodded. A joint might begin to mellow him out. 2005 N. Laird Utterly Monkey 24 He deftly skinned up, and passed the spliff to Dan to spark. III. Other uses. 15. transitive and intransitive. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.). To inject (a drug) subcutaneously, as opposed to intravenously; = skin-pop v. Cf. main v.³ Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > take drugs [verb (transitive)] > inject (with) drugs shoot1914 jab1938 mainline1938 main1952 pop1952 skin1953 fix1969 1953 W. S. Burroughs Junkie vi. 57 He had to shoot in the skin about half the time. But he only gave up and ‘skinned’ a shot after an agonizing half-hour of probing and poking and cleaning out the needle, which would clog up with blood. 1970 Time 16 Mar. 17 All my friends were on heroin. I snorted a couple of times, skinned a lot, and after that I mained it. 1972 J. Brown Chancer v. 69 The bastard, he mained me. I said to skin it, but he mained it. First time. Phrases P1. In hyperbolical phrases denoting excessive meanness or the willingness to go to extreme lengths to save or gain something, esp. in to skin a flint (cf. skinflint n.), to skin a flea for its hide and tallow (originally and chiefly U.S.). ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > be niggardly or mean [verb (intransitive)] > extremely to flay a flint1653 to skin a flint1656 to whip the cata1825 the mind > will > wish or inclination > desire > inordinate or excessive desire > desire inordinately [verb (intransitive)] lust1530 greedc1685 to skin a flint1834 1656 W. T. in D. Lloyd Legend Capt. Jones (new ed.) Ded. sig. A7^v Quixot a winged Gyant once did kill, That's but a flying tale, beleiv't who will: This were but petty hardship, Jones was one Would Skinne a Flint, and eat him when h'had done. 1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 5th Bk. Wks. vii May I be broil'd like a Red-herring, if I don't think they are wise enough to skin a Flint. 1727 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Tradesman II. i. iii. 87 That he will let no Body live by him, that he will skin a Flint, that he will buy cheaper than any Man can sell, and sell dearer than any Man can buy. 1803 J. Davis Trav. U.S.A. 374 You New Jersey Men are close shavers; I believe you would skin a louse. 1819 W. Faux Jrnl. in Mem. Days Amer. (1823) 10 One of those Yankees..who, in the Southern States, are said to skin a flea..for its hide or tallow. 1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple II. viii. 116 Report says, that she would skin a flint if she could. 1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 134/1 They'd skin a flea for his hide and tallow. 1859 C. J. Lever Davenport Dunn iv I was..brought up amongst fellows would skin a cat. 1886 W. Besant Children of Gibeon ii. xxxi Just as the toper squeezes the empty bottle and the miser skins the flint. 1917 E. Thomas Poems 33 For a farthing she'd skin a flint and spoil a knife Worth sixpence skinning it. 1933 L. I. Wilder Farmer Boy xxviii. 220 He counted all the bills over twice, and he looked exactly like a man skinning a flea for its hide and tallow. 1984 Folklore 95 177 Sayings..claiming that in order to indulge his passion the skinflint would perform unlikely or impossible feats—that he would indeed skin a flint. P2. a. North American. to skin the cat: to pull one's body over a bar by hanging from it by the hands and passing the feet and legs between the arms. Also figurative and in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > gymnastics > take part in gymnastics [verb (intransitive)] > actions or positions to skin the cat1844 to chin the bar1903 kip1909 pike1956 press1956 trampoline1972 1844 W. T. Thompson Major Jones's Courtship (ed. 2) v. 44 Thinks I to myself, how it would stonish 'em all now to see me skin the cat. 1845 S. Judd Margaret ii. i. 199 Their several diversions, snapping-the-whip, skinning-the-cat, racing round the Meeting-house, or what not. 1888 ‘C. E. Craddock’ Story of Keedon Bluffs v. 88 He did not wait a second but ‘skinned the cat’ among the rafters. 1905 N.Y. Evening Post 14 Oct. We have learned how to hide behind the back log of ‘environment’ or to ‘skin the cat’ in morality on the score of ‘heredity’. 1931 Sun (Baltimore) 29 May 12/7 You saw them skin the cat On the high trapeze. 1946 B. Treadwell Big Bk. of Swing 125/2 Skin the cat; ride, brother, ride. 1996 J. Updike In Beauty of Lilies 254 Nobody could skin the cat like Essie at the age of ten. b. Originally U.S. there is more than one way to skin a cat and variants: there is more than one means of achieving a given aim. ΚΠ 1847 Independent Amer. & Gen. Advertiser (Platteville, Wisconsin Territory) 11 June There are two ways to skin a cat, and two ways to win a heart. 1880 18th Ann. Rep. State Board Agric. Michigan 215 Usually, as the old saying is, ‘There is more than one way to skin a cat’—more than one method of producing the same result. 1958 F. O'Connor Let. 5 July in Habit of Being (1979) 291 Seventeen New York publishers turned his book down, so he had it privately printed himself... More than one way to skin a cat. 1992 Independent 22 Sept. 1/4 No, I'm choosing my words quite carefully because there are different ways of skinning this particular cat. 2000 J. J. Connolly Layer Cake (2004) 275 I don't want no blood-baths, no comebacks, no messy implications. There's more than one way to skin a cat. P3. U.S. colloquial. to skin one's eyes: to remain alert, be on the lookout. Cf. to keep one's eyes skinned at skinned adj. Phrases. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (intransitive)] > observe or watch spya1400 wait1399 espyc1405 watch1487 gate?1590 to look sharp1680 stag1796 to keep one's eyes peeled1844 to skin one's eyes1851 to peel one's eyes1875 to take sights1934 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > vigilance > be vigilant or on one's guard [verb (intransitive)] watcha1225 warea1325 bewarea1400 keepc1400 waitc1400 lay good waitc1440 to lie in great waitc1440 to look out?1553 to look about1599 awake1602 advigilate1623 to keep an eye open1651 perdue1656 to look sharp1680 waken1682 tout1699 to keep a sharp look-out1827 to keep one's weather-eye open1829 to keep (also have) an eye out1833 to keep one's eyes peeled1844 to watch out1845 to skin one's eyes1851 to have (also keep) one's eye on the ball1937 to watch one's back1949 1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick xxxvi. 179 A white whale. Skin your eyes for him, men; look sharp for white water; if ye see but a bubble, sing out. 1860 Southern Literary Messenger 31 458/1 Hold your jaw and skin your eyes. 1875 J. G. Holland Sevenoaks x. 133 Skin yer eyes, now, Mr. Balfour, we're comin' to a lick. 1948 F. Blake Johnny Christmas i. 5 He was coyote-sly, skinning his eyes for the main chance, and the pickings on his raids were too good. 1965 Altoona (Pa.) Mirror 9 Jan. 13/3 (caption) Gary..skins his eyes apprehensively at his opponent's train. 1994 Guardian (Nexis) 19 Nov. 3 Ever since James Waller's unlikely folksy romance stormed to the top of US bestseller lists almost two years ago, publishers have been skinning their eyes for Bridges II. P4. a. Betting slang. to skin the lamb: (of a bookmaker) to win heavily on a race, esp. as the result of victory by a horse on which no bets were accepted or only long odds offered; (also, of such a horse) to win a race. Now rare.Frequently with the implication of impropriety. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > betting > bet [verb (intransitive)] > lose to skin the lamb1842 1842 Sporting Rev. Feb. 108 For he has beat the rest; and sure I am Its coining money, and we'll skin the lamb. 1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) 232 Skin the Lamb, when a non favourite wins a race ‘bookmakers’ are said to skin the lamb. 1869 ‘W. Bradwood’ O.V.H. II. vi. 115 A carefully roped and bottled animal, that dropped like a meteor on the racing public for the Chester Cup, [and] skinned the lamb for Mr. Bacon. 1873 M. E. Braddon Milly Darrell & Other Tales II. 21 The Ring has got the day, old fellow... They've been skinning the lamb all through this meeting. 1883 Graphic 21 Apr. 410/2 The Ring are enormous winners on the race, the majority having ‘skinned the lamb’. 1903 N.Y. Times 28 Oct. 10/1 At the finish of the Nassau, Gaviota, the outsider of the three horses,..got up in the last stride, and, in the picturesque language of the betting ring, ‘skinned the lamb.’ 1914 A. B. Patterson in Song of Pen (1983) 363 No matter what wins, the bookmaker cannot lose anything, while they will skin the lamb to some tune should an outsider get home. b. † skin the lamb n. slang. Obsolete = lansquenet n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > other card games > [noun] > others laugh and lie down1522 mack1548 decoyc1555 pinionc1557 to beat the knave out of doors1570 imperial1577 prima vista1587 loadum1591 flush1598 prime1598 thirty-perforce1599 gresco1605 hole1621 my sow's pigged1621 slam1621 fox-mine-host1622 whipperginnie1622 crimpa1637 hundred1636 pinache1641 sequence1653 lady's hole1658 quebas1668 art of memory1674 costly colours1674 penneech1674 plain dealing1674 wit and reason1680 comet1685 lansquenet1687 incertain1689 macham1689 uptails1694 quinze1714 hoc1730 commerce1732 matrimonya1743 tredrille1764 Tom come tickle me1769 tresette1785 snitch'ems1798 tontine1798 blind hazard1816 all fives1838 short cards1845 blind hookey1852 sixty-six1857 skin the lamb1864 brisque1870 handicap1870 manille1874 forty-five1875 slobberhannes1877 fifteen1884 Black Maria1885 slapjack1887 seven-and-a-half1895 pit1904 Russian Bank1915 red dog1919 fan-tan1923 Pelmanism1923 Slippery Sam1923 go fish1933 Russian Banker1937 racing demon1938 pit-a-pat1947 scopa1965 1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) 232 Skin the Lamb, a game at cards, a very expressive corruption of the term lansquenet. P5. Caribbean. to skin one's teeth: to draw back one's lips in a grin; to smile or laugh. ΚΠ 1950 L. Bennett et al. Anancy Stories & Dial. Verse 94 Go 'kin your teet' an show you smile. 1980 M. Thelwell Harder they Come x. 230 No sah, jus' a sing to 'imself an' look pon de bicycle an' skin 'im teeth in a big smile. 1991 P. Marshall Daughters (1992) ii. vi. 191 Waving her hand from the door of the plane like she's a movie star or the queen come on a visit! Skinning her damn teeth! 2005 D. Daley-Clarke Lazy Eye 164 I can't help skinning my teeth. P6. In phrases used attributively, esp. skin-'em-alive, skin-your-nose. ΚΠ 1869 W. Morris in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 203 If you had passed a week at this skin-'em-alive place. 1891 C. MacEwen Three Women in Boat 87 A good old skin-your-nose encounter. 1952 Statesville (N. Carolina) Daily Record 9 Oct. 2/2 The president..doesn't usually give them [sc. the crowds] the fire-and-brimstone, skin-'em-alive oratory that Ike delivers from the rear platform. 1996 R. Hansen Atticus vi. 178 But as skin-your-nose low as I was, there were a hundred others just like me down there. 2002 Arkansas Democrat-Gaz. (Nexis) 9 June j4 Rush Limbaugh is a pussycat compared to some of the skin-'em-alive rhetoric directed toward a football player gone bad. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.OEv.a1400
随便看	to warsle out of to warsle through to warsle up to wash a blackamoor white to wash a egyptian white to wash a ethiopian white to wash a negro to wash a negro white to wash a ship to wash a stain to wash a wall of loam, a brick or tile to wash an ass's ears to wash an ass's head to wash an ethiop, a blackamoor to wash an ethiop, a blackamoor white to wash clean to wash clean, clear to wash down to wash in to wash its face to wash off to wash one's brain, head to wash one's dirty linen at home to wash one's dirty linen at home, in public to wash one's dirty linen in public