shockn.1
/ʃɒk/, U.S. /ʃɑk/ 1. A group of sheaves of grain placed upright and supporting each other in order to permit the drying and ripening of the grain before carrying. Phrase, in shock.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > harvesting > [noun] > stooking > stook or cock
shockc1325
cocka1398
stook14..
poukera1450
haycockc1470
cop1512
stitch1603
pook1607
grass cock1614
hattock1673
stuckle1682
cocklet1788
coil?a1800
lap-cock1802
shuck1811
button1850
α.
β. 1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 68 A small spot of ground on which stood four shucks, containing each twelve sheaves of barley.1784 W. Marshall Minutes in Rural Econ. Midland Counties (1790) II. 15 In this country, ‘sheaf corn’ is universally ‘hooded’—covered with two sheaves inverted,—as it is set up in ‘shuck’.1823 A. Small Rom. Antiq. Fife 135 Any piece of ground..in which the stooks or shooks of corn stood thick after being reaped.1892 P. H. Emerson Son of Fens xv. 146 As I pitched on the two shooves to make up the shuck—that be twenty shooves.c1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesw. in Wright Voc. 154 Les javeles en garbes lieet, En tresseus [glossed in schekes; ? read schokes] les garbes mettet.
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 447/2 Schokke, of corne, congelima.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xxi. 74 A shokke of whete or other corne.
1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer Prol. f. cccxxvv These noble repers,..han al drawe and bounde vp in ye sheues, & mad many shockes.
1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 55 Corne tythed (Sir parson) together go get, And cause it on shocks, to be by and by set.
1621 R. Montagu Diatribæ Hist. Tithes 170 The lightest sheafe in all the shocke,..good enough for God.
1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 87 The Lord cannot distrain shocks of Corn.
1670 J. Wightwick in O. Sansom Acct. Life (1710) 79 We having reaped two Acres of Wheat, and set it up in Shock, Lodowick came and threw it all down.
1746 Brit. Mag. 109 He found Three hundred Shock of Corn in the Fields.
1798 Monthly Mag. Mar. 192/2 They bind it [wheat] up in small sheaves, and place them in what they call shocks, ten together, five on each side.
1829 S. Glover Hist. County of Derby I. 182 Whole fields of corn, both standing and in shock.
1891 W. Morris Poems by Way (1896) 192 So 'tis wellaway for Goldilocks, As he left the land of the wheaten shocks.
2. transferred. A crowd (of persons); a heap, bunch, bundle (of things).
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of people or animals > regarded as a whole or a body of people gathered > large or numerous > densely packed together
threatc950
press?c1225
thring?c1225
threngc1275
throngc1330
shockc1430
crowd1567
frequency1570
gregation1621
frequence1671
push1718
munga1728
mampus?c1730
squeezer1756
squeeze1779
crush1806
cram1810
parrock1811
mass1814
scrouge1839
squash1884
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun]
queleta1382
congregationc1384
numberc1400
hirselc1425
company1439
assemblement1470
bundle1535
sort1563
raccolta1591
bevy1604
crew1607
congest1625
concoursea1628
nest1630
comportation1633
racemationa1641
assembly1642
collect1651
assemblage1690
faggot1742
museum1755
pash1790
shock1806
consortium1964
c1430 J. Lydgate Pater Noster 306 Lyk as a glenere on a large lond Among shokkys plentyvous of auctours.
1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) vii. f. 81v Folke by heapes did flocke To Marsis sacred field, and there stoode thronging in a shocke.
1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life (ed. 4) xii. 281 We have both been equally busy..in gleaning up such..tortures..as we had left behind at our general harvest. For my own share, I have cocked up a tolerable shock of 'em.
Compounds
shock corn n.
Π
1865 Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc. 1861–4 5 27 So long as the present system of..placing shock-corn on the ground..shall prevail.
1925 R. R. Snapp Beef Cattle xv. 179 Before the silo became common, corn fodder or shock corn was used extensively for wintering cattle.
shock fodder n.
Π
1845 W. Sewall Diary 10 Dec. (1930) 280/2 Shucked out a little shock fodder.
1949 H. Hornsby Lonesome Valley i. 12 Chester was up in the cornfield, getting a sledload of shock fodder.
shock fork n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > fork > other forks
crotch1573
shock fork1856
weeding1921
1856 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) II. (Gloss.) 725/3 Shock-fork (Suff.) a large three-tined fork, used in gathering barley and clover into heaps for the pitchers.
shock pig n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > order Artiodactyla (cloven-hoofed animals) > pig > [noun] > defined by eating habits
whey-pig1585
rooter1607
shock pig1759
1759 R. Brown Compl. Farmer 47 Those pigs that are reared on stubble, are call'd shock pigs.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2019).
shockn.2
/ʃɒk/, U.S. /ʃɑk/ Commerce. Now historical.† 2. A roll of cloth containing twenty-eight ells. Obsolete. rare—1.
1.
a. A lot of sixty pieces. (Used with reference to certain articles of merchandise originally imported from abroad.)
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > load or lot of specific size or abundance
ladec897
cheapc1384
shock1582
commodity1592
allotment1703
piece1774
break1864
lot1872
bulka1888
chance lot1888
trucklot1943
1391 Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 72 Et per manus eiusdem pro ij schok bykeres per ipsum emptis ibidem, xx scot.]
1582 Rates Custome House (new ed.) sig. Fj Trayes the shock [1545 flocke] contayning lx. x.s.
1660 Act 12 Chas. II c. 4 Sched. Rates, s.v. Boxes Sope boxes the Shocke containing three-score boxes.
a1690 S. Jeake Λογιστικη Λογια (1696) 65 Many small Wares called Habberdashery..are sold by Dozens, Scores, Shocks.
1724 Act 11 Geo. I c. 7 Addit. Bk. Rates Platters of Wood, the Shock, containing sixty.
b. A German money of account = 60 groschen.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > standards and values of currencies > [noun] > specific monetary units or units of account > specific German or Austrian
groschen1617
shock1617
schilling1753
Reichsmark1872
mark1883
Rentenmark1923
Westmark1947
Deutschmark1948
Ostmark1948
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 288 In Bohemia..Merchants reckoned two hallers for a pfenning, and six pfenning for a grosh, and sixty grosh for a shocke.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > [noun] > roll > of specific size
bot1491
shock1612
1612 Sc. Bk. Customs in Halyburton's Ledger (1867) 318 Poldaveis the shok contening xxviii elnis.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online September 2019).
shockn.3
/ʃɒk/, U.S. /ʃɑk/α. 1500s–1600s shocque, 1500s–1600s shocke, 1500s– shock, 1600s shok, 1600s–1700s shoke.
β. 1500s chok, 1500s–1600s chocke, 1500s–1600s choke, 1600s choc, 1600s chock, 1600s–1700s choque; Scottish pre-1700 choack, pre-1700 choak, pre-1700 choake, pre-1700 chock, pre-1700 chocke, pre-1700 chok, pre-1700 choke.
I. Senses relating to physical jolts.
1. Military. A violent encounter of an armed force with enemy troops, esp. following a charge; a military assault, or the impact of this. Also: the collision of two mounted warriors or jousters charging one another. Also in figurative contexts. Now historical and rare.Frequently in shock of battle.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > armed encounter > [noun] > battle or a battle > onslaught of battle > shock of onslaught
smallOE
acoupinga1375
copinga1375
coup1523
cope1525
shock1565
encountery1566
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > jousting or tilting > [noun] > joust or tournament > encounter
coursec1325
enpraynt1490
shock1565
jostling1580
career1591
1550 T. Nicolls tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War iv. xvii. f. cxxiv He with three houndred of the yongest and of the most galliarde, taryed behynde, for to susteigne the chocke and charge of the currours.
1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. iii. f. 27 The Percians dyd put the Tessaliens horsemen to a sore stresse, for at the first shock they had broken one of their tropes.
1584 King James VI & I Ess. Prentise Poesie sig. Biiij Syne Phifers, Drummes, and Trumpets cleir do craue The pelmell chok.
1614 Bp. W. Cowper Dikaiologie 115 You call this a Subterfuge, and a large field whereunto we runne to eschew the chocke of the question.
1627 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman (rev. ed.) xvi*. 303 But the Pikes when they are to giue or receiue a shocke, are to be commanded [etc.].
1694 tr. L. Moréri Great Hist. Dict. at Clovis I In the midst of the Choque, his Men were routed, until he bethought him to invoke his Wive's God.
1704 G. Hooper Serm. Preach'd Before Lords 11 A Courage not Furious and Brutal..; that bears the Choque, and receives the Charge, unconcern'd and unmov'd.
1759 Ann. Reg. 1758 52 The Prussian infantry, which had often stood, and often given, so many terrible shocks.
1814 R. Southey Roderick xxv. 166 Anon the hosts met in the shock of battle.
a1878 B. Taylor Stud. German Lit. (1879) 285 Each affected the other..by the shock and encounter of thought, by approaching literature from opposite sides and contrasting their views.
1897 ‘O. Rhoscomyl’ For White Rose Arno (U.K. ed.) xix. 210 And now to retreat without coming to the shock—Oh, it is ruinous!
1915 Washington Post 29 Mar. 2/2 Both armies had been ordered to attack, and the Poles as usual were in the front lines. As they met in the shock they recognized it.
1991 R. F. Weigley Age of Battles i. 14 The charge and shock of the pikemen would deliver the foot soldiers' main offensive blow.
2007 K. F. Kiley Once There were Titans (e-book ed.) Nansouty repeatedly led charge after charge against the allies and was repeatedly repulsed, but the successive shocks began to wear down the allied infantry.
2.
a. A sudden and violent blow, impact, or collision; a disturbance of equilibrium or oscillation of a body resulting from this. Later also: a sharp change in pressure propagating faster than the speed of sound in a medium (cf. shock wave n. 1); mechanical stress in an object or substance caused by a rapid change in temperature (cf. thermal shock n. at thermal adj. Compounds 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > [noun] > forcible, heavy, or violent > shock of violent impact or collision
brunta1450
concussion1490
shock1603
jolt1632
impression1694
jara1817
perculsion1822
1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream i. ii. 30 Shiuering shocks, shall breake the locks of prison gates.
1614 A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia vi. 219 The rams, the engines, and the slings,..Whose often shockes did make such wrack, That tower and rampart gins to crack.
1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures xxiii. 81 He..running her on the starboard side gave her so terrible a shock that they sank both together.
1684 R. Waller tr. Ess. Nat. Exper. Acad. del Cimento 59 As soon as ever the Bubbles rise above the Vinegar, and by the chock of the Air break, their Covering is curiously scattered about.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. iii. 46 A sudden Fall might endanger the Bottom or under Surface of the Island, which..might happen to crack by too great a Choque.
1741 A. Monro Anat. Human Bones (ed. 3) 302 To prevent too great a Shoke of the Fabrick of the Body in walking.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Godiva in Poems (new ed.) II. 115 With twelve great shocks of sound, the shameless noon Was clash'd and hammer'd from a hundred towers.
1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. viii. 211 Millions of shocks are received every second from the calorific waves.
1932 Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers 54 310/2 The actual deflection can be estimated..from the location of the strong compression shock waves which follow the shock between the convergent streams.
1950 D. Q. Kern Process Heat Transfer xx. 733 While scale may be loosened by thermal shock, the shock does not necessarily cause it to drop off the tubes.
1978 Ann. Rev. Ecol. & Systematics 9 557 Oil pockets could serve to regulate the temperature of particular tissues, to absorb mechanical shock, or to control buoyancy.
2014 J. Colvin & J. Larsen Extreme Physics v. 123 It is this shock that ejects the envelope of the star into space that we see as a supernova explosion.
b. A more or less violent shaking of part of the earth’s surface; esp. each of a series of shaking movements or tremors occurring as part of an earthquake.aftershock, earth shock, fore-shock, mainshock, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > convulsion > [noun] > earthquake > shock
shake1622
shock1693
stroke1815
mainshock1862
1626 H. Holland Motus Medi-terraneus sig. B3 This fearefull and prodigious shocke of Earth-quake,..which was sensiblie felt and obserued throughout the Citie.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 95 After I..found still no more Shocks of the Earthquake follow, I began to be more compos'd.
1869 J. Phillips Vesuvius ix. 253 Vibrations in the land—suddenly excited and rapidly passing on, so as to be described as ‘shocks’.
1958 C. F. Richter Elem. Seismol. i. vi. 71 Certain localities are..visited by earthquake swarms, long series of large and small shocks with no one outstanding principal event.
1989 Nation (N.Y.) 27 Nov. 640/1 Retrofitting that stretch of the Nimitz Freeway so that it might have withstood the shock of the October earthquake.
2013 C. Wills Green Equilibrium iii . 74 The shocks from the earthquake triggered underwater landslides, one of which swept down a slope towards our little group of divers.
3.
a. A reaction to or state resulting from the passage of electrical current through the body from an external source; a current of electricity producing such a sensation or state; = electric shock n., electrical shock n. at electrical adj. and n. Compounds.The effect of such a current is determined by its type and voltage and by its route through the body, and may include burns, tingling sensations, muscle contractions, arrhythmia of the heart, and death.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric charge, electricity > [noun] > electric shock
shock1746
stroke1767
vibration1842
electroshock1938
1746 W. Watson Sequel Exper. & Observ. Nature & Prop. Electr. 10 He receives a violent shock through both his arms.
1767 J. Priestley Hist. & Present State Electr. i. 98 Smaller animals have been killed by a shock fifty times as great as..the Abbé used upon this occasion.
1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. iii. 276 He..had made unto himself an electric machine, from which it was his greatest pleasure and glory to administer small shocks to any small boys who were rash enough to venture into his study.
1885 Electr. Rev. 2 May 5/4 He was partially paralysed by a shock which would not have proven fatal, and fell from inability to control his movements.
1954 Bureau of Ships Jrnl. July 10/1 The insulation on the perfect ungrounded system forms a line of defense that protects I. R. Drop from shock.
2012 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 7 May The poor chap convulses with the shock,..and 300 students (one in particular) will never forget the principle of electromagnetic self-induction!
b. colloquial (chiefly Scottish and U.S.). A seizure or stroke (stroke n.1 6a); esp. a stroke that results in paralysis.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [noun] > fit or stroke
taking1541
conceit1543
striking1599
stroke1599
fit1621
raptus1740
parlatic1758
seizure1779
shock1794
ictus1890
wingding1927
wing-dinger1933
mini-stroke1972
1794 Morning Post 3 Jan. Earl Pembroke still survives his paralytic shock. Since his Lordship has had the fit which so much alarmed the family, he has never since his recovery uttered anything but Italian.
1896 H. Johnston Dr. Congalton's Legacy xxiv. 315 The mistress of Windy-yett had taken ‘a terrible turn—a shock or something’.
1903 K. D. Wiggin Rebecca Sunnybrook Farm xxvi. 279 We had three o' the worst shocks in our family that there ever was..and I know every symptom of 'em better 'n the doctors.
1955 W. P. Milne Eppie Elrick xxx. 284 Haein teen a shock an' soocht awa in 'is sleep.
1981 M. Cantwell in N.Y. Times Mag. 9 Aug. 6/4 One cause of my future demise might be that I ‘took a shock.’ In other places, a person in that condition would be said to have suffered a paralytic stroke.
2002 R. Miller Behind Lines iv. 97 I had arranged to say that he had had a bad accident and a paralytic shock and was struck dumb if someone tried to speak to him.
4. Originally and chiefly U.S. A device on a vehicle for absorbing mechanical shocks and dampening vibrations; a shock absorber. Chiefly in plural.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > parts and equipment of motor vehicles > [noun] > steering, suspension, or wheels > springs, etc., supporting chassis > shock-absorbers and dampers
shock-absorber1906
absorber1909
snubber1921
shimmy damper1928
shocker1949
shock1961
shox1976
1946 Baylor County Banner (Seymour, Texas) 11 July (advt.) We handle shocks for Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile and other cars. For a better ride replace your old shocks now.
1977 Transatlantic Rev. No. 60. 22 He told her that the car would also need new shocks, brakes, a muffler, a starter and an engine job.
1990 Amer. Motorcyclist July 44/2 This is the length you want the shock to be at full extension.
2011 W. R. Dempsey 101 Projects for Your Porsche Boxster 213/1 I recommend that you replace your shocks every 50,000 miles or so or if they start to show signs of fading or wearing out.
II. Figurative and extended uses.† 6. Opposition, clashing, conflict. Cf. shock v.3 1c. Obsolete.† 7. A hostile remark, a charge or allegation. Obsolete.
5.
a. A sudden and violent effect or impact tending to impair the stability or permanence of something; a damaging blow (to the condition of something or someone).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > calamity or misfortune > [noun] > misfortune or ill-luck > instance of misfortune or ill-luck > severe or sudden
shake1565
cut1568
dash1580
knock1649
shock1654
blow1678
stroke1686
black eye1712
1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xx. xxi. 819 After the shockes of all our sorrowes bee passed, wee shall bee conforted, and rest like infants in her [sc. Jerusalem's] glorious armes, and on her knees.
1654 E. Wolley tr. ‘G. de Scudéry’ Curia Politiæ 92 Griefe did not seize upon her reason..and it is fit then that joy should not now give a chock to [Fr. n'esbranle point] mine.
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. i. 14 The great Shock and Alteration which we shall undergo by Death.
1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. i. 20 Her father..was attacked with a fever; which..gave a severe shock to his constitution.
1833 H. Martineau Berkeley the Banker i. viii. 152 His ruin..was to be accomplished by the shock given to commercial credit, by the stoppage of the D—— Bank.
1885 F. Temple Relations Relig. & Sci. iv. 109 In spite of these shocks belief in revelation is strong still in men's souls.
1934 Times 19 June 19/2 Our greater knowledge was bound to bring with it a shock to the security of geological and palaeontological terms.
1975 Spectator 5 Apr. 401/1 Going from a male chauvinist piggery to a hot-bed of feminists is a shock to the system at the best of times.
2017 New Statesman 3 Mar. 28/1 The Dutch elections could well provide the next big shock to the established order in the West.
b. spec. A large-scale impact on an economy (esp. a period of economic instability) caused by an unpredictable and unforeseen event. See also oil shock n.
ΚΠ
1886 Nineteenth Cent. July 42 The sudden introduction of the railways would..cause an economic shock which might lead to a general rebellion.
1935 Narromine News & Trangie Advertiser (New S. Wales) 28 June 3/2 The exchange rate was raised early in 1931 as a protective measure to ward off the shock to the Australian economy of severe falls in overseas prices.
1973 M. L. Ernst Great Reversals 56 The majority decision dealt a severe shock to the country's money system.
2016 Financial Times 4 June (Life & Arts section) 3/5 Are America and its institutions strong enough to survive any shock, even one as seismic as Donald Trump in the White House?
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun]
contrariositya1340
adversitya1382
champertyc1386
contrariousness1398
thwartingc1430
contrariancec1450
contrariness?1530
withsitting1532
oppugning1535
opposition1548
oppugnation1563
thwartness1577
adverseness1580
crossing1580
breasting1594
antipathy1601
oppugnancy1609
affrontment1611
opposure1611
thortera1614
contrariancya1617
obstancy1616
oppositeness1619
contropposition1621
obstrigillation1623
opposing1624
hostility1632
opposal1638
crossness1641
affront1642
aversion1651
oppugnance1657
shock1664
opponency1727
counteraction1750
antagonism1797
throwing1816
oppositiveness1824
kick1839
variance1842
opposedness1853
againstness1909
hornet1921
adversariness1970
oppositionality1989
1641 T. Warmstry Pax Vobis 26 Laws are bound up into a solid body, and secured from the shocke of refractorines or opposition.
1664 in G. Miege Relation of Three Embassies (1669) 389 Your Majesties Sovereign Power is free from all shock and competition.
ΚΠ
1666 S. Pepys Diary 14 Feb. (1972) VII. 43 Sir G. Carteret had prepared himself to answer a Choque of Sir W. Coventry, by offering of himself to show all he had paid, and what is unpaid [etc.].
1683 D. A. Whole Art Converse 87 It happens..that we either understand not, or mistake what is said in opposition to what we advance..; we think only on't when the shoke is past, that we could have easily return'd this or that answer.
8.
a. A sudden jolt or onset of emotion which surprises, disturbs, or upsets a person or causes them to lose equilibrium (frequently with of); a feeling of astonishment or unpleasant surprise.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > [noun] > sudden access of emotion
heart-quakinga1398
pang1542
heart-quake1561
heart-qualm1590
correption1659
surprise1670
thrilla1680
shock1705
thrilling1747
the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun]
sorec888
teeneOE
sorrowOE
workOE
wrakeOE
careOE
gramec1000
harmOE
howc1000
trayOE
woweOE
angec1175
derfnessc1175
sytec1175
unwinc1175
wosithc1200
ail?c1225
barrat?c1225
derf?c1225
grief?c1225
misease?c1225
misliking?c1225
ofthinkingc1225
passion?c1225
troublec1230
pinec1275
distress1297
grievancea1300
penancea1300
cumbermentc1300
languorc1300
cumbering1303
were1303
angera1325
strifea1325
sweama1325
woea1325
painc1330
tribulationc1330
illa1340
threst1340
constraintc1374
troublenessc1380
afflictiona1382
bruisinga1382
miseasetya1382
pressurec1384
exercisec1386
miscomfortc1390
mislikea1400
smarta1400
thronga1400
balec1400
painfulnessc1400
troublancec1400
smartness?c1425
painliness1435
perplexity?a1439
penalty?1462
calamity1490
penality1496
cumber?a1513
sussy1513
tribule1513
afflict?1529
vexation of spirit1535
troublesomeness1561
hoe1567
grievedness1571
tribulance1575
languishment1576
thrall1578
tine1590
languorment1593
aggrievedness1594
obturbation1623
afflictedness1646
erumny1657
pathos1684
shock1705
dree1791
vex1815
wrungnessa1875
dukkha1886
thinkache1892
sufferation1976
the mind > mental capacity > expectation > surprise, unexpectedness > [noun] > feeling of surprise
startc1330
sit-up1483
glopa1500
stonishment1594
startle1603
surprisal1652
surprise1686
shock1705
turn1845
jolt1884
1689 P. Belon Court Secret: Pt. I 65 But what with the fear and the shock they had given one another they both had fallen, the Maid in a swoon, and Roxana not far from it.
1741 tr. J. J. Rutledge Mem. Julia de M— II. ii. 18 Had not the venerable Abbe L. F. prepared my mind for this shock of happiness, I should have sunk under the joy.
1782 F. Burney Cecilia V. x. x. 382 When Cecilia was a little recovered from the shock of the first interview.
1843 New Monthly Mag. Apr. 427 It is alleged that a shock of joy is more fatal than a shock of grief.
1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxxix. 353 So Mrs. Bute, after the first shock of rage and disappointment, began to accommodate herself as best she could to her altered fortunes.
1885 ‘Mrs. Alexander’ At Bay v. 73 It gives me a kind of shock to think you are obliged to be on your guard in your own home.
1919 P. G. Wodehouse Damsel in Distress xxvi. 291 She loved George Bevan, the man she had sent out of her life forever. She knew it now, and the shock of realization made her feel faint and helpless.
1992 Boxing News 11 Sept. 3/1 Hodkinson had a shock when Montoya dropped him in the first round, but then got up to hammer the Mexican to defeat in the third.
2011 Times 14 Dec. 8/4 A schoolgirl gave her mother a shock when she wrote a Christmas list threatening to kill Santa if she didn't get what she wanted.
b. A sudden unexpected event or experience which surprises, disturbs, or upsets a person, or causes them to lose equilibrium; something which causes a shock, a source of shock.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > expectation > surprise, unexpectedness > [noun] > cause of surprise
marvelc1300
miracle1586
surprise1592
bricolea1631
surprisal1660
thunderbolt1787
startle1823
start1825
startler1829
eye-opener1833
a bolt from (or out of) the blue1837
shock1841
thunder-clap1852
startlement1867
staggerer1872
thunderstroke1880
Scarborough warning1890
surprise packet1900
bombshell1926
curveball1936
turn-up1942
a turn-up for the book(s)1948
conversation stopper1959
left turn1986
1729 Flying Post 12 Apr. He had been ill but three or four Days, so that his sudden Death was a great Shock to his Acquaintance, who all had a great Value for him.
1841 Baroness Bunsen in A. J. C. Hare Life & Lett. Baroness Bunsen (1879) II. 18 The death of my Father was a great shock to me.
1902 R. Bagot Donna Diana xiv. 161 It had been somewhat of a shock to the Cardinal when Monsignor Tomei had frankly informed him that he had..touched the extreme limit of his credit.
1965 Daily Tel. 2 Dec. 13/6 My selection was a complete shock to me...I was not on the short list, or anything like that.
2021 @Ogsy_SFC 28 Sept. in twitter.com (accessed 4 May 2022) To be honest I've seen bigger shocks. Like Stevenage winning 4-0 at Cambridge in a season when they couldn't beat an egg.
c. The feeling of astonishment, disequilibrium, horror, or indignation caused by a startling or outrageous event or experience. Cf. shock v.3 4b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > [noun] > pained disapproval or shock
shock1874
scandalization1881
shockedness1895
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > state of being shocked > [noun]
perculsion1657
shock1874
scandalization1881
shockedness1895
1883 Amer. Catholic Q. Rev. Apr. 200 When we cut it open and find its interior very different from what we imagined, we have..a certain feeling of shock accompanying our surprise on making the discovery.
1918 E. H. Abbott Ne'er-do-much ii. 84 Her eyes were wide with shock.
1972 Financial Times 6 Apr. 29/3 Surprise is a complete understatement. When I first heard of this, it was a mixture of shock and disbelief.
2014 Sunday Times 27 Apr. 13/1 When the punk rock band the Slits burst onto the stage in 1977 they provoked even greater shock and outrage than the Sex Pistols.
2021 M. Watson et al. Oxf. Handbk. Palliative Care xxxi. 819 For many, a sense of shock and numbness is the initial emotional response to bereavement.
9.
a. Medicine. Originally: a medical condition described as occurring after physical or mental trauma and causing depression of the vital processes of the body, and often attributed to a dysfunctional or exhausted state of the nervous system. In later use: spec. a syndrome resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the tissues and organs of the body, resulting from a variety of causes such as impaired function of the heart and blood vessels, loss of blood, abnormal metabolic, inflammatory, or toxic states, etc., and potentially terminating in organ failure and death. Frequently in in (also into) shock.In quot. 1917 short for shell shock n. 1a.anaphylactic shock, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > deficiency of oxygen
shock1804
anoxia1931
hypoxia1941
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disordered pulse or circulation > [noun] > high or low pressure
shock1804
hypertension1893
hypotension1893
hyperpiesis1895
hyperpiesia1915
high blood1987
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > shock
shock1804
jara1817
1862 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 16 Aug. 158/1 When patients die with the ordinary symptoms of very profound shock, after operations of no great severity, there are never wanting those who will ascribe the death to chloroform or ether.
1867 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Feb. 137/2 In cases of shock from mental emotion,..the recovery from the severer symptoms is usually, though not always, rapid.
1889 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 97 282 For the purpose of stimulating a patient in shock it is more rational to give ether than to give alcohol.
1917 W. Owen Let. 23 May (1967) 463 Sorrel was mentioned for Shock [in the Casualty List].
1959 Woman's Own 27 June 44/2 She's in shock, of course, but we're giving her a transfusion.
1968 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxviii. 41/1 Loss of blood volume is an important but not the only cause of shock; a similar state of shock occurs in acute heart failure and in severe infections in which the responsible haemodynamic mechanisms are different.
2011 Daily Tel. 29 Nov. 5/1 My GP has warned me that if I eat seafood again, I could go into shock.
b. In extended and hyperbolical use: a state of debilitation or stupefaction. Chiefly in in (also into) shock in shock.
ΚΠ
1948 Q. Rev. Mich. Alumnus Winter 112/1 Some parts of Western Europe are in a state of shock as a result of the war's devastation.
1951 C. H. Baker S. Amer. Gentleman's Compan. 100 By this time his innards—through sheer alcoholic saturation—are in a fine state of shock.
1958 J. Cannan And be Villain vi. 137 Mrs Hallow was subjected to quite an ordeal this morning and is practically in shock.
1975 Publishers Weekly 21 July 67/2 When Joe signed his first pro contract, Rose..went into shock.
2022 @Kessa_Brae 5 Mar. in twitter.com (accessed 09 Mar. 2022) Omg. I'm in shock. You guys!! Thanks so much to everyone who has backed—it means the world.
Phrases
P1. to come as a shock: see come v. 15c.
P2. shock of the new: (usually with the) a state of surprise, discomfort, or exhilaration arising in response to something provocative, exciting, or disturbing in its novelty.Originally and chiefly with reference to art.
ΚΠ
1972 I. Dunlop (title) The shock of the new: seven historic exhibitions of modern art.
2002 Independent 14 Feb. 11/2 That provocative search for the shock of the new led to today's most edgily creative architects.
2019 Newstex Blogs (Nexis) 11 Dec. Rival Dealer is not a record designed to turn the world on its head, or provide the shock of the new.
P3. shock and awe: a military strategy characterized by the use of overwhelming force in the early stages of a campaign in order to establish dominance and eliminate an adversary's will or ability to resist; also in extended use, esp. denoting a severe measure taken to effect quick results; often as modifier.Introduced by Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade in a publication of the National Defense University of the United States (see quot. 1996), the strategy is associated particularly with the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
ΚΠ
1996 H. K. Ullman & J. P. Wade Shock & Awe ii. 19 The basis for rapid dominance rests in the ability to affect the will, perception, and understanding of the adversary through imposing sufficient Shock and Awe.
2003 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 21 Mar. i. 3/1 Central Baghdad was shaken by massive explosions, the result of a half-hour cruise missile attack that fell short of the ‘shock and awe’ campaign that military planners said will come soon.
2004 BusinessWeek 6 Dec. 108/2 The first wave is shock and awe... American industry has never encountered [such] competition.
2022 Express Online (Nexis) 2 Jan. I appear before you tonight..like some shell-shocked Iraqi soldier emerging after months of shock and awe.
Compounds
C1.
a. General use in various types of compound (in senses 2 and 3a), as in shock hazard, shock protection, shock-resisting, etc.See also shock mount n., shock paddle at paddle n.1 11, shockproof adj., shock wave n., etc.
ΚΠ
1842 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 5 285/2 We have reduced the blow or shock-resisting quality of the iron.
1863 C. Patmore Faithful for Ever ix, in Angel in House (ed. 3) II. 49 My lonely faith, like heart-of-oak, Shock-season'd.
1914 Circular U.S. Bureau of Standards No. 31 260 For parts over 150 volts to ground, shielding is the more essential on account of the increased shock hazard as voltage increases.
1993 What Hi-Fi? Oct. 220 Sports discman with electronic shock protection.
2017 D. Judy 100 Years Vintage Watches (2nd ed.) iii. 23/2 Watches manufactured prior to the 1950s might not be shock protected.
b. † shock bottle n. Obsolete (a humorous name for) a Leyden jar.
ΚΠ
1824 T. Forster Perennial Cal. 394 Taking from Shockbottles shocks.
1919 E. E. Southard Shell-shock 832 The Leyden jar (sometimes familiarly known as the ‘shock bottle’).
shock collar n. a collar for an animal, esp. a dog, that delivers an electrical shock via an embedded radio-controlled device, and is used to train the animal wearing it to refrain from behaving in a certain way.The use of such collars has been banned in some countries.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping dogs or cats > [noun] > keeping or affinity with dogs > place to exercise hounds > collars, leads, etc.
linea1000
collar1377
torretc1386
dog collar1485
doghook1528
terret1530
slip1564
dogwhip1583
trash1611
shangan1787
puzzle-peg1789
puzzle1792
shangy1825
leading-strap1856
nosepiece1865
dog tag1882
lead1893
harness1895
silent whistle1923
standing iron1934
1965 Independent-Press-Telegram (Long Beach, Calif.) 4 July (Southland Mag.) 18/4 Almost all dogs will pull their owners around on the lead unless corrected by quick jerks or by the new harmless ‘shock’ collar.
2020 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 6 Oct. a28 (advt.) As of today, Petco no longer sells shock collars operated by a person with a remote in hand... So today, we say out with shock collars and in with positive training.
shock cord n. heavy elasticated cord designed to absorb or resist mechanical shock; a length of this (cf. bungee n. Additions 1).
ΚΠ
1922 Aerial Age Weekly Sept. 477/2 (advt.) New half inch shock cord 3c ft. New landing gear struts each $1.75.
1930 P. White How to fly Airplane xx. 279 (caption) Two boys at the rear are holding against the pull of the shock cord.
1980 TWA Ambassador Oct. 32/3 Secure all gear, such as the coffee-cans, in the canoe with rope or shock cord.
2012 S. Sleight Compl. Sailing Man. (rev. ed.) 136 A length of stretchy shock cord connects the two trapeze wires and runs around the front of the mast.
shock excitation n. the excitation of natural oscillations in an electrical or mechanical system by a sudden impulse of energy from an external source.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > alternating or reciprocating motion > oscillation > [noun] > excitation of natural oscillations
shock excitation1920
1909 Brit. Patent 6424/1909 1 The form of excitation employed is that originally suggested by Professor Wien and known as ‘shock excitation’, in which the energy accumulated in the excitation circuit is discharged in a manner that may be described as ‘explosive’ into a second oscillatory circuit.
1920 E. W. Stone Elem. Radiotelegr. iii. 54 Exciting a vibratory circuit into oscillation is variously termed impulse excitation, shock excitation, and whip-crack excitation.
1930 A. B. Wood Textbk. Sound 213 A single explosion impulse is often sufficient to set a resonator into vibration, thereby producing a musical note or a noise by shock excitation.
2020 T. J. Hixon et al. Preclinical Speech Sci. (ed. 3) ix. 357/1 Shock excitation qualifies as an impulse-like event, or one that is characterized by a large change in amplitude (in this case, pressure) over a very brief interval.
shock-excited adj. (of an oscillatory system) energized by an electrical or mechanical impulse; (of a vibratory phenomenon) generated by a system which has been energized by an electrical or mechanical impulse.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > alternating or reciprocating motion > oscillation > [adjective] > excited by impulse
shock-excited1967
1912 P. E. Edelman Exper. Wireless Stations xii. 155 These arrangements are also known as shock excited systems and are rapidly coming into increasing favor.
1967 R. F. Graf Mod. Dict. Electronics 138/2 Free oscillations, commonly referred to as shock-excited oscillations.
1975 D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xix. 17 The sound levels of shock-excited tones are more difficult to specify because they vary so much during decay and can be excited over a very wide range.
2005 Biogr. Mem. Fellows Royal Soc. 51 178 Shock-excited spectra resembled those produced in the familiar environment of flames rather than those in electrical-discharge tubes.
shock front n. the surface described by the leading edge of a shock wave; a shock wave.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > wave > types of wave
long wave1792
internal wave1804
stationary wave1833
solitary wave1838
standing wave1845
travelling wave1845
pressure wave1871
ripple1871
surface wave1887
sine wave1893
Rayleigh wave1903
shock wave1907
spherical wave1907
Love wave1924
bow shock1938
Rossby wave1951
soliton1965
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > wave > types of wave > front of shock wave
shock front1949
1940 J. Stack et al. Compressibility Bubble (U.S. National Advisory Comm. Aeronautics: Rep. No. 646) 89/1 The movement of the shock front with increasing speed is not well understood.
1969 New Scientist 28 Aug. 434/2 The boom signature appears to coalesce at a relatively short distance from the flightpath into two shockfronts.
2002 Black Belt Mar. 30/2 When a grenade explodes, a shock front expands outward from the center of the blast.
shock leader n. Angling a length of strong fishing line attached to, and intended to take pressure and weight off, the main line.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > fishing-tackle > fishing-line > [noun] > other types of line
ground-linea1450
ledger-line1653
gildert1681
kipping-linec1686
fly-line1706
night line1726
trout-line1789
train line1828
runner1835
salmon line1850
loop-line1859
stray-line1879
dandy-line1882
kelp line1884
cross-line1891
free line1913
flatline1950
multistrand1960
flatliner1984
1956 Fisherman May following p. 48 (advt.) The only monofilament made exclusively for fishing... Available in 30-lb. to 150-lb. tests for shock leaders and trolling lines.
1957 Long Beach (Calif.) Independent 13 Aug. (Home ed.) c 2/8 Super Plion Braided Mino is designed for the fresh-water fisherman, and features desirable limpness and backbone, with a six-foot mono shock leader on each spool to lessen wear over the rod tip.
2019 Sea Angler 10 Jan. 9/1 I used Daiwa Sensor 18lb mainline, along with a 50lb shockleader tied with a bimini twist, which is my favourite when fishing over the semi-rough ground.
shock metamorphism n. Geology the changes induced in rocks and minerals subjected to deformation and heating by shock waves resulting from the impact of asteroids, meteorites, and other bodies; the processes resulting in such changes.
ΚΠ
1962 Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 43 464/2 Some textures which have previously been ascribed to ‘thermal’ metamorphism may be due to textural adjustments during, and subsequent to, shock metamorphism.
1995 Earth Oct. 8/3 The field relationships of pseudotachylyte suggest that it experienced such extreme conditions during intense faulting, or perhaps shock metamorphism.
2002 M. R. Dence in J. Plado & L. J. Pesonen Impacts in Precambrian Shields 73 Where outcrops permit, zones of shock metamorphism can be mapped that typically decrease radially from moderately strong in the centre to weak towards the margin.
shock resistance n. the ability of a machine, material, etc., to withstand or sustain most types of mechanical shock without serious damage or harm.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > giving protection or proof against something
shock resistance1878
shock absorbing1908
shockproofing1924
1878 Rep. Chief of Ordnance in Rep. Secretary of War III. 129 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (45th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 1, Pt. 2) VI In no case was the shock resistance less than the other.
1937 Sci. News Let. 13 Feb. 105/3 Hardness and shock resistance [of the beryllium-copper alloy] make it useful for non-sparking handtools such as hammers, chisels and wrenches.
2019 i (Nexis) 9 Sept. 13 All three new handsets are expected to be hardier, with shatter-proof glass and shock-resistance.
shock-resistant adj. (of a machine, material, etc.) able to withstand or sustain most types of mechanical shock without serious damage or harm.
ΚΠ
1913 Mineral Resources U.S. 1912 (U.S. Dept. Interior) 975 The principal use for nickel is in making nickel steel, a tougher, more shock-resistant steel than carbon steel.
1946 D. de Carle Pract. Watch Repairing (1947) xx. 262 The shock-resistant watch cannot be looked upon as a novelty, in the sense that it is a passing phase.
1963 New Yorker 7 Dec. 136/1 (advt.) Self-winding, thin, water- and shock-resistant.
2022 Strategic Finance June 59/2 The construction and shock-resistant rubberized case have won an IP65 rating against water and dust.
shock stall n. Aeronautics the marked increase in drag and a loss of lift and control on an aircraft approaching the speed of sound; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > specific movements or positions of aircraft > [noun] > stalling
stalling1912
stall1918
whip-stall1927
shock stalling1937
shock stall1938
1938 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 168 53 For a body moving through still air this warming would increase linearly with the square of the speed and at the ‘shock stall’ the temperature would rise even more rapidly.
1948 Sci. News 7 30 The use of swept-back wings raises the critical Mach number for the aircraft and allows the higher speeds to be reached without the danger of shock stall.
1963 Flying June 100/2 If shock stalls start around the nose or the tail of the aircraft their unbalancing forces will be large and the trim changes will be large.
2007 T. Clancy & J. Gresham Fighter Wing (ed. 2) 10 In aircraft design, the remedy for shock stall was to sweep the wings back.
shock stalling n. Aeronautics the action or process of undergoing shock stall.Frequently as a modifier.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > specific movements or positions of aircraft > [noun] > stalling
stalling1912
stall1918
whip-stall1927
shock stalling1937
shock stall1938
1937 Flight 4 Nov. 450/1 The elliptic cylinder..has a lower maximum velocity..and therefore presumably a higher shock stalling speed.
1941 N. Pemberton-Billing Aeroplane Tomorrow x. 150 These figures are theoretical, calculated by Mr. C. N. H. Lock, and based on Relf's Formula for shock stalling at an altitude of 20,000ft.
1952 W. J. Duncan Princ. Control & Stability Aircraft xiii. 310 The separation of the shock stalling and critical Mach numbers may vary from almost zero to about 0·2.
2007 T. Clancy & J. Gresham Fighter Wing (ed. 2) 10 Sweeping back the compressor blades not only avoids shock stalling, but allows the blades to do more work on the air because they are moving faster.
shock strut n. Aeronautics a strut in the landing gear of an aircraft, which contains a shock absorber.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > aeroplane > parts of aircraft > [noun] > landing gear > strut or damper
shimmy damper1928
oleo1929
shock-absorber1931
shock strut1931
1928 Aviation 4 June 1628/1 Chrome molybdenum radius struts, of heat-treated, streamlined steel tubing, and Aerol shock struts complete the construction of the undercarriage.
2018 G. Bibel & R. Hedges Plane Crash i. 16 The plane sits on a cushion of pressurized nitrogen (and hydraulic fluid) inside the landing gear shock struts.
shock test n. a test to examine the resilience of a component or device when subjected to a controlled mechanical shock; a test to characterize the response of a component or device to such a shock.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > specific tests or testing > test of materials or equipment > other specific tests of materials or equipment
pressure test1859
tensile test1877
smoke test1886
torsion test1891
shock test1904
fatigue test1905
screen test1905
fatigue testing1908
shock-testing1917
1890 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 130 45 Next, the bars, which had served for the tensile strength and shock tests, were cut from the cold metal.
1949 J. F. Blackburn Components Handbk. xiii. 516 In certain cases the shock tests resulted in permanent mechanical damage to the relays, often without opening the contacts.
2014 G. Miglioreno & T. K. Henriksen in M. MacDonald & V. Badescu Internat. Handbk. Space Technol. ix. 216/1 The shock test will determine the shock transfer functions inside the space vehicle.
shock testing n. the action or process of performing a shock test.Recorded earliest as a modifier.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > specific tests or testing > test of materials or equipment > other specific tests of materials or equipment
pressure test1859
tensile test1877
smoke test1886
torsion test1891
shock test1904
fatigue test1905
screen test1905
fatigue testing1908
shock-testing1917
1904 Engineer 30 Dec. 648 A shock-testing machine of a somewhat different form was shown. In it the specimen received one blow only, one more than enough to fracture it.
1963 C. T. Morrow Shock & Vibration Engin. I. v. 114 The advantages of an asymmetrical pulse shape in shock testing.
2020 C. Sisemore & V. Babuška Sci. & Engin. Mech. Shock ix. 229 Shock testing is performed using numerous different methods ranging from shock machines, shaker systems, actual system drops or crashes, even live-fire tests.
shock tube n. an apparatus which produces shock waves by causing a gas at high pressure to expand suddenly into a low-pressure tube or cavity.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > wave > types of wave > device for producing shock waves
shock tube1949
1949 Sci. News Let. 5 Feb. 92/1 The simplest form of shock tube, he explained, is merely a straight tube with a diaphragm dividing the tube into two sections containing gases at different pressures and temperatures. Shock waves are produced when the diaphragm is punctured.
2015 E. Rathakrishnan High Enthalpy Gas Dynamics vii. 301 The heated and compressed gas sample at the end of the shock tube will retain its state except for heat losses.
C2.
a. As a modifier, with the sense ‘that shocks, scandalizes, or outrages’, as in shock announcement, shock headline, shock news, shock story, etc. Also designating a medium that deliberately intends to offend, shock, or provoke a strong reaction, as in shock journalism, shock radio, etc.
ΚΠ
?1770 H. Chamberlain New & Compl. Hist. & Surv. London & Westminster Introd. v. 34/1 In the morning, his lordship waited on Mr. Secretary Pitt, with the shock-news of this disaster.
1908 Sunday Times 13 Dec. 3/1 If there happens to be the slightest easement in the daily supply of shock news the underlying firmness of markets immediately asserts itself.
1931 Aberdeen Jrnl. 28 Sept. 9/1 (heading) Ross County's Shock Win over Elgin City.
1938 Advocate (Melbourne) 10 Nov. 11/3 Lord Northcliffe, one of the first makers of ‘shock’ journalism.
1946 Sun (Baltimore) 5 Nov. 9/6 (advt.) You'll see the shock story of the year.
1974 Times 3 Apr. 1/1 (heading) Shock news is broken to EEC ministers.
1977 M. Walker National Front iii. 60 Shock headlines like ‘Five Million Coloured Asians now in Britain?’ (RPS News).
1994 Guardian 21 Nov. i. 20/7 Talk radio is shock radio, and somehow the right seems to have a stranglehold on the medium.
2012 J. Dougherty-McMichael in S. Brisset & N. Doody Voicing Dissent x. 104 A descent into self-referential shock literature.
2022 Sun (Nexis) 14 Jan. Danny Dyer has been pictured turning up for EastEnders filming after the shock announcement he's quitting the BBC soap.
b.
shock jock n. originally U.S. a talk-radio host or disc jockey who is deliberately provocative or offensive, and frequently abusive to callers.
ΚΠ
1986 Washington Post 23 Feb. f8/2 The fact is that shock jocks are few and far between, and most radio industry professionals deplore their most extreme behavior.
1995 Guardian 23 Jan. ii. 12/4 Caesar is enjoying a burgeoning reputation as the British version of the American ‘shockjocks’, who have established themselves on naked confrontation and outrageous opinions.
2003 New Yorker 26 May 58/2 Mancow Muller, the Chicago-based radio shock jock..appears regularly on the morning show.
2021 Prospect (Nexis) 6 May For the tabloid columnist craving eyeballs or the shock jock needing callers, simple solutions are attractive.
shock rock n. rock music, esp. heavy metal, where the performers present an image that seeks to shock, esp. through the use of sexual imagery or theatrical violence.
ΚΠ
1966 Los Angeles Times 27 Nov. (West section) 38/2 Now the Mothers and the Fugs and their confreres from San Francisco—the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane and the Sopwith Camel to name a few—all participate in creating what has been called ‘Shock-Rock’ a combination of far-out music with Theater of the Absurd.
1989 Spin Oct. 101/3 Today the whole notion of ‘shock rock’ seems quaint or absurd, and Alice Cooper's been washed up for so long that he's now unrecognizable.
2021 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 15 Jan. b 15 The group helped to reinvent hard rock in the early 2000s, incorporating elements of alternative metal, shock rock and hip-hop into its sound.
shock rocker n. a performer of rock music who presents an image that seeks to shock; (also) a person who performs shock rock (shock rock n.).
ΚΠ
1973 Snyder (Texas) Daily News 21 June 8/2 Shock rocker Elton John dyed his hair Mercurocrome red with silver streaks—must be the latest fashion ‘rage’ in gay old London.
1981 Christian Sci. Monitor 7 Jan. 19/3 John Snyder as the shock-rocker aggressively bent on singing songs of social significance.
2000 Big Issue 4 Sept. 17/3 Slipknot might be the latest of the shock-rockers, but they're following a tradition which stretches back years.
2021 Fairbanks (Alaska) Daily News-Miner 16 Feb. b4/1 Manson is the veteran shock rocker facing multiple lawsuits over accusations of alleged sexual abuse.
shock value n. the capacity to shock, startle, or offend, esp. considered as a useful quality.
ΚΠ
1915 Printing Art May 183/2 Like most things with shock value, this idea in advertising came from Paris.
1959 Encounter Nov. 59/2 He had never dreamt that his [ballet] company would have such shock-value.
2022 Guardian (Nexis) 14 Jan. Slaughtering a high-profile cast member early not only has shock value but promises all manner of unexpected twists.
C3.
a. As a modifier with the sense ‘characterized by the use of sudden overwhelming force or of severe or exceptional measures’, as in shock cavalry, shock unit, shock warfare. Also: spec. designating the type of arduous or urgent work performed by a shock brigade (shock brigade n. at Compounds 3b), as in shock labour, shock task, shock work, etc. (now historical).See also shock tactics n., shock troop n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > [adjective] > who exceeds production quota
shock1930
1871 ‘X. & Y.’ Mil. Ess. & Reviews: Pt. III vii. 91 Heavy cavalry, including lancers, are then essentially ‘shock’ cavalry.
1918 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press 21 Oct. 5/5 The 32nd Wisconsin and Michigan Division had been picked by Foch for shock warfare.
1929 Advocate of Peace Apr. 228/2 The aspirants are being trained for some special work, or, to use the favorite Bolshevist expression, for a ‘shock task’.
1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 9 July 536/4 ‘Cultural work’ is still in effect a kind of propagandist ‘shock work’.
1939 R. Campbell Flowering Rifle v. 124 Through the night each grim, shock-working Stakhanov..Must wrestle with his uncompleted job.
1949 F. Maclean Eastern Approaches i. xi. 157 From what I had heard of Soviet ‘shock’ methods a group of Stakhanovites or shock-workers should be able to put any paddle boat in order in an hour or two.
1989 Daily Rep. 9 Jan. 83/2 People have grown accustomed to viewing the Komsomol primarily as a shock workforce.
2004 O. V. Khlevniuk & D. J. Nordlander Hist. Gulag x. 44 Using force or experimenting with ‘worker competition’ and ‘shock labor’..did not provide the required results.
2014 J. A. Sanborn Imperial Apocalypse vi. 207 In May, Kornilov approved the formation of shock units in the Eighth Army.
b.
shock action n. Military a method of attack by a mobile military unit in which the suddenness, violence, and massed weight of the first impact produce the main effect.Originally with allusion to attack by cavalry charge, subsequently also used of tank attacks.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > charge > [noun] > on horseback
career1591
hippomachia1623
horse-charge1650
cavalry charge1872
shock-action1884
1881 Tasmanian 21 May 479/5 Cavalry action was divided into shock action and dismounted fire action.
1939 Cavalry Jrnl. Sept. 403/1 The reasons of the lack of shock action in the Great War of 1914-18 are debatable.
1991 Sunday Tel. 13 Jan. 8/2 The essence of the tank battle is shock action, hundreds of tanks swamping an enemy and smashing through defences before he can respond.
2006 P. Sidnell Warhorse iv. 142 Clearly the Macedonian cavalry on this occasion were perfectly willing and able to engage in shock action.
shock brigade n. now historical (in the Soviet Union and other communist countries) a body of workers typically used for the achievement of arduous or urgent tasks, who voluntarily exceeded state production quotas. [After Russian udarnaja brigada (1928 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1929 Observer 21 July 10/7 ‘Shock brigades’ of workers who volunteer to achieve especially high standards have been formed at almost all the large industrial plants.
1931 S. N. Harper Making Bolsheviks iii. 52 The so-called ‘shock-brigade movement’ among workmen, which is interpreted by the Communists as an illustration of a new attitude and as a new and vital force produced by the Revolution.
1962 E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) lviii. 441 By intensive cultivation, luck and shock-brigade methods, we brought in a rich harvest in record time.
2019 Asian Jrnl. Peacebuilding 7 60 The Socialist Unity Party of Germany..organized shock brigades in Wismut in order to fulfill and exceed work quotas quickly.
shock measure n. a severe or exceptional measure, esp. one taken to deal with an emergency; (also) a measure intended to shock or startle, esp. as a stimulus to prompt action or change.
ΚΠ
1932 China Press (Shanghai) 8 May 7/2 He interprets Japan's actions in both Manchuria and in Shanghai as being a shock measure to startle China into conceding trade privileges.
1962 Daily Tel. 13 Dec. 10/2 Mr. Marples's shock measures..will be more than justified if this savage record [of death and injury on the roads] can be substantially improved.
2012 Sunday Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 17 Nov. d12/4 In an effort to provide financial stimulus as an initial shock measure, the deficit soared from a meagre three per cent to a high 11 per cent.
Shock Police n. (also with lower-case initials) now historical (originally) specially trained armed police deployed by the Spanish republican government of the 1930s to deal with social unrest in urban areas; (more generally) riot police. [Originally after Spanish Guardias di Asalto, lit. ‘Assault Guards’ (1931); compare Portuguese Polícia de Choque riot police.]
ΘΚΠ
society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > [noun] > branch or part of police force > specific > foreign
special police1804
shock police1937
1931 N.Y. Times 22 July 10/3 Shock police, newly organised by the Spanish Home Minister, gobbled up the waiting bands, which included carloads ready to drive out into the provinces and liberate prisoners.
1957 P. Kemp Mine were of Trouble i. 16 Shock Police (Guardias de Asalto), posted in side streets on motor cycles.
1984 Times 1 May 28/4 Luckily they left before the shock police turned up and there was a shoot-out.
2018 A. Sangster Probing Enigma of Franco ii. 39 One result was the creation of a force of police named Guardias de Asalto, the Shock Police who were created by the first Republican police chief.
shock worker n. now historical (in the Soviet Union and other communist countries) a worker who voluntarily exceeded state production quotas and was regarded as exemplary; (also) a member of a shock brigade; cf. Stakhanovite n. [After Russian udarnik udarnik n.]
ΚΠ
1931 Morning Post 11 Aug. 11/7 Three hundred and fifty Russian ‘shock workers’ landed in London from the S.S. Ukraine yesterday for a two days' ‘holiday’.
1946 R. Campbell Talking Bronco 16 For us mere Shock-workers of the Camp and City Whose sweat, and life-blood, is their beer.
1981 I. Boland tr. E. S. Ginzburg Within Whirlwind i. x. 84 The management did not want to use force... These girls were shock workers.
2018 D. L. Hoffmann Stalinist Era ii. 57 Shock workers set production records—the most cement poured in a 24-hour period or the most steel produced in a week.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2022; most recently modified version published online December 2022).
† shockn.4
Obsolete.
A dog having long shaggy hair, spec. a poodle. See also shock-dog n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > defined by coat
shag-hair1598
shough1599
shock1638
shock-dog1673
smooth coat1890
smooth1897
longcoat1953
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > other types of dog > [noun] > poodle
water dogc1400
shock1638
shock-dog1673
poodle1773
barbet1780
poodle dog1805
1638 T. Nabbes Bride v. i My neighbour is very skilfull; he cured my little shock of the mange.
1685 N. Tate Cuckolds-Haven i. ii. 5 Dear delicate Madam, I am your little Paraquit, your Sparrow, your Shock, your Pugg, your Squirrel.
1709 R. Steele & J. Swift Tatler No. 70 The Bones are pick'd clean by a little French Shock that belongs to the Family.
1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth II. 331 Neat Spanniel 'Squires and combing Shocks..Were at her Leve early.
1800 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. I. 280 Maltese Dog... In some of its varieties the hair is extremely long, as in the Skock [? read Shock] and the Lion-Dog.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2018).
shockn.5
/ʃɒk/, U.S. /ʃɑk/ A thick mass (of hair).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [noun] > bushy or thick
bush1509
hair-bush1580
bush-heada1603
shag1607
fella1616
mop1616
bush-hair1692
hassock1754
mopheada1816
shock-head1817
shock1819
flock-hair1878
tousle1880
1819 ‘R. Rabelais’ Abeillard & Heloisa 70 Each Blood, who all day capers, At night puts up his shock in papers.
1847 H. W. Longfellow Evangeline i. iii. 3 Shocks of yellow hair, like the silken floss of the maize.
1883 R. L. Stevenson Silverado Squatters 140 He would toss back his shock of hair, and laugh hoarsely.
1894 Geogr. Jrnl. 3 479 They are beardless, and usually wear a shock of unkempt hair.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online September 2019).
shockadj.
/ʃɒk/, U.S. /ʃɑk/ Having rough thick hair. Of hair: Rough and thick, shaggy. (See also shock-head n.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [adjective] > bushy, thick > having
shaggeda1000
roughOE
thick-hairedc1405
busheda1513
bush-haired1530
maned1530
bush-headed1552
shack-haired1555
mop-headed?1566
shag-haired1577
shag-hair1584
shaggyc1590
rug-headed1597
hirsute1621
hobby-headeda1625
shock1681
shocky1698
shock-head1842
tousled-headed1860
tousle-haired1880
flock-headed1891
thick-piled1976
1681 Heraclitus Ridens 25 Oct. 1/1 A certain little shock Whig.
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 253 The white shock Turky Rabbet.
a1790 B. Franklin Autobiogr. (1981) i. 21 I reach'd thro' the Water to his shock Pate and drew him up.
1862 G. Borrow Wild Wales I. xxv. 294 He was a fellow with red shock hair and very red features.
1865 A. Smith Summer in Skye II. 205 There were quick and nimble brains under the shock heads of the lads you saw.
Compounds
General attributive.
shock-bearded adj.
Π
1908 Blackwood's Mag. Sept. 408/2 Shock-bearded peasants.
shock-haired adj.
Π
1862 C. S. Calverley Verses & Transl. (1894) 89 Bob the shock-haired knifeboy.
shock-maned adj.
Π
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. 490 Ben Jumbo Dollard, rubicund,..shaggychested, shockmaned,..stands forth.
shock-pated adj.
Π
1830 M. R. Mitford Our Village IV. 281 A handy, good humoured, shock-pated fellow.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online September 2019).
† shockv.1
Obsolete.
1. intransitive. To go swiftly and suddenly; to dart, rush; to make a rapid or forced march. Chiefly with adverb, away, down, in, on.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > move swiftly in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > move swiftly and suddenly
windc897
shootc1000
smite?c1225
flatc1300
lash13..
girda1400
shock?a1400
spara1400
spritc1400
whipc1440
skrim1487
glance1489
spang1513
whip1540
squirt1570
flirt1582
fly1590
sprunt1601
flame1633
darta1640
strike1639
jump1720
skite1721
scoot1758
jink1789
arrow1827
twitch1836
skive1854
sprint1899
skyhoot1901
catapult1928
slingshot1969
book1977
?a1400 Morte Arth. 1759 Thay..Schokkes in with a schakke, and schontez no langere.
?a1400 Morte Arth. 4235 He..schokkes in scharpely in his schene wedys.
1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. iv. 104 They shocked away in divers companies.
1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades iv. 62 An enterprise it selfe presentes, whereto if so you shocke, Men shal thee cal the happiest this side the Ocean firre.
1583 T. Stocker tr. Tragicall Hist. Ciuile Warres Lowe Countries iv. 62 There came out..about thirtie horsemen, shockyng firste on towardes Eastwike Trenche, and anon towards Westwike.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 246 And so shocking downe towards the straits of Bosphorus, by his embassador concluded a league with Emanuel the Greeke emperour.
2. transitive. To move suddenly and swiftly.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > move or cause to move swiftly in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > cause to move swiftly and suddenly
whipc1380
shock?a1400
whop14..
?a1400 Morte Arth. 3816 In he schokkes his schelde, schountes he no lengare.
?a1400 Morte Arth. 3852 He schokkes owtte a schorte knyfe schethede with siluere.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online September 2018).
shockv.2
/ʃɒk/, U.S. /ʃɑk/ 1. † b. transitive. To collide with, jostle. Obsolete.† c. To run counter to, to oppose. Obsolete. rare.
a. intransitive. To come into violent contact, to collide, clash together; esp. to encounter in the shock of battle. Now only archaic or as a Gallicism.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > impinge [verb (intransitive)] > collide
hurtle1340
to strike together1340
thrusta1400
fray1483
concura1522
shock1575
to knock together1641
intershock1650
bulgea1676
collide1700
rencounter1712
clash1715
ding1874
bonk1947
society > armed hostility > armed encounter > contending in battle > contend in battle or give battle [verb (intransitive)] > join or meet in battle
to come togetherOE
to lay togetherc1275
smitec1275
to have, keep, make, smite, strike, battle1297
joustc1330
meetc1330
copec1350
assemblea1375
semblea1375
coup?a1400
to fight togethera1400
strikea1400
joinc1400
to join the battle1455
to commit battle?a1475
rencounter1497
to set ina1500
to pitch a battlea1513
concura1522
rescounter1543
scontre1545
journey1572
shock1575
yoke1581
to give in1610
mix1697
to engage a combat1855
to run (or ride) a-tilt1862
1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie xvii. 45 They beginne then both of them to vault, and to scrape the grounde with their feete, shocking and butting one against another.
1608 T. Hudson tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Ivdith iii. 46 in J. Sylvester Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) Together soone they shock with hatefull yre.
1640 tr. G. S. du Verdier Love & Armes Greeke Princes i. xxv. 116 One would have said, that four towres torn from their foundations, by so many whirlwinds, had shocked together.
1742 D. Hume Parties Great Brit. in Ess. (1817) I. 54 Two men, travelling on the highway, the one east, the other west, can easily pass each other, if the way be broad enough: but two men, reasoning upon opposite principles of religion, cannot so easily pass, without shocking.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth I. 110 Two mountains shocked against each other, approaching and retiring with the most dreadful noise.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Love thou thy Land in Poems (new ed.) I. 228 If New and Old, disastrous feud, Must ever shock, like armed foes.
1872 Ld. Tennyson Gareth & Lynette 60 All at fiery speed the two Shock'd on the central bridge.
1888 Chambers's Jrnl. 6 Oct. 626/2 Carriage after carriage shocked fiercely against the engine and the compartments in front of it.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > impinge upon [verb (transitive)] > collide with
hurtlec1430
to run up against1625
rencounter1671
collide1700
shock1783
1783 J. O. Justamond tr. G. T. F. Raynal Philos. Hist. Europeans in Indies (new ed.) V. 151 It is necessary to fix them with several anchors, to prevent their shocking each other.
1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship II. 268 The rudder is shocked by the water.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)]
withgo743
to go again ——OE
withsayc1175
again-goc1275
withsitc1300
thwarta1325
to go against ——a1382
counter1382
repugnc1384
adversea1393
craba1400
gainsaya1400
movec1400
overthwart?a1425
to put (also set) one's face againsta1425
traversea1425
contrairc1425
to take again ——c1425
contraryc1430
to take against ——a1450
opposec1485
again-seta1500
gain?a1500
oppone1500
transverse1532
to come up against1535
heave at1546
to be against1549
encounter1549
to set shoulder against1551
to fly in the face of1553
crossc1555
to cross with1590
countermand1592
forstand1599
opposit1600
thorter1608
obviate1609
disputea1616
obstrigillate1623
contradict1632
avert1635
to set one's hand against1635
top1641
militate1642
to come across ——1653
contrariate1656
to cross upon (or on)1661
shock1667
clash1685
rencounter1689
obtend1697
counteract1708
oppugnate1749
retroact?1761
controvert1782
react1795
to set against ——1859
appose-
1667 J. Dryden Indian Emperour i. ii. 12 That Monarch sits not safely on his Throne, Who bears, within, a power that shocks his own.
1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe ii. 20 Advise him not to shock a Father's will.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > charge > [verb (transitive)]
onreseeOE
reseOE
shoota1300
tachea1400
charge1582
shock1614
the world > movement > impact > striking > strike [verb (transitive)] > specific animate object
drepeOE
smitec1200
buffet?c1225
strike1377
rapa1400
seta1400
frontc1400
ballc1450
throw1488
to bear (a person) a blow1530
fetch1556
douse1559
knetcha1564
slat1577
to hit any one a blow1597
wherret1599
alapate1609
shock1614
baske1642
measure1652
plump1785
jow1802
nobble1841
scuff1841
clump1864
bust1873
plonk1874
to sock it to1877
dot1881
biff1888
dong1889
slosh1890
to soak it to1892
to cop (a person) one1898
poke1906
to hang one on1908
bop1931
clonk1949
1614 A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia iii. 110 But whosoever of the foes Did shocke their sides, or changed blowes With Brutus shippe, him grappling fast, He boords.
1699 True Relation Sir T. Morgan's Progress France 7 Major-General Morgan demanded of his Excellency, whether he would Shock the whole Army at one dash, or try one Wing first?
1767 Ann. Reg., Acc. Bks. 276/1 The Christians rowed forwards..and shocked the enemy's gallies with the spurs or beaks of theirs.
3. † a. To throw (troops) into confusion by an onset or charge; to damage or weaken by impact or collision; to destroy the stability of. Also figurative.† b. To shake (a building, etc.) with an earthquake shock. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > charge > [verb (transitive)] > throw into confusion by charge
shock1569
the world > matter > constitution of matter > weakness > make weak [verb (transitive)]
shake1569
enervate1667
shock1726
weaken1827
the world > movement > impact > impinge upon [verb (transitive)] > forcibly or violently > injure or damage by
shock1726
jar1875
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 1364 The Countie Egmond..recharged vpon them with all his forces together so terribly that he shokt all their battayle.
1674–5 E. Stillingfleet Serm. 24 Feb. in Wks. (1710) I. 215 They who could not be shocked by persecution were in danger of being overcome by flattery.
1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts 351 That Sea that shock'd the Vessel, was a Forerunner of a greater.
1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) II. 770/1 It carried down trunks of trees.., which much shocked and weakened the pillars of his bridge.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > convulsion > [verb (transitive)] > shake with earthquake
shock1731
1731 J. Derby Let. 13 Nov. in Philos. Trans. 1739–40 (Royal Soc.) (1742) 41 229 The Houses of all the Town were so shock'd, as to raise the Inhabitants.
1742 M. Plant in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 42 34 It continued roaring, bursting, and shocking our Houses all that Night.
c. To subject to or transform by mechanical shock. Cf. shocked adj.1 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > impinge upon [verb (transitive)] > forcibly or violently > affect by mechanical shock
shock1950
1950 D. Q. Kern Process Heat Transfer xiv. 382 Hard scale which can be shocked from the tube.
1965 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. CXXIII. 602 Salt shocked by a chemical explosion adjusted mainly by plastic glide along close~spaced slip planes.
1968 Ahrens & Rosenberg in French & Short Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials 59/2 The Hugoniot curve is defined as the locus of pressure-volume-energy states that may be achieved within the material by shocking it from a given initial state.
4.
a. In early use, to wound the feelings of, offend, displease. In later use, with stronger sense: To affect with a painful feeling of intense aversion or disapproval; to scandalize, horrify; to outrage (a person's sentiments, prejudices, etc.). Often in passive, to be scandalized or horrified at.The prevalent 17th cent. spelling (see β) shows that the sense was then regarded as a use of the French choquer.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > disapprove of [verb (transitive)] > shock
scandal1643
shock1656
scandalize1676
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > state of being shocked > be shocked at [verb (transitive)] > shock
startle1598
scandal1643
shock1656
scandalize1676
jar1789
rock1881
shake1943
traumatize1949
α.
β. 1656 A. Cowley Second Olympian Ode in Pindaric Odes Introd. The Reader must not be chocqued to hear him speak so often of his own Muse.1663 G. Mackenzie Religio Stoici 91 To abrogat, by our practice, whatever choacks our present humor.1711 J. Swift Argum. abolishing Christianity in Misc. Prose & Verse 174 The Gentlemen of Wit and Pleasure are apt to murmur, and be choqued at the sight of so many daggled-tail Parsons.1694 W. Congreve Double-dealer v. i. 74 Thy stubborn temper shocks me, and you knew it would.
1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 6. ⁋2 They are no more shocked at Vice and Folly, than Men of slower Capacities.
1767 S. Bunbury in J. H. Jesse G. Selwyn & his Contemp. (1843) II. 178 I am shocked to death to see you must be back by the end of September.
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. iv. 57 They durst not at once shock the universal prejudices of their age.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. ii. 188 Every moderate man was shocked by the insolence, cruelty, and perfidy with which the nonconformists were treated.
1867 S. Smiles Huguenots Eng. & Ireland viii. 195 The priests who visited the slaves at the galleys were horribly shocked at the cruelties practised on them.
1880 L. Stephen Alexander Pope vii. 175 Pope..was terribly shocked when he found himself accused of heterodoxy.
b. absol. Also intransitive for passive, to suffer shock.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > disapprove [verb (intransitive)] > merit disapproval > be shocking
shock1820
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > state of being shocked > suffer shock [verb (intransitive)] > shock a person
shock1820
1820 G. Belzoni Narr. Egypt & Nubia i. 109 Those [customs] which shock at first sight, lose their effect on him.
1959 N. Clad Love & Money (1960) 15 She liked to say things to shock Clarence, partly because he shocked so easily.
1967 Listener 5 Oct. 448/3 Triana's play does shock.
5.
a. To impart a physical shock to, to cause (a person or a part of the body) to suffer a nervous shock.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > afflict with disorder of nervous system [verb (transitive)] > shock
shock1733
1733 J. B. tr. A. Belloste Hosp. Surgeon II. ii. 17 Mercury produces its effect..by its shocking and disengaging the fibres.
1747 tr. J. Astruc Academical Lect. Fevers 213 The corresponding parts of the medullary substance are so shocked, that the animal spirits there contained are more vigorously protruded into the nerves.
1841 J. T. J. Hewlett Parish Clerk I. 271 The nervous system was so much shocked.
1900 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 3 Feb. 257/2 The state of the patients, as to collapse, when first seen varied enormously..: some were absolutely ‘shocked’, others not at all so.
b. To give (a person) an electric shock.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric charge, electricity > charge [verb (transitive)] > administer shock
shock1748
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > afflict with disorder of nervous system [verb (transitive)] > shock > electric shock
shock1748
electroshock1962
1748 W. Watson in Philos. Trans. 1747 (Royal Soc.) 44 741 It remains now, that I endeavour to lay before you a Solution why our Bodies are so shocked in the Experiments with the electrified Water.
1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 196 The Torporific Eel, caught by a hook, violently shocks the person holding the line.
1882 Nature 13 July 260/2 I got severely shocked [by lightning] when sending my report.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online September 2019).
shockv.3
/ʃɒk/, U.S. /ʃɑk/ Now dialect.† 2. reflexive and intransitive. To crowd together. Obsolete.
1. absolute.1599 N. Breton Praise Vertuous Ladies (Grosart) 59/1 If he can shocke, shee can binde sheafes.† b. transferred and figurative. Obsolete.
a. transitive. To arrange (sheaves) in a shock. Also with up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > harvesting > harvest (a crop) [verb (transitive)] > make into stooks
cock1392
shockc1440
stookc1575
cop1581
pook1587
recock1610
pout1617
stitch1669
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 447/2 Schokkyn schovys or oþer lyke, tasso.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Hi After that he wedeth it, repeth it, byndeth it, & shocketh it, and at the last caryeth it home to his barne.
1584 Act 23 Eliz. c. 10 §2 Before..suche Corne and Graine shalbe shocked, cocked, hiled or copped.
1657 J. Trapp Comm. Ezra (Job v. 26) 60 Corn when ripe is reaped, shockt up, and carried into the barn.
1764 Museum Rusticum 2 107 Some shock their sheaves, setting them up in traves of six sheaves of a side, and two to cap them.
1836 C. P. Traill Backwoods of Canada 188 The ripe corn is either shocked as beans..or the cobs pulled and braided on ropes.
1899 H. R. Haggard Farmer's Year 325 We finished cutting, tying, and shocking the wheat on Baker's.
ΚΠ
c1450 J. Lydgate Secrees 354 In sondry konnynges I Can Remembre noon,..But ye haue parcel of hem euerychoon, And shokkyd hem vp in Ordre by and by.
1519 W. Horman Vulgaria ii. f. 19v Valantynys be put and shocked in a close vessell as is a cappe.
1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions Pref. 6 I haue shocked theim [stories] vp together, as well those of aunciente tyme, as of later yeres.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (reflexive)] > specifically of people or animals > crowd closely together
shockc1400
serr1562
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (intransitive)] > crowd together
thickc1000
pressa1350
empressc1400
shock1548
serry1581
pester1610
serr1683
thicken1726
crush1755
scrouge1798
pack1828
to close up1835
to be packed (in) like sardines1911
scrum1913
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) xxiii. 252 And whan thei wil fighte, thei wille schokken hem to gidre in a plomp. [Fr. ils sount si sarres ensemble que..].
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. xxxiij Sodainly the Frenchmen shocked to ther standarde and fledde.
1622 F. Markham Five Decades Epist. of Warre iv. viii. 151 He shall also see that when they march in Battalia, then they shocke close together and as it were ioyne Cush to Cush.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2019).
<
n.1c1325
n.21582
n.31550
n.41638n.51819
adj.1681v.1?a1400v.21569v.3c1400