shoaln.¹

Brit.

/ʃəʊl/, U.S.

/ʃoʊl/

Forms: α. Middle English shelde. β. (Chiefly Scottish) Middle English–1500s schald, Middle English schauld, 1500s schalde, shaulde, (1800s dialect shall, shad); 1500s plural shawllys. γ. Middle English–1600s sholde, 1500s–1600s shold, should(e, 1600s showld, shoald, (1800s dialect shod, shoad). δ. 1500s shol, shoel(l, 1500s–1600s shole, 1600s shoule, ( schoole), 1600s–1700s shoale, 1600s– shoal.

Etymology: Absolute use of shoal adj.

a. A place where the water is of little depth; a shallow; a sandbank or bar.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > shallow place

shoal839

shoala1400

bank?1473

undeep1513

shelf1545

flat1550

vadea1552

ford1563

shallow1571

shoaling1574

ebbs1577

shelve1582

bridge1624

ballow1677

shamble1769

sharp1776

poling ground1901

sea-shoal1903

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [adjective] > shallow

shoal839

shoala1400

sheld1507

shelfy1576

shelvy1602

shoaly1612

shelf-spoiled1627

shallowy1890

α.

a1400 Coer de L. 2054 The mariners unneth it withhelde, That shyppe left in the shelde.

β. c1480 (a1400) St. Martha 113 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 288 Quhare þe body lay, to ryvine al castine one a schald.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 44 Bot ix or x he kest a gait befor, Langis the schauld, maid it bath dep and schor.?1530 J. Rastell Pastyme of People sig. Ai^v The passage [is] so strayte & daungerous that they must nedis come thorow many straytis & shawllys.c1585 in Early Naval Ballads (Percy Soc.) 16 When shauldes and sandie bankes apears What pillot can direct his course??a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 358 His schip come never on the schalde, But stak still on the ancker halde.γ. 1414 26 Pol. Poems xiii. 146 On see, on lond, on sholde, and depe.1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos i. A ij b And three the Easterne winde also..Out of the deepe into the sholdes and quicksands made to sinke.1594 T. Blundeville Exercises v. f. 270 Deapthes, sands, showlds and rockes.1633 T. James Strange Voy. 24 This was nothing but shoalds to the land.1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. iv. i. 137 Knowledge of Depths and Shoulds.δ. 1555 R. Eden Two Viages into Guinea in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 351 The sholes of the ryuer cauled Rio Grande.1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias 24 b She strake upon a shoel.1589 Summarie Drakes W. Indian Voy. 47 The shols appearing daungerous.1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia vi. 215 A long and dangerous shoule of rocks and sand.1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 21 We were cast vpon the shoales or flats of Mozambique.1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 336 Wedg'd in the Rocky Sholes, and sticking fast.1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 357 On the east side is a sandy shoal.1853 H. Douglas Ess. Mil. Bridges (ed. 3) iii. 169 Among the shoals and eddies with which the Sutlej abounds.1876 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (ed. 5) i. vi. 192 There is a dangerous shoal in the harbour.

b. figurative.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. vii. 6 Vpon this Banke and Schoole of time.

1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iii. ii. 437 Wolsey, that once..sounded all the Depths, and Shoales of Honor.

1815 Ld. Byron There's not a Joy World can Give in Stanzas for Mus. 6 Then the few whose spirits float above the wreck of happiness Are driven o'er the shoals of guilt or ocean of excess.

Compounds

C1. attributive, as shoal-bank, shoal-ground, shoal-rock.

ΚΠ

1712 W. Rogers Cruising Voy. 51 There are..some Shoal-Banks between them, but no Shoal-Ground before we come to this Cove.

C2.

shoal-mark n. a buoy or other mark set to indicate a shoal.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > buoys, marks, or lighthouses > [noun] > object on land or sea as guide

marka1398

sea-mark1566

landmark1570

daymark1695

leading-mark1804

tide-mark1861

shoal-mark1875

range mark1886

range marker1934

cardinal mark1974

1875 ‘M. Twain’ in Atlantic Monthly Apr. 451/2 He..then began to work her warily into the next system of shoal marks.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

shoaln.²

Brit.

/ʃəʊl/, U.S.

/ʃoʊl/

Forms: 1500s–1600s shoale, 1500s–1700s shole, 1600s shoole, showl, 1800s shool, 1600s– shoal.

Etymology: Late 16th cent. shole ; the earlier history is uncertain. The word is etymologically identical with Old English scolu strong feminine, troop, division of an army = Old Saxon scola multitude (Middle Low German schole ), Middle Dutch schole multitude, flock, shoal of fishes (Dutch school , West Frisian skoal , North Frisian sköl , shoal of fishes): see further school n.²It is possible that the Old English word may have had the sense of shoal of fishes, and in this sense may have continued in nautical use ever since, though unrecorded in Middle English and early modern English. The simpler hypothesis is that the 16th cent. shole was a re-adoption of the Dutch form (see above) which in the 14–15th cent. had been taken into English as scole (see school n.²). The initial /ʃ/ may be an English sound-substitution for the Dutch /sx/, or it may come from one of the Flemish dialects in which sch is pronounced /ʃ/.

a. A large number of fish, porpoises, seals, whales, etc. swimming together; = school n.² 1. in a shoal, in or by shoals.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > [noun] > shoal

schoolc1425

shoal1579

flote1603

sea-shoal1738

run1771

mountain1880

the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > aquatic (group of)

schoolc1425

shoal1834

1579¹ [see sense 3a].

1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Trauellers Breuiat 56 Sholes of fish frisking and playing.

1673 J. Milton Psalm VIII in Poems (new ed.) 142 Fish that through the wet Sea-paths in shoals do slide.

1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 333 Herrings offer themselves in shoals.

1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful I. viii. 141 The shoals of seals would follow the ship if you whistled.

1836 Uncle Philip's Conversat. Whale Fishery 286 The ship..came upon a large shoal of whales.

1899 S. Baring-Gould Bk. of West II. xix. 314 As the season advances the shool, or shoal, comes nearer the shore.

1905 D. Smith Days of His Flesh l. 515 Supposing..that the stranger had skill in fisher-craft and had perhaps observed indications of a shoal, they obeyed.

b. Hence occasionally used of a number of aquatic animals or floating objects.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animals collectively > [noun] > herd or flock > of aquatic animals

school?1590

shoal1593

the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > [noun] > moving freely on surface > that which or one who > collectively

shoal1593

1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 31 b The waters..bare the whole shole of them [sc. dead carcasses] before them.

1660 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mechanicall xxiv. 190 The bubbles ascended in this Liquor, as it were in sholes.

1692 R. L'Estrange Fables xxvii. 26 A Whole Shoal of Frogs.

1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VI. l. 198 A shoal of boats now came off from the harbours filled with people.

1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. lvii. 219 The scaly monsters of the Nile..flocked in shoals to the place.

†2. A flock of birds. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > [noun] > flock of

shoal1579

flock1598

wisp1806

pod1827

1579–80 T. North tr. Cicero in Plutarch Lives (1595) 935 From thence there came a great shole of crowes.

1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xiii. xxx. 338 To make a shoale of goslings,..drawe a timber log.

1659 H. Hammond Paraphr. & Annot. Psalms (cvi. 15 Paraphr.) 532 He sent them whole sholes of quails.

1801 W. Huntington God Guardian of Poor 98 Like a shoal of eagles.

3. transferred.

a. A large number of persons thronging together or classed together; a troop, crowd.

ΘΠ

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of people or animals > regarded as a whole or a body of people gathered

weredc725

trumec893

thrumOE

wharfOE

flockOE

farec1275

lithc1275

ferd1297

companyc1300

flotec1300

routc1300

rowc1300

turbc1330

body1340

numberc1350

congregation1382

presencec1390

meiniec1400

storec1400

sum1400

manya1425

collegec1430

peoplec1449

schoola1450

turm1483

catervea1492

garrison?a1513

shoal1579

troop1584

bevy1604

roast1608

horde1613

gross1617

rhapsody1654

sortment1710

tribe1715

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 20 I sawe a shole of shepe~heardes outgoe.

1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 20 Gloss. A shole, a multitude taken of fishe, wherof some going in great companies, are sayde to swimme in a shole.

1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 337 When there be great Shoales of People, which goe on to populate.

a1633 G. Herbert Sonn. to Mother in I. Walton Life Herbert 20 Wherewith whole showls of martyrs once did burn.

1749 T. Smollett tr. A. R. Le Sage Gil Blas III. vii. viii. 57 The actors and actresses..poured upon me in shoals.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1763 I. 226 The shoals of Scotchmen who flocked about him.

1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) ix. 81 I see the people going up and down the street in shoals all day.

1876 G. O. Trevelyan Life & Lett. Macaulay II. viii. 91 The adherents of the Government..who sate for the counties were turned out by shoals.

1901 Scotsman 6 Apr. 9/7 A shoal of injured people were brought for treatment to the Royal Infirmary.

b. A large number (of inanimate things).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > plurality > great number, numerousness > [noun] > a large number or multitude > of things

many-whatc1175

much thinga1393

fry1587

shoal1639

1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre v. x. 246 Infinite are the sholes of miracles done by Christs Crosse in Jerusalem.

1688 Clear Proof Certainty Protest. Faith 7 We may expect Shoals of Texts.

1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia I. i. v. 57 Never-ending shoals of small troubles.

1891 ‘J. S. Winter’ Lumley xii. 83 Notes and telegrams, which came in by shoals from morning till night.

1900 Jrnl. Soc. Dyers & Colourists 16 12 A shoal of novelties in machinery.

Compounds

shoal-cod n. (see quot. 1836; cf. school cod n. at school n.² Compounds).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > superorder Paracanthopterygii > order Gadiformes (cod) > [noun] > family Gadidae > genus Gadus > gadus morhua (common cod) > defined by habitat

rock cod1634

red coda1705

rock codfish1796

school cod1814

shoal-cod1836

shelf cod1935

1836 J. Richardson Fauna Boreali-Americana III. 241 Gadus arenosus, Shoal-cod, Smith.

shoal-net n. a net for catching seals.

ΘΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > whaling and seal-hunting > seal-hunting > [noun] > net

shoal-net1792

stopper-net1792

1792 G. Cartwright Jrnl. I. 181 The sealers put out two more shoal-nets, and another stopper.

shoal-wise adv. in shoals or crowds.

ΘΠ

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > [adverb] > in crowds or companies

flock-mealc893

flockingly14..

flockly1552

throngingly1598

troopmeal1600

throngly1653

troopwise1820

a-swarm1830

flock-wise1837

shoal-wise1883

mob-handed1970

1883 in Ogilvie's Imperial Dict. (new ed.) IV. 65/1 When he goes abroad, as he does now shoalwise, John Bull finds a great host of innkeepers, &c.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† shoaln.³

Etymology: < Dutch schol in the same sense (earlier also clod, lump of metal) = Middle Low German scholle , schulle clod, sod, Old High German scolla (feminine), scollo (masculine) (Middle High German, modern German scholle ) clod, mass of ice; perhaps < root *skul- : see shoal n.²

Obsolete.

A mass of floating ice; an iceberg or floe.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > ice > body of ice > [noun] > floe

flake1555

shoal1648

floe1817

ice floe1819

floe-ice1853

the world > the earth > water > ice > body of ice > iceberg > [noun]

island of ice1613

shoal1648

ice hill1694

ice rock1704

iceberg1784

mountain of ice1818

berg1823

1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Een Schoole van ys, a Shoole of yce.

1713 Cal. Treas. Papers 537 The great shoals of ice that came down in the winter often damaged it [Berwick bridge].

1761 Ann. Reg. 1760 67/1 Near 100 sail have been drove from their anchors and moorings by the shoals of ice.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

shoaladj.adv.

Brit.

/ʃəʊl/, U.S.

/ʃoʊl/

Forms: α. Old English (in proper names) sceald, Middle English schealde, Middle English scheld(e. β. (Chiefly Scottish) Middle English–1600s schald, Middle English schalde, shald, schawlde, schaulde, 1500s schauld, 1600s shalde (1800s dialect shald, etc.); Middle English schawd, 1500s schaud (1800s dialect shawd, shoad, etc.); 1500s schaule, 1700s (and 1800s dialect) shaul, shawl. γ. Middle English schoold, schoolt, Middle English schold(e, scold, Middle English–1600s shold(e, shoald, 1600s should. δ. 1500s–1600s shoale, showle, 1500s–1700s shole, 1600s shoule, 1600s– shoal.

Etymology: Old English sceald < prehistoric *skalda-; a parallel formation, differing only in the suffix, appears to be the synonymous shallow adj.¹ < Old English *scealu < *skalwa- . The import and affinities of the base *skal- of these formations are not easy to determine; possibly it may be ‘thin layer’ as in Germanic *skalō shale n.¹; this supposition would fairly well account for the sense of the English adjectives. Some etymologists have compared German schal insipid, vapid (of liquors; hence figurative of discourse, thoughts, etc.); but the sense has little real affinity. The Low German schol (Frisian skol) shows remarkable identity in sound and meaning with the English adjective (schol water shallow water, schol plögen to plow shallow), but its etymology is dubious.

a. Of water, etc.: Not deep; = shallow adj.¹ 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > shallow place

shoal839

shoala1400

bank?1473

undeep1513

shelf1545

flat1550

vadea1552

ford1563

shallow1571

shoaling1574

ebbs1577

shelve1582

bridge1624

ballow1677

shamble1769

sharp1776

poling ground1901

sea-shoal1903

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [adjective] > shallow

shoal839

shoala1400

sheld1507

shelfy1576

shelvy1602

shoaly1612

shelf-spoiled1627

shallowy1890

the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > shallowness > [adjective]

shoal839

undeepc897

shallow14..

ebbc1425

fluec1440

light1556

fleet1629

depthless1816

839 in Birch Cartul. Saxon. I. 593 Æt Scealdan fleote.

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 65 Ȝif þi scope of penaunce be to scheld, it takyth no water of sorwe.

β. c1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. v. 769 Than Trent and Temys war sa schawlde [v.rr. schaulde, schald].1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) ix. 354 He spyit, and slely gert assay Quhar of the dik the schawdest [1489 Adv. shaldest] was.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. xi. 56 Sa huge wilsum rolkis and schald [Camb. MS. schaud] sandis.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vii. xiii. 57 Inhabitand the schauld flude Vulturnus.a1595 Descr. Isles Scotl. in W. Skene Celtic Scotl. (1880) III. App. iii. 429 Thair is na great waters nor rivers in this Ile [of Lewis], but small schaule burnis.1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xvii. sig. E2^v Which the Lord hes set on the shalde shoare, lyke beakens to warne.1636 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (new ed.) 1544 The water also is so shald We shal it passe even as we wald.1736 A. Ramsay Coll. Scots Prov. (1750) xxxi. 84 Shawl waters make maist din.γ. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 131 He wolde make þat greet ryuer so schalowe [v.rr. schoolt, schoold] þat þe water schulde nouȝt reche to women kneen.c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 447/2 Schold, or schalowe, noȝte depe, as water or oþer lyke, bassa.c1460 Promptorium Parvulorum (Winch.) 165 Flew, or scold..bassus.?a1554 H. Willoughby in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 269 After that we sounded againe, and found but 7 fadome, so shoalder and shoalder water.1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie xxxi Holes, sides and toppes, brode, narrow, depe and sholde.1633 T. James Strange Voy. 23 The shouldest water..was 7. fad[omes].δ. ?a1554 H. Willoughby in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 269 The boat could not come to land the water was so shoale.1589 P. Ive Pract. Fortification 35 in tr. R. Beccarie de Pavie Instr. Warres The ditches are narrow and showle.a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vi. xl, in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Hh6 This Molanna, were she not so shole.1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia i. 2 The second of July they fell with the coast of Florida in shoule water.1666 S. Pepys Diary 15 Aug. (1972) VII. 247 Our ships running all aground, it being so shoal water.1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 50 What the Shore was, whether Rock or Sand, whether Steep or Shoal, we knew not.1748 tr. P. Lozano True Relation Earthquake Lima i. 23 Having fourteen Fathom Water in the sholest Part.1840 Evid. Hull Docks Comm. 113 Q. What has been the effect of that extension upon the mud? A. It is much shoaler than it was before.1858 M. F. Maury Physical Geogr. Sea (new ed.) vii. §430 In the Straits..the depth across the shoalest section is not more than one hundred and sixty fathoms.1894 Law Times Rep. 71 103/2 The available waterway of the cut is..greatly reduced in width by shoal water on the north.

b. The phrase shoal water used attributively.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [adjective] > shallow > relating to shallow water

shoal water1874

shallow-water1880

1874 J. W. Long Amer. Wild-fowl Shooting Introd. 15 I shall..separate them into..deep-water and shoal-water varieties.

1888 E. Clodd Story of Creation iv. 34 The fossils are shown to resemble present shoal water deposits.

c. The phrase shoal water used figuratively.

ΚΠ

1884 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Huckleberry Finn xxviii. 241 It jolted her up like everything, of course; but I was over the shoal water now, so I went right along..and told her every blame thing.

1941 J. Masefield In Mill 105 I had..plenty of money in the bank to tide me over the shoal-water.

2. figurative. Of intellect, etc. (Cf. shallow adj.¹ 6.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > weakness of intellect > [adjective] > of mind, thought, etc.

feeble1393

weak1423

unsubtlea1500

shallowc1595

uncapacious1635

unprofound1677

shoal1728

rickety1738

sicklya1771

inexcursive1837

no-brow1922

1728 A. Ramsay Poems II. 180 The sumphish Mob of Penetration shawl.

a1796 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 72 Thee, Duncan deep, and Peebles, shaul, And chiefly great Apostle Auld, We trust in thee.

in combination.1844 J. R. Lowell Columbus 264 One day more These muttering shoalbrains leave the helm to me.

†3. Nautical. Of a sail or a bonnet: Narrow, not wide. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > sail > [adjective] > of specific shape

shoal1688

swallow-tailed1794

leg of mutton1848

swallow-winged1859

jib-headed1861

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xv. 44/2 The Main saile showler, is the main saile made narrower or skant.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xv. 45/1 A showler or shoule Bonnett, is to haue it shallow, or narrow.

4. adv. [Middle English schealde.] To or at a slight depth. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > shallowness > [adverb]

shoalc1315

shallowly1593

fleet1633

shallowa1706

fleetly1844

c1315 Shoreham Poems iii. 116 Ac many man desceyued hys,..And weyneþ þat he be out of peryl, Oþer ine senne so schealde, Þat hym ne douteþ of no breche Of godes hestes healde.

1819 W. Cobbett Year's Resid. U.S.A. ii. vi. 192 I went very shoal with the plough, because deep ploughing would have turned up the sods.

Derivatives

† scheldhed n. [-head suffix] Obsolete shallowness.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > shallowness > [noun]

scheldhedc1450

shallowness1552

ebbness1637

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 168 A skete also sumdel, in þe heuyd, is raysed & reryd on bothe sydes; for ellys it myȝt noȝt receyvin but lytel wose for scheldehed, for to castyn it out.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

shoalv.¹

Forms: 1500s shole, shool(e, shoule, 1500s–1600s shoal(e, 1600s sholl.

Etymology: Of obscure origin. Formally, it could represent an Old English *scálian equivalent to Old Norse *skeila suggestd as a possible origin for skail v.

Obsolete exc. dialect.

†1. transitive. To separate. Usually with out.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separate [verb (transitive)]

to-twemec893

sunderOE

asunderOE

shedOE

dealOE

shill1049

skillc1175

to-twinc1175

twinc1230

disseverc1250

depart1297

slita1300

to-throwc1315

parta1325

drevec1325

devisec1330

dividec1374

sever1382

unknit?a1425

divorce1430

separea1450

separate?a1475

untine1496

to put apart1530

discussa1542

deceper1547

disseparate1550

apart1563

unjoint1565

shoal1571

divisionatea1586

single1587

dispart1590

descide1598

disassociate1598

distract1600

dissolve1605

discriminate1615

dissociate1623

discerpa1628

discind1640

dissunder1642

distinguish1648

severize1649

unstring1674

skaila1833

cleave1873

dirempt1885

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separate [verb (transitive)] > separate from main body

skillc1175

to tell outc1325

shillc1440

sequestrate1513

sorta1535

shoal1571

segregate1579

dismember1580

single1582

scatter1588

disgregate1593

recond1608

sepone1619

sequester1625

canton1653

to cantonize outa1670

portion1777

to set off1795

to comb out1854

distinguish1866

split1924

hive off1931

section1960

separate1962

1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lxviii. 26) i. f. 254 The hypocrites..should bee sholed from the good and holy ones.

1574 A. Golding tr. A. Marlorat Catholike Expos. Reuelation 43 In this exhortation John treateth of the difference between the good and the bad, and of the sholing of the one from the other by the rigor of Justice.

1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha i. v. 27 Labouring..to increase their iurisdictions, and to shoale out themselues from the ordinary gouernement.

1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie xxvii. 164 In that he hath so shooled vs out from among the vnbeleeuers.

1642 D. Rogers Naaman 358 With such caution and encouragement as shall both sholl out the dogs, and welcome the children, whose bread it is.

1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (Rev. ii. 24) Here Christ comes with his fan, shedding and shoaling out his own from others.

2. To divide into classes. ? Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1805 Ann. Reg. 62 One of the reforms..was that of shoaling or classing the workmen... As to the practice of shoaling the shipwrights, as it had proved so advantageous in the merchants' yards, there was reason to conclude that it would prove equally so in those of his majesty.

3. dialect. (See quot. 1887.)

ΚΠ

1887 W. D. Parish & W. F. Shaw Dict. Kentish Dial. Shoal-in, to pick sides at cricket or any game.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

shoalv.²

Brit.

/ʃəʊl/, U.S.

/ʃoʊl/

Forms: 1500s shald, should, 1600s showlde, shoald, shold, showl(e, 1600s, 1800s dialect shool, 1700s shole, shaul, 1600s– shoal.

Etymology: < shoal adj.

I. intransitive.

a. Of water, a watercourse, harbour, sounding, etc.: to become shallow or more shallow.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [verb (intransitive)] > diminish in depth

shoal1574

sew1748

shoal1889

1574 [implied in: W. Bourne Regim. for Sea (1577) xxii. 61 Some sandes or daungers there be hauing fayre or good soundings or shaldings, that they may borrow of & on at their pleasure. (at shoaling n. 2)].

1584–5 Act 27 Eliz. c. 21 The Haven of Orforde..is greatelie shoulded and decaied.

1633 T. James Strange Voy. 19 Now the water begins to showlde.

1779 T. Forrest Voy. New Guinea 178 It shoals suddenly from ten to two fathoms.

1841 W. A. Brooks Treat. Improvement Navigation of Rivers 57 The soundings shoal gradually also up the Rio de la Plata.

1883 Science 1 368/1 The sea..had so far shoaled as to bring up the land within 65 feet of its present level.

1897 H. Newbolt Admirals All 6 He anchored them fast where the Texel shoaled.

b. With out: to become gradually more shallow until no water is to be seen.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [verb (intransitive)] > diminish in depth

shoal1574

sew1748

shoal1889

1889 Universal Rev. Nov. 428 The limpid reedy thoroughfares shoal out To glinting silt-beds where the minnows lie.

1894 Law Times Rep. 71 102/2 The water of the cut..gradually shoals out until it reaches a mud bank.

†2. ? To slant, slope. Obsolete. Cf. shore v.¹ 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > inclination > incline or be oblique [verb (intransitive)] > slope

pitch?1440

shore?1521

shed1530

batter1546

shoal1621

peck1639

slope1691

rake1722

underlay1728

underlie1778

1621 G. Markham Hungers Preuention 18 Then for the vpper side of the Net, you shall place it slantwise shoaling against the water.

1621 G. Markham Hungers Preuention 21 They [the sticks] shall be prickt a little shoaling or slantwise.

II. transitive.

a. Nautical. To find (one's soundings) gradually more shallow; to pass from a greater into a less depth of (water), as shown by sounding.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > [verb (transitive)] > pass into shallow water

shoal1694

to strike ground (or soundings)1726

shoalen1731

shallow1793

1694 Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. 60 As I shoaled my soundings I had 22, and 18, and 16..Fathoms.

1731 W. Wriglesworth MS. Log-bk. of ‘Lyell’ 3 Jan. When we sholed the Water as per Logg.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. vi. 60 We..kept shoaling our water, till at length we came into twelve fathom.

1839 Naut. Mag. & Naval Chron. 8 237 The lead should be kept constantly going, and the Ship tacked to the eastward as soon as the water is shoaled to 22 or 20 fathoms.

1852 W. J. Conybeare & J. S. Howson Life & Epist. St. Paul II. xxiii. 344 The alarm of the sailors was great when they perceived how rapidly they were shoaling the water.

b. absol. Of a ship: to come into shallow water. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > sail in shoal water

to make foul water1653–4

shoal1803

1803 in Naval Documents U.S. Wars Barbary Powers (U.S. Office Naval Records) (1941) III. 193 We had not gone more than two cables length before we suddenly shoaled.

1898 T. Hardy Wessex Poems 100 He gained the beach, where Yeomen,..With Regulars in thousands, were enmassed To meet the Foeman, Whose fleet had not yet shoaled.

4. To cause (a piece of water) to become shallow; also, to obstruct by shoals.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [verb (transitive)] > cause to diminish in depth

shoalen1731

shoal1859

1859 J. H. Ingraham Pillar of Fire iii. xii. 587 He pursued with the idea that the sea had been shoaled by the wind.

1864 G. P. Marsh Man & Nature 430 The maritime approaches to river harbors frequented by the ships of Phenicia..are shoaled to a considerable distance out to sea.

†5. To drive (a plough) less deeply in the soil.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > plough (land) [verb (transitive)] > plough lightly

shoal1670

scratch1697

stirree1742

skirtc1795

skim1799

riffle1804

skim-plough1807

hen-scratch1872

scratch-plough1926

1670 J. Evelyn in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 5 1061 According to this proportion the husbandman must govern himself deepning or showling the Plough, as the condition of the land shall require.

6. Otter-hunting. (See quot. 1897.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting specific animals > [verb (transitive)] > hunt otter

shoal1897

the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting specific animals > [verb (transitive)] > hunt otter > force to surface or shallows

vent1688

shoal1897

1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 583/2 Shoal, verb, to drive the otter down to the shallows.

Derivatives

shoaled adj. (see quot. 1867).

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > harbour or port > [adjective] > types of harbour

unbarreda1552

barred1552

wind-bound1614

shoaled1867

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Shoaled-harbour, that which is secured from the violence of the sea, by banks, bars, or shoals to seaward.

ˈshoaling adj. growing shallow.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [adjective] > shallow > growing shallow

shoaling1859

1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 82 Where like a shoaling sea the lovely blue Play'd into green.

1892 R. L. Stevenson Vailima Lett. xix. 181 The four..set off in the boat across that rapidly shoaling bay of the lagoon.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

shoalv.³

Brit.

/ʃəʊl/, U.S.

/ʃoʊl/

Forms: Also 1600s shoole, shole.

Etymology: < shoal n.² Compare Frisian skoalje, Dutch scholen.

1. intransitive. Of fish: To collect or swim together in a shoal or shoals.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > [verb (intransitive)] > shoal

school1597

shoal1610

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 718 About Midsommer they [sc. herrings] shoole out of the deepe and vast Northen-sea to the coasts of Scotland.

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxi. 191 The waue-sprung entrailes, about which, Fausens, and other fish, Did shole.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VI. 279 Gesner even asserts..that he has seen them [sc. sturgeon] shoal together, at the notes of a trumpet.

1901 S. Gwynn Mater Severa, Queen's Chron. 28 The mackerel shoaling in each bay.

2. transferred. Of persons, birds, things: To crowd together, assemble in swarms. Also with adverbs, as together, in, up.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (intransitive)] > specifically of people or animals > in large numbers

thringOE

threngc1175

crowda1400

flocka1400

swarm1526

growl1542

throngc1565

shoala1618

horde1801

bike1805

fry1816

hotch1893

a1618 W. Raleigh Maxims of State (1642) 21 Men of the same quality, tongue and condition, doe easily shole, and combine themselves together.

1638 H. Wotton Let. 5 Dec. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1672) 472 Whereupon the Women..do flock to St. Maries in such troops..that the Masters of Art have no room to sit; so as the Vice-Chancellor and Heads of Houses were in deliberation to repress their shoaling thither.

1645 E. Pagitt Heresiogr. Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v You have power to keep these Hereticks..from..sholing together to infect one another.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 288 What they met..[they] together crowded drove From each side shoaling towards the mouth of Hell.

1817 T. L. Peacock Melincourt III. xxx. 12 The distracted multitude, who were shoaling in from all quarters.

1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan III. 399 About him, on every side, were the white winged water~fowl..shoaling up in the van of the sea breeze.

1863 Reader 12 Sept. 284/1 In England there are none of those pamphlets and mediocre romances which shoal in France.

Derivatives

ˈshoaling n.²

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > [noun] > shoal > shoaling

shoaling1799

schooling1856

1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire III. 148 When the shoaling of the beluga has ceased.

1884 Publ. Opinion 12 Sept. 330/1 When this has happened during a great shoaling, the herrings have in subsequent years refused to pass over the spot.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† shoalv.⁴

Etymology: Of obscure origin: compare shalder v.

dialect. Obsolete.

intransitive. Of soil: ? To crumble, become disintegrated.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or breaking up into constituent parts > undergo separation into constituents [verb (intransitive)] > cease to cohere > disintegrate > into small pieces

fitterc1380

foulder1610

shred1647

shoal1733

fritter1794

fragment1961

1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 237 These stiff, cold Grounds, being of the most surly Nature, will not shoal, shatter nor crumble.

1750 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman V. iii. 7 (E.D.D.) The top of this land will shoal and run into a fine hollowness, even by very small frosts.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

n.¹a1400

n.²1579

n.³1648

adj.adv.839

v.¹1571

v.²1574

v.³1610

v.⁴1733

单词	shoal
释义	shoaln.¹ Brit. /ʃəʊl/, U.S. /ʃoʊl/ Forms: α. Middle English shelde. β. (Chiefly Scottish) Middle English–1500s schald, Middle English schauld, 1500s schalde, shaulde, (1800s dialect shall, shad); 1500s plural shawllys. γ. Middle English–1600s sholde, 1500s–1600s shold, should(e, 1600s showld, shoald, (1800s dialect shod, shoad). δ. 1500s shol, shoel(l, 1500s–1600s shole, 1600s shoule, ( schoole), 1600s–1700s shoale, 1600s– shoal. Etymology: Absolute use of shoal adj. a. A place where the water is of little depth; a shallow; a sandbank or bar. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > shallow place shoal839 shoala1400 bank?1473 undeep1513 shelf1545 flat1550 vadea1552 ford1563 shallow1571 shoaling1574 ebbs1577 shelve1582 bridge1624 ballow1677 shamble1769 sharp1776 poling ground1901 sea-shoal1903 the world > the earth > water > body of water > [adjective] > shallow shoal839 shoala1400 sheld1507 shelfy1576 shelvy1602 shoaly1612 shelf-spoiled1627 shallowy1890 α. a1400 Coer de L. 2054 The mariners unneth it withhelde, That shyppe left in the shelde. β. c1480 (a1400) St. Martha 113 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 288 Quhare þe body lay, to ryvine al castine one a schald.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 44 Bot ix or x he kest a gait befor, Langis the schauld, maid it bath dep and schor.?1530 J. Rastell Pastyme of People sig. Ai^v The passage [is] so strayte & daungerous that they must nedis come thorow many straytis & shawllys.c1585 in Early Naval Ballads (Percy Soc.) 16 When shauldes and sandie bankes apears What pillot can direct his course??a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 358 His schip come never on the schalde, But stak still on the ancker halde.γ. 1414 26 Pol. Poems xiii. 146 On see, on lond, on sholde, and depe.1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos i. A ij b And three the Easterne winde also..Out of the deepe into the sholdes and quicksands made to sinke.1594 T. Blundeville Exercises v. f. 270 Deapthes, sands, showlds and rockes.1633 T. James Strange Voy. 24 This was nothing but shoalds to the land.1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. iv. i. 137 Knowledge of Depths and Shoulds.δ. 1555 R. Eden Two Viages into Guinea in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 351 The sholes of the ryuer cauled Rio Grande.1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias 24 b She strake upon a shoel.1589 Summarie Drakes W. Indian Voy. 47 The shols appearing daungerous.1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia vi. 215 A long and dangerous shoule of rocks and sand.1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 21 We were cast vpon the shoales or flats of Mozambique.1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 336 Wedg'd in the Rocky Sholes, and sticking fast.1769 E. Bancroft Ess. Nat. Hist. Guiana 357 On the east side is a sandy shoal.1853 H. Douglas Ess. Mil. Bridges (ed. 3) iii. 169 Among the shoals and eddies with which the Sutlej abounds.1876 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (ed. 5) i. vi. 192 There is a dangerous shoal in the harbour. b. figurative. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. vii. 6 Vpon this Banke and Schoole of time. View more context for this quotation 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iii. ii. 437 Wolsey, that once..sounded all the Depths, and Shoales of Honor. View more context for this quotation 1815 Ld. Byron There's not a Joy World can Give in Stanzas for Mus. 6 Then the few whose spirits float above the wreck of happiness Are driven o'er the shoals of guilt or ocean of excess. Compounds C1. attributive, as shoal-bank, shoal-ground, shoal-rock. ΚΠ 1712 W. Rogers Cruising Voy. 51 There are..some Shoal-Banks between them, but no Shoal-Ground before we come to this Cove. C2. shoal-mark n. a buoy or other mark set to indicate a shoal. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > buoys, marks, or lighthouses > [noun] > object on land or sea as guide marka1398 sea-mark1566 landmark1570 daymark1695 leading-mark1804 tide-mark1861 shoal-mark1875 range mark1886 range marker1934 cardinal mark1974 1875 ‘M. Twain’ in Atlantic Monthly Apr. 451/2 He..then began to work her warily into the next system of shoal marks. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). shoaln.² Brit. /ʃəʊl/, U.S. /ʃoʊl/ Forms: 1500s–1600s shoale, 1500s–1700s shole, 1600s shoole, showl, 1800s shool, 1600s– shoal. Etymology: Late 16th cent. shole ; the earlier history is uncertain. The word is etymologically identical with Old English scolu strong feminine, troop, division of an army = Old Saxon scola multitude (Middle Low German schole ), Middle Dutch schole multitude, flock, shoal of fishes (Dutch school , West Frisian skoal , North Frisian sköl , shoal of fishes): see further school n.²It is possible that the Old English word may have had the sense of shoal of fishes, and in this sense may have continued in nautical use ever since, though unrecorded in Middle English and early modern English. The simpler hypothesis is that the 16th cent. shole was a re-adoption of the Dutch form (see above) which in the 14–15th cent. had been taken into English as scole (see school n.²). The initial /ʃ/ may be an English sound-substitution for the Dutch /sx/, or it may come from one of the Flemish dialects in which sch is pronounced /ʃ/. 1. a. A large number of fish, porpoises, seals, whales, etc. swimming together; = school n.² 1. in a shoal, in or by shoals. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > [noun] > shoal schoolc1425 shoal1579 flote1603 sea-shoal1738 run1771 mountain1880 the world > animals > mammals > [noun] > aquatic (group of) schoolc1425 shoal1834 1579¹ [see sense 3a]. 1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Trauellers Breuiat 56 Sholes of fish frisking and playing. 1673 J. Milton Psalm VIII in Poems (new ed.) 142 Fish that through the wet Sea-paths in shoals do slide. 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 333 Herrings offer themselves in shoals. 1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful I. viii. 141 The shoals of seals would follow the ship if you whistled. 1836 Uncle Philip's Conversat. Whale Fishery 286 The ship..came upon a large shoal of whales. 1899 S. Baring-Gould Bk. of West II. xix. 314 As the season advances the shool, or shoal, comes nearer the shore. 1905 D. Smith Days of His Flesh l. 515 Supposing..that the stranger had skill in fisher-craft and had perhaps observed indications of a shoal, they obeyed. b. Hence occasionally used of a number of aquatic animals or floating objects. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animals collectively > [noun] > herd or flock > of aquatic animals school?1590 shoal1593 the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > [noun] > moving freely on surface > that which or one who > collectively shoal1593 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 31 b The waters..bare the whole shole of them [sc. dead carcasses] before them. 1660 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mechanicall xxiv. 190 The bubbles ascended in this Liquor, as it were in sholes. 1692 R. L'Estrange Fables xxvii. 26 A Whole Shoal of Frogs. 1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VI. l. 198 A shoal of boats now came off from the harbours filled with people. 1840 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. lvii. 219 The scaly monsters of the Nile..flocked in shoals to the place. †2. A flock of birds. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > [noun] > flock of shoal1579 flock1598 wisp1806 pod1827 1579–80 T. North tr. Cicero in Plutarch Lives (1595) 935 From thence there came a great shole of crowes. 1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xiii. xxx. 338 To make a shoale of goslings,..drawe a timber log. 1659 H. Hammond Paraphr. & Annot. Psalms (cvi. 15 Paraphr.) 532 He sent them whole sholes of quails. 1801 W. Huntington God Guardian of Poor 98 Like a shoal of eagles. 3. transferred. a. A large number of persons thronging together or classed together; a troop, crowd. ΘΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > an assemblage or collection > [noun] > of people or animals > regarded as a whole or a body of people gathered weredc725 trumec893 thrumOE wharfOE flockOE farec1275 lithc1275 ferd1297 companyc1300 flotec1300 routc1300 rowc1300 turbc1330 body1340 numberc1350 congregation1382 presencec1390 meiniec1400 storec1400 sum1400 manya1425 collegec1430 peoplec1449 schoola1450 turm1483 catervea1492 garrison?a1513 shoal1579 troop1584 bevy1604 roast1608 horde1613 gross1617 rhapsody1654 sortment1710 tribe1715 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 20 I sawe a shole of shepe~heardes outgoe. 1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 20 Gloss. A shole, a multitude taken of fishe, wherof some going in great companies, are sayde to swimme in a shole. 1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 337 When there be great Shoales of People, which goe on to populate. a1633 G. Herbert Sonn. to Mother in I. Walton Life Herbert 20 Wherewith whole showls of martyrs once did burn. 1749 T. Smollett tr. A. R. Le Sage Gil Blas III. vii. viii. 57 The actors and actresses..poured upon me in shoals. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1763 I. 226 The shoals of Scotchmen who flocked about him. 1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) ix. 81 I see the people going up and down the street in shoals all day. 1876 G. O. Trevelyan Life & Lett. Macaulay II. viii. 91 The adherents of the Government..who sate for the counties were turned out by shoals. 1901 Scotsman 6 Apr. 9/7 A shoal of injured people were brought for treatment to the Royal Infirmary. b. A large number (of inanimate things). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > plurality > great number, numerousness > [noun] > a large number or multitude > of things many-whatc1175 much thinga1393 fry1587 shoal1639 1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre v. x. 246 Infinite are the sholes of miracles done by Christs Crosse in Jerusalem. 1688 Clear Proof Certainty Protest. Faith 7 We may expect Shoals of Texts. 1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia I. i. v. 57 Never-ending shoals of small troubles. 1891 ‘J. S. Winter’ Lumley xii. 83 Notes and telegrams, which came in by shoals from morning till night. 1900 Jrnl. Soc. Dyers & Colourists 16 12 A shoal of novelties in machinery. Compounds shoal-cod n. (see quot. 1836; cf. school cod n. at school n.² Compounds). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > superorder Paracanthopterygii > order Gadiformes (cod) > [noun] > family Gadidae > genus Gadus > gadus morhua (common cod) > defined by habitat rock cod1634 red coda1705 rock codfish1796 school cod1814 shoal-cod1836 shelf cod1935 1836 J. Richardson Fauna Boreali-Americana III. 241 Gadus arenosus, Shoal-cod, Smith. shoal-net n. a net for catching seals. ΘΠ society > occupation and work > industry > whaling and seal-hunting > seal-hunting > [noun] > net shoal-net1792 stopper-net1792 1792 G. Cartwright Jrnl. I. 181 The sealers put out two more shoal-nets, and another stopper. shoal-wise adv. in shoals or crowds. ΘΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > [adverb] > in crowds or companies flock-mealc893 flockingly14.. flockly1552 throngingly1598 troopmeal1600 throngly1653 troopwise1820 a-swarm1830 flock-wise1837 shoal-wise1883 mob-handed1970 1883 in Ogilvie's Imperial Dict. (new ed.) IV. 65/1 When he goes abroad, as he does now shoalwise, John Bull finds a great host of innkeepers, &c. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † shoaln.³ Etymology: < Dutch schol in the same sense (earlier also clod, lump of metal) = Middle Low German scholle , schulle clod, sod, Old High German scolla (feminine), scollo (masculine) (Middle High German, modern German scholle ) clod, mass of ice; perhaps < root skul- : see shoal n.² Obsolete. A mass of floating ice; an iceberg or floe. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > ice > body of ice > [noun] > floe flake1555 shoal1648 floe1817 ice floe1819 floe-ice1853 the world > the earth > water > ice > body of ice > iceberg > [noun] island of ice1613 shoal1648 ice hill1694 ice rock1704 iceberg1784 mountain of ice1818 berg1823 1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck* Een Schoole van ys, a Shoole of yce. 1713 Cal. Treas. Papers 537 The great shoals of ice that came down in the winter often damaged it [Berwick bridge]. 1761 Ann. Reg. 1760 67/1 Near 100 sail have been drove from their anchors and moorings by the shoals of ice. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2021). shoaladj.adv. Brit. /ʃəʊl/, U.S. /ʃoʊl/ Forms: α. Old English (in proper names) sceald, Middle English schealde, Middle English scheld(e. β. (Chiefly Scottish) Middle English–1600s schald, Middle English schalde, shald, schawlde, schaulde, 1500s schauld, 1600s shalde (1800s dialect shald, etc.); Middle English schawd, 1500s schaud (1800s dialect shawd, shoad, etc.); 1500s schaule, 1700s (and 1800s dialect) shaul, shawl. γ. Middle English schoold, schoolt, Middle English schold(e, scold, Middle English–1600s shold(e, shoald, 1600s should. δ. 1500s–1600s shoale, showle, 1500s–1700s shole, 1600s shoule, 1600s– shoal. Etymology: Old English sceald < prehistoric skalda-; a parallel formation, differing only in the suffix, appears to be the synonymous shallow adj.¹ < Old English scealu < skalwa- . The import and affinities of the base skal- of these formations are not easy to determine; possibly it may be ‘thin layer’ as in Germanic skalō shale n.¹; this supposition would fairly well account for the sense of the English adjectives. Some etymologists have compared German schal* insipid, vapid (of liquors; hence figurative of discourse, thoughts, etc.); but the sense has little real affinity. The Low German schol (Frisian skol) shows remarkable identity in sound and meaning with the English adjective (schol water shallow water, schol plögen to plow shallow), but its etymology is dubious. 1. a. Of water, etc.: Not deep; = shallow adj.¹ 1. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > shallow place shoal839 shoala1400 bank?1473 undeep1513 shelf1545 flat1550 vadea1552 ford1563 shallow1571 shoaling1574 ebbs1577 shelve1582 bridge1624 ballow1677 shamble1769 sharp1776 poling ground1901 sea-shoal1903 the world > the earth > water > body of water > [adjective] > shallow shoal839 shoala1400 sheld1507 shelfy1576 shelvy1602 shoaly1612 shelf-spoiled1627 shallowy1890 the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > shallowness > [adjective] shoal839 undeepc897 shallow14.. ebbc1425 fluec1440 light1556 fleet1629 depthless1816 839 in Birch Cartul. Saxon. I. 593 Æt Scealdan fleote. c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 65 Ȝif þi scope of penaunce be to scheld, it takyth no water of sorwe. β. c1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. v. 769 Than Trent and Temys war sa schawlde [v.rr. schaulde, schald].1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) ix. 354 He spyit, and slely gert assay Quhar of the dik the schawdest [1489 Adv. shaldest] was.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. xi. 56 Sa huge wilsum rolkis and schald [Camb. MS. schaud] sandis.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vii. xiii. 57 Inhabitand the schauld flude Vulturnus.a1595 Descr. Isles Scotl. in W. Skene Celtic Scotl. (1880) III. App. iii. 429 Thair is na great waters nor rivers in this Ile [of Lewis], but small schaule burnis.1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xvii. sig. E2^v Which the Lord hes set on the shalde shoare, lyke beakens to warne.1636 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (new ed.) 1544 The water also is so shald We shal it passe even as we wald.1736 A. Ramsay Coll. Scots Prov. (1750) xxxi. 84 Shawl waters make maist din.γ. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 131 He wolde make þat greet ryuer so schalowe [v.rr. schoolt, schoold] þat þe water schulde nouȝt reche to women kneen.c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 447/2 Schold, or schalowe, noȝte depe, as water or oþer lyke, bassa.c1460 Promptorium Parvulorum (Winch.) 165 Flew, or scold..bassus.?a1554 H. Willoughby in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 269 After that we sounded againe, and found but 7 fadome, so shoalder and shoalder water.1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie xxxi Holes, sides and toppes, brode, narrow, depe and sholde.1633 T. James Strange Voy. 23 The shouldest water..was 7. fad[omes].δ. ?a1554 H. Willoughby in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 269 The boat could not come to land the water was so shoale.1589 P. Ive Pract. Fortification 35 in tr. R. Beccarie de Pavie Instr. Warres The ditches are narrow and showle.a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vi. xl, in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Hh6 This Molanna, were she not so shole.1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia i. 2 The second of July they fell with the coast of Florida in shoule water.1666 S. Pepys Diary 15 Aug. (1972) VII. 247 Our ships running all aground, it being so shoal water.1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 50 What the Shore was, whether Rock or Sand, whether Steep or Shoal, we knew not.1748 tr. P. Lozano True Relation Earthquake Lima i. 23 Having fourteen Fathom Water in the sholest Part.1840 Evid. Hull Docks Comm. 113 Q. What has been the effect of that extension upon the mud? A. It is much shoaler than it was before.1858 M. F. Maury Physical Geogr. Sea (new ed.) vii. §430 In the Straits..the depth across the shoalest section is not more than one hundred and sixty fathoms.1894 Law Times Rep. 71 103/2 The available waterway of the cut is..greatly reduced in width by shoal water on the north. b. The phrase shoal water used attributively. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > [adjective] > shallow > relating to shallow water shoal water1874 shallow-water1880 1874 J. W. Long Amer. Wild-fowl Shooting Introd. 15 I shall..separate them into..deep-water and shoal-water varieties. 1888 E. Clodd Story of Creation iv. 34 The fossils are shown to resemble present shoal water deposits. c. The phrase shoal water used figuratively. ΚΠ 1884 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Huckleberry Finn xxviii. 241 It jolted her up like everything, of course; but I was over the shoal water now, so I went right along..and told her every blame thing. 1941 J. Masefield In Mill 105 I had..plenty of money in the bank to tide me over the shoal-water. 2. figurative. Of intellect, etc. (Cf. shallow adj.¹ 6.) ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > weakness of intellect > [adjective] > of mind, thought, etc. feeble1393 weak1423 unsubtlea1500 shallowc1595 uncapacious1635 unprofound1677 shoal1728 rickety1738 sicklya1771 inexcursive1837 no-brow1922 1728 A. Ramsay Poems II. 180 The sumphish Mob of Penetration shawl. a1796 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 72 Thee, Duncan deep, and Peebles, shaul, And chiefly great Apostle Auld, We trust in thee. in combination.1844 J. R. Lowell Columbus 264 One day more These muttering shoalbrains leave the helm to me. †3. Nautical. Of a sail or a bonnet: Narrow, not wide. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > sail > [adjective] > of specific shape shoal1688 swallow-tailed1794 leg of mutton1848 swallow-winged1859 jib-headed1861 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xv. 44/2 The Main saile showler, is the main saile made narrower or skant. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xv. 45/1 A showler or shoule Bonnett, is to haue it shallow, or narrow. 4. adv. [Middle English schealde.] To or at a slight depth. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > shallowness > [adverb] shoalc1315 shallowly1593 fleet1633 shallowa1706 fleetly1844 c1315 Shoreham Poems iii. 116 Ac many man desceyued hys,..And weyneþ þat he be out of peryl, Oþer ine senne so schealde, Þat hym ne douteþ of no breche Of godes hestes healde. 1819 W. Cobbett Year's Resid. U.S.A. ii. vi. 192 I went very shoal with the plough, because deep ploughing would have turned up the sods. Derivatives † scheldhed n. [-head suffix] Obsolete shallowness. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > shallowness > [noun] scheldhedc1450 shallowness1552 ebbness1637 c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 168 A skete also sumdel, in þe heuyd, is raysed & reryd on bothe sydes; for ellys it myȝt noȝt receyvin but lytel wose for scheldehed, for to castyn it out. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). shoalv.¹ Forms: 1500s shole, shool(e, shoule, 1500s–1600s shoal(e, 1600s sholl. Etymology: Of obscure origin. Formally, it could represent an Old English scálian equivalent to Old Norse skeila suggestd as a possible origin for skail v. Obsolete exc. dialect. †1. transitive. To separate. Usually with out. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separate [verb (transitive)] to-twemec893 sunderOE asunderOE shedOE dealOE shill1049 skillc1175 to-twinc1175 twinc1230 disseverc1250 depart1297 slita1300 to-throwc1315 parta1325 drevec1325 devisec1330 dividec1374 sever1382 unknit?a1425 divorce1430 separea1450 separate?a1475 untine1496 to put apart1530 discussa1542 deceper1547 disseparate1550 apart1563 unjoint1565 shoal1571 divisionatea1586 single1587 dispart1590 descide1598 disassociate1598 distract1600 dissolve1605 discriminate1615 dissociate1623 discerpa1628 discind1640 dissunder1642 distinguish1648 severize1649 unstring1674 skaila1833 cleave1873 dirempt1885 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separate [verb (transitive)] > separate from main body skillc1175 to tell outc1325 shillc1440 sequestrate1513 sorta1535 shoal1571 segregate1579 dismember1580 single1582 scatter1588 disgregate1593 recond1608 sepone1619 sequester1625 canton1653 to cantonize outa1670 portion1777 to set off1795 to comb out1854 distinguish1866 split1924 hive off1931 section1960 separate1962 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lxviii. 26) i. f. 254 The hypocrites..should bee sholed from the good and holy ones. 1574 A. Golding tr. A. Marlorat Catholike Expos. Reuelation 43 In this exhortation John treateth of the difference between the good and the bad, and of the sholing of the one from the other by the rigor of Justice. 1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha i. v. 27 Labouring..to increase their iurisdictions, and to shoale out themselues from the ordinary gouernement. 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie xxvii. 164 In that he hath so shooled vs out from among the vnbeleeuers. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman 358 With such caution and encouragement as shall both sholl out the dogs, and welcome the children, whose bread it is. 1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (Rev. ii. 24) Here Christ comes with his fan, shedding and shoaling out his own from others. 2. To divide into classes. ? Obsolete. ΚΠ 1805 Ann. Reg. 62 One of the reforms..was that of shoaling or classing the workmen... As to the practice of shoaling the shipwrights, as it had proved so advantageous in the merchants' yards, there was reason to conclude that it would prove equally so in those of his majesty. 3. dialect. (See quot. 1887.) ΚΠ 1887 W. D. Parish & W. F. Shaw Dict. Kentish Dial. Shoal-in, to pick sides at cricket or any game. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online September 2021). shoalv.² Brit. /ʃəʊl/, U.S. /ʃoʊl/ Forms: 1500s shald, should, 1600s showlde, shoald, shold, showl(e, 1600s, 1800s dialect shool, 1700s shole, shaul, 1600s– shoal. Etymology: < shoal adj. I. intransitive. 1. a. Of water, a watercourse, harbour, sounding, etc.: to become shallow or more shallow. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > [verb (intransitive)] > diminish in depth shoal1574 sew1748 shoal1889 1574 [implied in: W. Bourne Regim. for Sea (1577) xxii. 61 Some sandes or daungers there be hauing fayre or good soundings or shaldings, that they may borrow of & on at their pleasure. (at shoaling n. 2)]. 1584–5 Act 27 Eliz. c. 21 The Haven of Orforde..is greatelie shoulded and decaied. 1633 T. James Strange Voy. 19 Now the water begins to showlde. 1779 T. Forrest Voy. New Guinea 178 It shoals suddenly from ten to two fathoms. 1841 W. A. Brooks Treat. Improvement Navigation of Rivers 57 The soundings shoal gradually also up the Rio de la Plata. 1883 Science 1 368/1 The sea..had so far shoaled as to bring up the land within 65 feet of its present level. 1897 H. Newbolt Admirals All 6 He anchored them fast where the Texel shoaled. b. With out: to become gradually more shallow until no water is to be seen. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > [verb (intransitive)] > diminish in depth shoal1574 sew1748 shoal1889 1889 Universal Rev. Nov. 428 The limpid reedy thoroughfares shoal out To glinting silt-beds where the minnows lie. 1894 Law Times Rep. 71 102/2 The water of the cut..gradually shoals out until it reaches a mud bank. †2. ? To slant, slope. Obsolete. Cf. shore v.¹ 3. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > inclination > incline or be oblique [verb (intransitive)] > slope pitch?1440 shore?1521 shed1530 batter1546 shoal1621 peck1639 slope1691 rake1722 underlay1728 underlie1778 1621 G. Markham Hungers Preuention 18 Then for the vpper side of the Net, you shall place it slantwise shoaling against the water. 1621 G. Markham Hungers Preuention 21 They [the sticks] shall be prickt a little shoaling or slantwise. II. transitive. 3. a. Nautical. To find (one's soundings) gradually more shallow; to pass from a greater into a less depth of (water), as shown by sounding. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > [verb (transitive)] > pass into shallow water shoal1694 to strike ground (or soundings)1726 shoalen1731 shallow1793 1694 Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. 60 As I shoaled my soundings I had 22, and 18, and 16..Fathoms. 1731 W. Wriglesworth MS. Log-bk. of ‘Lyell’ 3 Jan. When we sholed the Water as per Logg. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. vi. 60 We..kept shoaling our water, till at length we came into twelve fathom. 1839 Naut. Mag. & Naval Chron. 8 237 The lead should be kept constantly going, and the Ship tacked to the eastward as soon as the water is shoaled to 22 or 20 fathoms. 1852 W. J. Conybeare & J. S. Howson Life & Epist. St. Paul II. xxiii. 344 The alarm of the sailors was great when they perceived how rapidly they were shoaling the water. b. absol. Of a ship: to come into shallow water. rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > sail in shoal water to make foul water1653–4 shoal1803 1803 in Naval Documents U.S. Wars Barbary Powers (U.S. Office Naval Records) (1941) III. 193 We had not gone more than two cables length before we suddenly shoaled. 1898 T. Hardy Wessex Poems 100 He gained the beach, where Yeomen,..With Regulars in thousands, were enmassed To meet the Foeman, Whose fleet had not yet shoaled. 4. To cause (a piece of water) to become shallow; also, to obstruct by shoals. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > [verb (transitive)] > cause to diminish in depth shoalen1731 shoal1859 1859 J. H. Ingraham Pillar of Fire iii. xii. 587 He pursued with the idea that the sea had been shoaled by the wind. 1864 G. P. Marsh Man & Nature 430 The maritime approaches to river harbors frequented by the ships of Phenicia..are shoaled to a considerable distance out to sea. †5. To drive (a plough) less deeply in the soil. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > plough (land) [verb (transitive)] > plough lightly shoal1670 scratch1697 stirree1742 skirtc1795 skim1799 riffle1804 skim-plough1807 hen-scratch1872 scratch-plough1926 1670 J. Evelyn in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 5 1061 According to this proportion the husbandman must govern himself deepning or showling the Plough, as the condition of the land shall require. 6. Otter-hunting. (See quot. 1897.) ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting specific animals > [verb (transitive)] > hunt otter shoal1897 the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting specific animals > [verb (transitive)] > hunt otter > force to surface or shallows vent1688 shoal1897 1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 583/2 Shoal, verb, to drive the otter down to the shallows. Derivatives shoaled adj. (see quot. 1867). ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > harbour or port > [adjective] > types of harbour unbarreda1552 barred1552 wind-bound1614 shoaled1867 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Shoaled-harbour, that which is secured from the violence of the sea, by banks, bars, or shoals to seaward. ˈshoaling adj. growing shallow. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > [adjective] > shallow > growing shallow shoaling1859 1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 82 Where like a shoaling sea the lovely blue Play'd into green. 1892 R. L. Stevenson Vailima Lett. xix. 181 The four..set off in the boat across that rapidly shoaling bay of the lagoon. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). shoalv.³ Brit. /ʃəʊl/, U.S. /ʃoʊl/ Forms: Also 1600s shoole, shole. Etymology: < shoal n.² Compare Frisian skoalje, Dutch scholen. 1. intransitive. Of fish: To collect or swim together in a shoal or shoals. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > [verb (intransitive)] > shoal school1597 shoal1610 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 718 About Midsommer they [sc. herrings] shoole out of the deepe and vast Northen-sea to the coasts of Scotland. ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxi. 191 The waue-sprung entrailes, about which, Fausens, and other fish, Did shole. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VI. 279 Gesner even asserts..that he has seen them [sc. sturgeon] shoal together, at the notes of a trumpet. 1901 S. Gwynn Mater Severa, Queen's Chron. 28 The mackerel shoaling in each bay. 2. transferred. Of persons, birds, things: To crowd together, assemble in swarms. Also with adverbs, as together, in, up. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (intransitive)] > specifically of people or animals > in large numbers thringOE threngc1175 crowda1400 flocka1400 swarm1526 growl1542 throngc1565 shoala1618 horde1801 bike1805 fry1816 hotch1893 a1618 W. Raleigh Maxims of State (1642) 21 Men of the same quality, tongue and condition, doe easily shole, and combine themselves together. 1638 H. Wotton Let. 5 Dec. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1672) 472 Whereupon the Women..do flock to St. Maries in such troops..that the Masters of Art have no room to sit; so as the Vice-Chancellor and Heads of Houses were in deliberation to repress their shoaling thither. 1645 E. Pagitt Heresiogr. Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v You have power to keep these Hereticks..from..sholing together to infect one another. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 288 What they met..[they] together crowded drove From each side shoaling towards the mouth of Hell. View more context for this quotation 1817 T. L. Peacock Melincourt III. xxx. 12 The distracted multitude, who were shoaling in from all quarters. 1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan III. 399 About him, on every side, were the white winged water~fowl..shoaling up in the van of the sea breeze. 1863 Reader 12 Sept. 284/1 In England there are none of those pamphlets and mediocre romances which shoal in France. Derivatives ˈshoaling n.² ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > [noun] > shoal > shoaling shoaling1799 schooling1856 1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire III. 148 When the shoaling of the beluga has ceased. 1884 Publ. Opinion 12 Sept. 330/1 When this has happened during a great shoaling, the herrings have in subsequent years refused to pass over the spot. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † shoalv.⁴ Etymology: Of obscure origin: compare shalder v. dialect. Obsolete. intransitive. Of soil: ? To crumble, become disintegrated. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or breaking up into constituent parts > undergo separation into constituents [verb (intransitive)] > cease to cohere > disintegrate > into small pieces fitterc1380 foulder1610 shred1647 shoal1733 fritter1794 fragment1961 1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 237 These stiff, cold Grounds, being of the most surly Nature, will not shoal, shatter nor crumble. 1750 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman V. iii. 7 (E.D.D.) The top of this land will shoal and run into a fine hollowness, even by very small frosts. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.¹a1400n.²1579n.³1648adj.adv.839v.¹1571v.²1574v.³1610v.⁴1733
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shoaln.1

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shoaladj.adv.

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shoalv.1

shoalv.2

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† shoalv.4

shoaln.¹

shoaln.²

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