bitumenn.

/bɪˈtjuːmɪn/

/ˈbɪtjʊmɪn/

Forms: Middle English bithumen, bethyn, ( betune), 1500s betumen, 1600s bitamen, bitum(e, bittumen, bytumen, 1500s– bitumen.

Etymology: < Latin bitūmen (stem bitūmin-). Compare French bitume, Italian bitume, Portuguese betume, Provençal betum, Spanish betun, from which some of the obsolete English forms were taken.

1. Originally, a kind of mineral pitch found in Palestine and Babylon, used as mortar, etc. The same as asphalt, mineral pitch, Jew's pitch, Bitumen judaicum.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [noun] > bitumen > asphalt

asphalt1366

glue1382

botemayc1400

pitcha1425

bitumena1464

slime1530

Jews' lime1543

Jews' pitch1562

Jews'-slime1640

tar1747

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral and fossil resins > [noun] > bitumen or pitch > asphalt

asphalt1366

pitcha1425

bitumena1464

Jews' lime1543

Jews' pitch1562

Jews'-slime1640

a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 26 A uessel of wykyris—filled þe joyntis with tow erde, cleped bithumen.

1480 W. Caxton tr. Ovid Metamorphoses xv. iv The..bethyn & sulphur brennyng.

1577 J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Three Bookes i. f. 6 Betumen which is a kind of Pitch.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 101 Asphaltites, or the lake of Sodom..bringeth forth nothing but Bitumen.

1609 Bible (Douay) I. Gen. vi. 14 Thou..shalt pitch it [the arke] within, and without with bitume.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 519 Coles,..being of the nature of hardned Bitamen.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Bitume, a kind of clay or slime naturally clammy, like pitch, growing in some Countries of Asia.

1817 Ld. Byron Manfred i. i. 90 The lakes of bitumen Rise boilingly higher.

1852 G. Grote Hist. Greece IX. ii. lxx. 85 [The Wall of Media] was of bricks cemented with bitumen.

a. In modern scientific use, the generic name of certain mineral inflammable substances, native hydrocarbons more or less oxygenated, liquid, semi-solid, and solid, including naphtha, petroleum, asphalt, etc. elastic bitumen n. mineral caoutchouc or Elaterite.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [noun] > bitumen

bitumen1605

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral and fossil resins > [noun] > bitumen or pitch

glue1382

botemayc1400

pitcha1425

slime1530

bitumen1605

tar1747

1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. xiii. 52 There are also manie kindes of..bitumen.

1635 J. Swan Speculum Mundi vi. 303 Naphtha, is a liquid Bitume.

1700 Moxon's Mech. Exercises: Bricklayers-wks. 6 Morter used..at Rome..called Maltha, from a kind of Bitumen Dug there.

1835 Penny Cycl. IV. 473/2 Elastic bitumen is soft and elastic like caoutchouc.

1856 D. Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. xviii. 265 The bitumens—naphtha, petroleum, and asphalte—have been long known and used in the arts.

b. the bitumen: a tarred road; spec. the road from Darwin to Alice Springs. Australian colloquial.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > tarred

macadamization1869

blacktop1917

hardtop1946

the bitumen1953

1953 S. J. Baker Austral. Speaks v. 137 One for the bitumen, a final round of drinks, i.e. ‘one for the road’.

1954 B. Miles Stars my Blanket xxv. 219 We had not seen another vehicle since we turned off the bitumen at Elliott.

1958 A. Toynbee East to West xiv. 44 ‘The bitumen’, running dead straight for hundreds of miles without a swerve, is an impressive symbol of the modern world.

1963 V. B. Cranley 27,000 Miles through Austral. ii. 19 The minute you left the ‘bitumen’, as tarred roads are called here, you were back in the bush.

3. A pigment prepared from asphalt.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > types of

lac1558

purpurin1558

colourish1598

earth1598

watercolour1598

earth colour1658

encaustic1662

lake1684

virgin tint1706

mosaic gold1746

bronze1753

gold bronze1769

cake colour1784

musive gold1796

sap-colour1816

repaint1827

moist colour1842

bronze powder1846

wax-colour1854

wax pigment1854

bitumen1855

chrome garnet1876

zinc-dust1877

zinc-powder1881

terra nera1882

earth pigment1900

1855 J. Edwards Paint. Oil Colours 26 Bitumen..is Asphaltum ground in strong drying oil..for the painter's use.

†4. Used by Turner, for the sap of the birch-tree.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] > bark, sap, or seed-pod

bitumen1551

bobbinc1562

birch bark1643

1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) F v b The frenche men seth out of it a certain iuce or suc otherwise called bitumen.

Compounds

C1. attributive.

ΚΠ

1816 P. B. Shelley Alastor 7 Bitumen lakes.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. iii. i. 166 Here lay the bitumen-stratum, there the brimstone one.

C2.

bitumen process n. a photographic process using a metal plate coated with bitumen which is rendered insoluble by the action of light.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographic processes > [noun]

daguerreotype1839

calotype1841

chrysotype1842

chromotype1843

ferrotype1843

tithonotype1843

amphitype1844

energiatype1844

fluorotype1844

Talbotype1844

daguerreotypy1853

ambrotype1854

bitumen process1858

carbon process1858

reversal1859

pyro-photography1869

vitrotype1875

platinotype1877

transferrotype1889

diazotype1890

kallitype1890

Joly process1894

reversal process1908

bromoil1909

bleach-out process1914

carbro1919

Finlay process1931

reversal processing1931

diazo1948

xography1965

push processing1966

1858 T. Sutton Dict. Photogr. 329 Mr. Macpherson is not the inventor of the bitumen process; M. Nicéphore Niépce first used bitumen in photography.

1960 A. L. M. Sowerby Dict. Photogr. (ed. 19) 40 Half-tone or Process Blocks by the Bitumen Process. A copper or zinc plate is coated with bitumen, and it is exposed... After development, or the removal of the superfluous bitumen, the plate is etched.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	bitumen
释义	bitumenn. /bɪˈtjuːmɪn//ˈbɪtjʊmɪn/ Forms: Middle English bithumen, bethyn, ( betune), 1500s betumen, 1600s bitamen, bitum(e, bittumen, bytumen, 1500s– bitumen. Etymology: < Latin bitūmen (stem bitūmin-). Compare French bitume, Italian bitume, Portuguese betume, Provençal betum, Spanish betun, from which some of the obsolete English forms were taken. 1. Originally, a kind of mineral pitch found in Palestine and Babylon, used as mortar, etc. The same as asphalt, mineral pitch, Jew's pitch, Bitumen judaicum. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [noun] > bitumen > asphalt asphalt1366 glue1382 botemayc1400 pitcha1425 bitumena1464 slime1530 Jews' lime1543 Jews' pitch1562 Jews'-slime1640 tar1747 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral and fossil resins > [noun] > bitumen or pitch > asphalt asphalt1366 pitcha1425 bitumena1464 Jews' lime1543 Jews' pitch1562 Jews'-slime1640 a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 26 A uessel of wykyris—filled þe joyntis with tow erde, cleped bithumen. 1480 W. Caxton tr. Ovid Metamorphoses xv. iv The..bethyn & sulphur brennyng. 1577 J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Three Bookes i. f. 6 Betumen which is a kind of Pitch. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 101 Asphaltites, or the lake of Sodom..bringeth forth nothing but Bitumen. 1609 Bible (Douay) I. Gen. vi. 14 Thou..shalt pitch it [the arke] within, and without with bitume. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 519 Coles,..being of the nature of hardned Bitamen. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Bitume, a kind of clay or slime naturally clammy, like pitch, growing in some Countries of Asia. 1817 Ld. Byron Manfred i. i. 90 The lakes of bitumen Rise boilingly higher. 1852 G. Grote Hist. Greece IX. ii. lxx. 85 [The Wall of Media] was of bricks cemented with bitumen. 2. a. In modern scientific use, the generic name of certain mineral inflammable substances, native hydrocarbons more or less oxygenated, liquid, semi-solid, and solid, including naphtha, petroleum, asphalt, etc. elastic bitumen n. mineral caoutchouc or Elaterite. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > hydrocarbon minerals > [noun] > bitumen bitumen1605 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral and fossil resins > [noun] > bitumen or pitch glue1382 botemayc1400 pitcha1425 slime1530 bitumen1605 tar1747 1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. xiii. 52 There are also manie kindes of..bitumen. 1635 J. Swan Speculum Mundi vi. 303 Naphtha, is a liquid Bitume. 1700 Moxon's Mech. Exercises: Bricklayers-wks. 6 Morter used..at Rome..called Maltha, from a kind of Bitumen Dug there. 1835 Penny Cycl. IV. 473/2 Elastic bitumen is soft and elastic like caoutchouc. 1856 D. Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. xviii. 265 The bitumens—naphtha, petroleum, and asphalte—have been long known and used in the arts. b. the bitumen: a tarred road; spec. the road from Darwin to Alice Springs. Australian colloquial. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > tarred macadamization1869 blacktop1917 hardtop1946 the bitumen1953 1953 S. J. Baker Austral. Speaks v. 137 One for the bitumen, a final round of drinks, i.e. ‘one for the road’. 1954 B. Miles Stars my Blanket xxv. 219 We had not seen another vehicle since we turned off the bitumen at Elliott. 1958 A. Toynbee East to West xiv. 44 ‘The bitumen’, running dead straight for hundreds of miles without a swerve, is an impressive symbol of the modern world. 1963 V. B. Cranley 27,000 Miles through Austral. ii. 19 The minute you left the ‘bitumen’, as tarred roads are called here, you were back in the bush. 3. A pigment prepared from asphalt. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > types of lac1558 purpurin1558 colourish1598 earth1598 watercolour1598 earth colour1658 encaustic1662 lake1684 virgin tint1706 mosaic gold1746 bronze1753 gold bronze1769 cake colour1784 musive gold1796 sap-colour1816 repaint1827 moist colour1842 bronze powder1846 wax-colour1854 wax pigment1854 bitumen1855 chrome garnet1876 zinc-dust1877 zinc-powder1881 terra nera1882 earth pigment1900 1855 J. Edwards Paint. Oil Colours 26 Bitumen..is Asphaltum ground in strong drying oil..for the painter's use. †4. Used by Turner, for the sap of the birch-tree. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] > bark, sap, or seed-pod bitumen1551 bobbinc1562 birch bark1643 1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) F v b The frenche men seth out of it a certain iuce or suc otherwise called bitumen. Compounds C1. attributive. ΚΠ 1816 P. B. Shelley Alastor 7 Bitumen lakes. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. iii. i. 166 Here lay the bitumen-stratum, there the brimstone one. C2. bitumen process n. a photographic process using a metal plate coated with bitumen which is rendered insoluble by the action of light. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographic processes > [noun] daguerreotype1839 calotype1841 chrysotype1842 chromotype1843 ferrotype1843 tithonotype1843 amphitype1844 energiatype1844 fluorotype1844 Talbotype1844 daguerreotypy1853 ambrotype1854 bitumen process1858 carbon process1858 reversal1859 pyro-photography1869 vitrotype1875 platinotype1877 transferrotype1889 diazotype1890 kallitype1890 Joly process1894 reversal process1908 bromoil1909 bleach-out process1914 carbro1919 Finlay process1931 reversal processing1931 diazo1948 xography1965 push processing1966 1858 T. Sutton Dict. Photogr. 329 Mr. Macpherson is not the inventor of the bitumen process; M. Nicéphore Niépce first used bitumen in photography. 1960 A. L. M. Sowerby Dict. Photogr. (ed. 19) 40 Half-tone or Process Blocks by the Bitumen Process. A copper or zinc plate is coated with bitumen, and it is exposed... After development, or the removal of the superfluous bitumen, the plate is etched. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.a1464
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