shaftn.²

Brit.

/ʃɑːft/,

/ʃaft/, U.S.

/ʃæft/

Forms: Old English sceft, Old English–Middle English sceaft, scæft, Middle English scaft, saft, Middle English ssafte, scheft, Middle English shafth, Middle English schafft, schafte, Middle English–1600s schaft, shafte, Middle English chaft(e, Middle English– shaft; rareMiddle English schaf, Middle English shaffe, Middle English, 1600s shaff, 1600s shafe.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Common Germanic (wanting in Gothic): Old English sceaft (masculine) = Old Frisian skeft (Hettema), Old Saxon skaft (masculine) (Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, Dutch schaft, schacht feminine), Old High German scaft (masculine), plural scefti (Middle High German, modern German schaft masculine), Old Norse skapt neuter (Swedish, Danish skaft) < Germanic *skafto-, *skafti-z < pre-Germanic *skapto-, -ti-s. Apparently cognate with Latin scāpus shaft, stem, shank; somewhat more doubtfully with Greek (Doric) σκᾶπτον staff (Ionic, Attic σκηπτο- in σκηπτοῦχος staff-bearer, σκῆπτρον staff, sceptre n., σκήπτειν to prop.). The Germanic word might, with regard both to form and meaning, be plausibly explained as a passive participial derivative from the root of shave v.; but it is doubtful whether the supposed cognates can be similarly accounted for.

a. The long slender rod forming the body of a lance or spear, or of an arrow. Also of a staff, harpoon, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > types of tools generally > [noun] > in form of bar, pole, rod, etc.

stingc725

stakec893

sowelc900

tree971

rungOE

shaftc1000

staffc1000

stockc1000

poleOE

spritOE

luga1250

lever1297

stanga1300

perchc1300

raftc1330

sheltbeam1336

stower1371

palea1382

spar1388

spire1392

perk1396

ragged staff1397

peela1400

slot1399

plantc1400

heck-stower1401

sparkin1408

cammockc1425

sallow stakec1440

spoke1467

perk treec1480

yard1480

bode1483

spit1485

bolm1513

gada1535

ruttock1542

stob1550

blade1558

wattle1570

bamboo1598

loggat1600

barling1611

sparret1632

picket1687

tringle1706

sprund1736

lug-pole1773

polting lug1789

baton1801

stuckin1809

rack-pin1821

picket-pin1844

I-iron1874

pricker1875

stag1881

podger1888

window pole1888

verge1897

sallow pole1898

lat1899

swizzle-stick1962

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > spear or lance > [noun] > shaft of spear

spear-shafta900

ashOE

shaftc1000

truncheon13..

tree?a1366

timberc1400

sting?a1500

spear-staff1530

steal1530

rodc1540

stale1553

stave1873

staff-

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > arrow > [noun] > shaft of arrow

shaftc1000

tree?a1366

arrow shaft1373

steal1530

stale1553

c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 143/7 Contus, spereleas sceaft.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 8658 He sset þe kyng [William Rufus] in atte breste þat neuereft he ne speke Bote þe ssafte þat was wyþoute grisliche he to brek.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Sam. xx. 5 The brother of Goliath Jethee, whos spere schaft was as the beme of websters.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 504 His sleep, his mete, his drynke is him biraft That leene he weex, and drye as is a shaft.

1506 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1901) III. 358 Item, for xij staf schaftis..xxiiij s.

1533 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1905) VI. 188 For v dosane shaftis to Jedburcht stavis coft to his grace.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xvii. 113/1 Parts of a Pike. The shaft, for military service is reputed 16 or 18 foot long or there about.

1801 T. Roberts Eng. Bowman 293 Shaft, an arrow: properly so called when it wants only the head.

1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles vi. xvi. 243 His broken weapon's shaft survey'd The King, and careless answer made.

1836 W. S. Landor Pericles & Aspasia II. 90 I can compare the Lacedæmonians to nothing more fitly than to the heads of spears without the shafts.

1907 C. Hill-Tout Brit. N. Amer., Far West vii. 132 Points being held to the haft of the harpoon by long plaited lines. When the fish is struck these points detach themselves from the shaft.

b. A spear or lance. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > spear or lance > [noun]

spearc725

ordeOE

spriteOE

wal-speara1000

gareOE

shaftc1000

staffc1275

glaive1297

lancegayc1386

gad1422

burdounc1440

Jedburgh (Jedworth, Jedwood etc.) staff1515

puncheon pole1548

puncheon spear1548

puncheon staff1548

punching staff1562

prag1582

sarissa1736

staff weapon1788

windlestraw1831

c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints xii. 53 His sceaft ætstod ætforan him..swa þæt þæt spere him eode þurh ut.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11930 Þe an an his ænde..and þæ oðer an his ænde..heo quehten heore scaftes [c1300 Otho saftes].

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1594 So harde þay acoupede on hur scheldes þat broke buþ boþe hure schafte, & þe peces fulle on þe feldes þe hedes on þe tre by-lafte.

a1400 Guy Warw. 1404 So miȝti strokes þer wer ȝiuen, Þat strong schaftes al to-driuen.

c1430 Chev. Assigne 301 And whenne þat shafte is schyuered take scharpelye another.

1483 Cath. Angl. 57/2 A Chafte; vbi spere, &c.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 90 War, from stubborn Myrtle Shafts receives: From Cornels Jav'lins, and the tougher Yeugh Receives the bending Figure of a Bow.

1757 T. Gray Ode I ii. i, in Odes 8 Hyperion's march they spy, and glitt'ring shafts of war.

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess v. 492 All the plain, brand, mace, and shaft, and shield Shock'd.

a. An arrow. cloth-yard shaft, see cloth-yard n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > arrow > [noun]

streale?680

floc893

arrowOE

pileOE

bolta1000

flanea1000

archer1297

shaftc1400

grey-goose wing1566

dorlach1575

goose-wing1630

shaftment1634

fate1700

timberc1879

c1400 Rom. Rose 1747 So at the last the shaft of tree I drough out, with the fethers three.

?c1480 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1865) III. 253 Item xiiij shaffe of bolts and shoytyng shaftes, price xiiij s. Item v shaffe of rowyng shaftes iiij s. Item xlvij shaffe of childre shaftes.

1483 Cath. Angl. 57/2 A Chafte; vb[i] Arowe.

1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII c. 9 §3 Euerie man, hauynge..men children..shall prouide..a bowe and two shaftes.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 140 In my schoole dayes, when I had lost one shaft, I shot his fellow of the selfe same flight The selfe same way.

1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor v. iii. sig. Pii^v Draw me the biggest shaft you haue out of the But you wot of.

1624 Bp. J. Hall True Peace-maker 14 Thou wounded heart..alas, the shaft sticks still in thee, or if that bee shaken out, the head.

a1711 T. Ken Edmund in Wks. (1721) II. ix. 236 Shafts aim'd at Trees can never mount so high, As those we shoot directly tow'rds the sky.

a1854 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Lit. (1878) iv. 129 The air was darkened by the shafts from the hosts of English archers.

b. Proverbial phr. See bolt n.¹ 1b.

ΚΠ

1594 T. Nashe Terrors of Night in Wks. (1904) I. 368 To make a shaft or a bolt of this drumbling subiect of dreames, from whence I haue bin tost off and on I know not how.

†c. In various occasional scientific uses, as transl. of Latin sagitta: (a) Astronomy. The Pole-star and its companion; (b) Anatomy (see quot. 1552); (c) Geometry. A versed-sine: cf. arrow n. 6. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > constellation > binary star or system > [noun] > spectroscopic

shaft1552

spectroscopic binary1896

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > skull > parts of skull > [noun] > bones of temple

squamous bone?1541

temporal?1541

shaft1552

vaginal process1726

mastoid process1732

supertemporal1834

mastoid1840

stylohyal1846

squamosal1848

squamosal bone1849

tympanohyal1873

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > [noun] > branches of > trigonometry > functions of > versed sine

shaft1552

versed sine1581

arrow1594

sagitta1675

co-versed sine1706

verse-sine1772

suversed sine1782

versina1831

1552 N. Udall tr. T. Gemini Compend. Anat. B vij b In the bone of the temple is a bone lyke a smal pyller, or a nedle, and therefore called the nedlelyke bone,..the quyll bone, the shafte, and the staffe bone.

1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 263 The lesser Beare..is the chiefe marke whereby mariners gouerne their course in saylinge by nyghte, and namely by 2 starres in it, which many do call the shafte.

1581 W. Borough Discours Variation Cumpas v. sig. C.j The quotient is the versed sine or shaft of the semidiurnall arke.

1594 T. Blundeville Exercises ii. f. 48^v A.H. is the Shaft called in Latine Sinus versus. [See also arrow n. 6.]

†d. An ‘arrow’ on a plan or diagram showing the direction. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > arrow on plan or diagram

shaft1730

dart1784

arrowhead1832

1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 293 The Bending of the Stairs; the Knowledge of which..will be much facilitated by the Shafts which shew their Extension.

e. loosely. A missile. rhetorical.

ΚΠ

1786 S. Henley tr. W. Beckford Arabian Tale 173 By my formidable art, the clouds shall sleet hail-stones in the faces of the assailants; and shafts of red-hot iron on their heads.

1817 P. B. Shelley Laon & Cythna vi. xi. 133 Then the shaft Of the artillery from the sea was thrown More fast and fiery.

1835 W. Irving Tour on Prairies 196 The trees and thickets with which it was bordered would be sufficient to turn aside any shaft of the enemy.

1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. x. 368 Some threw away their arms; hoping by this means to facilitate their escape, while in fact it only left them more defenceless against the shafts of their enemies.

f. figurative and in figurative contexts.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > [noun]

shaft1576

flinging1619

missive1644

missile1656

1576 G. Gascoigne Droomme of Doomes Day in Wks. (1910) II. 409 To wound and wearye theyr soules, with..the shaftes of sundrye shamefull concupyscences.

1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne ii. xxxiv. 26 Death hath exchang'd againe his shafts with loue, And Cupid thus lets borrow'd arrowes flie.

1608 S. Hieron Help Deuot. 250 Let their children bee as chosen shafts in thy quiuer.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 763 Here Love his golden shafts imploies, here lights His constant Lamp.

1779 J. Moore View Society & Manners France I. xxx. 281 It is..to be regretted, that he allowed the shafts of his ridicule to glance upon the Christian religion.

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess ii. 46 And to us came Melissa, hitting all we saw with shafts Of gentle satire, kin to charity, That harm'd not.

1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens IV. xix. vii. 41 Having suffered for a whole year past from the shaft of love.

g. transferred. A beam or ray (of light, etc.), a streak of lightning, etc. Chiefly poetic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > [noun] > ray or beam

beamc885

rowc1225

stringc1275

steamc1300

light beama1398

shafta1400

rayc1400

strakec1400

rade?a1563

gleed1566

radiation1570

shine1581

rayon1591

stralla1618

radius1620

rule1637

irradiation1643

track1693

emanation1700

spoke1849

spearc1850

slant1856

sword1866

secondary1921

a1400–50 Wars Alex. 1544 A Mitre,..Stiȝt staffull of stanes þat straȝt out bemes, As it ware shemerand shaftis of þe shire son.

c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 455.

c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 982 By-ȝonde þe brok fro me warde keued, Þat schyrrer þen sunne with schaftez schon.

1798 R. Bloomfield Summer in Farmer's Boy 264 When midnight and the frightful Tempest come, The Farmer wakes, and sees..The angry shafts of Heaven gleam round his bed.

?1799 S. T. Coleridge On Cataract 13 It embosoms the roses of dawn, It entangles the shafts of the noon.

1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 33 The sunrise broken into scarlet shafts Among the palms and ferns and precipices.

a1878 W. C. Bryant Leg. Delawares 4 A thousand shafts of lightning pass.

1898 T. Watts-Dunton Aylwin xiv. iv Masses of vapour..blazing..whenever the bright shafts of morning struck them.

a. A pole, flagstaff; spec. †a may-pole; also †the pole on which the candle lighted at the ‘new fire’ was carried in the ceremonies of Easter Eve. Also, †a gatepost. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > candleholder > [noun]

trendle1423

paschal1426

shaft?c1450

pan1511

trestle1523

strestell1531

hearse1563

Jesse1706

menorah1886

hanukkiah1939

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > torch > [noun]

blazec1000

torchc1290

lampa1382

flambec1430

shaft?c1450

cresset1578

brandon?1614

mussal1698

ruffy1793

torch-brand1825

bug1924

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > gate > gate-post

postela1225

gate-cheek1513

gatepost1522

shaft1522

post1662

pier1665

impost1730

clapping-post1792

hanging-post1792

heel post1802

hanging-stile1823

stay1869

shutting posta1877

society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > specific festivities > [noun] > festivities associated with May-day > maypole

maypole1529

shaft1598

summer-broach1619

a1000 Boeth. Metr. i. 11 Fana hwearfode scir on sceafte.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3899 Moyses ðor made a wirme of bras, And henget hege up-on a saft.

1419 26 Pol. Poems 71 Of here banere of grace, god broken haþ þe shaft.

1428 in E. Peacock Eng. Church Furnit. (1866) 179 Et Thomas harpmaker pro emendacione de la schafte xj d.

?c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. & Antiq. Syon Monastery (1840) 351 The holy water schal go before, the schafte after with ij tapers unlyght... Aftyr the sensyng of the fyre the schafte schal be lyght only.

1522 in W. L. Nash Churchwardens' Acct. Bk. St. Giles, Reading (1851) 17 Paid for a whope of Iron to the Shafts of the churche gate iij d.

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 107 On May day..an high or long shaft (or May pole) was set vppe there,..which shaft when it was set on end..was higher then the Church steeple.

1819 A. Rees Cycl. XXXII Set, a term used for a pole or shaft, used to shove boats along a canal, &c.

1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) i. 350 Trabe,..pole or shaft of an ensign or colour.

†b. A guild in the parish of St. Dunstan's, Canterbury; ? named from a pole carried by the warden in procession. Also, ? the pole itself. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > guild of medieval origin > specific guild

frith-guilda1000

shaft1486

peace-guild1859

1486 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. in Archæologia Cantiana 16 294 The acompte of the Schafte made be..[the two] then beyng wardeyns.

1511 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. in Archæologia Cantiana 16 321 We haue receyud of Wyllyam Carpenter of his gyfte a gyrdyll for to bere the Schaft contynuyng for euer from Warden to Wardeyn.

1535 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. in Archæologia Cantiana 16 98 For the expensis of the dyner, Seynt Dunstones lyght, mendyng of the Shaft, and other charges xxiij s. xj d.

1539 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. in Archæologia Cantiana 16 102 Wardens of a Brotheryd caulyd the Shafte in the parysch of Seynt Dunstone.

4. A stem, columnar or straight portion of something.

a. The stem or trunk of a tree. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stem, trunk, or bole

stovenc1000

bolec1314

bodyc1330

stock1340

shaft1398

stealc1440

truncheonc1449

trunk1490

stud1579

leg1597

butt1601

truncus1706

stam1839

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) xvii. i Þe schafte of a tree þat streccheþ fro the rote vp to þe toppe is propreliche cleped lignum.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 28 Tho bowis grewen out of stockis or tronchons, and the tronchons or schaftis grewen out of the roote.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Qq2^v If you will haue Sciences growe; it is lesse matter for the shafte, or bodie of the Tree, so you looke well to the takinge vp of the Rootes.

1822 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 5 Oct. 18 By far the finest tree that I ever saw in my life. The stem or shaft is short.

1842 C. M. Kirkland Forest Life I. xx. 203 They were the shafts of bee-trees, found in the forest.

1889 B. Harte Cressy 213 The dim colonnade of straight pine shafts.

b. In various Natural History uses. (a) The main stem or scape of a feather. [So German schaft.] (b) The part of a hair between the root and the point. (c) Anatomy. The middle portion of a long bone. (d) Entomology. The scape n.² 5 of an antenna or of a halter. †(e) Botany = style n. (1787 Withering Brit. Pl. ed. 2, passim).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > hair > parts of hair > [noun]

pithOE

root end1675

shaft1748

medulla1826

stem1845

Henle's layer1850

Henle's sheath1853

epicuticle1949

the world > animals > birds > feather > [noun] > part of

pen1381

quill?a1425

dowlc1535

rib1545

web1575

pilec1600

twill1664

beard1688

pinion1691

vane1713

shaft1748

beardlet1804

medulla1826

barb1835

barbule1835

stem1845

feather-pulp1859

aftershaft1867

barbicel1869

filament1870

vexillum1871

scape1872

rachis1874

harl1877

calamus1878

radius1882

ramus1882

scapus1882

cilia1884

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > bones of arm or leg > [noun] > parts of

shaft1748

diaphysis1828

metaphysis1913

(a)

1748 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 45 161 The Shafts of the Tail Feathers are very stiff.

1826 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIV. i. 177 The white on the shafts of the feathers is broader.

1886 P. L. Sclater Catal. Birds Brit. Mus. XI. 345 Feathers of head and neck lanceolate and with shining shafts.

(b)1851 W. B. Carpenter Man. Physiol. (ed. 2) 200 The constituent fibres of the shaft are marked out by delicate longitudinal striæ, which may be traced in vertical sections of the hair.1877 L. A. Duhring Pract. Treat. Dis. Skin 33 In considering the hair we distinguish two portions,—the shaft..and the root.(c)1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 431/1 The long bones..are never exactly cylindrical, being always contracted in the middle or shaft, and enlarged at each end.1855 L. Holden Human Osteol. 127 The ‘shafts’ are slightly concave towards the palm, to form the hollow of the hand.

c. The part of a candlestick which supports the branches.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > support or holder for a candle > [noun] > candelabrum > parts of

shafta1425

branch1525

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xxv. 33 Sixe ȝerdis, that schulen be brouȝt forth of the schaft.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xxv. 31 Thou schalt make a candil~stike..and thou schalt make the schaft [1382 staf, 1535 Coverdale, 1611 shaft] therof, and ȝerdis, cuppis, and litle rundelis, and lilies comynge forth therof.

a1586 Cartwright in Answ. to Cartwright 88 The shaft..of the candlesticke.

†d. ‘The Spire of a Church-Steeple’ (Phillips 1706). [Compare French flèche.] Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > tower or steeple > [noun] > spire

shaftc1450

steeple1473

broach1501

spire1596

broach-steeple1600

prang1929

c1450 in C. L. Kingsford Chron. London (1905) 156 The Steple of Seynt Pawlis chirche was sette on fire aboute the medyll of the Shafte in the tymbir.

1581 Churchwardens' Accts. Dunmow (MS) f. 49 In repayringe the steple in stone worke xxxix^li. iii^s. i^d. Item, repayringe the shafte and tymber therof, v^li. xvi^s. ix^d.

1612 H. Peacham Gentlemans Exercise i. vi. 19 Practise to draw small and easie things,..as a cherry with the leafe, the shaft of a steeple [etc.].

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1654 (1955) III. 133 Famous is the Steeple for the exceeding height of the Shaft, which is of stone.

e. Of a chimney, a blast furnace: (see quots. and chimney-shaft n. at chimney n. Compounds 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > chimney > flue or shaft

tewelc1384

shaftc1450

tunnel1508

shankc1525

chimney-shank1552

flue1582

gullet1672

funnel1688

fire tube1729

vent1756

stalk1821

chimney neck1833

stovepipe1858

society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > parts of furnace > [noun] > compartment or section

fire room1657

shaft1855

wrinkle1884

stall1887

c1450 Nominale (Harl. 1002) 146 b Caminus, a chymney. Epicaustorium, þe chaft þer-of.

a1548 in J. Bayley Hist. Tower London (1821) i. App. p. xxv To fynyshe x. shaftes upon x. chymneys.

1662 B. Gerbier Brief Disc. Princ. Building 10 Neither are those high Shafts of Chimnies real Ornaments to a Building.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Shaft,..the Tunnel of a Chimney.

1836–50 J. H. Parker Gloss. Terms Archit. (ed. 5) (at cited word) The part of a chimney-stack between the base and cornice is called the shaft.

1855 Technologisches Wörterbuch II. 457/2 Shaft of a blast-furnace (the internal cavity of the furnace), der Schacht; Cuve, cheminée.

f. Architecture. The body of a column or pillar between the base and the capital. Also the ‘die’ of a parapet. See also quot. 1842.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > shaft of column

verge1412

shaft1483

scapus1563

trunk1563

scape1663

tige1664

fust1665

shank1736

escape1845

1483 Cath. Angl. 332/1 A schafte of a pylar, stilus.

1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge i. xxiv. 86 The shaft or trunke of the columne is to be diminished a fourth parte at the toppe.

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. 31 They [the Columns] are all Diminished or Contracted..from one third part of the whole Shaft vpwards.

1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 323 The pedestal [of this pillar] consists of one stone, the base of eight, the Torus of one, the shaft of twenty-three, and the capital of one.

1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 310 The shaft or die, which is the part immediately above the plinth.

1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 1031 Shaft Of A King Post, the part between the joggles.

1849 E. A. Freeman Hist. Archit. 16 Then gradually bringing within its power the details of shaft and capital.

g. The upright part of a cross; esp. the part between the arms and the base.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [noun] > vertical object or part > main upright part > of a cross

radius1597

shaft1781

1781 E. Ledwich in C. Vallancey Collectanea de Rebus Hibern. II. 446 The arms were broken, but the shaft [of the market cross of Kilkenny] remained adorned with beautiful figures.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 107 A slender crosslet framed with care,..The shaft and limb were rods of yew.

1836–50 J. H. Parker Gloss. Terms Archit. (ed. 5) at Cross In some instances they had small niches..round the top of the shaft below the cross.

1870 F. R. Wilson Archit. Surv. Churches Lindisfarne 90 The limbs and a portion of the shaft of a Saxon cross were found.

a1887 R. Jefferies Field & Hedgerow (1889) 279 One of them has retained its top perfect, and really is a cross, not a shaft only.

h. The stem or long straight handle of a tool, etc.; the shank of an anchor; the stem of a pipe; †the stalk or foot of a goblet or wine glass.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > parts of tools generally > [noun] > handle > long straight

stalea1200

steal1377

stealc1395

shaft1530

staff-

society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > parts of tools generally > [noun] > handle > of specific tool

crankc1000

steal1377

pipe1397

pot-hook1397

shaft1530

fork-shafta1642

bell-handle1768

hasp1770

fettle1812

panhandle1890

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > anchoring equipment > [noun] > anchor > shank of anchor

shankc1550

staff1611

shaft1769

the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > drinking vessel > [noun] > glass > stem

shank1553

shafta1837

stem1836

baluster stem1844

straw-stem1853

stalka1864

Silesian stem1929

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > pipe > stem of pipe

steal1672

stopple1681

pipe shank1688

shank1688

pipe-stapplea1732

pipestema1734

pipe-stick1833

shaft1841

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 266/1 Shafte of any edged tole, manche.

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Shank, the beam or shaft of an anchor.

a1837 J. Hogg Tales & Sketches I. 297 I then took out my brandy bottle, and a small crystal glass without the shaft, that I carried in my pocket.

1841 G. Catlin Lett. N. Amer. Indians I. xxix. 235 The shafts or stems of these pipes.

1849 G. C. Greenwell Gloss. Terms Coal Trade Northumberland & Durham 46 Shaft,..the handle of a pick, hack, shovel, or maul.

1855 Technologisches Wörterbuch II. 457/2 Shaft of a forge hammer (the helve or handle of the hammer), der Helm, Stiel; Manche.

1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 473/1 (Golf) Shaft, the handle of the club.

i. †(a) Of a cannon: = chase n.³ 2 (b) ‘The forward, straight part of a gun-stock’ (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1875).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > bore > of cannon

soul1591

shaft1626

chase1647

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > stock or shaft > parts of

shaft1626

side plate1680

pistol hand1702

club1720

heel plate1753

break-off1804

shoulder-butt1810

pistol-butt1814

rifle butt1826

pistol grip1841

nose cap1844

trap1844

trap-plate1844

receiver1851

bump1852

furniture1852

bend1859

comb1867

fore-end1881

furniture-pin1881

grip1881

1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 32 Her shaft or chase, her trunnions.

a. Architecture. A slender column, esp. one of ‘the small columns which are clustered round pillars, or used in the jambs of doors or windows, in arcades and various other situations’ (Parker Gloss. Archit.).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > small

columela1661

shaft1835

colonnettea1878

shaftlet1890

1835 R. Willis Remarks Archit. Middle Ages ii. 27 But the compound archway did not long remain in this simple form, its component archways were early decorated in various ways with shafts and mouldings.

1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Leila i. ii. 7 The ceiling of cedar-wood..was supported by slender shafts, of the whitest alabaster.

1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens I. i. i. 8 Images of the goddess on her jasper shaft.

1878 R. B. MacVittie Details Restoration Christ Church Cathedral Dublin 67 The inside moulded jambs are decorated with six short limestone shafts.

b. U.S. An obelisk or column erected as a memorial.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > record > memorial or monument > [noun] > structure or erection > stone > column, pillar, or obelisk

needlea1387

obelisk1561

column1606

guglioc1660

cippus1667

aiguille1686

broach1715

lat1801

nuraghe1828

peulvan1841

shaft1847

1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 200 Spirit! who made those freemen dare To die, or leave their children free, Bid time and nature gently spare The shaft we raise to them and Thee.

1873 B. Harte Washington in N. Jersey in Fiddletown 93 The gray shaft that commemorated the Morristown dead of the last civil war.

1878 J. Miller Songs Italy 49 The whole country round vaunts our deed and the town Raised that shaft on the spot.

†6. A kind of balance: = auncel n., pounder n.² (apparently originally auncel's shaft).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > other weighing apparatus

poundereOE

auncel1298

baublea1425

shaft1429

poundrelc1450

peson1459

trebuchet1550

handsale1607

trolley-scale1909

1429 in D. Wilkins Concilia (1737) III. 516 Dicto pondere le Auncell scheft seu pounder..doloso quodam stateræ genere.

1439 Rolls of Parl. V. 30/1 On branche of disceit..called a Schafte, othere wise called a Pondre, othere wise called an Hauncere, whiche greved many a trewe man.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxiij/1 Ther beth iij. maner weyghtis that is to wete, troy weyght, Auncell weyghtis. And lyggynge weyght... Another weyght Ys called auncels shafte and this weyght is forboden..by statute of parlement and also hooly chirche, hath cursed.., alle thoo that beyen or sellen by that auncel weyght.

a. One of the long bars, between a pair of which a horse is harnessed to a vehicle; a thill. Also (? U.S.) ‘the pole of a carriage, also called tongue or neap’ (Webster 1828–32).

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > parts of cart or carriage > [noun] > shaft(s) or pole

thillc1325

limber1480

sway1535

neap1553

draught-tree1580

wain-beam1589

beam1600

fills1609

spire1609

foreteam?1611

verge1611

shaft1613

rangy1657

pole1683

thrill1688

trill1688

rod1695

range1702

neb1710

sharp1733

tram1766

carriage pole1767

sill1787

tongue1792

nib1808

dissel-boom1822

tongue-tree1829

reach1869

wain-stang1876

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 325 The shafts or beam of Gordius his cart.

1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey IV. xv. 208 The bounding shafts upon the harness play.

a1764 R. Lloyd Cobbler of Cripplegate 124 The racer stumbles in the shaft, And shews he was not meant for draft.

1794 W. Felton Treat. Carriages I. 78 The shafts, which are the side framings by which it is supported by the horse.

1894 K. Grahame Pagan Papers 77 I found him smoking his vesper pipe on the shaft of his cart.

b. Either of the two side-pieces of a ladder which support the rungs or steps.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > ladder > [noun] > upright side of ladder

stalea1250

steal1395

stalkc1405

shaft1888

1888 R. L. Stevenson in Scribner's Mag. Nov. 638/1 The weedy spokes and shafts of the ladder.

c. (See quot.)

ΚΠ

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 630 The sides of this table [for casting sheet lead]..are guarded by a frame or edging of wood, 3 inches thick, and 4 or 5 inches higher than the interior surface, called the shafts.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 631 So that its ends, which are notched.., may ride upon the shafts.

8. Mechanics. A long cylindrical rotating rod upon which are fixed the parts for the transmission of motive power in a machine; also, a separable portion of a line of shafting.Also with qualifying word indicating a specific kind of shaft, as crank, paddle, propeller, screw shaft, countershaft n., etc.: see those words.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > shaft > [noun]

shaft1688

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 340/2 The Shaft [of a Wind-Mill], that on which the Sail Rods are set.

1765 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. II. at Mill The undershot-wheel, upon whose shaft is fixed a spur or cog-wheel.

1823 R. Buchanan Pract. Ess. Mill-work 145 In the case of the small pinion..a much greater stress would be thrown on the journeys (or journals) of the shaft.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 43 In forming couplings, great care should be taken to make them fit, so that the coupled shaft may move as though of the same piece with the driving shaft.

1841 R. Willis Princ. Mechanism 44 (note) Axis is the general and scientific word, shaft the millwright's general term, and spindle his term for smaller shafts.

1873 J. Richards On Arrangem. Wood-working Factories 4 The last shaft, or the one farthest from the engine, can be driven at a higher speed than the other shafts to suit joiners' machines on an upper floor.

1887 D. A. Low Introd. Machine Drawing (1892) 30 Fig. 25, which represents a brake shaft carrier of a locomotive tender.

a. Weaving. Each of a pair of long laths between which the heddles are stretched; also applied to the pair taken together. Also in parasynthetic compounds with prefixed numeral, as four-shaft, ten-shaft adjs., designating makes of cloth.Although no early examples have been found, the sense is certainly old; the German schaft and Dutch schacht are similarly used. Cf. ‘thre-schaptyd cloth, triplex’ ( Promp. Parv., c1440): see three adj. and n. Compounds 3b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > [noun] > weaving > loom > other parts

studdlelOE

staff1338

trendle14..

trindle1483

cylinder?a1560

harness1572

mail1731

mounture1731

leaf1807

march1807

dropbox1823

neck-twine1827

mounting1835

shaft1839

Jack1848

selvage-protector1863

serpent1878

take-up motiona1884

swell1894

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [adjective] > woven > woven with specific number of web shafts

three-shaftedc1440

four-shaft1904

ten-shaft1904

two-shafted-

1801 J. Butterworth in A. Barlow Weaving (1878) 317 The generality of weavers couple the first and third healds or shafts, and so are enabled to weave it with only two lams.]

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1230 The heddles being stretched between two shafts of wood, all the heddles connected by the same shafts are called a leaf.

1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 173 With four shafts and twenty pairs of leashes..the effect that may be produced will be noticed at ABCDE and F.

1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 173 At D the leashes are raised, and the shafts also.

1904 Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 344/1 [Obs. in W. Yorks.] Long thin flat rods of wood, upon which the ‘gems’ or ‘healds’ were stretched. The stretching was effected by a ‘top’ and ‘bodom’ shaft, and the whole was also termed a ‘shaft’, when describing the pattern or make of cloth to be produced, as ‘four shaft’, ‘ten shaft’, &c.

†b. Scottish. A kind of woollen cloth. Obsolete. [Probably generalized from designations like four-shaft, ten-shaft, etc.: see above.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from wool > [noun] > with reference to method of weaving

satin cloth1694

shaft1797

1797 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XIX. 208 Cloths manufactured from the above wool,..three quarters to yard broad seys, sarges, shafts, plaidings, baizes, linseywoolseys, jemmies, and stripped apron stuffs.

10. In various slang uses.

a. The penis. Also †shaft of delight.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > sex organs > male sex organs > [noun] > penis

weapona1000

tarsec1000

pintleOE

cock?c1335

pillicock?c1335

yard1379

arrowa1382

looma1400

vergea1400

instrumentc1405

fidcocka1475

privya1500

virile member (or yard)?1541

prickc1555

tool1563

pillock1568

penis1578

codpiece1584

needle1592

bauble1593

dildo1597

nag1598

virility1598

ferret1599

rubigo?a1600

Jack1604

mentula1605

virge1608

prependent1610

flute1611

other thing1628

engine1634

manhood1640

cod1650

quillity1653

rammer1653

runnion1655

pego1663

sex1664

propagator1670

membrum virile1672

nervea1680

whore-pipe1684

Roger1689

pudding1693

handle?1731

machine1749

shaft1772

jock1790

poker1811

dickyc1815

Johnny?1833

organ1833

intromittent apparatus1836

root1846

Johnson1863

Peter1870

John Henry1874

dickc1890

dingusc1890

John Thomasc1890

old fellowc1890

Aaron's rod1891

dingle-dangle1893

middle leg1896

mole1896

pisser1896

micky1898

baby-maker1902

old man1902

pecker1902

pizzle1902

willy1905

ding-dong1906

mickey1909

pencil1916

dingbatc1920

plonkerc1920

Johna1922

whangera1922

knob1922

tube1922

ding1926

pee-pee1927

prong1927

pud1927

hose1928

whang1928

dong1930

putz1934

porkc1935

wiener1935

weenie1939

length1949

tadger1949

winkle1951

dinger1953

winky1954

dork1961

virilia1962

rig1964

wee-wee1964

Percy1965

meat tool1966

chopper1967

schlong1967

swipe1967

chode1968

trouser snake1968

ding-a-ling1969

dipstick1970

tonk1970

noonies1972

salami1977

monkey1978

langer1983

wanker1987

1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth IV. 72 It is a Shaft of Cupid's cut, 'Twill serve to Rove, to Prick, to Butt.]

1772 G. A. Stevens Songs Comic & Satyrical 11 For Cupid's Pantheon, the Shaft of Delight Must spring from the Masculine Base.

1971 B. W. Aldiss Soldier Erect 45 It was never enough merely to lower your trousers—they had to come off,..so that you could crouch there naked but for your shirt, frantically rubbing your shaft.

b. A human leg. U.S.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > leg > [noun]

shanka900

legc1300

grainsa1400

limbc1400

foot?a1425

stumpa1500

pin?1515

pestlea1529

boughc1550

stamp1567

understander1583

pile1584

supporters1601

walker?1611

trestle1612

fetlock1645

pedestal1695

drumstick1770

gam1785

timber1807

tram1808–18

fork1812

prop1817

nethers1822

forkals1828

understanding1828

stick1830

nether person1835

locomotive1836

nether man1846

underpinning1848

bender1849

Scotch peg1857

Scotch1859

under-pinner1859

stem1860

Coryate's compasses1864

peg1891

wheel1927

shaft1935

1935 A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 103/2 Shaft, a woman's leg.

1939 C. Morley Kitty Foyle 95 If anyone showed a good shaft Pop would wink at me.

c. U.S. An act or instance of unfair or harsh treatment; slighting, rejection, ‘the push’; esp. in to give or get the shaft.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > [noun] > action of treating with contempt > an act of contempt

scornc1275

despite1297

contemption1467

contempt1502

lightly1576

indignity1584

slight1719

fuck you1943

shaft1959

1959 Amer. Speech 34 155 A girl or boy who makes a play for another's date is snaking... If he succeeds, the loser gets the shaft (sometimes with barbs), the purple shaft, or the maroon harpoon, depending upon the degree of injury to his pride.

1960 H. Wentworth & S. B. Flexner Dict. Amer. Slang 461/1 Shaft.., an act or an instance of being taken advantage of, unfairly treated, deceived, tricked, cheated, or victimized; a raw deal. Usu. in ‘to get the (or a) shaft’. Fig., the image is the taboo one of the final insult, having someone insert something, as a barbed shaft, up one's rectum.

1964 Mad Mag. July 14 Looks like somebody gave him the shaft!

1977 Amer. Speech 1975 50 65 She gave him the shaft after he broke their date last weekend.

1979 Mod. Photography Dec. 86/2 I would give more of my business to Minolta but for the company's uncooperative, anti~consumer thinking. Doubtless there are many such as myself who have gotten the shaft.

Compounds

General attributive.

C1. In sense 2 (arrow, etc.)

shaft-arm n.

ΚΠ

1801 T. Roberts Eng. Bowman 293 Shaft-arm, Shaft-hand, the arm, the hand, employed in drawing the arrow.

† shaft-end n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 40 Yf I should shoote at a line and not at the marke, I woulde alwayes loke at my shaft ende.

shaft-hand n.

ΚΠ

1801Shaft-hand [see shaft-arm n.].

shaft-head n.

ΚΠ

1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 40 To looke at your shafte hede at the lowse, is the greatest helpe to kepe a lengthe that can be.

1821 Ld. Byron Sardanapalus iv. i. 110 A huge quiver rose With shaft-heads feather'd from the eagle's wing.

shaft-maker n.

ΚΠ

1904 B. C. A. Windle Remains Prehist. Age Eng. iv. 80 Here the object was..to shape off the roughnesses of a stick, so as to convert it into an arrow-shaft—for which reason this kind of scraper is sometimes called a ‘shaft-maker’.

shaft-armed adj.

ΚΠ

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. i. 18 His hands charged with the wreath And golden sceptre or the God shaft-arm'd.

shaft-like adj.

ΚΠ

15.. J. Bryan in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign Elizabeth (1845) II. 335 Straight, shaft-like sprowts in shape and mind.

1899 R. B. Sharpe in Daily News 21 Feb. 6/2 A long shaft-like plume.

shaft-straight adj.

ΚΠ

1849 C. Brontë Shirley II. v. 127 Her shaft-straight carriage and lightsome step.

shaft-strong adj.

C2.

† shaft-wise adv. Obsolete ? in cylindrical form.

ΚΠ

1519 W. Horman Vulgaria ix. f. 105^v All preciouse stonys may be made shaft wyse, saue pearlys. Omnes gemmæ teretes fieri possunt, extra vnum vnionem.

C3. In sense 5a (Architecture), as shaft-architecture, shaft-cap, shaft-ring.

ΚΠ

1851 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice I. viii. 95 The earliest and grandest shaft architecture which we know, that of Egypt.

1882 Archaeologia Cantiana 14 364 The segmental arch of its head springs not from shaft-caps but from vertical stilts.

1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Shaft-ring, an annular band..which seems to surround a shaft of a column. It is often the wrought edge of a stone plate which separates two stones that make up a shaft, the inclosing ring being an appearance only.

C4. In sense 4h (handle).

shaft-hole n. Archaeology the hole in an axe-head or similar implement for the insertion of the haft or handle.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > parts of tools generally > [noun] > shank or socket

socket1448

hose1743

shaft-hole1852

the world > time > relative time > the past > history or knowledge about the past > [noun] > archaeology > artefacts

scyphus1722

ceraunite1814

skyphos1847

shaft-hole1852

ostracon1853

scramasax1862

shard1865

ovate1872

omphalos1884

stop-ridge1894

tsung1904

pygmy flint1907

spacer1907

dotaku1908

yuan1912

roughout1913

rostro-carinate1919

shawabti1922

racloir1923

shoe-last1927

sleeve1929

ard1931

proto-biface1967

1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) ii. 234 Shaft prop, servante.

1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) ii. 234 Shaft stay, cravate.

1865 J. Lubbock Prehist. Times ii. 34 The British lance-heads frequently have loops at the side of the shaft-hole,..which is never the case with Danish specimens.

1894 J. Macintosh Ayrshire Nights' Entertainm. 201 A stone axe..having a shaft-hole one inch in width.

1928 V. G. Childe Most Anc. East v. 133 The process of core-casting and the invention of the shaft-hole axe.

1958 W. Willetts Chinese Art I. ii. 75 (heading) Objects derived from the shaft-hole adze.

1971 Listener 7 Jan. 14/1 (caption) Copper shaft-hole tools of the Balkan late neolithic.

C5. In sense 7a (thill of a carriage, etc.)

shaft-bar n.

ΚΠ

1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. Shaft-bars, are two pieces of wood to fasten the hind ends of the shafts together, into which they are pinned with wooden pins.

shaft-bender n.

ΚΠ

?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 56 Coach making..Shaft Bender.

shaft-bolt n.

ΚΠ

1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) ii. 234 Shaft bolt, boulon de limonière.

shaft-jack n.

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Shaft-jack, (Vehicle) an iron attaching the shafts to the axle.

shaft-loop n.

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Shaft-loop, (Harness) the ring of leather suspended from the gig-saddle to hold the thill or shaft.

shaft-man n.

ΚΠ

?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 56 Coach making..Shaftman.

shaft-ring n.

ΚΠ

1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. Rings, in artillery, are of various uses such as, the shaft-rings to fasten the harness of the shaft-horse by means of a pin.

shaft tug n.

ΚΠ

1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports iii. iii. iv. 543 A buckle and strong loop on each side, called the Shaft Tug, by which the shaft is supported.

C6.

shaft-horse n. the horse which goes in the shafts.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [noun] > draught-horse > team of > horse(s) attached to or between shafts

thill-horsec1325

limoneer1524

thiller1552

body horse1558

fill-horse1600

limber1632

filler1695

pole horse1725

shaft-horse1769

wheel-pair1794

wheeler1813

shafter1840

1769 J. Wesley Jrnl. 28 July The shaft-horse..boggled and turned short.

1885 J. Ruskin Præterita I. vi. 182 The four horses were driven by one postillion riding the shaft horse.

C7. Ornithology (sense 4b).

shaft-mark n.

ΚΠ

1884 J. H. Gurney List Diurnal Birds Prey 157 The dark shaft-marks much narrower than in the female [Kestrel].

shaft-spot n.

ΚΠ

1888 P. L. Sclater & W. H. Hudson Argentine Ornithol. I. 164 Above plumbeous, with slight darker shaft-spots.

shaft-streak n.

ΚΠ

1874 R. B. Sharpe Catal. Birds Brit. Mus. I. 438 Crown rufous, with blackish shaft-streaks.

shaft-stripe n.

ΚΠ

1867 P. L. Sclater & O. Salvin Exotic Ornithol. 71 There are linear elongated shaft-stripes on the head and on portions of the under plumage.

C8.

shaft-tailed bunting n. Latham's name for one of the buntings of the genus Emberiza.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > seed eaters > [noun] > family Emberizidae > subfamily Emberizinae (bunting) > genus Emberiza > other types of

black-headed bunting1781

shaft-tailed bunting1781

cirl bunting1783

seave-cap1864

1781 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 183 Shaft-tailed Bunting.

shaft-tailed whydah n. (also shaft-tailed widow bird) a dark-coloured African weaver-bird, Vidua regia, having long tail-feathers with bare shafts.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > seed eaters > family Ploceidae > [noun] > subfamily Viduinae (whydah) > types of

painted finch1731

rooibek1867

king rooibekkie1868

shaft-tailed whydah1881

king of six1913

1881 F. Oates Matabele-Land facing p. 220 (caption) Shaft-tailed Whydah Bird.

1900 A. C. Stark Birds S. Afr. I. 148 Shaft-tailed Widow Bird... The four central, elongated tail-feathers are webbed at their ends.., the rest of them consists of bare shaft.

1948 C. D. Priest Eggs of Birds breeding in S. Afr. 135 Shaft-tailed Whydah..undoubtedly parasitic.

1974 Sci. Amer. Oct. 96/2 The shaft-tailed widow bird of South Africa..mimics the repertory of its host, the violet-eared waxbill.

C9. In sense 8 (axle or revolving bar).

shaft-bearing adj.

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Shaft-bearing.

shaft-boss n.

ΚΠ

1863 P. Barry Dockyard Econ. 236 This is 42 feet in length, and, with its sole and shaft-boss, weighs 40 tons.

shaft-bracket n.

ΚΠ

1894 W. H. White Man. Naval Archit. (ed. 3) 415 (Cent. Dict. Suppl.) Stems, sternposts, shaft-brackets, rudders, etc., are now commonly made of cast steel instead of forged iron or steel.

shaft-coupling adj.

shaft-drive n.

ΚΠ

1906 Westm. Gaz. 26 June 4/1 As regards transmission, fourteen of the cars are employing chains, as against twenty relying on shaft drive.

shaft-driven adj.

ΚΠ

1906 Daily Chron. 14 Nov. 9/3 These cars are shaft-driven.

shaft-eye n.

shaft-gearing adj.

ΚΠ

1835 A. Ure Philos. Manuf. 34 The recent innovations in..adjusting the movements of the system of shaft-geering.

shaft-governor n.

ΚΠ

1898 Engin. Mag. 16 146/2 The Design and Setting of Shaft Governors.

shaft-head n.

ΚΠ

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 130 A gudgeon from the end of each cylinder runs into an iron fastened to the shaft-head.

shaft-passage n.

ΚΠ

1874 S. J. P. Thearle Naval Archit. (new ed.) I. 115 The bulkheads of the shaft passages are sometimes made watertight.

C10.

shaft-alley n. Nautical (see quot. 1884); also used attributively to designate unofficial or unreliable information or its source, attributed to gossip in shaft-alley.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > rumour > [adjective]

shaft-alley1884

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > hold > passage containing propeller-shaft

shaft-alley1884

1884 Naval Encycl. 732/1 Shaft-alley, a passage extending from the engine-room to the stern..in which is contained the propeller-shaft and its bearings.

1922 L. Hisey Sea Grist 155 It was rumored by shaft alley wireless that we would reach Antwerp, Belgium, in two days.

1941 R. G. M. Ehlers Diary of Ship's Surgeon (1944) 67 A ‘shaft alley’ rumor brought word that all ships had been ordered out of Hong Kong.

1945 Sun (Baltimore) 30 Aug. 7–0/5 It's the job of these six men to go down to the nethermost portion of this ship in ‘Shaft Alley’, where the big propeller shafts whirl.

shaft horsepower n. brake horsepower, spec. power delivered to a propeller shaft or the shaft of a turbine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > capacity for exertion of mechanical force > power or rate of work known as horse-power > brake horsepower

brake horsepower1887

shaft horsepower1908

power rating1917

1908 A. E. Tompkins Marine Engin. (ed. 3) v. 61 The torsion-meter is used to measure this angular twist between two points of a shaft, and from this angle the shaft horse-power is calculated.

1974 Petroleum Rev. 28 490/1 The high shaft horsepower was the conditioning factor for this proportion of pilot fuel.

shaft turbine n. (see quot. 1958).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > turbine > [noun] > driven by gas > specific type

shaft turbine1958

turboshaft1958

1958 Chambers's Techn. Dict. Add. 1013/1 Shaft turbine, any gas turbine aero-engine wherein the major part of the energy in the combustion gases is extracted by a turbine and delivered, through appropriate gearing, to a shaft.

1970 P. M. Lambermont & A. Pirie Helicopters & Autogyros (ed. 2) 147 It had two shaft-turbine engines mounted on the cabin top instead of two Pratt and Whitney piston engines.

C11.

a. Weaving (sense 9), as shaft harness.

ΚΠ

1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 170 The above contrivance entirely dispenses with a separate set of treadles to work the shaft harness.

shaft-monture n. a kind of mounting for the heddles of a loom (see quot. 1890).

ΚΠ

1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 168 The second [contrivance] is generally used in weaving the richest silks now made, and is termed the split harness, or ‘shaft monture’.

1890 Cent. Dict. Shaft monture, a kind of mounting for the heddles of looms in figure-weaving.

C12.

shaft-furnace n. ‘a high furnace, charged at the top and tapped at the bottom’ (Raymond Mining Gloss. 1881).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > [noun] > types of furnace by shape

philosophers' tower1688

cupola-furnace1716

ring furnace1842

shaft-furnace1874

stack-furnace1877

1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 393 Those shaft-furnaces which use charcoal as fuel.

1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 174 Shaft-furnace, a high furnace, charged at the top and tapped at the bottom.

Draft additions 1993

the pole of a paddle, to which the blade is attached (cf. loom n.¹ 5).

ΚΠ

1893 J. D. Hayward Canoeing iii. 27 The paddle generally used with the paddling..canoe, is that known as the double blade; it consists of a shaft with a blade at each end.

1986 Pract. Woodworking July 349/1 It is normal for the paddle blades to be fixed at right angles to each other on the shaft so the upper blade passes through the air in a ‘feathered’ mode.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

shaftn.³

Brit.

/ʃɑːft/,

/ʃaft/, U.S.

/ʃæft/

Forms: Also Middle English shafte.

Etymology: Corresponds in sense to Middle High German schaht , modern German schacht (masculine), which is probably < Low German schacht (also Dutch) of the same meaning, usually regarded as a specific application of schacht = shaft n.², the primitive notion being that of something cylindrical. It is possible, however, that the type *skafto- represented by Low German schacht , English shaft ‘pit-hole’, may be a separate formation on the Germanic root *skaƀ- of shave v., in its original sense to dig (compare Greek σκάπτειν). On either of these views, it is doubtful whether shaft ‘pit-hole’ goes back to Old English (though not recorded before the 15th cent.), or was introduced into England by foreign miners. Some scholars still adhere to the view of Grimm, that the High German schacht (and Low German schacht in this sense) represent a Germanic type *ska χto-z . On this supposition the English word would necessarily be a loan word from the continent. Grimm's hypothesis is formally possible, but leaves the ultimate etymology obscure, as the suggested connection with the root *skak- shake v. is semasiologically improbable.

1. A vertical or slightly inclined well-like excavation made in mining, tunnelling, etc., as a means of access to underground workings, for hoisting out materials, testing the subsoil, ventilation, etc.For air-shaft, engine-shaft, pumping-shaft, etc.: see those words.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > shaft

groovea1400

shaft1433

sink1557

mine pit1587

sinking1613

footway1778

shank1790

mine shaft1818

1433–4 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1901) III. 711 Pro factura unius shaft infra campum de Heworth pro carbonibus ibidem lucrandis, 20s.

1443 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1901) III. 713 Cum thirlyng unius shafte.

1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall i. f. 8^v There they sincke a Shaft, or pit of fiue or sixe foote in length [etc.].

1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 80 By letting down shafts from the day (as Miners speak).

1733 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Effects Air Human Bodies ii. 34 Suppose a Tube, or, as the Miners call it, a Shaft were sunk from the Surface of the Earth to the Centre.

1816 W. R. Clanny in Ann. Philos. 7 369 In this district there are several coal-mines that have only one shaft, which serves the double purpose of ventilation and working.

1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 369/2 Shafts of at least four feet diameter should be sunk along the line of the tunnel.

1868 W. Morris Rhodope in Earthly Paradise 14 Nor as yet had any one Sunk shaft in hill-side there, or dried the stream To see if 'neath its sand gold specks might gleam.

1888 F. Hume Madame Midas i. i. 20 She..sank a shaft in the place indicated.

2. Military Mining. (See quot. 1876.)

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > attack > action or state of siege or blockade > [noun] > mine(s) > part of

countermure1553

terrace1579

chamber1638

well1702

trench cavalier1798

shaft1834

1834 J. S. Macaulay Treat. Field Fortification 176 The top frame of the shaft is then let into the ground.

1834 J. S. Macaulay Treat. Field Fortification 177 In unfavourable soil the whole shaft must be lined with sheeting.

1876 G. E. Voyle Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) Shaft, in military mining is the perpendicular passage sunk from the surface of the ground to the required depth, from which the branches of the mine diverge, termed ‘galleries’... Shafts and galleries are lined with timber to prevent the soil from breaking in.

3. transferred. Applied to other well-like excavations, or passages.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > conveyor > [noun] > shaft

funnel1555

trunk1610

shaft1820

well hole1829

1820 G. Belzoni Narr. Egypt & Nubia ii. 270 Where the granite work finishes at the end of this passage [in the 2nd Pyramid], there is a perpendicular shaft of fifteen feet.

1859 F. Nightingale Notes on Nursing iii. 21 The nurse makes it her business to turn the patient's room into a ventilating shaft for the foul air of the whole house.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. ii. 18 Numerous shafts, the forsaken passages of ancient ‘moulins’.

1912 World 25 June 1005/2 The second floor [of the burning house] seemed a furnace, and the shaft of the lift acted as a chimney.

Compounds

C1. simple attributive, as shaft ladder, shaft mouth, shaft work, etc.; shaft sinking n. Also objective, as shaft-sinker.

ΚΠ

1844 F. W. Simms (title) Practical tunnelling, explaining in detail..shaft sinking, and heading driving.

1862 Times 21 Jan. Mr. Coulson..has had vast experience in shaft work.

c1868 C. Warren Recov. Jerus. (1871) 128 The shaft mouth is on the south side of the Sanctuary wall.

1909 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 239 They started to descend the shaft-ladders.

1922 D. H. Lawrence Aaron's Rod (N.Y. ed.) vii. 70 His father had been a shaft-sinker.

C2.

shaft-drill n. ‘a rotary drilling-machine, armed with diamond points, for boring vertical shafts’ (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1875).

shaft-grave n. Archaeology applied to ancient interments in a ‘shaft’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > types of tomb > [noun] > types of ancient or prehistoric

table tomb1738

well tomb1843

chamber tomb1850

passage grave1865

allée couverte1870

passage tomb1870

mastaba1882

tholos1885

beehive tomb1887

circle-tomb1889

shaft tomb1895

shaft-grave1910

pit-cave1921

gallery grave1937

dyss1938

1910 D. G. Hogarth in Encycl. Brit. I. 248/1 The shaft graves in the Mycenae circle are also a late type.

shaft-house n. ‘the heavy framework for the pulleys and landing-place at the top of a mining shaft, some-times enclosed for protection from the weather’ ( Funk's Stand. Dict. 1895); also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > mouth or top of mine or shaft > apparatus at mouth of shaft

puppet head1778

headgear1835

headstocks1845

poppet-head1869

head house1870

shaft-house1872

shaft-tackle1874

shut1886

1872 Statistics of Mines & Mining 1870 (U.S. Treasury Dept.) 344 The quartz is brought from the mine, unless the mill is in or near the shaft-house, in wagons.

1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 332 I cannot see the need or use of a shaft-house of such a shape and only 10 feet in diameter.

1882 M. Foote Led-horse Claim 15 The lights which beckoned to each other across it shone from the shaft houses of Led-Horse and Shoshone mines.

1914 G. Atherton Perch of Devil ii. 355 Not daring to summon the shaft-house man, he was sneaking down the ladder.

shaftman n. a man employed to keep the shaft in repair ( Northumbld. Gloss.); also, a workman employed to sink shafts (cf. shaftsman n.).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > one who sinks shafts

sinkman1678

shaftman?1881

shaftsman?1881

shanker1882

?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 85 Lead miner..shaftman.

?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 84 Tin miner..Shaftman.

1893 W. C. Borlase Age Saints Cornwall Introd. 21 Many a first-rate Cornish miner—a ‘shaftman’, that is to say—belongs to it [the German type].

shaft pillar n. Mining a body of coal or rock unworked in order to provide support for an adjacent shaft.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > pillar or area of unworked material

forbar?15..

pillar1591

whole1728

stalch1747

post1793

stenting1812

rib1818

stook1826

man-of-war1835

spurn1837

staple1839

barrier1849

shaft pillar1855

barrier-pillar1881

stoop1881

stump1881

1855 G. C. Greenwell Pract. Treat. Mine Engin. vi. 155 The situation of coal pits varies so much, together with the position of the seams of coal, dykes and slips, that no rule can be laid down for the form of the pillars of coal, left near the shaft, which are called the shaft pillars.

1929 I. C. F. Statham Winning & Working xxx. 499 This subsidence was not..wholly due to the removal of the shaft pillar, but was partly accounted for by crushing of the shaft pillar in an upper seam.

1977 Irish Press 29 Sept. 8/4 A third semipermanent pillar, known as the shaft pillar, cuts across the orebody from north to south.

shaft-rent n. (see quot. 1849).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for privilege > [noun] > of taking minerals > from another royalty

outstroke rent1849

shaft-rent1849

1849 G. C. Greenwell Gloss. Terms Coal Trade Northumberland & Durham 42 Shaft rent, for the privilege of drawing up the shaft the coal worked from another royalty by outstroke.

shaft-riding n. ascending by means of a lift or cage in a shaft.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > transporting by lift or cage

shaft-riding1887

man-riding1950

1887 P. McNeill Blawearie 57 In those days the miners who worked the coalfields on the estate of Blawearie were but rarely allowed to indulge in the luxury of ‘shaft riding’.

shaft-tackle n. = poppet-head n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > mouth or top of mine or shaft > apparatus at mouth of shaft

puppet head1778

headgear1835

headstocks1845

poppet-head1869

head house1870

shaft-house1872

shaft-tackle1874

shut1886

1874 J. H. Collins Princ. Metal Mining (1875) xiv. 81 The cost of preparing and fixing this shaft-tackle should not exceed 25s. or 30s. for timber, ironwork, and labour.

shaft tomb n. = shaft-grave n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > types of tomb > [noun] > types of ancient or prehistoric

table tomb1738

well tomb1843

chamber tomb1850

passage grave1865

allée couverte1870

passage tomb1870

mastaba1882

tholos1885

beehive tomb1887

circle-tomb1889

shaft tomb1895

shaft-grave1910

pit-cave1921

gallery grave1937

dyss1938

1895 A. Lang et al. tr. Homer Iliad I. Introd. 15 The ‘shaft tombs’ discovered by Dr. Schliemann in the Acropolis of Mykenai.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	shaft
释义	† shaftn.¹ Forms: Old English sceaft (also with ge-), scæft, Middle English sceft-e, saft-e, Middle English Ormin. shafft, Middle English scaft, Middle English seft, Middle English schafte, ( scaf Cursor M.), Middle English shafte, schaft, Middle English chaft, plural schefte, Ayenb. ssepþe, ( ssefþe), Middle English shaft. Etymology: Old English sceaft , gesceaft feminine < Germanic *(ga)skapti-z < skap- to make, create: see shape v. Compare Old Saxon giscaft, Old High German gascaft, giscaft* feminine. Obsolete. 1. Creation, origin (Old English only); make, constitution, nature or species. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] shaft888 makinglOE creationa1393 faction1440 uprearing1551 operationc1616 essentiating1635 emanation1742 naturing1880 the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > style of creation or construction shaft888 suitc1330 generationa1382 makinga1398 frame?1520 workmanship1578 imagerya1592 model1597 fabricaturec1600 builtc1615 fabric1644 module1649 get-up1857 fashioning1870 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > of construction or composition shaft888 makea1325 suitc1330 makinga1398 mark1482 inventiona1513 workmanship1578 cut1590 model1597 mould1667 fashioning1870 Mk.1921 888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxx. §2 Ealle sint emnæþele, gif ge willað þonne fruman sceaft geþencan, & þone scippend. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 81 He is..þe king of heuene þe com in to herþe and auenede him in to his iscefte.] a1300 Cursor Mundi 739 A littel best Þe quilk es noght vnwiliest, Þe nedder þat es of a scaft Þat mast kan bath on crok and craft. a1300 E.E. Psalter cii[i]. 13 [14] Fore our schaft wele knawes he. c1320 Cast. Love 661 He moste be boren of a wommon, Þulke schaft to vnderfonge wiþ-alle Þat ouȝte to monnes kynde bi-falle. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 349 Flesses fremeðe and safte same Boðen he felten on here lichame. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 9386 He [Merlin] can ynow of swylke craftes, Of alle vigures he turnes þe schaftes. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 62 Þe dyeuel him sseweþ ine uele ssefþes. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 158 Me be-houeþ to zyenne..ine þe perle of þe eȝe þe ssepþe of the þinge þet is him be-uore. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiii. 297 Feyrest of feytures of fourme and of schafte. a1400 Guy W. 7168 Gret wenges he haþ wiþ to fle, His schaft to telle alle ne mow we. c1400 Arth. & Merlin (Linc. Inn MS.) 1579 His schaft may nomon telle, He loked as a feond of helle. 2. That which is created; a creature. ΘΚΠ the world > life > [noun] shaftc888 blooda1325 livera1382 creaturea1387 live-wight1610 animate1642 life form1850 vitality1851 bioform1958 c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xli. §2 Gif God næfde on eallum his rice nane frige gesceaft [11.. Bodl. MS. sceaft] under his anwalde. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 59 Lauerd he is of alle scafte. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 19444 Acc hallȝhe weress sæȝhenn godd I shafftess onnlicnesse. a1200 Moral Ode 84 He wit and waldeð alle þing and scop alle scefte [c1200 safte]. c1220 Bestiary 456 Seftes sop ure seppande. a1225 Leg. Kath. 239 Þæt schafte of mon Þæt he schop. a1300 Cursor Mundi 23640 Wit alkin scaf [Gött. schaft] þai sal discord. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 127 God sag his safte fair and good. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 84 He [man] wes lhord of alle ssepþes þet were onder heuene. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online December 2021). shaftn.² Brit. /ʃɑːft/, /ʃaft/, U.S. /ʃæft/ Forms: Old English sceft, Old English–Middle English sceaft, scæft, Middle English scaft, saft, Middle English ssafte, scheft, Middle English shafth, Middle English schafft, schafte, Middle English–1600s schaft, shafte, Middle English chaft(e, Middle English– shaft; rareMiddle English schaf, Middle English shaffe, Middle English, 1600s shaff, 1600s shafe. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Common Germanic (wanting in Gothic): Old English sceaft (masculine) = Old Frisian skeft (Hettema), Old Saxon skaft (masculine) (Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, Dutch schaft, schacht feminine), Old High German scaft (masculine), plural scefti (Middle High German, modern German schaft masculine), Old Norse skapt neuter (Swedish, Danish skaft) < Germanic skafto-, skafti-z < pre-Germanic skapto-, -ti-s. Apparently cognate with Latin scāpus* shaft, stem, shank; somewhat more doubtfully with Greek (Doric) σκᾶπτον staff (Ionic, Attic σκηπτο- in σκηπτοῦχος staff-bearer, σκῆπτρον staff, sceptre n., σκήπτειν to prop.). The Germanic word might, with regard both to form and meaning, be plausibly explained as a passive participial derivative from the root of shave v.; but it is doubtful whether the supposed cognates can be similarly accounted for. 1. a. The long slender rod forming the body of a lance or spear, or of an arrow. Also of a staff, harpoon, etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > types of tools generally > [noun] > in form of bar, pole, rod, etc. stingc725 stakec893 sowelc900 tree971 rungOE shaftc1000 staffc1000 stockc1000 poleOE spritOE luga1250 lever1297 stanga1300 perchc1300 raftc1330 sheltbeam1336 stower1371 palea1382 spar1388 spire1392 perk1396 ragged staff1397 peela1400 slot1399 plantc1400 heck-stower1401 sparkin1408 cammockc1425 sallow stakec1440 spoke1467 perk treec1480 yard1480 bode1483 spit1485 bolm1513 gada1535 ruttock1542 stob1550 blade1558 wattle1570 bamboo1598 loggat1600 barling1611 sparret1632 picket1687 tringle1706 sprund1736 lug-pole1773 polting lug1789 baton1801 stuckin1809 rack-pin1821 picket-pin1844 I-iron1874 pricker1875 stag1881 podger1888 window pole1888 verge1897 sallow pole1898 lat1899 swizzle-stick1962 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > spear or lance > [noun] > shaft of spear spear-shafta900 ashOE shaftc1000 truncheon13.. tree?a1366 timberc1400 sting?a1500 spear-staff1530 steal1530 rodc1540 stale1553 stave1873 staff- society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > arrow > [noun] > shaft of arrow shaftc1000 tree?a1366 arrow shaft1373 steal1530 stale1553 c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 143/7 Contus, spereleas sceaft. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 8658 He sset þe kyng [William Rufus] in atte breste þat neuereft he ne speke Bote þe ssafte þat was wyþoute grisliche he to brek. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Sam. xx. 5 The brother of Goliath Jethee, whos spere schaft was as the beme of websters. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 504 His sleep, his mete, his drynke is him biraft That leene he weex, and drye as is a shaft. 1506 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1901) III. 358 Item, for xij staf schaftis..xxiiij s. 1533 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1905) VI. 188 For v dosane shaftis to Jedburcht stavis coft to his grace. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xvii. 113/1 Parts of a Pike. The shaft, for military service is reputed 16 or 18 foot long or there about. 1801 T. Roberts Eng. Bowman 293 Shaft, an arrow: properly so called when it wants only the head. 1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles vi. xvi. 243 His broken weapon's shaft survey'd The King, and careless answer made. 1836 W. S. Landor Pericles & Aspasia II. 90 I can compare the Lacedæmonians to nothing more fitly than to the heads of spears without the shafts. 1907 C. Hill-Tout Brit. N. Amer., Far West vii. 132 Points being held to the haft of the harpoon by long plaited lines. When the fish is struck these points detach themselves from the shaft. b. A spear or lance. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > spear or lance > [noun] spearc725 ordeOE spriteOE wal-speara1000 gareOE shaftc1000 staffc1275 glaive1297 lancegayc1386 gad1422 burdounc1440 Jedburgh (Jedworth, Jedwood etc.) staff1515 puncheon pole1548 puncheon spear1548 puncheon staff1548 punching staff1562 prag1582 sarissa1736 staff weapon1788 windlestraw1831 c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints xii. 53 His sceaft ætstod ætforan him..swa þæt þæt spere him eode þurh ut. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11930 Þe an an his ænde..and þæ oðer an his ænde..heo quehten heore scaftes [c1300 Otho saftes]. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1594 So harde þay acoupede on hur scheldes þat broke buþ boþe hure schafte, & þe peces fulle on þe feldes þe hedes on þe tre by-lafte. a1400 Guy Warw. 1404 So miȝti strokes þer wer ȝiuen, Þat strong schaftes al to-driuen. c1430 Chev. Assigne 301 And whenne þat shafte is schyuered take scharpelye another. 1483 Cath. Angl. 57/2 A Chafte; vbi spere, &c. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 90 War, from stubborn Myrtle Shafts receives: From Cornels Jav'lins, and the tougher Yeugh Receives the bending Figure of a Bow. View more context for this quotation 1757 T. Gray Ode I ii. i, in Odes 8 Hyperion's march they spy, and glitt'ring shafts of war. 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess v. 492 All the plain, brand, mace, and shaft, and shield Shock'd. 2. a. An arrow. cloth-yard shaft, see cloth-yard n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > arrow > [noun] streale?680 floc893 arrowOE pileOE bolta1000 flanea1000 archer1297 shaftc1400 grey-goose wing1566 dorlach1575 goose-wing1630 shaftment1634 fate1700 timberc1879 c1400 Rom. Rose 1747 So at the last the shaft of tree I drough out, with the fethers three. ?c1480 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1865) III. 253 Item xiiij shaffe of bolts and shoytyng shaftes, price xiiij s. Item v shaffe of rowyng shaftes iiij s. Item xlvij shaffe of childre shaftes. 1483 Cath. Angl. 57/2 A Chafte; vb[i] Arowe. 1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII c. 9 §3 Euerie man, hauynge..men children..shall prouide..a bowe and two shaftes. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 140 In my schoole dayes, when I had lost one shaft, I shot his fellow of the selfe same flight The selfe same way. View more context for this quotation 1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor v. iii. sig. Pii^v Draw me the biggest shaft you haue out of the But you wot of. View more context for this quotation 1624 Bp. J. Hall True Peace-maker 14 Thou wounded heart..alas, the shaft sticks still in thee, or if that bee shaken out, the head. a1711 T. Ken Edmund in Wks. (1721) II. ix. 236 Shafts aim'd at Trees can never mount so high, As those we shoot directly tow'rds the sky. a1854 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Lit. (1878) iv. 129 The air was darkened by the shafts from the hosts of English archers. b. Proverbial phr. See bolt n.¹ 1b. ΚΠ 1594 T. Nashe Terrors of Night in Wks. (1904) I. 368 To make a shaft or a bolt of this drumbling subiect of dreames, from whence I haue bin tost off and on I know not how. †c. In various occasional scientific uses, as transl. of Latin sagitta: (a) Astronomy. The Pole-star and its companion; (b) Anatomy (see quot. 1552); (c) Geometry. A versed-sine: cf. arrow n. 6. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > constellation > binary star or system > [noun] > spectroscopic shaft1552 spectroscopic binary1896 the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > skull > parts of skull > [noun] > bones of temple squamous bone?1541 temporal?1541 shaft1552 vaginal process1726 mastoid process1732 supertemporal1834 mastoid1840 stylohyal1846 squamosal1848 squamosal bone1849 tympanohyal1873 the world > relative properties > number > geometry > [noun] > branches of > trigonometry > functions of > versed sine shaft1552 versed sine1581 arrow1594 sagitta1675 co-versed sine1706 verse-sine1772 suversed sine1782 versina1831 1552 N. Udall tr. T. Gemini Compend. Anat. B vij b In the bone of the temple is a bone lyke a smal pyller, or a nedle, and therefore called the nedlelyke bone,..the quyll bone, the shafte, and the staffe bone. 1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 263 The lesser Beare..is the chiefe marke whereby mariners gouerne their course in saylinge by nyghte, and namely by 2 starres in it, which many do call the shafte. 1581 W. Borough Discours Variation Cumpas v. sig. C.j The quotient is the versed sine or shaft of the semidiurnall arke. 1594 T. Blundeville Exercises ii. f. 48^v A.H. is the Shaft called in Latine Sinus versus. [See also arrow n. 6.] †d. An ‘arrow’ on a plan or diagram showing the direction. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > arrow on plan or diagram shaft1730 dart1784 arrowhead1832 1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 293 The Bending of the Stairs; the Knowledge of which..will be much facilitated by the Shafts which shew their Extension. e. loosely. A missile. rhetorical. ΚΠ 1786 S. Henley tr. W. Beckford Arabian Tale 173 By my formidable art, the clouds shall sleet hail-stones in the faces of the assailants; and shafts of red-hot iron on their heads. 1817 P. B. Shelley Laon & Cythna vi. xi. 133 Then the shaft Of the artillery from the sea was thrown More fast and fiery. 1835 W. Irving Tour on Prairies 196 The trees and thickets with which it was bordered would be sufficient to turn aside any shaft of the enemy. 1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. x. 368 Some threw away their arms; hoping by this means to facilitate their escape, while in fact it only left them more defenceless against the shafts of their enemies. f. figurative and in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > [noun] shaft1576 flinging1619 missive1644 missile1656 1576 G. Gascoigne Droomme of Doomes Day in Wks. (1910) II. 409 To wound and wearye theyr soules, with..the shaftes of sundrye shamefull concupyscences. 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne ii. xxxiv. 26 Death hath exchang'd againe his shafts with loue, And Cupid thus lets borrow'd arrowes flie. 1608 S. Hieron Help Deuot. 250 Let their children bee as chosen shafts in thy quiuer. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 763 Here Love his golden shafts imploies, here lights His constant Lamp. View more context for this quotation 1779 J. Moore View Society & Manners France I. xxx. 281 It is..to be regretted, that he allowed the shafts of his ridicule to glance upon the Christian religion. 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess ii. 46 And to us came Melissa, hitting all we saw with shafts Of gentle satire, kin to charity, That harm'd not. 1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens IV. xix. vii. 41 Having suffered for a whole year past from the shaft of love. g. transferred. A beam or ray (of light, etc.), a streak of lightning, etc. Chiefly poetic. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > [noun] > ray or beam beamc885 rowc1225 stringc1275 steamc1300 light beama1398 shafta1400 rayc1400 strakec1400 rade?a1563 gleed1566 radiation1570 shine1581 rayon1591 stralla1618 radius1620 rule1637 irradiation1643 track1693 emanation1700 spoke1849 spearc1850 slant1856 sword1866 secondary1921 a1400–50 Wars Alex. 1544 A Mitre,..Stiȝt staffull of stanes þat straȝt out bemes, As it ware shemerand shaftis of þe shire son. c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 455. c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 982 By-ȝonde þe brok fro me warde keued, Þat schyrrer þen sunne with schaftez schon. 1798 R. Bloomfield Summer in Farmer's Boy 264 When midnight and the frightful Tempest come, The Farmer wakes, and sees..The angry shafts of Heaven gleam round his bed. ?1799 S. T. Coleridge On Cataract 13 It embosoms the roses of dawn, It entangles the shafts of the noon. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 33 The sunrise broken into scarlet shafts Among the palms and ferns and precipices. a1878 W. C. Bryant Leg. Delawares 4 A thousand shafts of lightning pass. 1898 T. Watts-Dunton Aylwin xiv. iv Masses of vapour..blazing..whenever the bright shafts of morning struck them. 3. a. A pole, flagstaff; spec. †a may-pole; also †the pole on which the candle lighted at the ‘new fire’ was carried in the ceremonies of Easter Eve. Also, †a gatepost. rare. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > candleholder > [noun] trendle1423 paschal1426 shaft?c1450 pan1511 trestle1523 strestell1531 hearse1563 Jesse1706 menorah1886 hanukkiah1939 the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > torch > [noun] blazec1000 torchc1290 lampa1382 flambec1430 shaft?c1450 cresset1578 brandon?1614 mussal1698 ruffy1793 torch-brand1825 bug1924 the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > gate > gate-post postela1225 gate-cheek1513 gatepost1522 shaft1522 post1662 pier1665 impost1730 clapping-post1792 hanging-post1792 heel post1802 hanging-stile1823 stay1869 shutting posta1877 society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > specific festivities > [noun] > festivities associated with May-day > maypole maypole1529 shaft1598 summer-broach1619 a1000 Boeth. Metr. i. 11 Fana hwearfode scir on sceafte. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3899 Moyses ðor made a wirme of bras, And henget hege up-on a saft. 1419 26 Pol. Poems 71 Of here banere of grace, god broken haþ þe shaft. 1428 in E. Peacock Eng. Church Furnit. (1866) 179 Et Thomas harpmaker pro emendacione de la schafte xj d. ?c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. & Antiq. Syon Monastery (1840) 351 The holy water schal go before, the schafte after with ij tapers unlyght... Aftyr the sensyng of the fyre the schafte schal be lyght only. 1522 in W. L. Nash Churchwardens' Acct. Bk. St. Giles, Reading (1851) 17 Paid for a whope of Iron to the Shafts of the churche gate iij d. 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 107 On May day..an high or long shaft (or May pole) was set vppe there,..which shaft when it was set on end..was higher then the Church steeple. 1819 A. Rees Cycl. XXXII Set, a term used for a pole or shaft, used to shove boats along a canal, &c. 1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) i. 350 Trabe,..pole or shaft of an ensign or colour. †b. A guild in the parish of St. Dunstan's, Canterbury; ? named from a pole carried by the warden in procession. Also, ? the pole itself. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > guild of medieval origin > specific guild frith-guilda1000 shaft1486 peace-guild1859 1486 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. in Archæologia Cantiana 16 294 The acompte of the Schafte made be..[the two] then beyng wardeyns. 1511 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. in Archæologia Cantiana 16 321 We haue receyud of Wyllyam Carpenter of his gyfte a gyrdyll for to bere the Schaft contynuyng for euer from Warden to Wardeyn. 1535 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. in Archæologia Cantiana 16 98 For the expensis of the dyner, Seynt Dunstones lyght, mendyng of the Shaft, and other charges xxiij s. xj d. 1539 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Dunstan's, Canterb. in Archæologia Cantiana 16 102 Wardens of a Brotheryd caulyd the Shafte in the parysch of Seynt Dunstone. 4. A stem, columnar or straight portion of something. a. The stem or trunk of a tree. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stem, trunk, or bole stovenc1000 bolec1314 bodyc1330 stock1340 shaft1398 stealc1440 truncheonc1449 trunk1490 stud1579 leg1597 butt1601 truncus1706 stam1839 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) xvii. i Þe schafte of a tree þat streccheþ fro the rote vp to þe toppe is propreliche cleped lignum. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 28 Tho bowis grewen out of stockis or tronchons, and the tronchons or schaftis grewen out of the roote. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Qq2^v If you will haue Sciences growe; it is lesse matter for the shafte, or bodie of the Tree, so you looke well to the takinge vp of the Rootes. View more context for this quotation 1822 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 5 Oct. 18 By far the finest tree that I ever saw in my life. The stem or shaft is short. 1842 C. M. Kirkland Forest Life I. xx. 203 They were the shafts of bee-trees, found in the forest. 1889 B. Harte Cressy 213 The dim colonnade of straight pine shafts. b. In various Natural History uses. (a) The main stem or scape of a feather. [So German schaft.] (b) The part of a hair between the root and the point. (c) Anatomy. The middle portion of a long bone. (d) Entomology. The scape n.² 5 of an antenna or of a halter. †(e) Botany = style n. (1787 Withering Brit. Pl. ed. 2, passim). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > hair > parts of hair > [noun] pithOE root end1675 shaft1748 medulla1826 stem1845 Henle's layer1850 Henle's sheath1853 epicuticle1949 the world > animals > birds > feather > [noun] > part of pen1381 quill?a1425 dowlc1535 rib1545 web1575 pilec1600 twill1664 beard1688 pinion1691 vane1713 shaft1748 beardlet1804 medulla1826 barb1835 barbule1835 stem1845 feather-pulp1859 aftershaft1867 barbicel1869 filament1870 vexillum1871 scape1872 rachis1874 harl1877 calamus1878 radius1882 ramus1882 scapus1882 cilia1884 the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > bones of arm or leg > [noun] > parts of shaft1748 diaphysis1828 metaphysis1913 (a) 1748 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 45 161 The Shafts of the Tail Feathers are very stiff. 1826 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIV. i. 177 The white on the shafts of the feathers is broader. 1886 P. L. Sclater Catal. Birds Brit. Mus. XI. 345 Feathers of head and neck lanceolate and with shining shafts. (b)1851 W. B. Carpenter Man. Physiol. (ed. 2) 200 The constituent fibres of the shaft are marked out by delicate longitudinal striæ, which may be traced in vertical sections of the hair.1877 L. A. Duhring Pract. Treat. Dis. Skin 33 In considering the hair we distinguish two portions,—the shaft..and the root.(c)1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 431/1 The long bones..are never exactly cylindrical, being always contracted in the middle or shaft, and enlarged at each end.1855 L. Holden Human Osteol. 127 The ‘shafts’ are slightly concave towards the palm, to form the hollow of the hand. c. The part of a candlestick which supports the branches. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > support or holder for a candle > [noun] > candelabrum > parts of shafta1425 branch1525 a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xxv. 33 Sixe ȝerdis, that schulen be brouȝt forth of the schaft. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xxv. 31 Thou schalt make a candil~stike..and thou schalt make the schaft [1382 staf, 1535 Coverdale, 1611 shaft] therof, and ȝerdis, cuppis, and litle rundelis, and lilies comynge forth therof. a1586 Cartwright in Answ. to Cartwright 88 The shaft..of the candlesticke. †d. ‘The Spire of a Church-Steeple’ (Phillips 1706). [Compare French flèche.] Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > tower or steeple > [noun] > spire shaftc1450 steeple1473 broach1501 spire1596 broach-steeple1600 prang1929 c1450 in C. L. Kingsford Chron. London (1905) 156 The Steple of Seynt Pawlis chirche was sette on fire aboute the medyll of the Shafte in the tymbir. 1581 Churchwardens' Accts. Dunmow (MS) f. 49 In repayringe the steple in stone worke xxxix^li. iii^s. i^d. Item, repayringe the shafte and tymber therof, v^li. xvi^s. ix^d. 1612 H. Peacham Gentlemans Exercise i. vi. 19 Practise to draw small and easie things,..as a cherry with the leafe, the shaft of a steeple [etc.]. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1654 (1955) III. 133 Famous is the Steeple for the exceeding height of the Shaft, which is of stone. e. Of a chimney, a blast furnace: (see quots. and chimney-shaft n. at chimney n. Compounds 2). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > chimney > flue or shaft tewelc1384 shaftc1450 tunnel1508 shankc1525 chimney-shank1552 flue1582 gullet1672 funnel1688 fire tube1729 vent1756 stalk1821 chimney neck1833 stovepipe1858 society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > parts of furnace > [noun] > compartment or section fire room1657 shaft1855 wrinkle1884 stall1887 c1450 Nominale (Harl. 1002) 146 b Caminus, a chymney. Epicaustorium, þe chaft þer-of. a1548 in J. Bayley Hist. Tower London (1821) i. App. p. xxv To fynyshe x. shaftes upon x. chymneys. 1662 B. Gerbier Brief Disc. Princ. Building 10 Neither are those high Shafts of Chimnies real Ornaments to a Building. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Shaft,..the Tunnel of a Chimney. 1836–50 J. H. Parker Gloss. Terms Archit. (ed. 5) (at cited word) The part of a chimney-stack between the base and cornice is called the shaft. 1855 Technologisches Wörterbuch II. 457/2 Shaft of a blast-furnace (the internal cavity of the furnace), der Schacht; Cuve, cheminée. f. Architecture. The body of a column or pillar between the base and the capital. Also the ‘die’ of a parapet. See also quot. 1842. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > shaft of column verge1412 shaft1483 scapus1563 trunk1563 scape1663 tige1664 fust1665 shank1736 escape1845 1483 Cath. Angl. 332/1 A schafte of a pylar, stilus. 1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge i. xxiv. 86 The shaft or trunke of the columne is to be diminished a fourth parte at the toppe. 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. 31 They [the Columns] are all Diminished or Contracted..from one third part of the whole Shaft vpwards. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 323 The pedestal [of this pillar] consists of one stone, the base of eight, the Torus of one, the shaft of twenty-three, and the capital of one. 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 310 The shaft or die, which is the part immediately above the plinth. 1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 1031 Shaft Of A King Post, the part between the joggles. 1849 E. A. Freeman Hist. Archit. 16 Then gradually bringing within its power the details of shaft and capital. g. The upright part of a cross; esp. the part between the arms and the base. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [noun] > vertical object or part > main upright part > of a cross radius1597 shaft1781 1781 E. Ledwich in C. Vallancey Collectanea de Rebus Hibern. II. 446 The arms were broken, but the shaft [of the market cross of Kilkenny] remained adorned with beautiful figures. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 107 A slender crosslet framed with care,..The shaft and limb were rods of yew. 1836–50 J. H. Parker Gloss. Terms Archit. (ed. 5) at Cross In some instances they had small niches..round the top of the shaft below the cross. 1870 F. R. Wilson Archit. Surv. Churches Lindisfarne 90 The limbs and a portion of the shaft of a Saxon cross were found. a1887 R. Jefferies Field & Hedgerow (1889) 279 One of them has retained its top perfect, and really is a cross, not a shaft only. h. The stem or long straight handle of a tool, etc.; the shank of an anchor; the stem of a pipe; †the stalk or foot of a goblet or wine glass. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > parts of tools generally > [noun] > handle > long straight stalea1200 steal1377 stealc1395 shaft1530 staff- society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > parts of tools generally > [noun] > handle > of specific tool crankc1000 steal1377 pipe1397 pot-hook1397 shaft1530 fork-shafta1642 bell-handle1768 hasp1770 fettle1812 panhandle1890 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > anchoring equipment > [noun] > anchor > shank of anchor shankc1550 staff1611 shaft1769 the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > drinking vessel > [noun] > glass > stem shank1553 shafta1837 stem1836 baluster stem1844 straw-stem1853 stalka1864 Silesian stem1929 the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > pipe > stem of pipe steal1672 stopple1681 pipe shank1688 shank1688 pipe-stapplea1732 pipestema1734 pipe-stick1833 shaft1841 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 266/1 Shafte of any edged tole, manche. 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Shank, the beam or shaft of an anchor. a1837 J. Hogg Tales & Sketches I. 297 I then took out my brandy bottle, and a small crystal glass without the shaft, that I carried in my pocket. 1841 G. Catlin Lett. N. Amer. Indians I. xxix. 235 The shafts or stems of these pipes. 1849 G. C. Greenwell Gloss. Terms Coal Trade Northumberland & Durham 46 Shaft,..the handle of a pick, hack, shovel, or maul. 1855 Technologisches Wörterbuch II. 457/2 Shaft of a forge hammer (the helve or handle of the hammer), der Helm, Stiel; Manche. 1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 473/1 (Golf) Shaft, the handle of the club. i. †(a) Of a cannon: = chase n.³ 2 (b) ‘The forward, straight part of a gun-stock’ (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1875). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > bore > of cannon soul1591 shaft1626 chase1647 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > stock or shaft > parts of shaft1626 side plate1680 pistol hand1702 club1720 heel plate1753 break-off1804 shoulder-butt1810 pistol-butt1814 rifle butt1826 pistol grip1841 nose cap1844 trap1844 trap-plate1844 receiver1851 bump1852 furniture1852 bend1859 comb1867 fore-end1881 furniture-pin1881 grip1881 1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 32 Her shaft or chase, her trunnions. 5. a. Architecture. A slender column, esp. one of ‘the small columns which are clustered round pillars, or used in the jambs of doors or windows, in arcades and various other situations’ (Parker Gloss. Archit.). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > small columela1661 shaft1835 colonnettea1878 shaftlet1890 1835 R. Willis Remarks Archit. Middle Ages ii. 27 But the compound archway did not long remain in this simple form, its component archways were early decorated in various ways with shafts and mouldings. 1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Leila i. ii. 7 The ceiling of cedar-wood..was supported by slender shafts, of the whitest alabaster. 1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens I. i. i. 8 Images of the goddess on her jasper shaft. 1878 R. B. MacVittie Details Restoration Christ Church Cathedral Dublin 67 The inside moulded jambs are decorated with six short limestone shafts. b. U.S. An obelisk or column erected as a memorial. ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > memorial or monument > [noun] > structure or erection > stone > column, pillar, or obelisk needlea1387 obelisk1561 column1606 guglioc1660 cippus1667 aiguille1686 broach1715 lat1801 nuraghe1828 peulvan1841 shaft1847 1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 200 Spirit! who made those freemen dare To die, or leave their children free, Bid time and nature gently spare The shaft we raise to them and Thee. 1873 B. Harte Washington in N. Jersey in Fiddletown 93 The gray shaft that commemorated the Morristown dead of the last civil war. 1878 J. Miller Songs Italy 49 The whole country round vaunts our deed and the town Raised that shaft on the spot. †6. A kind of balance: = auncel n., pounder n.² (apparently originally auncel's shaft). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > other weighing apparatus poundereOE auncel1298 baublea1425 shaft1429 poundrelc1450 peson1459 trebuchet1550 handsale1607 trolley-scale1909 1429 in D. Wilkins Concilia (1737) III. 516 Dicto pondere le Auncell scheft seu pounder..doloso quodam stateræ genere. 1439 Rolls of Parl. V. 30/1 On branche of disceit..called a Schafte, othere wise called a Pondre, othere wise called an Hauncere, whiche greved many a trewe man. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxiij/1 Ther beth iij. maner weyghtis that is to wete, troy weyght, Auncell weyghtis. And lyggynge weyght... Another weyght Ys called auncels shafte and this weyght is forboden..by statute of parlement and also hooly chirche, hath cursed.., alle thoo that beyen or sellen by that auncel weyght. 7. a. One of the long bars, between a pair of which a horse is harnessed to a vehicle; a thill. Also (? U.S.) ‘the pole of a carriage, also called tongue or neap’ (Webster 1828–32). ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > parts of cart or carriage > [noun] > shaft(s) or pole thillc1325 limber1480 sway1535 neap1553 draught-tree1580 wain-beam1589 beam1600 fills1609 spire1609 foreteam?1611 verge1611 shaft1613 rangy1657 pole1683 thrill1688 trill1688 rod1695 range1702 neb1710 sharp1733 tram1766 carriage pole1767 sill1787 tongue1792 nib1808 dissel-boom1822 tongue-tree1829 reach1869 wain-stang1876 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 325 The shafts or beam of Gordius his cart. 1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey IV. xv. 208 The bounding shafts upon the harness play. a1764 R. Lloyd Cobbler of Cripplegate 124 The racer stumbles in the shaft, And shews he was not meant for draft. 1794 W. Felton Treat. Carriages I. 78 The shafts, which are the side framings by which it is supported by the horse. 1894 K. Grahame Pagan Papers 77 I found him smoking his vesper pipe on the shaft of his cart. b. Either of the two side-pieces of a ladder which support the rungs or steps. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > ladder > [noun] > upright side of ladder stalea1250 steal1395 stalkc1405 shaft1888 1888 R. L. Stevenson in Scribner's Mag. Nov. 638/1 The weedy spokes and shafts of the ladder. c. (See quot.) ΚΠ 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 630 The sides of this table [for casting sheet lead]..are guarded by a frame or edging of wood, 3 inches thick, and 4 or 5 inches higher than the interior surface, called the shafts. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 631 So that its ends, which are notched.., may ride upon the shafts. 8. Mechanics. A long cylindrical rotating rod upon which are fixed the parts for the transmission of motive power in a machine; also, a separable portion of a line of shafting.Also with qualifying word indicating a specific kind of shaft, as crank, paddle, propeller, screw shaft, countershaft n., etc.: see those words. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > shaft > [noun] shaft1688 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 340/2 The Shaft [of a Wind-Mill], that on which the Sail Rods are set. 1765 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. II. at Mill The undershot-wheel, upon whose shaft is fixed a spur or cog-wheel. 1823 R. Buchanan Pract. Ess. Mill-work 145 In the case of the small pinion..a much greater stress would be thrown on the journeys (or journals) of the shaft. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 43 In forming couplings, great care should be taken to make them fit, so that the coupled shaft may move as though of the same piece with the driving shaft. 1841 R. Willis Princ. Mechanism 44 (note) Axis is the general and scientific word, shaft the millwright's general term, and spindle his term for smaller shafts. 1873 J. Richards On Arrangem. Wood-working Factories 4 The last shaft, or the one farthest from the engine, can be driven at a higher speed than the other shafts to suit joiners' machines on an upper floor. 1887 D. A. Low Introd. Machine Drawing (1892) 30 Fig. 25, which represents a brake shaft carrier of a locomotive tender. 9. a. Weaving. Each of a pair of long laths between which the heddles are stretched; also applied to the pair taken together. Also in parasynthetic compounds with prefixed numeral, as four-shaft, ten-shaft adjs., designating makes of cloth.Although no early examples have been found, the sense is certainly old; the German schaft and Dutch schacht are similarly used. Cf. ‘thre-schaptyd cloth, triplex’ ( Promp. Parv., c1440): see three adj. and n. Compounds 3b. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > [noun] > weaving > loom > other parts studdlelOE staff1338 trendle14.. trindle1483 cylinder?a1560 harness1572 mail1731 mounture1731 leaf1807 march1807 dropbox1823 neck-twine1827 mounting1835 shaft1839 Jack1848 selvage-protector1863 serpent1878 take-up motiona1884 swell1894 the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [adjective] > woven > woven with specific number of web shafts three-shaftedc1440 four-shaft1904 ten-shaft1904 two-shafted- 1801 J. Butterworth in A. Barlow Weaving (1878) 317 The generality of weavers couple the first and third healds or shafts, and so are enabled to weave it with only two lams.] 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1230 The heddles being stretched between two shafts of wood, all the heddles connected by the same shafts are called a leaf. 1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 173 With four shafts and twenty pairs of leashes..the effect that may be produced will be noticed at ABCDE and F. 1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 173 At D the leashes are raised, and the shafts also. 1904 Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 344/1 [Obs. in W. Yorks.] Long thin flat rods of wood, upon which the ‘gems’ or ‘healds’ were stretched. The stretching was effected by a ‘top’ and ‘bodom’ shaft, and the whole was also termed a ‘shaft’, when describing the pattern or make of cloth to be produced, as ‘four shaft’, ‘ten shaft’, &c. †b. Scottish. A kind of woollen cloth. Obsolete. [Probably generalized from designations like four-shaft, ten-shaft, etc.: see above.] ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from wool > [noun] > with reference to method of weaving satin cloth1694 shaft1797 1797 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XIX. 208 Cloths manufactured from the above wool,..three quarters to yard broad seys, sarges, shafts, plaidings, baizes, linseywoolseys, jemmies, and stripped apron stuffs. 10. In various slang uses. a. The penis. Also †shaft of delight. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > sex organs > male sex organs > [noun] > penis weapona1000 tarsec1000 pintleOE cock?c1335 pillicock?c1335 yard1379 arrowa1382 looma1400 vergea1400 instrumentc1405 fidcocka1475 privya1500 virile member (or yard)?1541 prickc1555 tool1563 pillock1568 penis1578 codpiece1584 needle1592 bauble1593 dildo1597 nag1598 virility1598 ferret1599 rubigo?a1600 Jack1604 mentula1605 virge1608 prependent1610 flute1611 other thing1628 engine1634 manhood1640 cod1650 quillity1653 rammer1653 runnion1655 pego1663 sex1664 propagator1670 membrum virile1672 nervea1680 whore-pipe1684 Roger1689 pudding1693 handle?1731 machine1749 shaft1772 jock1790 poker1811 dickyc1815 Johnny?1833 organ1833 intromittent apparatus1836 root1846 Johnson1863 Peter1870 John Henry1874 dickc1890 dingusc1890 John Thomasc1890 old fellowc1890 Aaron's rod1891 dingle-dangle1893 middle leg1896 mole1896 pisser1896 micky1898 baby-maker1902 old man1902 pecker1902 pizzle1902 willy1905 ding-dong1906 mickey1909 pencil1916 dingbatc1920 plonkerc1920 Johna1922 whangera1922 knob1922 tube1922 ding1926 pee-pee1927 prong1927 pud1927 hose1928 whang1928 dong1930 putz1934 porkc1935 wiener1935 weenie1939 length1949 tadger1949 winkle1951 dinger1953 winky1954 dork1961 virilia1962 rig1964 wee-wee1964 Percy1965 meat tool1966 chopper1967 schlong1967 swipe1967 chode1968 trouser snake1968 ding-a-ling1969 dipstick1970 tonk1970 noonies1972 salami1977 monkey1978 langer1983 wanker1987 1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth IV. 72 It is a Shaft of Cupid's cut, 'Twill serve to Rove, to Prick, to Butt.] 1772 G. A. Stevens Songs Comic & Satyrical 11 For Cupid's Pantheon, the Shaft of Delight Must spring from the Masculine Base. 1971 B. W. Aldiss Soldier Erect 45 It was never enough merely to lower your trousers—they had to come off,..so that you could crouch there naked but for your shirt, frantically rubbing your shaft. b. A human leg. U.S. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > leg > [noun] shanka900 legc1300 grainsa1400 limbc1400 foot?a1425 stumpa1500 pin?1515 pestlea1529 boughc1550 stamp1567 understander1583 pile1584 supporters1601 walker?1611 trestle1612 fetlock1645 pedestal1695 drumstick1770 gam1785 timber1807 tram1808–18 fork1812 prop1817 nethers1822 forkals1828 understanding1828 stick1830 nether person1835 locomotive1836 nether man1846 underpinning1848 bender1849 Scotch peg1857 Scotch1859 under-pinner1859 stem1860 Coryate's compasses1864 peg1891 wheel1927 shaft1935 1935 A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 103/2 Shaft, a woman's leg. 1939 C. Morley Kitty Foyle 95 If anyone showed a good shaft Pop would wink at me. c. U.S. An act or instance of unfair or harsh treatment; slighting, rejection, ‘the push’; esp. in to give or get the shaft. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > [noun] > action of treating with contempt > an act of contempt scornc1275 despite1297 contemption1467 contempt1502 lightly1576 indignity1584 slight1719 fuck you1943 shaft1959 1959 Amer. Speech 34 155 A girl or boy who makes a play for another's date is snaking... If he succeeds, the loser gets the shaft (sometimes with barbs), the purple shaft, or the maroon harpoon, depending upon the degree of injury to his pride. 1960 H. Wentworth & S. B. Flexner Dict. Amer. Slang 461/1 Shaft.., an act or an instance of being taken advantage of, unfairly treated, deceived, tricked, cheated, or victimized; a raw deal. Usu. in ‘to get the (or a) shaft’. Fig., the image is the taboo one of the final insult, having someone insert something, as a barbed shaft, up one's rectum. 1964 Mad Mag. July 14 Looks like somebody gave him the shaft! 1977 Amer. Speech 1975 50 65 She gave him the shaft after he broke their date last weekend. 1979 Mod. Photography Dec. 86/2 I would give more of my business to Minolta but for the company's uncooperative, anti~consumer thinking. Doubtless there are many such as myself who have gotten the shaft. Compounds General attributive. C1. In sense 2 (arrow, etc.) a. shaft-arm n. ΚΠ 1801 T. Roberts Eng. Bowman 293 Shaft-arm, Shaft-hand, the arm, the hand, employed in drawing the arrow. † shaft-end n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 40 Yf I should shoote at a line and not at the marke, I woulde alwayes loke at my shaft ende. shaft-hand n. ΚΠ 1801Shaft-hand [see shaft-arm n.]. shaft-head n. ΚΠ 1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 40 To looke at your shafte hede at the lowse, is the greatest helpe to kepe a lengthe that can be. 1821 Ld. Byron Sardanapalus iv. i. 110 A huge quiver rose With shaft-heads feather'd from the eagle's wing. shaft-maker n. ΚΠ 1904 B. C. A. Windle Remains Prehist. Age Eng. iv. 80 Here the object was..to shape off the roughnesses of a stick, so as to convert it into an arrow-shaft—for which reason this kind of scraper is sometimes called a ‘shaft-maker’. b. shaft-armed adj. ΚΠ 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. i. 18 His hands charged with the wreath And golden sceptre or the God shaft-arm'd. shaft-like adj. ΚΠ 15.. J. Bryan in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign Elizabeth (1845) II. 335 Straight, shaft-like sprowts in shape and mind. 1899 R. B. Sharpe in Daily News 21 Feb. 6/2 A long shaft-like plume. shaft-straight adj. ΚΠ 1849 C. Brontë Shirley II. v. 127 Her shaft-straight carriage and lightsome step. shaft-strong adj. C2. † shaft-wise adv. Obsolete ? in cylindrical form. ΚΠ 1519 W. Horman Vulgaria ix. f. 105^v All preciouse stonys may be made shaft wyse, saue pearlys. Omnes gemmæ teretes fieri possunt, extra vnum vnionem. C3. In sense 5a (Architecture), as shaft-architecture, shaft-cap, shaft-ring. ΚΠ 1851 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice I. viii. 95 The earliest and grandest shaft architecture which we know, that of Egypt. 1882 Archaeologia Cantiana 14 364 The segmental arch of its head springs not from shaft-caps but from vertical stilts. 1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Shaft-ring, an annular band..which seems to surround a shaft of a column. It is often the wrought edge of a stone plate which separates two stones that make up a shaft, the inclosing ring being an appearance only. C4. In sense 4h (handle). shaft-hole n. Archaeology the hole in an axe-head or similar implement for the insertion of the haft or handle. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > parts of tools generally > [noun] > shank or socket socket1448 hose1743 shaft-hole1852 the world > time > relative time > the past > history or knowledge about the past > [noun] > archaeology > artefacts scyphus1722 ceraunite1814 skyphos1847 shaft-hole1852 ostracon1853 scramasax1862 shard1865 ovate1872 omphalos1884 stop-ridge1894 tsung1904 pygmy flint1907 spacer1907 dotaku1908 yuan1912 roughout1913 rostro-carinate1919 shawabti1922 racloir1923 shoe-last1927 sleeve1929 ard1931 proto-biface1967 1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) ii. 234 Shaft prop, servante. 1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) ii. 234 Shaft stay, cravate. 1865 J. Lubbock Prehist. Times ii. 34 The British lance-heads frequently have loops at the side of the shaft-hole,..which is never the case with Danish specimens. 1894 J. Macintosh Ayrshire Nights' Entertainm. 201 A stone axe..having a shaft-hole one inch in width. 1928 V. G. Childe Most Anc. East v. 133 The process of core-casting and the invention of the shaft-hole axe. 1958 W. Willetts Chinese Art I. ii. 75 (heading) Objects derived from the shaft-hole adze. 1971 Listener 7 Jan. 14/1 (caption) Copper shaft-hole tools of the Balkan late neolithic. C5. In sense 7a (thill of a carriage, etc.) shaft-bar n. ΚΠ 1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. Shaft-bars, are two pieces of wood to fasten the hind ends of the shafts together, into which they are pinned with wooden pins. shaft-bender n. ΚΠ ?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 56 Coach making..Shaft Bender. shaft-bolt n. ΚΠ 1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) ii. 234 Shaft bolt, boulon de limonière. shaft-jack n. ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Shaft-jack, (Vehicle) an iron attaching the shafts to the axle. shaft-loop n. ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Shaft-loop, (Harness) the ring of leather suspended from the gig-saddle to hold the thill or shaft. shaft-man n. ΚΠ ?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 56 Coach making..Shaftman. shaft-ring n. ΚΠ 1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. Rings, in artillery, are of various uses such as, the shaft-rings to fasten the harness of the shaft-horse by means of a pin. shaft tug n. ΚΠ 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports iii. iii. iv. 543 A buckle and strong loop on each side, called the Shaft Tug, by which the shaft is supported. C6. shaft-horse n. the horse which goes in the shafts. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [noun] > draught-horse > team of > horse(s) attached to or between shafts thill-horsec1325 limoneer1524 thiller1552 body horse1558 fill-horse1600 limber1632 filler1695 pole horse1725 shaft-horse1769 wheel-pair1794 wheeler1813 shafter1840 1769 J. Wesley Jrnl. 28 July The shaft-horse..boggled and turned short. 1885 J. Ruskin Præterita I. vi. 182 The four horses were driven by one postillion riding the shaft horse. C7. Ornithology (sense 4b). shaft-mark n. ΚΠ 1884 J. H. Gurney List Diurnal Birds Prey 157 The dark shaft-marks much narrower than in the female [Kestrel]. shaft-spot n. ΚΠ 1888 P. L. Sclater & W. H. Hudson Argentine Ornithol. I. 164 Above plumbeous, with slight darker shaft-spots. shaft-streak n. ΚΠ 1874 R. B. Sharpe Catal. Birds Brit. Mus. I. 438 Crown rufous, with blackish shaft-streaks. shaft-stripe n. ΚΠ 1867 P. L. Sclater & O. Salvin Exotic Ornithol. 71 There are linear elongated shaft-stripes on the head and on portions of the under plumage. C8. shaft-tailed bunting n. Latham's name for one of the buntings of the genus Emberiza. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > seed eaters > [noun] > family Emberizidae > subfamily Emberizinae (bunting) > genus Emberiza > other types of black-headed bunting1781 shaft-tailed bunting1781 cirl bunting1783 seave-cap1864 1781 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 183 Shaft-tailed Bunting. shaft-tailed whydah n. (also shaft-tailed widow bird) a dark-coloured African weaver-bird, Vidua regia, having long tail-feathers with bare shafts. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > seed eaters > family Ploceidae > [noun] > subfamily Viduinae (whydah) > types of painted finch1731 rooibek1867 king rooibekkie1868 shaft-tailed whydah1881 king of six1913 1881 F. Oates Matabele-Land facing p. 220 (caption) Shaft-tailed Whydah Bird. 1900 A. C. Stark Birds S. Afr. I. 148 Shaft-tailed Widow Bird... The four central, elongated tail-feathers are webbed at their ends.., the rest of them consists of bare shaft. 1948 C. D. Priest Eggs of Birds breeding in S. Afr. 135 Shaft-tailed Whydah..undoubtedly parasitic. 1974 Sci. Amer. Oct. 96/2 The shaft-tailed widow bird of South Africa..mimics the repertory of its host, the violet-eared waxbill. C9. In sense 8 (axle or revolving bar). shaft-bearing adj. ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Shaft-bearing. shaft-boss n. ΚΠ 1863 P. Barry Dockyard Econ. 236 This is 42 feet in length, and, with its sole and shaft-boss, weighs 40 tons. shaft-bracket n. ΚΠ 1894 W. H. White Man. Naval Archit. (ed. 3) 415 (Cent. Dict. Suppl.) Stems, sternposts, shaft-brackets, rudders, etc., are now commonly made of cast steel instead of forged iron or steel. shaft-coupling adj. shaft-drive n. ΚΠ 1906 Westm. Gaz. 26 June 4/1 As regards transmission, fourteen of the cars are employing chains, as against twenty relying on shaft drive. shaft-driven adj. ΚΠ 1906 Daily Chron. 14 Nov. 9/3 These cars are shaft-driven. shaft-eye n. shaft-gearing adj. ΚΠ 1835 A. Ure Philos. Manuf. 34 The recent innovations in..adjusting the movements of the system of shaft-geering. shaft-governor n. ΚΠ 1898 Engin. Mag. 16 146/2 The Design and Setting of Shaft Governors. shaft-head n. ΚΠ 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 130 A gudgeon from the end of each cylinder runs into an iron fastened to the shaft-head. shaft-passage n. ΚΠ 1874 S. J. P. Thearle Naval Archit. (new ed.) I. 115 The bulkheads of the shaft passages are sometimes made watertight. C10. shaft-alley n. Nautical (see quot. 1884); also used attributively to designate unofficial or unreliable information or its source, attributed to gossip in shaft-alley. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > rumour > [adjective] shaft-alley1884 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > hold > passage containing propeller-shaft shaft-alley1884 1884 Naval Encycl. 732/1 Shaft-alley, a passage extending from the engine-room to the stern..in which is contained the propeller-shaft and its bearings. 1922 L. Hisey Sea Grist 155 It was rumored by shaft alley wireless that we would reach Antwerp, Belgium, in two days. 1941 R. G. M. Ehlers Diary of Ship's Surgeon (1944) 67 A ‘shaft alley’ rumor brought word that all ships had been ordered out of Hong Kong. 1945 Sun (Baltimore) 30 Aug. 7–0/5 It's the job of these six men to go down to the nethermost portion of this ship in ‘Shaft Alley’, where the big propeller shafts whirl. shaft horsepower n. brake horsepower, spec. power delivered to a propeller shaft or the shaft of a turbine. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > capacity for exertion of mechanical force > power or rate of work known as horse-power > brake horsepower brake horsepower1887 shaft horsepower1908 power rating1917 1908 A. E. Tompkins Marine Engin. (ed. 3) v. 61 The torsion-meter is used to measure this angular twist between two points of a shaft, and from this angle the shaft horse-power is calculated. 1974 Petroleum Rev. 28 490/1 The high shaft horsepower was the conditioning factor for this proportion of pilot fuel. shaft turbine n. (see quot. 1958). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > turbine > [noun] > driven by gas > specific type shaft turbine1958 turboshaft1958 1958 Chambers's Techn. Dict. Add. 1013/1 Shaft turbine, any gas turbine aero-engine wherein the major part of the energy in the combustion gases is extracted by a turbine and delivered, through appropriate gearing, to a shaft. 1970 P. M. Lambermont & A. Pirie Helicopters & Autogyros (ed. 2) 147 It had two shaft-turbine engines mounted on the cabin top instead of two Pratt and Whitney piston engines. C11. a. Weaving (sense 9), as shaft harness. ΚΠ 1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 170 The above contrivance entirely dispenses with a separate set of treadles to work the shaft harness. b. shaft-monture n. a kind of mounting for the heddles of a loom (see quot. 1890). ΚΠ 1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 168 The second [contrivance] is generally used in weaving the richest silks now made, and is termed the split harness, or ‘shaft monture’. 1890 Cent. Dict. Shaft monture, a kind of mounting for the heddles of looms in figure-weaving. C12. shaft-furnace n. ‘a high furnace, charged at the top and tapped at the bottom’ (Raymond Mining Gloss. 1881). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > [noun] > types of furnace by shape philosophers' tower1688 cupola-furnace1716 ring furnace1842 shaft-furnace1874 stack-furnace1877 1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 393 Those shaft-furnaces which use charcoal as fuel. 1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 174 Shaft-furnace, a high furnace, charged at the top and tapped at the bottom. Draft additions 1993 the pole of a paddle, to which the blade is attached (cf. loom n.¹ 5). ΚΠ 1893 J. D. Hayward Canoeing iii. 27 The paddle generally used with the paddling..canoe, is that known as the double blade; it consists of a shaft with a blade at each end. 1986 Pract. Woodworking July 349/1 It is normal for the paddle blades to be fixed at right angles to each other on the shaft so the upper blade passes through the air in a ‘feathered’ mode. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022). shaftn.³ Brit. /ʃɑːft/, /ʃaft/, U.S. /ʃæft/ Forms: Also Middle English shafte. Etymology: Corresponds in sense to Middle High German schaht , modern German schacht (masculine), which is probably < Low German schacht (also Dutch) of the same meaning, usually regarded as a specific application of schacht = shaft n.², the primitive notion being that of something cylindrical. It is possible, however, that the type skafto- represented by Low German schacht* , English shaft ‘pit-hole’, may be a separate formation on the Germanic root skaƀ- of shave v., in its original sense to dig (compare Greek σκάπτειν). On either of these views, it is doubtful whether shaft* ‘pit-hole’ goes back to Old English (though not recorded before the 15th cent.), or was introduced into England by foreign miners. Some scholars still adhere to the view of Grimm, that the High German schacht (and Low German schacht in this sense) represent a Germanic type ska χto-z* . On this supposition the English word would necessarily be a loan word from the continent. Grimm's hypothesis is formally possible, but leaves the ultimate etymology obscure, as the suggested connection with the root skak- shake v. is semasiologically improbable. 1. A vertical or slightly inclined well-like excavation made in mining, tunnelling, etc., as a means of access to underground workings, for hoisting out materials, testing the subsoil, ventilation, etc.For air-shaft, engine-shaft, pumping-shaft, etc.: see those words. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > shaft groovea1400 shaft1433 sink1557 mine pit1587 sinking1613 footway1778 shank1790 mine shaft1818 1433–4 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham* (1901) III. 711 Pro factura unius shaft infra campum de Heworth pro carbonibus ibidem lucrandis, 20s. 1443 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1901) III. 713 Cum thirlyng unius shafte. 1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall i. f. 8^v There they sincke a Shaft, or pit of fiue or sixe foote in length [etc.]. 1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 80 By letting down shafts from the day (as Miners speak). 1733 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Effects Air Human Bodies ii. 34 Suppose a Tube, or, as the Miners call it, a Shaft were sunk from the Surface of the Earth to the Centre. 1816 W. R. Clanny in Ann. Philos. 7 369 In this district there are several coal-mines that have only one shaft, which serves the double purpose of ventilation and working. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 369/2 Shafts of at least four feet diameter should be sunk along the line of the tunnel. 1868 W. Morris Rhodope in Earthly Paradise 14 Nor as yet had any one Sunk shaft in hill-side there, or dried the stream To see if 'neath its sand gold specks might gleam. 1888 F. Hume Madame Midas i. i. 20 She..sank a shaft in the place indicated. 2. Military Mining. (See quot. 1876.) ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > attack > action or state of siege or blockade > [noun] > mine(s) > part of countermure1553 terrace1579 chamber1638 well1702 trench cavalier1798 shaft1834 1834 J. S. Macaulay Treat. Field Fortification 176 The top frame of the shaft is then let into the ground. 1834 J. S. Macaulay Treat. Field Fortification 177 In unfavourable soil the whole shaft must be lined with sheeting. 1876 G. E. Voyle Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) Shaft, in military mining is the perpendicular passage sunk from the surface of the ground to the required depth, from which the branches of the mine diverge, termed ‘galleries’... Shafts and galleries are lined with timber to prevent the soil from breaking in. 3. transferred. Applied to other well-like excavations, or passages. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > conveyor > [noun] > shaft funnel1555 trunk1610 shaft1820 well hole1829 1820 G. Belzoni Narr. Egypt & Nubia ii. 270 Where the granite work finishes at the end of this passage [in the 2nd Pyramid], there is a perpendicular shaft of fifteen feet. 1859 F. Nightingale Notes on Nursing iii. 21 The nurse makes it her business to turn the patient's room into a ventilating shaft for the foul air of the whole house. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. ii. 18 Numerous shafts, the forsaken passages of ancient ‘moulins’. 1912 World 25 June 1005/2 The second floor [of the burning house] seemed a furnace, and the shaft of the lift acted as a chimney. Compounds C1. simple attributive, as shaft ladder, shaft mouth, shaft work, etc.; shaft sinking n. Also objective, as shaft-sinker. ΚΠ 1844 F. W. Simms (title) Practical tunnelling, explaining in detail..shaft sinking, and heading driving. 1862 Times 21 Jan. Mr. Coulson..has had vast experience in shaft work. c1868 C. Warren Recov. Jerus. (1871) 128 The shaft mouth is on the south side of the Sanctuary wall. 1909 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 239 They started to descend the shaft-ladders. 1922 D. H. Lawrence Aaron's Rod (N.Y. ed.) vii. 70 His father had been a shaft-sinker. C2. shaft-drill n. ‘a rotary drilling-machine, armed with diamond points, for boring vertical shafts’ (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1875). shaft-grave n. Archaeology applied to ancient interments in a ‘shaft’. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > types of tomb > [noun] > types of ancient or prehistoric table tomb1738 well tomb1843 chamber tomb1850 passage grave1865 allée couverte1870 passage tomb1870 mastaba1882 tholos1885 beehive tomb1887 circle-tomb1889 shaft tomb1895 shaft-grave1910 pit-cave1921 gallery grave1937 dyss1938 1910 D. G. Hogarth in Encycl. Brit. I. 248/1 The shaft graves in the Mycenae circle are also a late type. shaft-house n. ‘the heavy framework for the pulleys and landing-place at the top of a mining shaft, some-times enclosed for protection from the weather’ ( Funk's Stand. Dict. 1895); also attributive. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > mouth or top of mine or shaft > apparatus at mouth of shaft puppet head1778 headgear1835 headstocks1845 poppet-head1869 head house1870 shaft-house1872 shaft-tackle1874 shut1886 1872 Statistics of Mines & Mining 1870 (U.S. Treasury Dept.) 344 The quartz is brought from the mine, unless the mill is in or near the shaft-house, in wagons. 1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 332 I cannot see the need or use of a shaft-house of such a shape and only 10 feet in diameter. 1882 M. Foote Led-horse Claim 15 The lights which beckoned to each other across it shone from the shaft houses of Led-Horse and Shoshone mines. 1914 G. Atherton Perch of Devil ii. 355 Not daring to summon the shaft-house man, he was sneaking down the ladder. shaftman n. a man employed to keep the shaft in repair ( Northumbld. Gloss.); also, a workman employed to sink shafts (cf. shaftsman n.). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > one who sinks shafts sinkman1678 shaftman?1881 shaftsman?1881 shanker1882 ?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 85 Lead miner..shaftman. ?1881 Census Eng. & Wales: Instr. Clerks classifying Occupations & Ages (?1885) 84 Tin miner..Shaftman. 1893 W. C. Borlase Age Saints Cornwall Introd. 21 Many a first-rate Cornish miner—a ‘shaftman’, that is to say—belongs to it [the German type]. shaft pillar n. Mining a body of coal or rock unworked in order to provide support for an adjacent shaft. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > pillar or area of unworked material forbar?15.. pillar1591 whole1728 stalch1747 post1793 stenting1812 rib1818 stook1826 man-of-war1835 spurn1837 staple1839 barrier1849 shaft pillar1855 barrier-pillar1881 stoop1881 stump1881 1855 G. C. Greenwell Pract. Treat. Mine Engin. vi. 155 The situation of coal pits varies so much, together with the position of the seams of coal, dykes and slips, that no rule can be laid down for the form of the pillars of coal, left near the shaft, which are called the shaft pillars. 1929 I. C. F. Statham Winning & Working xxx. 499 This subsidence was not..wholly due to the removal of the shaft pillar, but was partly accounted for by crushing of the shaft pillar in an upper seam. 1977 Irish Press 29 Sept. 8/4 A third semipermanent pillar, known as the shaft pillar, cuts across the orebody from north to south. shaft-rent n. (see quot. 1849). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for privilege > [noun] > of taking minerals > from another royalty outstroke rent1849 shaft-rent1849 1849 G. C. Greenwell Gloss. Terms Coal Trade Northumberland & Durham 42 Shaft rent, for the privilege of drawing up the shaft the coal worked from another royalty by outstroke. shaft-riding n. ascending by means of a lift or cage in a shaft. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > transporting by lift or cage shaft-riding1887 man-riding1950 1887 P. McNeill Blawearie 57 In those days the miners who worked the coalfields on the estate of Blawearie were but rarely allowed to indulge in the luxury of ‘shaft riding’. shaft-tackle n. = poppet-head n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > mouth or top of mine or shaft > apparatus at mouth of shaft puppet head1778 headgear1835 headstocks1845 poppet-head1869 head house1870 shaft-house1872 shaft-tackle1874 shut1886 1874 J. H. Collins Princ. Metal Mining (1875) xiv. 81 The cost of preparing and fixing this shaft-tackle should not exceed 25s. or 30s. for timber, ironwork, and labour. shaft tomb n. = shaft-grave n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > types of tomb > [noun] > types of ancient or prehistoric table tomb1738 well tomb1843 chamber tomb1850 passage grave1865 allée couverte1870 passage tomb1870 mastaba1882 tholos1885 beehive tomb1887 circle-tomb1889 shaft tomb1895 shaft-grave1910 pit-cave1921 gallery grave1937 dyss1938 1895 A. Lang et al. tr. Homer Iliad I. Introd. 15 The ‘shaft tombs’ discovered by Dr. Schliemann in the Acropolis of Mykenai. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † shaftv.¹ Etymology: Of obscure origin. Obsolete. rare. intransitive. Of the sun: ? To set. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sun > solar movement > move [verb (intransitive)] > set nipeeOE grindc1050 to go to gladec1200 settlea1375 fall?c1400 shaftc1400 rebash1481 to go to1584 sinka1586 welk1590 wave1592 verge1610 sit1621 western1858 c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1467 He rechated, & rode þurȝ roneȝ ful þyk, Suande þis wylde swyn til þe sunne schafted. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online December 2021). shaftv.² Brit. /ʃɑːft/, /ʃaft/, U.S. /ʃæft/ Etymology: < shaft n.² 1. transitive. To fit (an arrow-head, a weapon or tool) with a shaft. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > production and development of arms > produce or develop arms [verb (transitive)] > fit with handle, shaft, or hilt helvec1440 shaft1611 hilt1813 society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making tools, equipment, or fastenings > make tools, equipment, or fastenings [verb (transitive)] > furnish tool with handle haftc1430 helvec1440 stave1542 steal1543 handle1600 shaft1611 stouk1686 tree1864 1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words Alberáre,..Also to shaft or stave any weapon as a holbard. a1775 Hobie Noble xvi, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1890) IV. vii. 3/1 Gar warn the bows o' Hartlie-burn See they shaft their arrows on the wa! 1853 G. J. Cayley Las Alforjas II. 256 Many of our modern authors live by..new shafting and feathering old arrow heads. 2. to shaft out: to shoot as an arrow or shaft. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > use of bow and arrow > shoot (arrow) [verb (transitive)] loosec1400 squib1603 to shaft out1862 1862 G. W. Thornbury Life J. M. W. Turner II. 88 There was the storm rolling..and shafting out its lightning over the Yorkshire hills. 3. To propel (a barge, etc.) with a pole. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > propelling boat by oars, paddle, or pole > propel boat by oars, paddle, or pole [verb (transitive)] > pole or punt shove1513 conta1687 set1705 punt1759 pole1769 kent1820 poy1834 shaft1869 quant1870 prick1891 1869 A. Davis Velocipede 5 Like unto the method of punting or shafting vessels. 1906 Daily Chron. 19 Feb. 10/5 Sometimes a boat is ‘shafted’ through [a tunnel] with a pole. 4. To treat unfairly or harshly; to cheat, deceive; to take advantage of; to slight, reject. slang (originally and chiefly North American). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > hold in contempt [verb (transitive)] > treat with contempt unworthc950 to make scorn at, toc1320 to take in vainc1330 despise1377 rebuke?a1400 despite1481 indign1490 to make a mumming of1523 flock1545 scandalize1566 to make coarse account of1578 misregard1582 overpeer1583 to make a pish at (also of)1593 to make a push at1600 to bite by the nose1602 blurta1625 to piss ona1625 to make wash-way of, with1642 trample1646 huff1677 snouch1761 to walk over (the course)1779 to run over ——1816 snoot1928 shaft1959 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > treat fraudulently, cheat [verb (transitive)] > outwit, get the better of undergoa1325 circumvene1526 crossbitec1555 circumvent1564 gleek1577 outreach1579 fob1583 overreach1594 fub1600 encompassa1616 out-craftya1616 out-knave1648 mump1649 jockey1708 come1721 nail1735 slew1813 Jew1825 to sew up1837 to play (it) low down (on)1864 outfox1872 beat1873 outcraft1879 to get a beat on1889 old soldier1892 to put one over1905 to get one over on1912 to get one over1921 outsmart1926 shaft1959 1959 Amer. Speech 34 155 A raw deal from any other source may also be referred to in this way; for example, one may be shafted or jabbed by the opposite sex, a professor, a policeman, parents, or anyone else for any real or imagined injury. 1966 ‘E. Lathen’ Murder makes Wheels go Round xiii. 108 He was a menace to Wahl... He'd railroaded Orin Dunn into jail... He was shafting Buck Holsinger! 1970 Deb. House of Commons (Canada) 1 June 7551/2 As I have told my constituents in Hamilton, Ontario, which seems to have been continually shafted by this government. 1971 B. Malamud Tenants 19 Rent control..is an immoral situation. The innocent landlord gets shafted. 1976 M. Machlin Pipeline xxxv. 397 I think how they're shafting us with this whole deal. 5. = fuck v. 1. coarse slang. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > engage in sexual activity with [verb (transitive)] > have sexual intercourse with mingeOE haveOE knowc1175 ofliec1275 to lie with (or by)a1300 knowledgec1300 meetc1330 beliea1350 yknowc1350 touchc1384 deala1387 dightc1386 usea1387 takec1390 commona1400 to meet witha1400 servea1400 occupy?a1475 engender1483 jangle1488 to be busy with1525 to come in1530 visitc1540 niggle1567 mow1568 to mix one's thigh with1593 do1594 grind1598 pepper1600 yark1600 tumble1603 to taste of1607 compressc1611 jumble1611 mix?1614 consort?1615 tastea1616 bumfiddle1630 ingressa1631 sheet1637 carnal1643 night-work1654 bump1669 bumble1680 frig?c1680 fuck1707 stick1707 screw1719 soil1722 to do over1730 shag1770 hump1785 subagitatec1830 diddle1879 to give (someone) onec1882 charver1889 fuckeec1890 plugc1890 dick1892 to make a baby1911 to know (a person) in the biblical sense1912 jazz1920 rock1922 yentz1924 roll1926 to make love1927 shtupa1934 to give (or get) a tumble1934 shack1935 bang1937 to have it off1937 rump1937 tom1949 to hop into bed (with)1951 ball1955 to make it1957 plank1958 score1960 naughty1961 pull1965 pleasurea1967 to have away1968 to have off1968 dork1970 shaft1970 bonk1975 knob1984 boink1985 fand- 1970 G. Lord Marshmallow Pie xxi. 185 There was this young girl among them, not even sixteen yet..like as not being shafted by every dirty long-haired crud in town. 1971 B. W. Aldiss Soldier Erect 82 How sinful he looked, squatting there by the water while his wife was being shafted by some dirty big Mendip only a few feet away! 1971 J. Wainwright Last Buccaneer ii. 228 He was Jimmy Needler—that's all…and the rest of the world could go shaft itself. Derivatives ˈshafting n. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > [noun] > sexual intercourse ymonec950 moneOE meanc1175 manredc1275 swivinga1300 couplec1320 companyc1330 fellowred1340 the service of Venusc1350 miskissinga1387 fellowshipc1390 meddlinga1398 carnal knowinga1400 flesha1400 knowledgea1400 knowledginga1400 japec1400 commoning?c1425 commixtionc1429 itc1440 communicationc1450 couplingc1475 mellingc1480 carnality1483 copulation1483 mixturea1500 Venus act?1507 Venus exercise?1507 Venus play?1507 Venus work?1507 conversation?c1510 flesh-company1522 act?1532 carnal knowledge1532 occupying?1544 congression1546 soil1555 conjunction1567 fucking1568 rem in re1568 commixture1573 coiture1574 shaking of the sheets?1577 cohabitation1579 bedding1589 congress1589 union1598 embrace1599 making-outa1601 rutting1600 noddy1602 poop-noddy1606 conversinga1610 carnal confederacy1610 wapping1610 businessa1612 coition1615 doinga1616 amation1623 commerce1624 hot cocklesa1627 other thing1628 buck1632 act of love1638 commistion1658 subagitation1658 cuntc1664 coit1671 intimacy1676 the last favour1676 quiffing1686 old hat1697 correspondence1698 frigging1708 Moll Peatley1711 coitus1713 sexual intercourse1753 shagging1772 connection1791 intercourse1803 interunion1822 greens1846 tail1846 copula1864 poking1864 fuckeea1866 sex relation1871 wantonizing1884 belly-flopping1893 twatting1893 jelly roll1895 mattress-jig1896 sex1900 screwing1904 jazz1918 zig-zig1918 other1922 booty1926 pigmeat1926 jazzing1927 poontang1927 relations1927 whoopee1928 nookie1930 hump1931 jig-a-jig1932 homework1933 quickie1933 nasty1934 jig-jig1935 crumpet1936 pussy1937 Sir Berkeley1937 pom-pom1945 poon1947 charvering1954 mollocking1959 leg1967 rumpy-pumpy1968 shafting1971 home plate1972 pata-pata1977 bonking1985 legover1985 knobbing1986 rumpo1986 fanny1993 1971 B. W. Aldiss Soldier Erect 124 Hello there, gran! What do you do? Gobble? Where are the birds? We want three as are fit enough to stand a gude shafting. 1972 J. Wainwright Requiem for Loser iii. 50 What a monumental shafting he'd deliver to some lucky bint. 1973 Farm & Country 20 Nov. 23/3 Hugh Blaine charged that farmers ‘suffered a shafting at the hands of feed dealers last year’. 1975 R. H. Rimmer Premar Exper. i. 94 After double-dealing with his own people and selling them to the slavers, some slaver gave the king and his family a shafting and enslaved them too. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹888n.²a1000n.³1433v.¹c1400v.²1611
随便看	groundless groundlesslier groundlessliest groundlessly groundlessness groundlessnesses groundlevel groundline groundling groundlings groundlizard groundly groundmail groundmark groundmass groundmasses groundmeasure groundment groundmite groundmoraine groundmouse groundmyrtle groundneedle groundnest groundnester

† shaftn.1

shaftn.2

Compounds

Draft additions 1993

shaftn.3

Compounds

† shaftv.1

shaftv.2

Derivatives

† shaftn.¹

shaftn.²

shaftn.³

† shaftv.¹

shaftv.²