shibbolethn.

Brit.

/ˈʃɪbəlɛθ/,

/ˈʃɪbələθ/, U.S.

/ˈʃɪbələθ/

Forms: Middle English s(h)ebolech, 1500s, 1600s schiboleth, 1600s schibboleth, 1600s–1800s shiboleth, 1600s– shibboleth.

Etymology: < Hebrew šibboleṯ; in the Vulgate transliterated sciboleth. The word occurs with the senses ‘ear of corn’ and ‘stream in flood’; in the passage now referred to the Septuagint and Vulgate give the former rendering; modern commentators prefer the latter, on the ground that on this view the selection of the word is naturally accounted for, as the slaughter took place ‘at the fords of Jordan’. Compare sibboleth v.

1. The Hebrew word used by Jephthah as a test-word by which to distinguish the fleeing Ephraimites (who could not pronounce the sh) from his own men the Gileadites (Judges xii. 4–6).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > specific tests or testing > word used as test by Jephtha

shibboleth1382

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Judges xii. 6 Thei askiden hym, Seye thanne Sebolech [1535 Coverdale Schiboleth, 1611 Shibboleth],..the which answerde, Shebolech [a1425 L.V. Thebolech, 1535 Siboleth, 1611 Sibboleth].

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 289 In that sore battel when so many dy'd Without Reprieve adjudg'd to death, For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth .

1844 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. vi. iii. 73 As some endeavoured to conceal their character, recourse was had to a test like the Jewish Shiboleth.

2. transferred.

a. A word or sound which a person is unable to pronounce correctly; a word used as a test for detecting foreigners, or persons from another district, by their pronunciation.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > [noun] > that which is or can be spoken > difficult to articulate or tongue-twister

goleec1375

gargle1657

shibboleth1658

mouthful1883

tongue-tier1883

tongue-twister1898

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > specific tests or testing > word or sound used to detect foreigner

shibboleth1658

1658 J. Cleveland Rustick Rampant 36 They had a Shibboleth to discover them, he who pronounced Brot and Cawse for Bread and Cheese had his head lopt off.

1660 T. Fuller Mixt Contempl. i. xxxviii. 62 It [sc. the word trespasses] is a shiboleth to a child's tongue, wherein there is a confluence of hard consonants together.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Essex 335 R. was Shiboleth unto him, which he could not easily pronounce.

1827 W. Scott Two Drovers in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. I. xiii. 307 In attempting to teach his companion to utter, with true precision, the shibboleth Llhu, which is the Gaelic for a calf.

1863 N. Hawthorne Our Old Home I. 44 The best shibboleth I ever hit upon lay in the pronunciation of the word ‘been’.

1873 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) i. 139 The TH with its twofold value is one of the most characteristic features of our language, and more than any other the Shibboleth of foreigners.

b. A peculiarity of pronunciation or accent indicative of a person's origin.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > accent > [noun] > distinctive feature of

shibboleth1663

1663 J. Heath Flagellum 123 There were slain [at Worcester] in Field and in Town,..and in pursuit some 3000, and some 8000. taken prisoners in several places, most of the English escaping by their Shiboleth.

1701 D. Defoe True-born Englishman i. 12 The Customs, Sirnames, Languages, and Manners, Of all these Nations..Whose Relicks..ha' left a Shiboleth upon our Tongue; By which..you may distinguish Your Roman-Saxon-Danish-Norman English.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 112/1 The commonalty [of Northumberland] are..remarkably distinguished by a kind of shibboleth or whurle, being a particular way of pronouncing the letter R.

c. loosely. A custom, habit, mode of dress, or the like, which distinguishes a particular class or set of persons.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > custom of a society or group

i-wunec888

thewc893

wise971

law of (the) landc1175

customa1200

wonec1200

tidingc1275

orderc1300

usancea1325

usagec1330

usea1393

guisea1400

spacec1400

stylec1430

rite1467

fashion1490

frequentation1525

institution1551

tradition1597

mode1642

shibboleth1804

dastur1888

praxis1892

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun] > a characteristic > of a particular set of persons

shibboleth1804

1804 ‘Ignotus’ Culina 155 Custard and apple-pie is the Shibboleth by which an Alderman may be known.

1838 W. Howitt Rural Life Eng. I. i. iv. 57 The sportsman's shooting dress is a sibboleth [1854 shibboleth], which introduces him alike to his superiors, to his fellows, and his inferiors.

1885 T. A. Dodge Patroclus & Penelope 10 The newly fledged equestrian who makes them [the English hunting-rig and crop] his shibboleth, and who discards as ‘bad form’ any deviation upon the road from what is eminently in place after hounds.

1902 Gosse in Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 819/2 Joseph and his Brethren became a kind of shibboleth—a rite of initiation into the true poetic culture.

a. figurative. A catchword or formula adopted by a party or sect, by which their adherents or followers may be discerned, or those not their followers may be excluded.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > word or cry > [noun] > password > of sect or society

watchworda1535

shibboleth1638

syntheme1658

1638 E. Norice New Gospel 3 His followers sequestring themselves to such as were their own way,..gave themselves to mirth and jollity,..as if it were the only Shibboleth whereby to be discerned from the miserable Legalists that held mourning and sorrow for sinne.

1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther iv. 133 For them..Their Foes a deadly Shibboleth devise: By which unrighteously it was decreed, That none to Trust, or Profit should succeed, Who would not swallow first a poysonous wicked Weed.

1771 J. Wesley Serm. xliv, in Wks. (1829) VI. 63 But here is the shibboleth: Is man by nature filled with all manner of evil?.. Allow this, and you are so far a Christian. Deny it, and you are but a Heathen still.

1784 W. Cowper Let. 22 Feb. (1981) II. 215 The mere shibboleth of a party.

1809 W. Scott Let. 10 Sept. (1932) II. 235 Knaves and fools invent catch-words and shibboleths..to keep them [sc. ‘honest’ persons] from coming to a just understanding.

1862 J. Skelton Nugæ Criticæ ix. 424 The age..strives to emancipate itself from the fetters of party shibboleths.

1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist vi. §3. 394 Christians were ready to insist upon the insensate Shibboleth, ‘Except ye be circumcised..ye cannot be saved’.

b. The mode of speech distinctive of a profession, class, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > a language > register > [noun] > jargon

language1502

term of art1570

fustiana1593

jargoning1623

jargon1651

speciality1657

lingo1659

cant1684

linguaa1734

patois1790

slang1801

shibboleth1829

glim-glibber1844

argot1860

gammy1864

patter1875

stagese1876

vernacular1876

palaver1909

babble1930

buzzword1946

in word1964

rabbit1976

1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1831) II. 231 She has assumed the garb and even the shibboleth of the sect.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 400 To that sanctimonious jargon, which was his shibboleth, was opposed another jargon not less absurd.

1884 Graphic 25 Oct. 437/3 Not given to talk stable, as is too often the case with racing men, but putting off the shibboleth of the turf with his race-glasses.

Draft additions 1993

Hence, a moral formula held tenaciously and unreflectingly, esp. a prohibitive one; a taboo.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > prohibition > [noun] > taboo

taboo1777

tapu1833

geis1880

shibboleth1930

1930 N. Coward Private Lives ii. 54 All the futile moralists... Laugh at them... Laugh at everything, all their sacred shibboleths.

1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet iii. i. 169 Eating..things which the weary long record of shibboleth and superstition had taught his upright kind to call filth.

1963 J. Moynahan Deed of Life iii. i. 98 Lilly remains an annoying little man,..who may be refreshingly free from the duller middle-class shibboleths, but..is also unpleasantly self-conscious and humorless.

1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds xvii. 412 She was untroubled by shibboleths like hitting below the belt.

1988 F. Spalding Stevie Smith ii. 36 From the Anglo-Catholic point of view, the 1914–18 war helped break down a number of shibboleths.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	shibboleth
释义	shibbolethn. Brit. /ˈʃɪbəlɛθ/, /ˈʃɪbələθ/, U.S. /ˈʃɪbələθ/ Forms: Middle English s(h)ebolech, 1500s, 1600s schiboleth, 1600s schibboleth, 1600s–1800s shiboleth, 1600s– shibboleth. Etymology: < Hebrew šibboleṯ; in the Vulgate transliterated sciboleth. The word occurs with the senses ‘ear of corn’ and ‘stream in flood’; in the passage now referred to the Septuagint and Vulgate give the former rendering; modern commentators prefer the latter, on the ground that on this view the selection of the word is naturally accounted for, as the slaughter took place ‘at the fords of Jordan’. Compare sibboleth v. 1. The Hebrew word used by Jephthah as a test-word by which to distinguish the fleeing Ephraimites (who could not pronounce the sh) from his own men the Gileadites (Judges xii. 4–6). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > specific tests or testing > word used as test by Jephtha shibboleth1382 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Judges xii. 6 Thei askiden hym, Seye thanne Sebolech [1535 Coverdale Schiboleth, 1611 Shibboleth],..the which answerde, Shebolech [a1425 L.V. Thebolech, 1535 Siboleth, 1611 Sibboleth]. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 289 In that sore battel when so many dy'd Without Reprieve adjudg'd to death, For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth . View more context for this quotation 1844 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. vi. iii. 73 As some endeavoured to conceal their character, recourse was had to a test like the Jewish Shiboleth. 2. transferred. a. A word or sound which a person is unable to pronounce correctly; a word used as a test for detecting foreigners, or persons from another district, by their pronunciation. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > [noun] > that which is or can be spoken > difficult to articulate or tongue-twister goleec1375 gargle1657 shibboleth1658 mouthful1883 tongue-tier1883 tongue-twister1898 the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > specific tests or testing > word or sound used to detect foreigner shibboleth1658 1658 J. Cleveland Rustick Rampant 36 They had a Shibboleth to discover them, he who pronounced Brot and Cawse for Bread and Cheese had his head lopt off. 1660 T. Fuller Mixt Contempl. i. xxxviii. 62 It [sc. the word trespasses] is a shiboleth to a child's tongue, wherein there is a confluence of hard consonants together. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Essex 335 R. was Shiboleth unto him, which he could not easily pronounce. 1827 W. Scott Two Drovers in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. I. xiii. 307 In attempting to teach his companion to utter, with true precision, the shibboleth Llhu, which is the Gaelic for a calf. 1863 N. Hawthorne Our Old Home I. 44 The best shibboleth I ever hit upon lay in the pronunciation of the word ‘been’. 1873 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) i. 139 The TH with its twofold value is one of the most characteristic features of our language, and more than any other the Shibboleth of foreigners. b. A peculiarity of pronunciation or accent indicative of a person's origin. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > accent > [noun] > distinctive feature of shibboleth1663 1663 J. Heath Flagellum 123 There were slain [at Worcester] in Field and in Town,..and in pursuit some 3000, and some 8000. taken prisoners in several places, most of the English escaping by their Shiboleth. 1701 D. Defoe True-born Englishman i. 12 The Customs, Sirnames, Languages, and Manners, Of all these Nations..Whose Relicks..ha' left a Shiboleth upon our Tongue; By which..you may distinguish Your Roman-Saxon-Danish-Norman English. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 112/1 The commonalty [of Northumberland] are..remarkably distinguished by a kind of shibboleth or whurle, being a particular way of pronouncing the letter R. c. loosely. A custom, habit, mode of dress, or the like, which distinguishes a particular class or set of persons. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > custom of a society or group i-wunec888 thewc893 wise971 law of (the) landc1175 customa1200 wonec1200 tidingc1275 orderc1300 usancea1325 usagec1330 usea1393 guisea1400 spacec1400 stylec1430 rite1467 fashion1490 frequentation1525 institution1551 tradition1597 mode1642 shibboleth1804 dastur1888 praxis1892 the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun] > a characteristic > of a particular set of persons shibboleth1804 1804 ‘Ignotus’ Culina 155 Custard and apple-pie is the Shibboleth by which an Alderman may be known. 1838 W. Howitt Rural Life Eng. I. i. iv. 57 The sportsman's shooting dress is a sibboleth [1854 shibboleth], which introduces him alike to his superiors, to his fellows, and his inferiors. 1885 T. A. Dodge Patroclus & Penelope 10 The newly fledged equestrian who makes them [the English hunting-rig and crop] his shibboleth, and who discards as ‘bad form’ any deviation upon the road from what is eminently in place after hounds. 1902 Gosse in Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 819/2 Joseph and his Brethren became a kind of shibboleth—a rite of initiation into the true poetic culture. 3. a. figurative. A catchword or formula adopted by a party or sect, by which their adherents or followers may be discerned, or those not their followers may be excluded. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > word or cry > [noun] > password > of sect or society watchworda1535 shibboleth1638 syntheme1658 1638 E. Norice New Gospel 3 His followers sequestring themselves to such as were their own way,..gave themselves to mirth and jollity,..as if it were the only Shibboleth whereby to be discerned from the miserable Legalists that held mourning and sorrow for sinne. 1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther iv. 133 For them..Their Foes a deadly Shibboleth devise: By which unrighteously it was decreed, That none to Trust, or Profit should succeed, Who would not swallow first a poysonous wicked Weed. 1771 J. Wesley Serm. xliv, in Wks. (1829) VI. 63 But here is the shibboleth: Is man by nature filled with all manner of evil?.. Allow this, and you are so far a Christian. Deny it, and you are but a Heathen still. 1784 W. Cowper Let. 22 Feb. (1981) II. 215 The mere shibboleth of a party. 1809 W. Scott Let. 10 Sept. (1932) II. 235 Knaves and fools invent catch-words and shibboleths..to keep them [sc. ‘honest’ persons] from coming to a just understanding. 1862 J. Skelton Nugæ Criticæ ix. 424 The age..strives to emancipate itself from the fetters of party shibboleths. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist vi. §3. 394 Christians were ready to insist upon the insensate Shibboleth, ‘Except ye be circumcised..ye cannot be saved’. b. The mode of speech distinctive of a profession, class, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > a language > register > [noun] > jargon language1502 term of art1570 fustiana1593 jargoning1623 jargon1651 speciality1657 lingo1659 cant1684 linguaa1734 patois1790 slang1801 shibboleth1829 glim-glibber1844 argot1860 gammy1864 patter1875 stagese1876 vernacular1876 palaver1909 babble1930 buzzword1946 in word1964 rabbit1976 1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1831) II. 231 She has assumed the garb and even the shibboleth of the sect. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 400 To that sanctimonious jargon, which was his shibboleth, was opposed another jargon not less absurd. 1884 Graphic 25 Oct. 437/3 Not given to talk stable, as is too often the case with racing men, but putting off the shibboleth of the turf with his race-glasses. Draft additions 1993 Hence, a moral formula held tenaciously and unreflectingly, esp. a prohibitive one; a taboo. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > prohibition > [noun] > taboo taboo1777 tapu1833 geis1880 shibboleth1930 1930 N. Coward Private Lives ii. 54 All the futile moralists... Laugh at them... Laugh at everything, all their sacred shibboleths. 1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet iii. i. 169 Eating..things which the weary long record of shibboleth and superstition had taught his upright kind to call filth. 1963 J. Moynahan Deed of Life iii. i. 98 Lilly remains an annoying little man,..who may be refreshingly free from the duller middle-class shibboleths, but..is also unpleasantly self-conscious and humorless. 1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds xvii. 412 She was untroubled by shibboleths like hitting below the belt. 1988 F. Spalding Stevie Smith ii. 36 From the Anglo-Catholic point of view, the 1914–18 war helped break down a number of shibboleths. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1382
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