serfn.

Brit.

/səːf/, U.S.

/sərf/

Etymology: < Old French serf < Latin servum slave; compare Spanish siervo, Portuguese servo, Italian servo.Not in Johnson. Todd 1818 has ‘Serf , a slave. Not in use’, with quot. 1761 at sense 2b from Hume.

†1. A slave, bondman. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave

theowc893

thrallc950

young manOE

slavec1290

boyc1300

servanta1325

bondc1330

bondmana1340

manciplea1387

man's-bond?a1400

thrillc1480

thrillmanc1480

serf1483

bondservant1535

bondslave1561

bondling1587

slave-boy1607

slave-labourer1607

chattel1649

bondsman1713

livestock1755

esne1819

thirl-man1871

task-labourer1897

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 101/2 Who so loueth the rychessys of thys world he is..bonde and serf in kepyng the rychesse.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 243/2 There was a yong man which was serf and bonde to a yonge lady.

1484 W. Caxton tr. Ordre of Chyualry (1926) ii. 19 Yf thou be wycked thou oughtest to be put vnder a serf or bonde man.

2. A person in a condition of servitude or modified slavery, distinguished from what is conventionally referred to as ‘slavery’ in that the services due to the master, and his power of disposal of his ‘serf’, are more or less limited by law or custom.In most of the typical examples of serfdom, the serf was ‘attached to the soil’ (adscriptus glebæ), i.e. he could not be removed (except by manumission) from the lord's land, and was transferred with it when it passed to another owner. This feature is often assigned as the distinctive mark of ‘serfdom’ as opposed to ‘slavery’, and is popularly apprehended as an essential part of the notion.

a. In the 17–18th centuries used (after French example) with reference to the contemporary condition of the lower class of cultivators of the soil in various countries of Europe, esp. in parts of Germany, in Denmark, Poland, and Russia. Now historical with the same application; chiefly with reference to Russia, where the serfs were not emancipated until 1861, while elsewhere in Europe serfdom ceased to exist early in the 19th century.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > serf

serf1611

predial1836

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [noun] > serf

serf1611

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun] > serf

town manOE

townsmanOE

churl?c1225

carla1300

villeina1325

peasant1550

serf1611

helot1823

robotnik1945

the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > farm worker > (semi-)slave

serf1761

field hand1774

predial1836

1611 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdoms World (new ed.) 75 [France] As for Serfes, Slaues or Villaines, they are Domesticke, and serue vppon baser condition, for Wages and Victuals.

1611 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdoms World (new ed.) 76 Neither the Subiect nor the Serf are bound to go to the warres, but only the vassall.

1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII I. App. i. 151 There were two kinds of slaves among the Anglo-Saxons; household slaves,..and prædial or rustic... These latter resembled the serfs, which are at present met with in Poland, Denmark and some places in Germany.

1784 W. Coxe Trav. Poland, Russia, Sweden, & Denmark I. i. viii. 155 The peasants in Poland, as in all feudal governments, are serfs or slaves.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 571 The subordination of ranks was more complete [among the Russians] than in any other European nation; but with this simplicity peculiar to them and the Poles, that they had but three ranks, the sovereign, the noblesse or gentry, and the serfs.

1845 B. Disraeli Sybil II. iv. v. 202 Lower than the Portuguese or the Poles, the serfs of Russia, or the Lazzaroni of Naples.

1865 J. Bright Speeches Amer. Question 29 [In Russia] twenty-three millions of human beings, lately serfs, little better than real slaves, have been raised to the ranks of freedom.

1880 ‘Ouida’ Moths II. 381 You have no serfs now, even in Russia.

b. Used by modern writers with reference to medieval Europe.In English Law Latin the terms corresponding to the modern use of serf were nativus (native n. 1, neif at naif n.¹ β. forms), villanus (villein n.), and occasionally servus. The Old English theow n., and the servus of Domesday Book, are usually rendered ‘slave’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > villein or cottar

cotsetlac1000

grassman1282

carla1300

villeina1325

tike1377

villeiness1611

serf1761

cotset1809

cottar1809

1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII I. App. ii. 404 A great part of them were serfs, and lived in a state of absolute slavery or villainage.

1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel iv. v. 97 A half-clothed serf was all their train.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People v. §4. 240 By this entire detachment of the serf from actual dependence on the land, the manorial system was even more radically changed than by the rise of the serf into a copyholder.

1895 W. J. Corbett in Soc. Eng. (1902) II. v. 140 As the tone of society became gentler, the lords naturally had a tendency to free their serfs;..in the eyes of the law the villeins remained serfs.

c. gen.

ΚΠ

1908 G. A. Smith in Expositor Sept. 268 The people they [the Israelites] conquered became their serfs.

d. transferred and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave > semi-slave

soul1778

serf1847

1847 A. Helps Friends in Council I. i. ii. 22 The serf to custom points his finger at the slave to fashion.

1854 J. R. Lowell Keats in Wks. (1890) I. 245 As soon as we have discovered the word for our joy or sorrow we are no longer its serfs, but its lords.

Compounds

General attributive.

C1. Simple attributive and appositive.

serf-class n.

ΚΠ

1860 J. Forster Deb. Grand Remonstr. 43 The rebellion of the serf-class.

serf-girl n.

ΚΠ

1878 M. A. Brown tr. J. L. Runeberg Nadeschda i Then..would I Brightly hide the serf-girl's sombre garb.

serf-population n.

ΚΠ

1852 G. Grote Hist. Greece IX. ii. lxxiv. 423 The serf-population which tilled the fields.

serf-system n.

ΚΠ

1885 M. Collins Prettiest Woman in Warsaw I. v. 67 There are still the remains of the serf system.

serf-tenant n.

ΚΠ

1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 136/2 Under the developed regime of feudalism,..the serf-tenant has become simply a tributary under various appellations.

C2. Objective.

serf-emancipation n.

ΚΠ

1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 143 The chief committee for peasant affairs to study the subject of serf-emancipation.

serf-owner n.

ΚΠ

1860 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem (1861) III. clxxvii. 213 The mortifications and sufferings which might have been brought on aristocratic serf-owners.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	serf
释义	serfn. Brit. /səːf/, U.S. /sərf/ Etymology: < Old French serf < Latin servum slave; compare Spanish siervo, Portuguese servo, Italian servo.Not in Johnson. Todd 1818 has ‘Serf , a slave. Not in use’, with quot. 1761 at sense 2b from Hume. †1. A slave, bondman. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave theowc893 thrallc950 young manOE slavec1290 boyc1300 servanta1325 bondc1330 bondmana1340 manciplea1387 man's-bond?a1400 thrillc1480 thrillmanc1480 serf1483 bondservant1535 bondslave1561 bondling1587 slave-boy1607 slave-labourer1607 chattel1649 bondsman1713 livestock1755 esne1819 thirl-man1871 task-labourer1897 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 101/2 Who so loueth the rychessys of thys world he is..bonde and serf in kepyng the rychesse. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 243/2 There was a yong man which was serf and bonde to a yonge lady. 1484 W. Caxton tr. Ordre of Chyualry (1926) ii. 19 Yf thou be wycked thou oughtest to be put vnder a serf or bonde man. 2. A person in a condition of servitude or modified slavery, distinguished from what is conventionally referred to as ‘slavery’ in that the services due to the master, and his power of disposal of his ‘serf’, are more or less limited by law or custom.In most of the typical examples of serfdom, the serf was ‘attached to the soil’ (adscriptus glebæ), i.e. he could not be removed (except by manumission) from the lord's land, and was transferred with it when it passed to another owner. This feature is often assigned as the distinctive mark of ‘serfdom’ as opposed to ‘slavery’, and is popularly apprehended as an essential part of the notion. a. In the 17–18th centuries used (after French example) with reference to the contemporary condition of the lower class of cultivators of the soil in various countries of Europe, esp. in parts of Germany, in Denmark, Poland, and Russia. Now historical with the same application; chiefly with reference to Russia, where the serfs were not emancipated until 1861, while elsewhere in Europe serfdom ceased to exist early in the 19th century. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > serf serf1611 predial1836 society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [noun] > serf serf1611 society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun] > serf town manOE townsmanOE churl?c1225 carla1300 villeina1325 peasant1550 serf1611 helot1823 robotnik1945 the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > farm worker > (semi-)slave serf1761 field hand1774 predial1836 1611 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdoms World (new ed.) 75 [France] As for Serfes, Slaues or Villaines, they are Domesticke, and serue vppon baser condition, for Wages and Victuals. 1611 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdoms World (new ed.) 76 Neither the Subiect nor the Serf are bound to go to the warres, but only the vassall. 1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII I. App. i. 151 There were two kinds of slaves among the Anglo-Saxons; household slaves,..and prædial or rustic... These latter resembled the serfs, which are at present met with in Poland, Denmark and some places in Germany. 1784 W. Coxe Trav. Poland, Russia, Sweden, & Denmark I. i. viii. 155 The peasants in Poland, as in all feudal governments, are serfs or slaves. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 571 The subordination of ranks was more complete [among the Russians] than in any other European nation; but with this simplicity peculiar to them and the Poles, that they had but three ranks, the sovereign, the noblesse or gentry, and the serfs. 1845 B. Disraeli Sybil II. iv. v. 202 Lower than the Portuguese or the Poles, the serfs of Russia, or the Lazzaroni of Naples. 1865 J. Bright Speeches Amer. Question 29 [In Russia] twenty-three millions of human beings, lately serfs, little better than real slaves, have been raised to the ranks of freedom. 1880 ‘Ouida’ Moths II. 381 You have no serfs now, even in Russia. b. Used by modern writers with reference to medieval Europe.In English Law Latin the terms corresponding to the modern use of serf were nativus (native n. 1, neif at naif n.¹ β. forms), villanus (villein n.), and occasionally servus. The Old English theow n., and the servus of Domesday Book, are usually rendered ‘slave’. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > villein or cottar cotsetlac1000 grassman1282 carla1300 villeina1325 tike1377 villeiness1611 serf1761 cotset1809 cottar1809 1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII I. App. ii. 404 A great part of them were serfs, and lived in a state of absolute slavery or villainage. 1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel iv. v. 97 A half-clothed serf was all their train. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People v. §4. 240 By this entire detachment of the serf from actual dependence on the land, the manorial system was even more radically changed than by the rise of the serf into a copyholder. 1895 W. J. Corbett in Soc. Eng. (1902) II. v. 140 As the tone of society became gentler, the lords naturally had a tendency to free their serfs;..in the eyes of the law the villeins remained serfs. c. gen. ΚΠ 1908 G. A. Smith in Expositor Sept. 268 The people they [the Israelites] conquered became their serfs. d. transferred and figurative. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave > semi-slave soul1778 serf1847 1847 A. Helps Friends in Council I. i. ii. 22 The serf to custom points his finger at the slave to fashion. 1854 J. R. Lowell Keats in Wks. (1890) I. 245 As soon as we have discovered the word for our joy or sorrow we are no longer its serfs, but its lords. Compounds General attributive. C1. Simple attributive and appositive. serf-class n. ΚΠ 1860 J. Forster Deb. Grand Remonstr. 43 The rebellion of the serf-class. serf-girl n. ΚΠ 1878 M. A. Brown tr. J. L. Runeberg Nadeschda i Then..would I Brightly hide the serf-girl's sombre garb. serf-population n. ΚΠ 1852 G. Grote Hist. Greece IX. ii. lxxiv. 423 The serf-population which tilled the fields. serf-system n. ΚΠ 1885 M. Collins Prettiest Woman in Warsaw I. v. 67 There are still the remains of the serf system. serf-tenant n. ΚΠ 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 136/2 Under the developed regime of feudalism,..the serf-tenant has become simply a tributary under various appellations. C2. Objective. serf-emancipation n. ΚΠ 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 143 The chief committee for peasant affairs to study the subject of serf-emancipation. serf-owner n. ΚΠ 1860 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem (1861) III. clxxvii. 213 The mortifications and sufferings which might have been brought on aristocratic serf-owners. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1483
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