单词 | severe |
释义 | severeadj. I. Rigorous in condemnation or punishment. 1. a. Of persons, their temper, disposition, etc.: Rigorous in one's treatment of, or attitude towards, offenders; unsparing in the exaction of penalty; not inclined to indulgence or leniency. ΘΚΠ society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern wrothc893 retheeOE stithc897 starkOE sternOE hardOE dangerous?c1225 sharpa1340 asperc1374 austerec1384 shrewda1387 snella1400 sternful?a1400 unsterna1400 dour?a1425 piquant1521 tetrical1528 tetric1533 sorea1535 rugged?1548 severe1548 hard-handed1611 Catonian1676 tetricous1727 heavy1849 acerbic1853 stiff1856 Catonic1883 tough1905 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective] heavyc825 retheeOE stithc897 hardeOE starkOE sternOE dangerous?c1225 sharp?c1225 unsoftc1275 sturdy1297 asperc1374 austerec1384 shrewda1387 snella1400 sternful?a1400 dour?a1425 thrallc1430 piquant1521 tetrical1528 tetric1533 sorea1535 rugged?1548 severe1548 iron1574 harsh1579 strict1600 angry1650 Catonian1676 Draconic1708 tetricous1727 alkaline1789 acerbic1853 stiff1856 acerbate1869 acerbitous1870 Draconian1876 Catonic1883 1548 T. Cooper Bibliotheca Eliotæ (rev. ed.) Asper,..rude, seuere, rigorous. 1548 T. Cooper Bibliotheca Eliotæ (rev. ed.) Austerus,..cruelle, austere, seuere. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxcvijv In a steade of a gentle and mercifull Prince, you shall haue a seuere executour of iustice. a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 11v One of the greatest benefites, that euer God gaue me, is, that he sent me so sharpe and seuere Parentes, and so ientle a scholemaster. 1611 Bible (King James) Wisd. v. 20 His seuere wrath shall he sharpen for a sword. View more context for this quotation 1611 T. Heywood Golden Age i. sig. C3 Why should not I proue as seuere a mother As he a cruell father. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 510 He who the sword of Heauen will beare, Should be as holy, as seueare . View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 1169 And am I now upbraided, as the cause Of thy transgressing? not enough severe, It seems, in thy restraint. View more context for this quotation a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 170 They were men of severe tempers, and kept good discipline. a1780 J. Harris Philol. Inq. (1781) iii. iii. 270 [Athens] found the cruel Sylla her severest enemy. 1829 W. Scott Anne of Geierstein II. iii. 41 Charles of Burgundy desired the character of a just though severe prince. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. viii. 342 The King's temper was arbitrary and severe. 1878 R. W. Dale Lect. Preaching (ed. 3) iii. 74 Nature is sometimes kindly if she is often severe. b. Const. to, with, against. ΚΠ 1561 [see sense 3a]. 1648 in S. R. Gardiner Hamilton Papers (1880) 216 The Houses haue been of late very seuere against the poore Caualiers. 1676 E. Stillingfleet Def. Disc. Idolatry i. ii. 277 What made the Church of Alexandria be so severe with Origen for but holding the incense in his hands..? yet for this, he was cast out of the Church. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1674 (1955) IV. 39 A severe Master to his Servants. 1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey II. ix. 132 Each rules his race, his neighbour not his care, Heedless of others, to his own severe. 1753 T. Gray Hymn to Adversity in Six Poems 26 Justice to herself severe. c. Of a person's looks, demeanour, etc.: Betokening a severe mood or disposition. ΘΚΠ society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern > of expression or manner sturdy1297 grim1340 stern1390 malicious1485 severe1565 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective] > specifically of looks or demeanour grim1340 stern1390 severe1565 hard-faced1567 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Seuerus Seuere grauitie of countenance. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 709 Saying with seuere countenance, that they were worthie of such death. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) ii. vii. 155 The Iustice,..With eyes seuere, and beard of formall cut. View more context for this quotation 1675 J. Covel Diary in J. T. Bent Early Voy. Levant (1893) 206 A full, roundish high fore~head, a severe brow. 1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. vi. 140 ‘There is in this mansion..’ said the Grand Master, in a severe tone, ‘a Jewish woman.’ 1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair xlix. 438 The Lady Bareacres..to whom the Colonel's lady made also a most respectful obeisance: it was returned with severe dignity by the exalted person in question. 2. a. Of law, judgement, punishment, discipline, restraint, and the like: Involving strict and rigorous treatment; executed or carried out with rigour; not leaning to tenderness or laxity; unsparing. ΘΚΠ society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > strict or severe (of rules, judgement, or discipline) strongeOE starkc1175 sharpa1340 strait1390 unrelaxed1508 exacta1538 severe1562 strict1578 weightya1616 stringent1846 ramrod1850 medieval1917 tough1961 society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > severe tartc1000 severe1562 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [adjective] > specifically of punishment or persecution sharpa1340 grievous1393 penalc1443 severe1562 1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1800) I. 21 The seueir punisment of Core, Dathan, and Abiron. 1569 W. Wager Longer thou Liuest sig. G I represent Gods seuere iudgement, Which dallieth not where to strike he doth purpose. 1599 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet v. iii. 268 Let my old life be sacrific'd..Vnto the rigour of seuerest law. View more context for this quotation 1661 Act 13 Chas. II c. 9 §21 None shall presume to quarrell with his Superior Officer, upon pain of severe punishment. 1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ iii. i. §12 It is not evident that the Laws of all the antient Common-wealths were so severe against Atheism. 1670 A. Marvell Let. 10 Mar. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 100 The House..voted..that seuere provision be made against all frauds upon the Importation [of wine]. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. x. 286 Schedoni..hinted, that the obedience of youth was hopeless, unless severer measures were adopted. 1819 P. B. Shelley Cenci v. ii. 86 To pursue this monstrous crime By the severest forms of law. 1838 F. A. Paley tr. G. F. Schömann Com. Atheniensibus Introd. 19 The people..disliking the severe controll of the four hundred. 1861 M. Pattison in Westm. Rev. Apr. 415 Severer penalties awaited drunkenness, dissipation, or dicing. b. Of a compact: Imposing rigorous conditions, stringent. Of an account: Unsparingly exacted. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > agreement > [adjective] > of an agreement > imposing rigorous conditions severea1616 a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vi. 114 If we conclude a Peace It shall be with such strict and seuere Couenants, As little shall the Frenchmen gaine thereby. View more context for this quotation a1677 J. Taylor Contempl. State Man (1684) i. ix. 113 Let us not misspend the time of this life, since so severe an account will be demanded of all the benefits which we have received. 1751 J. Jortin Serm. (1771) I. vii. 135 Power wantonly exercised is the undesirable opportunity of doing mischief, for which a severe account is to be given in the next state. c. Of a prisoner: Rigorously confined.Apparently an isolated use. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > [adjective] > confined > strictly severe1740 1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 101 You told me once she was in London, waiting on a Bishop's Lady, when all the time she was a severe Prisoner here. 3. a. Unsparing in censure, criticism, or reproof. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > criticism > [adjective] > severely severe1561 excoriating1605 hitting1632 outbraiding1655 slashing1734 lancinating1762 tomahawking1777 hard-hitting1831 smashing1833 slashy1862 scarifying1865 scathing1865 slating1885 1561 B. Googe tr. ‘M. Palingenius’ Zodiake of Life (new ed.) Ded. sig. a7 As the deuine Plato (although a Iudge somethynge to seuer agaynste them)..dothe confesse. 1581 J. Hamilton Catholik Traictise i. f. 21 S. Hierom, the seueir impugner of all hæritiks in his age. 1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. II. 83 Your friend therefore is certainely more severe than hee neede to be. c1673 E. Waller To the Duchess, when he presented this Book 8 While we your wit and early knowledge fear, To our productions we become severe. 1680 J. Dryden in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Epist. Pref. sig. A6 The most severe Censor cannot but be pleas'd with the prodigality of his [Ovid's] Wit. 1683 J. Turner Pallas Armata 39 (margin) Lipsius severe to Vegetius. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 124. ¶1 As the most severe Reader makes Allowances for many Rests and Nodding-places in a voluminous Writer. 1762 O. Goldsmith Citizen of World II. 141 Her very appearance was sufficient to silence the severest satyrist of the sex. 1780 Mirror No. 70 His good-nature..prevented him from viewing, with too severe an eye, the occasional excesses of some of his companions. 1825 T. B. Macaulay Milton in Edinb. Rev. Aug. 306 Nor..will the severest of our readers blame us. 1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. I. 178 The exact but severe historian of astronomy, Delambre,..loses all his bitterness when he comes to Hipparchus. 1858 M. A. Paul Maiden Sisters xii. 119 ‘There is no depth in the talk of general society, but plenty of lightness and flippancy.’ ‘I think you are severe,’ said Ellen, courageously. b. to be severe on (or upon): to pass harsh or sarcastic judgement on, ‘to be hard upon’. ΘΚΠ society > authority > strictness > make more strict or severe [verb (transitive)] > be severe upon to be sharp upon1561 to come down1611 to be severe on (or upon)1672 spitchcock1674 to handle without gloves1827 to handle with gloves off1828 to catch or get Jesse1839 to jump upon1868 to give (one) snuff1890 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > be harsh or severe upon [verb (transitive)] to be sharp upon1561 to come down1611 to be severe on (or upon)1672 spitchcock1674 to sit hard on1715 to handle without gloves1827 to handle with gloves off1828 to catch or get Jesse1839 to jump upon1868 to give (one) snuff1890 to give (a person) the works1901 hardball1984 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > criticism > criticize [verb (transitive)] > severely to be sharp upon1561 crossbite1571 scarify1582 canvass1590 maul1592 slasha1652 fib1665 to be severe on (or upon)1672 scalp1676 to pull to (or in) pieces1703 roast1710 to cut up1762 tomahawk1815 to blow sky-high1819 row1826 excoriate1833 scourge1835 target1837 slate1848 scathe1852 to take apart1880 soak1892 pan1908 burn1914 slam1916 sandbag1919 to put the blast on (someone)1929 to tear down1938 clobber1944 handbag1952 rip1961 monster1976 1672 W. Wycherley Love in Wood ii. i. 26 His wit properly lies in..being severe as they call it, upon other peoples cloaths. 1713 J. Addison in Guardian 16 Sept. 1/1 The good Lady Lizard..desired her Cosin Thomas..not to be so severe on his Relations. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 103 I suppose the Colonel was cross'd in his first Love, which makes him so severe on all the Sex. 1858 M. A. Paul Maiden Sisters xiv. 138 ‘One must not be severe on a little inequality of temper,’ said Norah, laughing. c. Of an utterance, opinion, etc.: Unsparing in censure; strongly condemnatory. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective] > specifically of actions or utterances stern?c1225 sore1526 severe1561 savage1821 acidic1936 1561 B. Googe tr. ‘M. Palingenius’ Zodiake of Life (new ed.) Ded. sig. a8 Humbly requesting that..the simple frutes of a yong head, may strongly be defended from the seuer reprehensions of Momus. 1668 A. Marvell Let. 2 May in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 75 We on Munday send to the Lords seuere votes against their proceedings. 1692 J. Norris 2 Treat. Divine Light i. 15 He..very gravely applies to me two of the most severe Texts of Scripture that he could pick out in all the Bible. 1710 J. Swift Tale of Tub (ed. 5) Apol. sig. a3 The severest Stroaks of Satyr in his Book. 1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 103 I grant the sarcasm is too severe. 1873 B. Harte Episode of Fiddletown 27 He was arrested..and discharged with a severe reprimand. 1879 J. Lubbock Addresses, Polit. & Educ. ix. 151 English travellers in Oriental countries frequently make severe remarks on the manner in which the..remains of antiquity are allowed to go to ruin. II. Conforming to a rigorous standard. 4. a. Extremely strict in matters of conduct or behaviour; rigorous in self-discipline and self-restraint; austere with oneself; shunning laxity or self-pleasing. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > asceticism > [adjective] sternc1374 austerea1425 tetrical1528 tetric1533 severe1565 ascetic1646 tetricous1727 ascetical1836 the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [adjective] > conforming > strictly sternc1374 precise1526 severe1565 precisianc1610 strictc1660 rigorist1844 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Seuerus A seuere man eschewynge all sensuall pleasures. a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) ii. iii. 292 Come, you are too seuere a morraler. View more context for this quotation 1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) ii. §7 To doe no injury, nor take none, was a principle, which to my former yeers..seemed to contain enough of Morality, but my more setled yeares, and Christian constitution have fallen upon severer resolutions. View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 277 The Stoic severe . View more context for this quotation 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 4. ⁋8 He is held in the highest Veneration imaginable for a severe Honesty, and Love of his Country. a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 329 He was a man of severe morals. 1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. 411 Emily affected severe economy in her travelling expences. 1817 W. Scott Rob Roy I. xiii. 315 A man of severe temperance. 1823 F. D. Hemans Siege Valencia i. 115 We must fall As men that in severe devotedness Have chosen their part, and bound themselves to death. 1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 306 [His] severe impartiality adds weight to his authority. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xxviii. 481 A Roman matron of the strictest and severest type. b. Of habits, etc.: Dictated by strict and austere principles of living. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > asceticism > [adjective] > of way of life straitc1300 sharp1340 severe1828 1828 Sewell in Oxf. Prize Ess. 36 The Spartan manners were rough, simple, and severe. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar vi. 49 The habits of the household were simple and severe. c. Of a secret: Strictly kept (? obsolete). Of a resolution: Unyielding, rigid. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > secrecy, concealment > [adjective] > most lockedOE severe1735 secret as the grave1832 hiddenmost1892 the mind > will > decision > [adjective] > unyielding (of a resolution) severe1849 1735 H. Fielding Universal Gallant iv. 47 I beg this thing may be kept a severe Secret. 1849 T. De Quincey Eng. Mail-coach in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 488/1 The emperor..descended in great pomp from his throne, with the severest resolution never to remount it. 5. a. Of intellectual operations, thought, etc.: Conforming to an exacting standard of mental effort; rigidly exact or accurate; grave, serious, not light or recreative; not shrinking from what is toilsome or difficult. (Cf. 9.) ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > [adjective] > requiring serious attention serious1531 severe1605 incumbent1651 strong1670 solid1700 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Bb4 A substantiall and seuere Collection of the Heteroclites, or Irregulars of Nature, well examined & described. View more context for this quotation 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 103 I find you have a genius for the most solid and severest sort of studies. 1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. viii. §6. 235 And upon severe enquiry we shall find the grand principle which [etc.]. 1682 J. Dryden Religio Laici 15 Those hours hast thou to Nobler use employ'd; And the severe Delights of Truth enjoy'd. 1757 T. Gray Ode II iii. iii, in Odes 20 Truth severe, by fairy Fiction drest. 1812 D. Cresswell Elem. Treat. Investigation Maxima & Minima i. 10 In haste to quit the province of severe reasoning. 1821 W. Hazlitt Milton's Sonn. in Table-talk A day spent in social retirement and elegant relaxation from severer studies. 1839 T. De Quincey Lake Reminisc. in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Apr. 251/2 Under the continual restraint of severe good sense. 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xii. 200 [He] is held in high honour for his severe scholarship. b. said of a student, thinker, etc. ΚΠ 1603 S. Daniel Def. Ryme in Panegyrike (new ed.) sig. H5v Peraduenture there will be found in the now contemned recordes of Ryme, matter not vnfitting the grauest Diuine, and seuerest Lawyer in this kingdome. 1706 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. 8 Mar. (O.H.S.) I. 201 Mr. Smith..has been..a severe Student. 6. a. In reference to style or taste, literary or artistic: Shunning redundance or unessential ornament; not florid or exuberant; sober, restrained, austerely simple or plain. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > good taste > simplicity > [adjective] plainc1330 simplea1382 neat1453 natural1553 austere1581 bare1583 unintricated1649 severe1665 clever1674 light1740 ungaudy1795 unassuminga1807 inartificial1823 quiet1838 unpretentious1838 unabstract1840 uninvolved1853 penny-plain1854 simplex munditiis1874 unstagy1882 clinical1932 shibui1947 understated1957 society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [adjective] > qualities of works generally wateryc1230 polite?a1500 meagre1539 over-laboured1579 bald1589 spiritless1592 light1597 meretricious1633 standing1661 effectual1662 airy1664 severe1665 correct1676 enervatea1704 free1728 classic1743 academic1752 academical1752 chaste1753 nerveless1763 epic1769 crude1786 effective1790 creative1791 soulless1794 mannered1796 manneristical1830 manneristic1837 subjective1840 inartisticala1849 abstract1857 inartistic1859 literary1900 period1905 atmospheric1908 dateless1908 atmosphered1920 non-naturalistic1925 self-indulgent1926 free-styled1933 soft-centred1935 freestyle1938 pseudish1938 decadent1942 post-human1944 kitschy1946 faux-naïf1958 spare1965 society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > [adjective] nakedOE simplea1382 meanc1450 rural1488 misorned1512 inornate?1518 barec1540 broad1588 bald1589 kersey1598 russet1598 unvarnisheda1616 unembellished1630 illaborate1631 severe1665 renable1674 small1678 unadorned1692 inelaborate1747 unlarded1748 chaste1753 uncoloured1845 minimalist1929 spare1965 1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. vi. i. sig. Mm7 To expect that Piety and Vertue were able, by their native charms, so much to endear my dress, as to win themselves adorers in a plain, or even a severe one. 1677 J. Dryden Authors Apol. Heroique Poetry in State Innocence Pref. sig. b3 Virgil and Horace, the severest Writers of the severest Age. 1693 J. Dryden Disc. Orig. & Progr. Satire in Ess. (1900) II. 65 Lucilius, who was more severe, and more correct. 1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. i, in Lamia & Other Poems 157 That inlet to severe magnificence Stood full blown, for the God to enter in. 1849 J. Ruskin Seven Lamps Archit. ii. 56 The forms of the tracery were still severe and pure. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits vi. 116 Even Brummel their fop was marked by the severest simplicity in dress. 1860 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters V. 319 He would have been remembered as one of the severest of painters. 1872 W. Black Strange Adventures Phaeton x Queen Titania's more severe but no less graceful costume. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > conciseness > [adjective] compendious1388 briefc1430 short1487 short and sweet1545 curted1568 summarc1575 laconical1576 summary1582 succinct1585 totala1586 laconic1589 concisec1590 compendiary1609 press?1611 curt1631 Spartan1644 nutshell1647 severe1680 Lacedaemonian1780 straightforward1806 uncircumlocutory1808 shorthand1822 Spartanlike1838 unwordy1841 nutshelly1843 tight1870 Spartanic1882 unfarced1890 serried1899 taut1916 1680 J. Dryden in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Epist. Pref. sig. A8v The Latin, (a most severe and Compendious Language). III. Of impersonal agencies or conditions: Pressing hardly, rigorous. 7. a. Of the weather, etc.: Causing great discomfort or injury to living beings; hard, rigorous; very cold, wet or stormy. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > severe or violent (of weather or elements) retheeOE strongOE stithc1100 snella1400 woodc1400 outrage?a1425 violentc1425 sternc1449 strainable1497 rigorous1513 stalwart1528 vehement1528 sore1535 sturdy1569 robustious1632 severe1676 beating1702 shaving1789 snorting1819 wroth1852 wrathy1872 snapping1876 vicious1882 1676 in 12th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1890) App. v. 32 God bless your two deare sweet babies and keep them from the sharp colds of this seveare weather. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1658 (1955) III. 211 This had ben the severest Winter, that man alive had knowne in England. 1768 H. Walpole Let. to Earl of Strafford 25 June We have had some severe rain; but the season is now beautiful. 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 175 The climate is very severe. 1788 M. Cutler Jrnl. 7 Sept. in W. P. Cutler & J. P. Cutler Life, Jrnls. & Corr. M. Cutler (1888) I. 420 Very severe shower in the night. 1812 S. Edwards New Bot. Garden I. 59 In case the frost is not so severe as to destroy the flowers. 1867 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighbourhood III. v. 88 Very severe weather came. 1884 Harper's Mag. Jan. 283/2 They would require slightly severer cold to affect them. b. Of fire or light: Painfully or searchingly intense. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > intensity of light > [adjective] > dazzling or glaring blazinga1387 piercinga1400 sulȝart1513 dazzling1581 overbright1587 glaring?c1600 bisson1604 quick1609 glary1632 severe1648 overpowering1700 aglare1712 adazzle1832 bedazzling1852 unbeholdable1855 braying1922 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > fire or flame > [adjective] > violent (of fire) bremec1374 violentc1425 vehement1528 severe1648 1648 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple (ed. 2) 106 O that booke! whose leaves so bright, Will set the world in severe light. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 276 Our torments also may in length of time Become our Elements, these piercing Fires As soft as now severe . View more context for this quotation a1822 P. B. Shelley Triumph of Life in Posthumous Poems (1824) 91 In that light's severe excess. c. Of an attack of illness or disease: Attended with a maximum of pain or distress, violent. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > violent or severe grimc900 strongeOE grievousc1290 burning1393 acutea1398 maliciousa1398 peracutea1398 sorea1400 wicked14.. malign?a1425 vehement?a1425 malignousc1475 angrya1500 cacoethe?1541 eager?1543 virulent1563 malignant1568 raging1590 roaring1590 furious1597 grassant1601 hearty1601 sharp1607 main1627 generous1632 perperacute1647 serious1655 ferine1666 bad1705 severe1725 unfavourable1782 grave1888 1725 N. Robinson New Theory of Physick 265 It is the way Nature her self often takes, in solving the severer Fevers. 1756 M. Calderwood Lett. & Jrnls. (1884) ix. 245 The coldness of the inn had given Mr. Calderwood a severe cold. 1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 10 522 The complaint was in many cases very severe, but fatal to very few. 1823 W. Whewell in J. M. Douglas Life & Corr. W. Whewell (1881) 83 I finally caught a severe cold. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 507 In severe cases [of eczema] there may be some prodromal symptoms. 8. a. Of pain, suffering, loss, or the like: Grievous, extreme. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > [adjective] > severe heavya1000 tartc1000 unridec1175 unsoftc1275 uglya1300 smartc1300 sternc1300 cruelc1384 sharpc1386 shrewda1387 snella1400 painousa1450 painlyc1460 sensible1502 terrible1509 heinous?1541 severe1747 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [adjective] > grievous or extreme severe1747 1747 T. Gray Ode Eton Coll. 7 Moody Madness laughing wild Amid severest Woe. 1781 W. Cowper Truth 101 His voluntary pains, severe and long. 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. xiii. 420 The silence of Valancourt..oppressed Emily with severe anxiety. 1808 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 19 173 Severe shooting pains in the head were felt. 1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. xi. 378 The loss inflicted on the infantry was also severe. 1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxxii. 284 She..watched incessantly by the wounded lad, whose pains were very severe. 1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. v. 200 Their exposure beyond the trenches to the fire of the garrison would have been attended with still severer loss of life. 1888 Spectator 30 June 874/2 There has been a severe fall in the value of the shares. b. Qualifying an agent-n., as a severe loser. ΚΠ 1754 S. Foote Knights ii. 34 'Tis odd, that the same Cause that increases the Passion in one Sex, should destroy it in the other: The Reason is above my Reach; but the Fact I am a severe Witness of. 1863 H. Fawcett Man. Polit. Econ. ii. v. 185 Individuals engaged in the trade might be severe losers. 9. a. Of events or circumstances, labour or exercise, a struggle or contest, a test, trial, etc.: Hard to sustain or endure; making great demands on one's powers or resources; arduous. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective] > of difficulties: hard to surmount steep1644 severe1774 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [adjective] heavyc825 grimc900 strongeOE hardeOE drearyOE eileOE sweerOE deara1000 bitterOE tartc1000 smartOE unridec1175 sharp?c1225 straitc1275 grievousc1290 fellc1330 shrewda1387 snella1400 unsterna1400 vilea1400 importunea1425 ungainc1425 thrallc1430 peisant1483 sore?a1513 weighty1540 heinous?1541 urgent?1542 asperous?1567 dure1567 spiny1586 searching1590 hoara1600 vengible1601 flinty1613 tugging1642 atrocious1733 uncannya1774 severe1774 stern1830 punishing1833 hefty1867 solid1916 1774 J. Bryant New Syst. II. 58 Osiris..then entered Thrace, with the King of which he had a severe encounter. 1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 389 The man feels least, as more inur'd than she To winter, and the current in his veins More briskly mov'd by his severer toils. 1798 C. Forester Let. in Paget Papers (1896) I. 114 This day..met near Oakham, have had a very severe day. 1827 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey III. v. xiii. 270 De Bœffleurs once more assisted me; though his terms were most severe. 1827 W. Scott Two Drovers Introd., in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. I. xiii. 289 The master of the pack takes as severe exercise as his whipper-in. 1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella III. ii. xiv. 127 This action was one of the severest which occurred in these wars. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xxii. 347 In the following experiment the ice was subjected to a still severer test. 1867 S. W. Baker Nile Tributaries (1886) xiv. 244 The pace was too severe, and, although running wonderfully, he was obliged to give way to the horses. 1880 C. T. Newton Ess. Art & Archæol. viii. 323 Universities where this elaborate training was tested by competitive examinations of the severest kind. b. transferred. Of geographical terrain, etc.: causing exertion or making great demands of endurance or skill; taxing, hard to ‘negotiate’. Also spec. of a rock or mountain or the route by which it may be climbed. Hence as n. (usually with capital initial). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > ground > [adjective] > condition for movement foec1400 smoothc1400 soft?1523 skelp1607 heavy1710 tender1727 severe1881 holding1891 underfoot1976 the world > space > shape > curvature > types of curvature > [adjective] > sharp (of curve) quick1725 severe1881 stunt1886 the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > mountain > [adjective] > high or steep straight1475 severe1881 society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > parts of road > [adjective] > of a curve: sharp, hard to 'negotiate' severe1881 1881 Sportsman's Year-bk. 49 Twenty miles a day is often the work of a crack greyhound intended to run in a severe country. 1897 Daily News 1 Sept. 3/1 This is again a very difficult piece of running. There are severe curves at Smethwick and at Worcester Foregate. 1897 O. G. Jones Rock-climbing p. xxiii Exceptionally Severe Courses: Screes Great Gully. 1935 D. Pilley Climbing Days iv. 66 It was bizarre that a severe should sometimes seem simple, when a moderate caused nerve storms of impotent despair. 1951 E. Coxhead One Green Bottle iii. 86 ‘Ah yes, the Amphitheatre Buttress... An easy Difficult, isn't it?’ She..herself led Very Difficults, and occasionally..an easy Severe. 1958 E. Newby Short Walk in Hindu Kush iii. 34 Easy, moderate, difficult, very difficult, severe, very severe, exceptionally severe, and excessively severe. 1970 Guardian 28 Aug. 18/6 The Wen Slab, a broad expanse of smooth, sheer rock classed as ‘very severe’. 1975 G. Moffat Miss Pink iii. 43 It's the big stack off the north headland: a hundred and fifty feet high... A good Severe, we thought. 1976 H. MacInnes Death Reel iii. 23 ‘Is there any climbing on Bidean?’ ‘I reckon Lilly's route is the best line on this side. About 600 feet, Severe.’ 10. Nautical. (See quot. 1867.) ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [adjective] > effectual (of nautical operations) severe1830 1830 F. Marryat King's Own I. xiii. 185 Belay all that; take a severe turn, and don't come up an inch. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Severe, effectual; as, a severe turn in belaying a rope. 11. colloquial (chiefly U.S.). A vague epithet denoting superlative quality; very big or powerful; hard to beat. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [adjective] faireOE bremea1000 goodlyOE goodfulc1275 noblec1300 pricec1300 specialc1325 gentlec1330 fine?c1335 singulara1340 thrivena1350 thriven and throa1350 gaya1375 properc1380 before-passinga1382 daintiful1393 principala1398 gradelya1400 burlyc1400 daintyc1400 thrivingc1400 voundec1400 virtuousc1425 hathelc1440 curiousc1475 singlerc1500 beautiful1502 rare?a1534 gallant1539 eximious1547 jolly1548 egregious?c1550 jellyc1560 goodlike1562 brawc1565 of worth1576 brave?1577 surprising1580 finger-licking1584 admirablea1586 excellinga1586 ambrosial1598 sublimated1603 excellent1604 valiant1604 fabulous1609 pure1609 starryc1610 topgallant1613 lovely1614 soaringa1616 twanging1616 preclarent1623 primea1637 prestantious1638 splendid1644 sterling1647 licking1648 spankinga1666 rattling1690 tearing1693 famous1695 capital1713 yrare1737 pure and —1742 daisy1757 immense1762 elegant1764 super-extra1774 trimming1778 grand1781 gallows1789 budgeree1793 crack1793 dandy1794 first rate1799 smick-smack1802 severe1805 neat1806 swell1810 stamming1814 divine1818 great1818 slap-up1823 slapping1825 high-grade1826 supernacular1828 heavenly1831 jam-up1832 slick1833 rip-roaring1834 boss1836 lummy1838 flash1840 slap1840 tall1840 high-graded1841 awful1843 way up1843 exalting1844 hot1845 ripsnorting1846 clipping1848 stupendous1848 stunning1849 raving1850 shrewd1851 jammy1853 slashing1854 rip-staving1856 ripping1858 screaming1859 up to dick1863 nifty1865 premier cru1866 slap-bang1866 clinking1868 marvellous1868 rorty1868 terrific1871 spiffing1872 all wool and a yard wide1882 gorgeous1883 nailing1883 stellar1883 gaudy1884 fizzing1885 réussi1885 ding-dong1887 jim-dandy1888 extra-special1889 yum-yum1890 out of sight1891 outasight1893 smooth1893 corking1895 large1895 super1895 hot dog1896 to die for1898 yummy1899 deevy1900 peachy1900 hi1901 v.g.1901 v.h.c.1901 divvy1903 doozy1903 game ball1905 goodo1905 bosker1906 crackerjack1910 smashinga1911 jake1914 keen1914 posh1914 bobby-dazzling1915 juicy1916 pie on1916 jakeloo1919 snodger1919 whizz-bang1920 wicked1920 four-star1921 wow1921 Rolls-Royce1922 whizz-bang1922 wizard1922 barry1923 nummy1923 ripe1923 shrieking1926 crazy1927 righteous1930 marvy1932 cool1933 plenty1933 brahmaa1935 smoking1934 solid1935 mellow1936 groovy1937 tough1937 bottler1938 fantastic1938 readyc1938 ridge1938 super-duper1938 extraordinaire1940 rumpty1940 sharp1940 dodger1941 grouse1941 perfecto1941 pipperoo1945 real gone1946 bosting1947 supersonic1947 whizzo1948 neato1951 peachy-keen1951 ridgey-dite1953 ridgy-didge1953 top1953 whizzing1953 badass1955 wild1955 belting1956 magic1956 bitching1957 swinging1958 ridiculous1959 a treat1959 fab1961 bad-assed1962 uptight1962 diggish1963 cracker1964 marv1964 radical1964 bakgat1965 unreal1965 pearly1966 together1968 safe1970 bad1971 brilliant1971 fabby1971 schmick1972 butt-kicking1973 ripper1973 Tiffany1973 bodacious1976 rad1976 kif1978 awesome1979 death1979 killer1979 fly1980 shiok1980 stonking1980 brill1981 dope1981 to die1982 mint1982 epic1983 kicking1983 fabbo1984 mega1985 ill1986 posho1989 pukka1991 lovely jubbly1992 awesomesauce2001 nang2002 bess2006 amazeballs2009 boasty2009 daebak2009 beaut2013 the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adjective] > very great or extreme strangec1380 overpassinga1382 passinga1387 most?c1430 extremec1460 horriblea1464 violenta1500 mainc1540 immortal?c1550 exquisite1552 sore1555 three-piled1598 thundering1618 devilish1639 shrewda1643 deadly1660 woundy1681 vast1696 monstrous1711 mortal1716 terrific1743 hell-fired1754 hellish1764 colossal1794 severe1805 awful1818 all-fired1829 terrible1829 quare and1847 ferocious1877 pluperfect1889 raging1889 giddy1896 utter1898 stiff1905 1805 T. E. White Jrnl. (1904) 32 I got up this morning with the determination to have a severe nap before night. 1834 J. Hall Kentucky II. 9 Your whiskey is as good as your fire, and that is saying a great deal, for you are the severest old beaver to tote wood that I've seen for many a long day. 1847 T. De Quincey Spanish Mil. Nun in Wks. (1890) XIII. 209 (note) These Andes, in Jonathan's phrase, are a ‘severe’ range of hills. 1864 J. C. Atkinson Stanton Grange 75 The whole party arrived, quite ready for a ‘severe tea’. 1889 C. D. Warner in Harper's Mag. Jan. 270/1 A well-known character in the mountains, who has killed twenty-one men... He is called, in the language of the country [Kentucky], a ‘severe’ man. 12. Epithet of a small snake, Coluber severus. ΚΠ 1802 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. III. 421 Severe snake. Coluber Severus. 13. quasi-adv.= severely adv. ΘΚΠ society > authority > strictness > [adverb] > strictly or severely of rules, judgement, or discipline sharplyc900 fasteOE straitlya1340 severely1548 sickerly1596 severe1599 strictly1602 society > authority > strictness > [adverb] > severely or sternly sternlyc897 stitha1000 sterna1175 foulc1275 stithlya1300 steevely1340 austerely?a1400 smartlya1400 unsternlya1400 sore1484 shrewdly1490 dourlya1500 severely1548 roundly1567 severe1599 fiercely1611 piquantly1691 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adverb] sternlyc897 sharplyc900 stitha1000 hardlyOE starklyOE sterna1175 stithlya1300 hardilyc1300 ruggedlya1382 austerely?a1400 smartlya1400 unsternlya1400 acerbly?a1425 brussly1481 sore1484 shrewdly1490 dourlya1500 severely1548 roundly1567 severe1599 strictly1602 fiercely1611 Draconically1641 rugged1661 the world > action or operation > behaviour > adaptability to circumstances > [adverb] > not severe1599 severely1649 rigidly1791 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 20 Not any where is the word seuerer practised, the preacher reuerentlier obserued and honoured. 1673 J. Milton Psalm II in Poems (new ed.) 131 The Lord shall scoff them, then severe Speak to them in his wrath. 1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 446 Nor blame severe his choice. 1802 J. Woodforde Diary 13 July (1931) V. 401 It was like to be a severe contested Election. Compounds severe-faced, severe-looking adjs. ΚΠ 1939 W. Fortescue There's Rosemary xxxv. 220 Together we hurried down the garden path—to meet Queen Alexandra, Princess Victoria, and a severe-faced lady coming out of the garden door. a1957 J. Cary Captive & Free (1959) xliii. 186 A very severe-looking young woman. Draft additions 1997 severe combined immune deficiency n. (also severe combined immunodeficiency) Pathology a rare and often fatal congenital immune deficiency which is characterized by abnormally low levels of T lymphocytes and (in most cases) also of B lymphocytes. Abbreviated SCID n. at S n.1 Additions. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > congenital or hereditary syndromes > [noun] amyelia1865 amelia1872 congenital myotonia1886 myotonia congenita1887 Thomsen's disease1890 von Recklinghausen's disease1899 pseudoxanthoma1900 Werdnig–Hoffmann1903 myotonia atrophica1908 Fröhlich1909 Milroy's disease1909 Lindau disease1928 Steinert's disease1932 von Hippel–Lindau disease1932 Werner's syndrome1934 Sturge–Weber syndrome1935 gargoylism1936 Morgagni's syndrome1936 Hurler's disease1937 von Willebrand1941 Turner1942 autism1944 hypophosphatasia1948 Klinefelter1950 mucopolysaccharidosis1952 progeria1957 Pendred1960 Down's syndrome1961 Patau's syndrome1961 Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome1962 cri du chat syndrome1964 Prader–Willi syndrome1964 Noonan syndrome1965 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome1966 Wernicke–Korsakoff1966 Down1967 mannosidosis1969 mucolipidosis1970 Asperger's syndrome1971 Angelman syndrome1972 adrenoleukodystrophy1973 SCID1973 severe combined immune deficiency1973 Miller–Dieker syndrome1980 Asperger1988 Asperger's disorder1994 1973 Lancet 16 June 1393/2 Three patients with both severe combined immunodeficiency (S.C.I.D) and adenosine-deaminase (A.D.A.) deficiency have been reported. 1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) 78 The most extreme forms of primary immunodeficiency in children are (a) the X-linked infantile (Bruton-type) agammaglobulinaemia..,(b) thymic aplasia or Di George syndrome..,and (c) severe combined immunodeficiency, where both T and B systems are deficient due to the absence of stem cells in the bone marrow. 1992 Independent 16 Jan. 2/1 The Cleveland girl suffered from a rare inherited defect, known as severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), which crippled her immune system. Most patients with the condition die in infancy from overwhelming infection. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.1548 |
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