self-defenceself-defensen.

Brit.

/ˌsɛlfdᵻˈfɛns/, U.S.

/ˌsɛlfdəˈfɛns/

Forms: see self- prefix and defence n.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: self- prefix, defence n.

Etymology: < self- prefix + defence n.

a. Defence of one's person, position, or interests; esp. defence of one's person through the use of physical force against an assailant. Frequently in in self-defence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > defending oneself

self-defence1609

self-shielding1874

1609 F. Greville Trag. Mustapha iii. ii. sig. F2 Neither power that warranted his hast, Nor selfe-defence, that makes offences lawfull, Could hold him from obedience to his father.

1625 W. Crosse Belgiaes Troubles & Triumphs i. 7 Thus Belgia being arm'd, and thus prepar'd, For selfe-defence against Inuasions made.

1733 A. Pope Ess. Man iii. 279 Forc'd into Virtue thus by Self-Defence, Ev'n Kings learn'd Justice and Benevolence.

1792 M. Wollstonecraft Vindic. Rights Woman xi. 353 The instinct of self-defence,..resembling that instinct, which makes a fish muddy the water it swims in to elude its enemy.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xvii. 26 He deduced the doctrine that selfdefence against pirates and assassins is unlawful.

1876 G. Bancroft Hist. U.S. (rev. ed.) IV. xv. 420 The settler..trusted for security in the forest to his perpetual readiness for self-defence.

1886 Field 9 Oct. 535/2 Each team scored a goal, and each touched down in self-defence.

1906 Nat. Rev. Mar. 148 It is usual to find more bruising on the right side in cases of a struggle where the right hand is used in self-defence.

1983 Listener 8 Sept. 17/3 It is reasonable to assume that a military aircraft will at least be carrying Sidewinder dog-fighting missiles for self-defence.

2008 M. Mayo Amer. Murder 368/1 The government men claimed they identified themselves as U.S. Marshals and fired only in self-defense.

b. Law. A legal defence for the use of force against someone, based on reasonable force being used to defend oneself or another.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > a pleading or plea > specific pleas in defence or excuse

essoinc1330

oulter-le-mer1607

uncore prist1607

alibi1612

plene administravit1623

autrefois acquit1632

self-defence1651

volenti non fit injuriaa1656

Twinkie defence1979

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxi. 113 The offer of pardon taketh from them, to whom it is offered, the plea of self-defence.

1691 B. Motte tr. S. F. von Pufendorf Whole Duty of Man iv. 79 The Plea of Self-Defence is allow'd to that person who shall thus encounter Danger.

1756 tr. Danish Laws vi. xii. 427 If a Person is attacked, and after the Conflict is over, provokes his Adversary again..and kills him, he shall not be allowed to plead Self-defence.

1819 Courier 22 July The assault which Long had committed was justifiable on the ground of self-defence.

1897 Harvard Law Rev. 11 63 A person cannot justify a homicide by the plea of self-defence, if the necessity for it results from his own wrongful act.

1958 Argosy Sept. 118 Do you understand now that if you force me to shoot, I can plead self-defence?

2016 Dubbo (Austral.) Daily Liberal (Nexis) 11 May 12 Self-defence is not available when a person has been killed, if the force was used only to protect property.

2. Any system of techniques for defending oneself against an assailant. Cf. defence n. 4.Originally (in the (noble, also manly) art of self-defence) with reference to fencing and boxing; now chiefly with reference to martial arts.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > [noun]

defence1549

pugilation1656

fencing1692

boxing1693

the (noble, also manly) art of self-defence1724

noble art1749

bruising1750

ring1770

noble science1778

pugilism1788

sparring1797

the sweet science1810

the fancy1820

pugilistics1820

pugnastics1830

fista1839

scrapping1891

ring-work1899

no contest1922

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > fencing > [noun]

buckler-playing1468

fence1533

defence1549

noble science1549

buckler-play1575

fencing1581

digladiation1589

sword-play1627

escrime1652

the (noble, also manly) art of self-defence1724

science1729

swordmanship1781

swordsmanship1851

swording1891

sword-work1913

1724 W. Hope (title) A vindication of the true art of self-defence... To which is annexed, a short..memorial for sword-men.

1789 D. Mendoza Mod. Art of Boxing Pref. p. v No doubt can surely be entertained..of the propriety of learning the art of Self-Defence, when..peaceable behaviour is no security against rudeness and insult.

1849 R. Cobden Speeches 76 Are the men the most peaceful in society, who have studied the ‘noble art of self-defence’?

c1879 (title) Ned Donnelly's art of boxing: a manual of sparring and self defense.

1887 W. P. Frith Autobiogr. I. i. 5 A little knowledge of the manly art of self-defence.

1934 Times 7 Feb. 9/2 The display consisted of..a demonstration of the art of self-defence by instructors from the Lucas Tooth Institute.

1976 Black Belt Dec. 38/4 The survey revealed that the single greatest deterrent to providing classes in self-defense was lack of trained teachers.

1988 PA Game News Dec. 38/1 Several other officers and I were assigned to teach self-defense and arrest tactics to the new class of trainees.

2005 R. Nidel World Music: Basics iv. 240 The martial art of silat is a branch of self defense also popular among the Malays as an art presentation.

3. International Law. Use of force by a state to defend itself in response to or anticipation of an armed attack; this as a principle or right.Often with modifying word, as anticipatory self-defence, collective self-defence, pre-emptive self-defence, etc.

ΚΠ

1813 Carolina Law Repository Sept. 180 The right of self-defence shall continue to be the first law of nature and of nations.

1854 R. Phillimore Comm. Internat. Law I. iv. i. 448 It is the Right of Self-Defence, which is lawfully exercised, in preventing as well as repelling attack.

1920 R. Roxburgh Oppenheim's Internat. Law (ed. 3) II. ii. iv. 257 That a merchant-vessel could defend herself against an attack of an enemy man-of-war had formerly never been doubted. But see Schramm,..who asserts that self-defence is not admissible.

1952 H. Kelsen Princ. Internat. Law 61 Article 51..provides: ‘Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations.’

1971 Black Panther Party: Hearings before Comm. on Internal Security (U.S. House of Representatives, 91st Congr., 2nd Sess.) IV. 4785 There is a philosophy called preemptive self-defense... If you see activity in Cuba which indicates there might be an attack on the United States, you might feel you have a right to block that particular activity... I don't believe in violence except in the case of self-defense or preemptive self-defense.

1993 A. C. Arend & R. J. Beck Internat. Law & Use of Force iii. v. 71 In short, Israel was claiming a right of ‘anticipatory self-defense’. Even though Iraq had not launched an actual armed attack, Israel believed that such an attack would follow.

2015 Al Jazeera (Nexis) 19 May All countries enjoy the right to self-preservation and self-defence under international law.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, as self-defence class, self-defence force, self-defence technique, etc.

ΚΠ

1866 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 31 Oct. The self-defense theory was an afterthought, for..he negotiated for the pistol the day before the threats were made.

1868 Republican Banner (Nashville, Tennessee) 22 Mar. The ‘self-defense’ argument in favor of concealed weapons is the argument of a mean-spirited sneak.

1907 I. Zangwill Ghetto Comedies 357 Our self-defence bands are bringing back the days of Judas Maccabæus.

1920 Northern Star (Lismore, New S. Wales) 20 Jan. 4/3 These consumers' self-defence organisations are responsible for the sympathetic comment that ‘it is good..that the consumer is at last waking up’.

1978 Times 2 Nov. 8/1 Under the constitution, limitations are placed on the size and role of Japan's self-defence forces.

1988 M. Dunford & J. Holland Real Guide Amsterdam (1989) ii. iv. 111 Weight-training and dance-workout studio with saunas, solarium, massage, and self-defense classes.

1993 Money Apr. 15/3 Rising fears of carjackings and muggings are leading Americans to arm themselves with self-defense sprays.

2012 Black Belt May 5 (advt.) These DVDs include self-defense techniques from krav maga, kapap and other effective close-quarters-combat methods.

C2.

self-defence plea n. Law a plea that the use of force against someone is lawful if it is reasonable and used to defend oneself or another.Earliest in figurative use.

ΚΠ

1823 Lit. Examiner 13 Dec. 369 Unless malignant insinuation..be also provided for, our Satirist is amply vindicated. So much for the self-defence plea.

1879 Belleville (Kansas) Telescope 10 July The self-defence plea... Blair is likely to get free by the self-defence dodge.

1889 Port Augusta (S. Austral.) Disp. 5 Apr. The prisoner's self-defence plea would have fallen to pieces under cross-examination.

1905 Boston Post 20 Mar. 5/3 She admitted she had shot him, and no self-defence plea was offered.

1975 Newsweek (Nexis) 20 Oct. 64 [The jury] knew that Sellars had killed Thomas, and thought that if they accepted Sellars's self-defense plea, manslaughter was the appropriate verdict.

2008 A. Motz Psychol. Female Violence iii. viii. 219 Where women kill their batterer while he is asleep.., the claim that their physical survival was at risk is not immediately relevant, therefore the self-defence plea is not acceptable.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	self-defence
释义	self-defenceself-defensen. Brit. /ˌsɛlfdᵻˈfɛns/, U.S. /ˌsɛlfdəˈfɛns/ Forms: see self- prefix and defence n. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: self- prefix, defence n. Etymology: < self- prefix + defence n. 1. a. Defence of one's person, position, or interests; esp. defence of one's person through the use of physical force against an assailant. Frequently in in self-defence. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > defending oneself self-defence1609 self-shielding1874 1609 F. Greville Trag. Mustapha iii. ii. sig. F2 Neither power that warranted his hast, Nor selfe-defence, that makes offences lawfull, Could hold him from obedience to his father. 1625 W. Crosse Belgiaes Troubles & Triumphs i. 7 Thus Belgia being arm'd, and thus prepar'd, For selfe-defence against Inuasions made. 1733 A. Pope Ess. Man iii. 279 Forc'd into Virtue thus by Self-Defence, Ev'n Kings learn'd Justice and Benevolence. 1792 M. Wollstonecraft Vindic. Rights Woman xi. 353 The instinct of self-defence,..resembling that instinct, which makes a fish muddy the water it swims in to elude its enemy. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xvii. 26 He deduced the doctrine that selfdefence against pirates and assassins is unlawful. 1876 G. Bancroft Hist. U.S. (rev. ed.) IV. xv. 420 The settler..trusted for security in the forest to his perpetual readiness for self-defence. 1886 Field 9 Oct. 535/2 Each team scored a goal, and each touched down in self-defence. 1906 Nat. Rev. Mar. 148 It is usual to find more bruising on the right side in cases of a struggle where the right hand is used in self-defence. 1983 Listener 8 Sept. 17/3 It is reasonable to assume that a military aircraft will at least be carrying Sidewinder dog-fighting missiles for self-defence. 2008 M. Mayo Amer. Murder 368/1 The government men claimed they identified themselves as U.S. Marshals and fired only in self-defense. b. Law. A legal defence for the use of force against someone, based on reasonable force being used to defend oneself or another. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > a pleading or plea > specific pleas in defence or excuse essoinc1330 oulter-le-mer1607 uncore prist1607 alibi1612 plene administravit1623 autrefois acquit1632 self-defence1651 volenti non fit injuriaa1656 Twinkie defence1979 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxi. 113 The offer of pardon taketh from them, to whom it is offered, the plea of self-defence. 1691 B. Motte tr. S. F. von Pufendorf Whole Duty of Man iv. 79 The Plea of Self-Defence is allow'd to that person who shall thus encounter Danger. 1756 tr. Danish Laws vi. xii. 427 If a Person is attacked, and after the Conflict is over, provokes his Adversary again..and kills him, he shall not be allowed to plead Self-defence. 1819 Courier 22 July The assault which Long had committed was justifiable on the ground of self-defence. 1897 Harvard Law Rev. 11 63 A person cannot justify a homicide by the plea of self-defence, if the necessity for it results from his own wrongful act. 1958 Argosy Sept. 118 Do you understand now that if you force me to shoot, I can plead self-defence? 2016 Dubbo (Austral.) Daily Liberal (Nexis) 11 May 12 Self-defence is not available when a person has been killed, if the force was used only to protect property. 2. Any system of techniques for defending oneself against an assailant. Cf. defence n. 4.Originally (in the (noble, also manly) art of self-defence) with reference to fencing and boxing; now chiefly with reference to martial arts. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > [noun] defence1549 pugilation1656 fencing1692 boxing1693 the (noble, also manly) art of self-defence1724 noble art1749 bruising1750 ring1770 noble science1778 pugilism1788 sparring1797 the sweet science1810 the fancy1820 pugilistics1820 pugnastics1830 fista1839 scrapping1891 ring-work1899 no contest1922 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > fencing > [noun] buckler-playing1468 fence1533 defence1549 noble science1549 buckler-play1575 fencing1581 digladiation1589 sword-play1627 escrime1652 the (noble, also manly) art of self-defence1724 science1729 swordmanship1781 swordsmanship1851 swording1891 sword-work1913 1724 W. Hope (title) A vindication of the true art of self-defence... To which is annexed, a short..memorial for sword-men. 1789 D. Mendoza Mod. Art of Boxing Pref. p. v No doubt can surely be entertained..of the propriety of learning the art of Self-Defence, when..peaceable behaviour is no security against rudeness and insult. 1849 R. Cobden Speeches 76 Are the men the most peaceful in society, who have studied the ‘noble art of self-defence’? c1879 (title) Ned Donnelly's art of boxing: a manual of sparring and self defense. 1887 W. P. Frith Autobiogr. I. i. 5 A little knowledge of the manly art of self-defence. 1934 Times 7 Feb. 9/2 The display consisted of..a demonstration of the art of self-defence by instructors from the Lucas Tooth Institute. 1976 Black Belt Dec. 38/4 The survey revealed that the single greatest deterrent to providing classes in self-defense was lack of trained teachers. 1988 PA Game News Dec. 38/1 Several other officers and I were assigned to teach self-defense and arrest tactics to the new class of trainees. 2005 R. Nidel World Music: Basics iv. 240 The martial art of silat is a branch of self defense also popular among the Malays as an art presentation. 3. International Law. Use of force by a state to defend itself in response to or anticipation of an armed attack; this as a principle or right.Often with modifying word, as anticipatory self-defence, collective self-defence, pre-emptive self-defence, etc. ΚΠ 1813 Carolina Law Repository Sept. 180 The right of self-defence shall continue to be the first law of nature and of nations. 1854 R. Phillimore Comm. Internat. Law I. iv. i. 448 It is the Right of Self-Defence, which is lawfully exercised, in preventing as well as repelling attack. 1920 R. Roxburgh Oppenheim's Internat. Law (ed. 3) II. ii. iv. 257 That a merchant-vessel could defend herself against an attack of an enemy man-of-war had formerly never been doubted. But see Schramm,..who asserts that self-defence is not admissible. 1952 H. Kelsen Princ. Internat. Law 61 Article 51..provides: ‘Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations.’ 1971 Black Panther Party: Hearings before Comm. on Internal Security (U.S. House of Representatives, 91st Congr., 2nd Sess.) IV. 4785 There is a philosophy called preemptive self-defense... If you see activity in Cuba which indicates there might be an attack on the United States, you might feel you have a right to block that particular activity... I don't believe in violence except in the case of self-defense or preemptive self-defense. 1993 A. C. Arend & R. J. Beck Internat. Law & Use of Force iii. v. 71 In short, Israel was claiming a right of ‘anticipatory self-defense’. Even though Iraq had not launched an actual armed attack, Israel believed that such an attack would follow. 2015 Al Jazeera (Nexis) 19 May All countries enjoy the right to self-preservation and self-defence under international law. Compounds C1. General attributive, as self-defence class, self-defence force, self-defence technique, etc. ΚΠ 1866 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 31 Oct. The self-defense theory was an afterthought, for..he negotiated for the pistol the day before the threats were made. 1868 Republican Banner (Nashville, Tennessee) 22 Mar. The ‘self-defense’ argument in favor of concealed weapons is the argument of a mean-spirited sneak. 1907 I. Zangwill Ghetto Comedies 357 Our self-defence bands are bringing back the days of Judas Maccabæus. 1920 Northern Star (Lismore, New S. Wales) 20 Jan. 4/3 These consumers' self-defence organisations are responsible for the sympathetic comment that ‘it is good..that the consumer is at last waking up’. 1978 Times 2 Nov. 8/1 Under the constitution, limitations are placed on the size and role of Japan's self-defence forces. 1988 M. Dunford & J. Holland Real Guide Amsterdam (1989) ii. iv. 111 Weight-training and dance-workout studio with saunas, solarium, massage, and self-defense classes. 1993 Money Apr. 15/3 Rising fears of carjackings and muggings are leading Americans to arm themselves with self-defense sprays. 2012 Black Belt May 5 (advt.) These DVDs include self-defense techniques from krav maga, kapap and other effective close-quarters-combat methods. C2. self-defence plea n. Law a plea that the use of force against someone is lawful if it is reasonable and used to defend oneself or another.Earliest in figurative use. ΚΠ 1823 Lit. Examiner 13 Dec. 369 Unless malignant insinuation..be also provided for, our Satirist is amply vindicated. So much for the self-defence plea. 1879 Belleville (Kansas) Telescope 10 July The self-defence plea... Blair is likely to get free by the self-defence dodge. 1889 Port Augusta (S. Austral.) Disp. 5 Apr. The prisoner's self-defence plea would have fallen to pieces under cross-examination. 1905 Boston Post 20 Mar. 5/3 She admitted she had shot him, and no self-defence plea was offered. 1975 Newsweek (Nexis) 20 Oct. 64 [The jury] knew that Sellars had killed Thomas, and thought that if they accepted Sellars's self-defense plea, manslaughter was the appropriate verdict. 2008 A. Motz Psychol. Female Violence iii. viii. 219 Where women kill their batterer while he is asleep.., the claim that their physical survival was at risk is not immediately relevant, therefore the self-defence plea is not acceptable. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1609
随便看	editing tool editio princeps edition editionalize editionalized editionalizing editioned editioner editiones principes editioning editionized editionizing editions editola editor editor-at-large editor-author editor-in-chief editor-manager editoratlarge editorauthor editored editoress editorial editorial board