secondaryadj.n.

1386 Almanak of Year 1 Ther es difference bitwyx þe principal howce and þe secundary howce.

c1425 Orolog. Sapient. iv, in Anglia X. 354/27 Siche oþere exercises..schulbe.. demyd as secundarye and lesse worth.

c1440 (?a1396) W. Hilton in G. G. Perry Eng. Prose Treat. (1921) 17 For þe souerayne & þe Escencyalle Ioy es in [þe] lufe of Godd.., and [þe] secundarye es in comonynge & byhaldynge of Aungells.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. FFFiii^v Their outwarde labor it nat their principall entent, but it is onely the secondary entent of their charite.

1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 492/2 Therfore these causes be but diuined and gessed at, and seme but very secundary.

1632 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 478 Your request in that particular was accompanied with some secundarie respectes not then made knowne unto us.

1735 J. Price Some Considerations Stone-bridge Thames 15 Things..purely Ornimental, are no more than of secondary Consideration.

1745 E. Young Complaint: Night the Eighth 58 Those secondary Goods that smile on Earth, He, loving, in Proportion, loves in Peace.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 6 Secondary powers are those of Turkey, Spain, Holland.

1801 E. Helme St. Margaret's Cave IV. xv. 290 And is there no secondary motive for that wish, Isabel?

1838 E. Guest Hist. Eng. Rhythms I. i. iv. 78 When the word contains two or more syllables there may be a second accent; this, of course, must be subordinate to the first, and is commonly called the secondary accent.

1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt III. xxxvi. 38 Something that made the threat..only a secondary alarm.

1899 R. L. Heinig Gloss. Bot. Terms Secondary, subordinate. Secondary axes, those proceeding from the main axis.

1908 R. Bagot Anthony Cuthbert ii. 12 Besides, the religious difficulty was only a secondary, a very secondary matter.

1428 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 82 My Russet Candelstykes, and 1 paire Candelstekes secundaries next þoo.

1508 Will in J. T. Fowler Acts Church SS. Peter & Wilfrid, Ripon (1875) 330 My secondarie gowne.

1564 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories N. Counties Eng. (1835) I. 225 His best dublatt xij^d..a secondari dublatt viij^d a nother payre of hose viij^d..one old dublatt iiij^d.

1566 T. Blundeville Order curing Horses Dis. f. 122^v, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe Take of..myrrhe secundary two pounde [etc.].

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxiii. viii. 477 They put secundarie Vermillion in an earthen pot.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Gen. xxv. 6 To the sonys forsothe of the secondarye wyues [L. concubinarum] he ȝaue ȝiftis.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Gen. xxii. 24, Judges viii. 31, Song of Sol. vi. 7.

1782 J. Brown Compend. View Nat. & Revealed Relig. i. i. 24 Servants in families ought to be considered as secondary children, and have due instruction [etc.].

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall IV. xliv. 382 From the age of Augustus to the tenth century, the use of this secondary marriage [i.e. concubinage] prevailed both in the West and East.

1847 A. Strickland Lives Queens of Eng. X. ii. 328 He likewise obliged the princess to receive at her court, and to countenance the duke of Monmouth's mistress, or secondary wife, Lady Harriet Wentworth.

1924 D. Hosie Two Gentlemen China (ed. 2) ix. 91 The ladies of the household..often wield a power that must be reckoned with, if they are fond of intrigue, like a certain secondary wife of an official of our acquaintance.

1930 W. F. Sands Undiplomatic Memories (1931) 69 From kitchenmaid she was raised to the first rank of secondary consorts..and in due course became the mother of the monarch's third son.

1950 Jrnl. Royal Anthropol. Inst. 80 101/2 In view of the difficulty of establishing the exact nature of the forms of ‘secondary marriage’, ‘the doctrine of presumption of marriage now applies to the Chinese’.

1950 Jrnl. Royal Anthropol. Inst. 80 103/1 A..significant shift of a class of women from the status of kept mistresses to that of secondary wives.

1950 I. Schapera in A. R. Radcliffe-Brown & D. Forde Afr. Syst. Kinship & Marriage 149 A ‘secondary union’..is merely an extension of an existing marriage. Its essential character is that, for the purposes of child-bearing, one of the original parties..is replaced by another person of the same sex, who is regarded as a bodily substitute, and not as an independent spouse.

1970 J. M. Meskill in M. Freedman Family & Kinship in China 148 In the Wu-feng Lin genealogy..secondary wives..are recorded as well as main wives.

1450 Rolls of Parl. V. 196/2 Gilbert Maltoft, secondary Baron of oure Eschequier.

?c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. & Antiq. Syon Monastery (1840) 337 The secundary preste schal sense the fyrste, and the principal senser of the lay brethern schal sense the seyd secundary preste thre castys.

1599 in T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia (1633) i. i. 7 If the said Iustice, or assistant, and secondary Iustice, shall depart [etc.].

1607 in Verney Papers (1853) 96 With him as secondarie men in charge, was one maister Philip Giffard.

a1636 T. Westcote View Devonshire 1630 (1845) 431 Sir John Whiddon..was also secondary Justice of the King's Bench.

1827 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth (1873) ii. 349 Secondary men, men of talents, may be mixt up like an apothecary's prescription.

1836 W. S. Landor Pericles & Aspasia II. 140 No writer of florid prose ever was more than a secondary poet.

1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in Wks. II. 148/1 He will never have a minister who is not taken from the ranks; never a man of genius, never an honest man; but secondary and plausible.

1751 C. Labelye Descr. Westm. Bridge 22 Every Arch..is double, the first..built with great Blocks of Portland Stone,..over which there is another Arch..bonded in with the under semicircular Arch... By means of these secondary Arches..every Arch of Westminster Bridge is able to stand by itself.

1804 W. Bingley Animal Biogr. (ed. 2) II. 222 Parrots..never climb nor creep without fastening by the bill; with this they begin, and they use their feet only as secondary instruments of motion.

1812 J. J. Henry Accurate Acct. Campaign against Quebec 31 Our secondary guide and myself, thinking that we could manage the water slipped into our canoe.

1861 F. A. Paley Æschylus' Supplices (ed. 2) 916 (note) A secondary chorus of attendants was actually present.

1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 135 To be cut through with a small secondary knife.

1902 Sir G. S. Clarke in Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 124/1 Secondary bases, or coaling stations,..are sources of maritime strength in proportion [etc.].

1831 Edinb. Rev. Sept. 185 (note) The difficulty of secondary punishments is much increased by observing that there is not a form of punishment which is not liable to some objections.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 335 This is sometimes called a secondary, sometimes a shifting, use.

1848 J. J. S. Wharton Law Lexicon Secondary use, a use limited to take effect in derogation of a preceding estate; otherwise called a shifting use, as a conveyance to the use of A. and his heirs, with a proviso that when B. returns from India, then to the use of C. and his heirs.

1810 in E. H. East Rep. Cases King's Bench VIII. 289 The fact of its loss being proved, so as to let in the secondary evidence of its contents; that matter was sufficiently established by parol.

1821 J. F. Archbold Digest Law Pleading & Evid. 354 Before secondary evidence is offered, a foundation for it must first be laid, by proving that better evidence cannot be obtained.

1821 J. F. Archbold Digest Law Pleading & Evid. 355 You will be permitted to give secondary evidence of the execution of the deed, that is, you may prove the deed by proving the hand-writing of the witness and party.

1885 Law. Rep.: Chancery Div. 29 290 A probate was not even secondary evidence of a lost will until the statute 20 & 21 Vict.

1902 C. P. Ilbert in Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 336/1 The distinction between primary and secondary evidence relates only to documentary evidence.

1921 S. L. Phipson Law of Evidence (ed. 6) i. 7 The term secondary evidence, on the other hand, is by common usage confined to documents; it deals only with the means of proving their contents; and it is in general admissible whenever the absence of the primary source has been satisfactorily explained.

1976 Halsbury's Laws of England (ed. 4) XVII. 9 In the unavoidable absence of the best or primary evidence of documents, the court will accept secondary evidence. This is evidence which suggests, on the face of it, that other and better evidence exists.

1835 Tomlin's Law Dict. (ed. 4) Secondary Conveyances, those which presuppose some other conveyance precedent, and only serve to confirm, alter, restrain, restore, or transfer the interest granted by such original conveyance.

1931 W. J. C. Lawrence in Cytologia 2 353 It is now possible to demonstrate the occurrence of two different types of chromosome association in polyploids. We may define these two modes of association as follows: Primary association 1) arises from prophase pairing and 2) determines segregation. Secondary association 1) is a post~synaptic phenomenon and 2) does not affect segregation. It is a differential approximation of the bivalents in the equatorial plane.

1959 Biol. Abstr. 24 12/1 Multivalent formation and ‘secondary association’ in the meiotic stages of autotetraploid races of Lycopersicon Mill.

a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 58 [Enumerates three kinds of hæmorrhoids. Of which] þe secundary [i.e. the second hardest to cure] is rixis.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 273 He pullede owte his eien for iij causes. The firste cause was for [etc.]... The cause secondary was for he myȝhte not beholde women withowte concupiscence. The thrydde cause was [etc.].

1455 Rolls of Parl. V. 300/2 First to Goddes pleasure, secundarie for your owne suerte..and for the third to the universall wele..of this lond.

?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Eiv ^v Secondary, secondement.

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 130 We myght bryng thes ij thyngys to effecte, that ys to say to have the cyvyle law of the romaynys to be the commyn law here of englond wyth us & secondary that [etc.].

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) iv. i. 76 Heete Colde Drye and Moyste ben callyd the fyrste qualitees... They ben also callyd the pryncipal qualytees, for of theym come all the secundarye effectes.

1567 W. Allen Treat. Def. Priesthod 15 Wrought by the principal cause, and yet by the office and ministery of some secondary cause appointed..for the same vse.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. H8^v We giue vnto God the cheefest stroke..all other creatures being but the instrumentall, or secundarie causes.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica v. xxi. 268 In this secondary and symbolicall sense it may be also understood. View more context for this quotation

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 181 So many mother languages..besides secondary tongues and dialects which exceed the number of their mothers.

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 26 The secondary origination of Mankind, or the production of the Individuals by generation.

1738 Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 62/1 Neither do I remember that I have seen much of it [sc. generosity] in any Moral Treatise, being perhaps but superficially handled, under the Notion of a secondary and derivative Virtue.

1777 J. Priestley Disquis. Matter & Spirit ix. 111 All secondary causes necessarily lead us to a primary one.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. xlix. 94 Of these pictures, the far greater part, the transcripts of a human pencil, could only pretend to a secondary likeness.

1790 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 80 247 (heading) Secondary triangles, subdivided into two sets, for the improvement of the maps of the country, and the plan of the City of London.

1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 76 Convinced of the undeviating uniformity of secondary causes,..he determines the probability of accounts transmitted to him of former occurrences.

1877 W. Smith & H. Wace Dict. Christian Biogr. I. 449/2 The literature upon Cerinthus is summed up in the following primary and secondary authorities.

1908 C. B. Breed & G. L. Hosmer Princ. & Pract. Surveying II. i. 5 From the sides of the primary triangles as bases a secondary system of triangles is laid out, the sides being shorter than those of the primary system.

1975 J. B. Harley Ordnance Survey Maps i. 7 This primary network is broken down successively into a secondary triangulation (giving a continuous network of stations between 8 km and 12 km apart), a tertiary triangulation (with a density of control points 4 to 7 km apart), and other lower orders of control.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 854 That we were formd then saist thou? & the work Of secondarie hands, by task transferd From Father to his Son? View more context for this quotation

1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 256 It is doubtful whether the people, with their strong personal feeling towards their Gospodar, will be satisfied with applying to a secondary agency.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. Pref. sig. A4^v The secondary Planets of Saturn and Jupiter.

1690 W. Leybourn Cursus mathematicus f. 760 I now enter upon their Hypotheses, that suppose it [sc. the Earth] to be mov'd about the Sun. But before the Phaenomena of the secondary Moveables can be explained by this supposition, we must first understand [etc.].

1786 J. Bonnycastle Introd. Astron. 38 Ten others, called secondary planets, or satellites, which regard their primaries as the centers of their motions.

1868 W. Lockyer & J. N. Lockyer tr. A. Guillemin Heavens (ed. 3) 237 The secondary systems of which that [viz. the Solar] system itself is composed.

1868 J. N. Lockyer Elem. Lessons Astron. §16 (1879) 88 The Moon..is one of the satellites, or secondary bodies.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Secondary Circles.

1857 A. Cayley Coll. Math. Papers (1889) II. 339 The secondary caustic or orthogonal trajectory of the refracted rays, i.e. a curve having the caustic for its evolute.

1774 H. Home Sketches Hist. of Man III. 155 Substances are either primary, to wit, individual substances, or secondary, to wit, the genera and species of substances.

1893 Presbyterian Q. 7 140 Spinoza, in his denial of the Cartesian distinction between primary and secondary substance, laid the foundation for the whole course of modern pantheistic speculation.

2002 P. Allen Concept of Woman II. ii. 76 Neither ‘a woman’ as a primary substance nor ‘woman’ as a secondary substance appears as an example in Aristotle's logical texts.

1793 Sturges in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 83 1 In this shower two primary rainbows appeared,..with a secondary bow to each.

1859 S. Parkinson Treat. Optics i. xi. 228 The Secondary Rainbow. The space above the primary rainbow..seems darker than the rest; beyond this space appears a broader but fainter rainbow the colours of which are in reverse order to those in the primary.

1883 R. H. Scott Elem. Meteorol. 200 The secondary bow, presenting the prismatic colours in the reverse order to that just described.

1816 R. Jameson Treat. External Characters Minerals (ed. 2) 169 The manner in which secondary crystals may increase in magnitude, and still preserve their form.

1823 H. J. Brooke Familiar Introd. Crystallogr. 69 The edge c d, of the secondary plane, being parallel to the diagonal a b, of the primary form.

1836–41 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 5) 122 The secondary forms are supposed to arise from decrements of particles taking place on different edges and angles of the primitive forms.

1850 E. B. Denison Rudimentary Treat. Clock & Watch Making ii. 162 Secondary Compensation.

1888 Ld. Grimthorpe in Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 396/1 Molyneux took a patent for a secondary compensation.

1888 Ld. Grimthorpe in Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 396/1 The action is here equally continuous with Dent's, and the adjustments for primary and secondary compensation are apparently more independent of each other.

1876 R. H. Scott Weather Charts 76 It is not often, however, that we find the secondary depressions so clearly marked as in fig. 15.

1780 J. Hunter in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 70 529 It is my intention at present to extend my inquiry on this subject no farther than as to what relates to that resemblance which one sex bears to that of another in those distinguishing properties which I term secondary... There is often a change of the secondary properties of one sex into another.

1780 J. Hunter in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 70 530 The male..loses that resemblance which he before bore to the female in various secondary properties, exclusive of what relates to the organs of generation.

1780 J. Hunter in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 70 531 A change of those secondary characters.

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species v. 156 I think it will be admitted..that secondary sexual characters are very variable.

1871 C. Darwin Descent of Man I. viii. 254 Unless..we confine the term ‘primary’ to the reproductive glands, it is scarcely possible to decide which ought to be called primary and which secondary.

1926 H. M. Kyle Biol. Fishes xii. 290 It is amongst the freshwater Teleosts..that the secondary sexual characters are most developed... Usually it is the pectoral fins that are longer in the male.

1977 E. B. Steen & J. H. Price Human Sex & Sexuality iv. 59 Androgens, of which testosterone is the principle one, control the development of secondary sex characteristics (distribution of hair, quality of voice, skeletal form, sebaceous gland activity).

1886 J. Geikie Outl. Geol. xiii. 151 It is the primary or original constituents of a rock which ought to determine its species, but these are often replaced by secondary minerals, and thus it is not in all cases possible to say what were the primary minerals.

1897 G. P. Merrill Treat. Rocks iii. iii. 249 Those dikes containing so large a proportion of secondary epidote as to be of a dull greenish hue are almost invariably more enduring than the granites.

1931 A. Johannsen Descr. Petrogr. Igneous Rocks I. ii. 28 Secondary minerals may be introduced by the addition of material such as boron, fluorine, etc., to form tourmaline, topaz, fluorite, etc.

1974 R. F. Flint & B. J. Skinner Physical Geol. vi. 94/2 Water combines with the remaining aluminum silicate radical to create the clay mineral kaolinite... The resulting kaolinite we call a secondary mineral, because it was not present in the original rock.

1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 205 Lay shaft, a small secondary shaft, which is placed beside, or at the end of a horizontal engine, for the purpose of actuating the valves. It is driven from the crank shaft by means of bevel or spur-wheels.

1902 H. Sturmey in A. C. Harmsworth et al. Motors & Motor-driving (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) x. 205 Causing the secondary shaft..to be rotated.

1926 H. T. Rutter Mod. Motors II. vii. 261 Parallel to the gear-shaft in the gear box is another shaft, which is called the ‘lay’ shaft, ‘secondary’, or countershaft.

1898 Sci. Abstr.: Physics & Electr. Engin. 1 128 The secondary rays emitted by the metal..pass some centimetres through the air.

1921 J. Scott-Taggart Thermionic Tubes i. 11 Under some conditions the electron bombardment liberates a number of secondary electrons attached to the atoms of the plate.

1938 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) v. 61 The number of secondary electrons corresponding to each incident primary electron depends on the velocity of the primary electron.

1944 Electronic Engin. 16 372/1 In order to avoid or minimise secondary emission it is necessary that grid structures shall be maintained reasonably cool during the operating life of a valve.

1950 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 4) vii. 15 Secondary emission may be obtained by electron bombardment of pure metals... In this case a part of the energy of the bombarding or primary electron is transferred to one or several conduction electrons of the solid.

1964 M. Gowing Brit. & Atomic Energy 1939–45 i. 39 When the uranium oxide was bombarded with fast neutrons the initial fission did not propagate itself because the secondary neutrons lost energy.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia V. 200/1 Secondary cosmic rays consist mainly of subatomic particles that are short-lived..; they cannot have come far and are thus known to have been produced within the atmosphere.

1901 B. S. Rowntree Poverty p. viii Families whose total earnings would be sufficient for merely physical efficiency were it not that some portion of it is absorbed by other expenditure... Poverty falling under this head is described as ‘secondary’ poverty.

1909 M. F. Davies Life in Eng. Village xii. 146 These people..appear to have a struggle to keep going, and their incomes do not probably exceed the limit of secondary poverty.

1970 M. Rein in P. Townsend Concept of Poverty ii. 60 If the diet is to..avoid building into its definition a confusion between primary and secondary poverty, then the standards of economy must be relaxed and a more realistic assumption of human error accepted.

1904 A. B. F. Young Compl. Motorist (ed. 2) iv. 107 The secondary shaft drives to the differential shaft by means of a bevel gear.

1909 Pacific Reporter 98 1083/1 This is the argument commonly advanced to establish the illegality of what has been called..a ‘secondary’ rather than a ‘primary’ boycott.

1916 L. Wolman Boycott in Amer. Trade Unions i. 142 The secondary boycott is distinctly different in effect from the simple strike; since..it inflicts injury upon an innocent third party.

1938 Atlantic Reporter CXCV. 379/2 The Legislature..never contemplated..‘secondary picketing’.

1938 Atlantic Reporter CXCV. 378/1 Secondary picketing is illegal.

1942 Yale Law Jrnl. May 1209 Secondary picketing against the employer's vendee, is the only effective means of publicizing the facts of a labor contest.

1979 Daily Tel. 13 Jan. 1/2 The Freight Transport Association said secondary picketing had been reduced in some areas, but expressed concern about the position in [the] Midlands where the dispute was unofficial.

1980 Illustr. London News Mar. 19/1 The Law Lords referred to their judgment in the case of McShane v Express Newspapers, in which they had decided that secondary blacking on the part of journalists, on the instruction of their union, fell within the immunity granted under section 13 of the 1974 Act.

1919 Proc. Royal Soc. Edinb. 39 161 Tables familiar to all seismologists, in which times of transit of the primary and secondary waves are expressed in terms of the arcual distances of the stations of observation from the..epicentre.

1930 Economist 19 July 107/2 The design behind the former movement is clearly to enable nascent secondary industries to compete in the home market.

1944 J. S. Huxley On Living in Revol. 128 Encouragement must be given to light and secondary industries, for only so can a reasonably balanced economy grow up in colonial areas.

1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Aug. 127/3 The tending of land, livestock, and crops has figured so prominently in the lives of New Zealanders—and will continue to do so despite the growth of secondary industries.

1977 D. M. Smith Human Geogr. viii. 232 The mineral or crop may be exported in its raw state for processing in Europe or North America, thus depriving the producing country of a possible basis for building up secondary industry.

1931 Engineering 9 Jan. 40/2 Complete combustion to CO₂ takes place at the end of the chamber, when an enveloping stream of secondary air meets the first stream.

1951 H. Cohen & G. F. C. Rogers Gas Turbine Theory vii. 195 If devices are used to increase the turbulence and so distribute the secondary air more uniformly throughout the burning gases, the combustion efficiency will be improved but at the expense of increased pressure loss.

1945 R. Watson-Watt in Nature 15 Sept. 323 Radar in war fell into three convenient categories, each of which has come to stay in the peace... Secondary radar requires that small measure of co-operation which is involved in the fitting and switching on of an otherwise automatic responder.

1961 Engineering 6 Jan. 1/2 What secondary radar does for the controller on the ground is to give him identification of aircraft as they come within range.

1967 New Scientist 19 Oct. 151/2 Air traffic control is increasingly making use of secondary radar.

1952 K. U. Linderstrøm-Lang Proteins & Enzymes 58 The presence of intrahelix as well as interhelix bonds may justify a classification into secondary (intrahelix) and tertiary (interhelix) structures, as distinct from the primary structure of the simple β-chain.

1960 Nature 8 Oct. 99/2 Ribonucleic acid is a single-stranded molecule the secondary structure of which arises from intramolecular interactions.

1974 Nature 29 Nov. 351/2 Let us now discuss the effect of natural selection on secondary or tertiary structure, as natural selection acts through these higher order structures and not on primary structure.

1977 D. E. Metzler Biochemistry ii. 102/2 The value of β is always positive but that of τ can be negative, the secondary structure (Watson-Crick helix) being fully formed but with left-handed superhelical turns present.

1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 780 Fructifications near the rib of the 2dary wings.

1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. i. iii. 122 Adventitious or Secondary Root.—This name is applied to all roots which are not produced by the direct elongation of the radicle of the embryo.

1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. i. iv. 193 When the floral axis is thus branched, it is better to speak of the main axis as the primary axis..its divisions as the secondary axes..and their divisions as the tertiary axes.

1880 C. E. Bessey Bot. 147 Where the secondary leaves (leaflets) grow from an extremely short axis.

1883 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Course Elem. Biol. xii. 157 Each of the hairs..is..seen to be covered over its whole surface with innumerable very fine secondary hairs; these are shortest near the base of the primary hair.

1973 H. C. Bold Morphol. Plants (ed. 3) xxx. 570/2 Branches of the radicle are secondary roots; all other roots are adventitious.

1807 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 467 By the term Secondary Compound is meant a combination of salifiable bases or primary compounds with each other.

1807 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 467 The secondary compounds..may be arranged under the five following classes.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics vii. 69 Any mixtures or combinations of any of them [sc. primary colours] are called secondary colours.

1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) I. 178/1 The primary or simple, and the secondary or mixed colours.

1903 Rep. Departmental Comm. Highway Authorities & Admin.: Pt. I p. vi in Parl. Papers 1904 (Cd. 1793) XXIV. 279 Roads of this class are known in different parts of the country as Secondary Roads, Contribution or Contributory Roads, ‘Grant in aid’ Roads, &c.

1929 A. Huxley Let. 1 Dec. (1969) 321 Even the secondary roads were tolerable.

1938 E. Ambler Cause for Alarm xiv. 228 The only roads we'll have to worry about are..secondary roads.

1959 T. S. Eliot Elder Statesman iii. 88 It was late at night. A secondary road. I ran over an old man lying in the road.

1974 J. Thomson Long Revenge iv. 45 He turned off into the network of secondary roads.

1471 G. Ripley Compound of Alchymy Rec., in E. Ashmole Theatrum Chem. Britannicum (1652) 188 The Altytude of thy Bodys hyde..In every of thy Materyalls dystroyyng the fyrst qualyte: And secundary qualytes more gloryose repare in them anon.

1795 J. Hutton Theory Earth I. 421 The Theory of interchanging Sea and Land illustrated by an Investigation of the Primary and Secondary Strata.

1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. iv. 168 Rocks are generally divided by geologists into two grand divisions, distinguished by the names of primary and secondary... The secondary rocks, or strata, consist only partly of crystalline matter; contain fragments of other rocks or strata; often abound in the remains of vegetables and marine animals; and sometimes contain the remains of land animals.

1818 W. Phillips Outl. Mineral. & Geol. (ed. 3) 86 Rocks which include organic remains, must have been formed after the shells they contain; and therefore not being considered primitive, they are by some termed secondary rocks; whence the term used by geologists of primary and secondary formations.

1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 324 By ‘secondary’, we mean those stratified rocks older than the tertiary, which contain distinct organic remains.

1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. vi. iii. i. 759 The Mesozoic or Secondary series.

1857 A. Henfrey Elem. Course Bot. §659 The walls of almost all cells soon exhibit a departure from the original simple condition, arising from the formation of new lamellæ,..all over, or over particular parts of the inside of the primary membrane. These are distinguished as secondary layers.

1860 P. H. Gosse Actinologia Brit. Introd. 19 I have found a small round aperture in each primary and secondary septum.

1880 C. E. Bessey Bot. 408 These new cells are developed on the one hand into tracheides, which compose the secondary wood, and on the other into parenchyma and fibrous tissue, composing the secondary cortex.

1897 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24 104 The term[s] ‘primary sporocyte’..and ‘secondary sporocyte’..are directly analogous to ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ ‘oöcyte,’ and ‘spermatocyte’ in animal cells.

1927 W. Shumway Vertebr. Embryol. ii. 34 Four (or three, if the smaller secondary oöcyte fails to divide) oötids are produced, of which the single large cell is the ovum, while the smaller ones are known as polocytes.

1945 W. J. Hamilton et al. Human Embryol. ii. 12 The formation of the first polar spindle..initiates the first maturation, or reduction, division, the oocyte dividing into a larger cell, the secondary oocyte, and a much smaller cell, the first polar body.

1946 B. M. Patten Human Embryol. ii. 31 The primary oöcyte divides to form two secondary oöcytes. One of these receives little cytoplasm and is called the first polar body.

1968 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxxvii. 10/2 All the primary oocytes so formed begin their first meiotic division before birth, but the completion of prophase is arrested until after puberty... Meiosis restarts in individual oocytes when their follicles undergo maturation in subsequent ovarian cycles... The remainder of the first meiotic division is completed by the time of ovulation, at which time a secondary oocyte is released into the tube. The second meiotic division follows immediately and..is not normally completed until the oocyte is penetrated by a spermatozoon.

1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes ix. 120/1 Oogenesis, the development of eggs, occurs within the ovary and also progresses through various stages involving oogonia, primary and secondary oocytes, and finally ova or eggs.

1837 R. Liston Elem. Surg. 325 Secondary hæmorrhage will sometimes follow when reaction has been established.

1850 J. Ogilvie Imperial Dict. Secondary amputation.

1889 W. MacCormac Surg. Operat. ii. 140 Secondary or consecutive operations are those performed after the acute inflammatory symptoms have subsided and suppuration has been fully established.

1891 C. W. M. Moullin Surg. 1371 Amputation..may be primary (within twenty-four hours); intermediary (before suppuration); or secondary (after suppuration).

1722 J. Quincy Lexicon Physico-medicum (ed. 2) Secundary Fever, is that which arises after a Crisis, or the Discharge of some morbid Matter, as after the Declension of the Small-Pox, or Measles.

1786 J. Hunter Treat. Venereal Dis. v. v. 294 To ascertain whether her secondary ulcers were infectious.

1799 T. Beddoes in Med. Jrnl. 1 101 The symptoms were what are called secondary, and the disease in its most rooted and obstinate state.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 677 True epilepsy may occur in the so-called ‘secondary’ stage of syphilis.

1809 R. L. Edgeworth Ess. Professional Educ. i. 41 In the secondary schools for boys of nine or ten.., the principles of general grammar should be explained.

1835 Southern Literary Messenger 1 275 Others classify them into 1st primary schools..2nd secondary schools, for the rudiments of Arithmetic, Geography, English Grammar, and further progress in reading and writing.

1852 Indiana Hist. Soc. Publ. III. 615 Those engaged in studies of a more advanced character constitute another class, termed secondary.

1861 M. Arnold Pop. Educ. France Introd. 39 The public secondary schools of France.

1863 M. Arnold in Macmillan's Mag. Sept. 355/1 The Royal Commissioners have thought themselves precluded..from making a thorough inquiry into the system of secondary instruction on the Continent.

1876 J. Grant Hist. Burgh Schools Scotl. ii. ii. 128 Schools in which elementary and secondary instruction were formerly given.

1882 M. Arnold Irish Ess. 130 Schools giving secondary education, as it is called—that fuller and higher instruction which comes after elementary instruction.

1892 Bill Registration Teachers Secondary Schools 1 in Parl. Papers IX. 371 This Act may be cited as the Secondary School Teachers Registration Act, 1892.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 663/2 The school which seeks to retain its pupil to the age of sixteen or seventeen, and to prepare him to enter a skilled trade or one of the minor professions, is a secondary or intermediate school.

1926 W. H. Hadow et al. Rep. Consult. Comm. Educ. Adolescent (Board of Educ.) 266 The expression ‘secondary school’ was borrowed from the French ‘école secondaire’, which was used apparently for the first time in the Rapport et projet de décret sur l'organisation générale de l'instruction publique, submitted to the Legislative Assembly by Condorcet in April, 1792.

1937 Burlington Mag. Sept. 107/2 No student..can possibly acquire more than a secondary-school smattering in the subject.

1943 C. Norwood et al. Curriculum & Exam. in Secondary Schools (Board of Educ.) i. iii. 15 At the age of 11+, or earlier in some cases, a child would pass into one of the three types of secondary education which we have postulated, secondary Grammar School, secondary Technical School, secondary Modern School.

1955 Punch 30 Mar. 404/2 ‘The thing that makes me nervous,’ I said tentatively, ‘is if they fail their 11-plus and land up in a Secondary Modern.’

1956 H. Loukes Secondary Mod. i. 45 They are not to be regarded, these secondary modern children, as a backward group.

1961 M. Kelly Spoilt Kill ii. 103 He taught maths in a secondary modern somewhere down south.

1976 Yorkshire Evening Press 9 Dec. 13/6 Derwent Secondary Modern School, York, was entered and £6.50 stolen.

1976 Evening Post (Nottingham) 14 Dec. 6/2 His early education finished at 14 when he left the Player Secondary School.

1982 Guardian 26 Apr. 3/2 Critics say it is a back door way of re-introducing grammar and secondary modern schools.

1865 J. Lubbock Prehist. Times iv. 110 It appears reasonable to conclude that these interments belong to the ante-metallic period; especially when..we find several secondary interments, plainly belonging to a later age.

1877 W. Greenwell Brit. Barrows 13 These secondary interments have been made either by placing the body on the surface of an existing barrow..or by making an excavation into it. Secondary burials occur in all parts of a barrow.

1954 S. Piggott Neolithic Cultures Brit. Isles i. 15 These Secondary Neolithic cultures, as I have called them, were to form the basis of the ensuing British Bronze Age.

1960 K. M. Kenyon Archaeol. in Holy Land iv. 86 The burials as we find them were secondary. That is to say, the bones were only placed in their present position after the flesh had largely decayed.

1963 E. S. Wood Collins Field Guide Archaeol. i. iv. 60 The secondary Neolithic is now appearing more complicated than it looked a few years ago.

1963 H. N. Savory in I. L. Foster & L. Alcock Culture & Environment iii. 26 It is therefore no longer necessary to envisage a narrow horizon on which Primary and Secondary Neolithic and ‘Beaker’ elements can scarcely be disentangled.

1977 Kwang-chih Chang Archaeol. Anc. China (ed. 3) viii. 406 Three ways to dispose of the dead were distinguished..: cremation and ash urns; interment of the dorsal and stretched type; and probably secondary burials.

1905 F. E. Clements Res. Methods Ecol. iv. 247 Generally speaking, all successions on denuded soils are secondary... The great majority of secondary successions owe their origin to floods, animals, or the activities of man, and they agree in occurring upon decomposed soils of medium water-content.

1932 G. D. Fuller & H. S. Conard tr. J. Braun-Blanquet Plant Sociol. xi. 279 Fires are always followed..by a secondary succession, which tends anew towards the climax.

1973 P. A. Colinvaux Introd. Ecol. vi. 77 Secondary succession is best understood by considering what happens to a farm when it is abandoned.

1915 Edwards & Kikkawa in Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 92 12 The temperature at which this secondary hardening begins is progressively raised with increasing percentages of tungsten.

1915 Edwards & Kikkawa in Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 92 12 As regards the temperature at which the maximum secondary hardness is obtained..for the steel with no tungsten this is 494°.

1937 Discovery May 155/2 The tempering of high speed steel is primarily undertaken to give maximum secondary hardness.

1949 P. C. Carman Chem. Constit. & Prop. Engin. Materials v. 192 On tempering, the hardness decreases slightly between 300° and 500°C., and then secondary hardening takes place between 500° and 600°C.

1967 A. H. Cottrell Introd. Metall. xxv. 517 The steel is tempered at 650°C to produce secondary hardening by precipitation of alloy carbides.

1927 G. V. Anrep tr. I. P. Pavlov Conditioned Reflexes iii. 34 The appearance of a black square in the dog's line of vision is now used as yet a further stimulus, which is to be given the character of a secondary conditioned stimulus.

1938 B. F. Skinner Behavior of Organisms ix. 245 I am inclined to doubt the reality of secondary conditioning of a respondent in general.

1940 E. R. Hilgard & D. G. Marquis Conditioning & Learning iii. 63 Secondary rewards such as approval, money, prestige and so forth.

1944 B. Malinowski Sci. Theory of Culture xii. 138 The secondary reinforcement becomes attached to the instrumental performance as a whole, and to all its component parts.

1957 E. R. Hilgard Introd. Psychol. (ed. 2) x. 242/1 A feature of secondary reinforcement that is very important for human social behavior is its wide application.

1957 E. R. Hilgard Introd. Psychol. (ed. 2) x. 242/1 There is also experimental evidence in support of the principle that secondary reinforcers have wide generality.

1976 Howard Jrnl. 15 i. 12 The relics of past experiences, surviving through the mechanism of secondary reinforcement.

1977 R. A. Rescorla in H. Davis & H. M. B. Hurwitz Operant-Pavlovian Interactions vi. 155 No increase in response rate was produced by this supposed secondary reinforcer.

1940 P. D. Torrey in E. DeGolyer Elements Petroleum Industry xiii. 289 The two most commonly employed secondary recovery methods are water-flooding and gas~repressuring.

1945 L. M. Fanning Our Oil Resources iv. 96 In most instances secondary-recovery operations are more costly than primary operations.

1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xxiii. 330/2 Oil is obtained at this site by a technique of secondary recovery which involves the injection of water under pressure.

1973 C. J. May in G. D. Hobson & W. Pohl Mod. Petroleum Technol. (ed. 4) v. 174 Of perhaps more general interest is the application of secondary recovery methods to reservoirs which have been largely depleted by natural forces.

1776 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4, octavo) II. ii. 521 The tips of the secondary feathers white.

1802 G. Montagu Ornithol. Dict. Expl. Techn. Terms Secondary quill-feathers.

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 39 The secondary wings are sometimes smaller than the primary.

1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 367/2 The greater wing-coverts and secondary quills are greenish-black.

1932 C. D. Darlington Rec. Adv. in Cytol. ii. 34 There are also found in many chromosomes ‘secondary’ constrictions which have no relationship with any present spindle attachment.

1957 C. P. Swanson Cytol. & Cytogenetics v. 131 The secondary constrictions seen in somatic metaphase chromosomes generally arise as the result of nucleolar formation.

1975 A. Löve & D. Löve Plant Chromosomes i. i. 26 A secondary constriction may demarcate a short part of the chromosome, either intercalary or, most frequently, terminally. Such a terminal piece is called a satellite.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 80 I am too high-borne to be proportied To be a secondary at controll. View more context for this quotation

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. i. 46 Old Escalus Though first in question, is thy secondary. Take thy Commission. View more context for this quotation

1635 R. Brathwait tr. M. Silesio Arcadian Princesse ii. 56 Causing Epimonos, her Secondary, to advance himselfe before her, shee willed him to returne the manner of his recovery.

1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. IV. 346 From being secondaries in the quarrel at length becoming principals.

1841 R. W. Emerson Method Nature (1844) 20 A certain admirable wisdom, preferable to all other advantages, and whereof all others are only secondaries and indemnities.

1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 202 They are not principals,..but only secondaries to the Editor, in the commission of this error.

1436 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 105 To euery secundary & clerc of the chirch iiij^d.

1616 in E. F. Rimbault Old Cheque-bk. Chapel Royal (1872) 8 John Greene a secondary of the churche of Exon.

1778 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry II. 242 In the following stanza, where he [Barclay] wishes to take on board the eight secondaries, or minor canons, of his college.

1852 W. F. Hook Church Dict. (1871) 707 Secondaries is a general name for the inferior members of cathedrals, as vicars choral, &c.

1461 Rolls of Parl. V. 467/2 Secundarie in the Office of oure prive Seall.

a1600 in H. Hall Society in Elizabethan Age (1886) 178 The Secondary of the Court for rettorne of 2 wrytts, 4^s.

1603 J. Stow Suruay of London (new ed.) 538 The Shiriffes of London, in the yeare 1471. were appointed..to haue..6. Clarkes, to wit, a Secondary, a Clarke of the Papers, and 4. other Clarkes.

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Nnn4/1 Secundarie, (secundarius) is the name of an Officer next vnto the chiefe Officer: as the Secundarie of the fine Office: the Secundarie of the Counter..Secundarie of the office of the priuie seale. anno 1. Ed. 4. cap. 1. Secundaries of the Pipe two: Secundarie to the Remembrancers, two, which be Officers in the Exchequer. Camden pag. 113.

1642 C. Vernon Considerations Excheqver 45 Which is not to be allowed of upon Record in the Pipe, by the first Secondary there, untill [etc.].

1682 London Gaz. No. 1738/4 [He] appointed the Common-Serjeant, the Town-Clerk, the two Secondaries, and the four Attorneys of the Mayors Court,..to take the Poll.

1698 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) IV. 345 Mr. Aston, secondary to the master of the Kings bench office,..is dead.

1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 47 The secondary, whose office is to return writs, mark warrants, impannel juries for the courts both above and below, and also for the sessions.

1828 J. F. Archbold Coll. Forms & Entries (ed. 2) Pref. 6 For the Rules of the Common Pleas, I am indebted to Mr. Griffiths and Mr. Hewlett, Secondaries of that court.

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Secondaries' Court, a small-debt court in the city of London.

1892 Standard 6 Feb. 3/6 Mr. Roderick, the Secondary [of the City of London],..kept watch over the proceedings throughout the poll.

1776 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4, octavo) II. ii. 498 All the other wing feathers, except the secondaries, are dusky.

1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 5 Coverts and secondaries green.

1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 36 The Secondaries..are those remiges that are seated on the forearm.

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. 336 Secondary (Secundariæ), the posterior wings are so denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, are not placed upon them.