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单词 scientific
释义

scientificadj.n.

Brit. /ˌsʌɪənˈtɪfɪk/, U.S. /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/
Forms: 1500s scientificke, 1500s–1600s scientifique, 1600s scientiffick, 1600s scientifick, 1600s scientifike, 1700s– scientific.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin scientificus.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin scientificus producing knowledge, demonstrative (a1160: see note), of or relating to knowledge, learning, or science (from a1253 in British sources; a1273 in Aquinas: see note), expert, learned (frequently from 1402 in British sources: see note) < scient- , sciēns , present participle of scīre to know (or perhaps, less regularly, < scientia knowledge: see science n.) + -ficus -fic suffix. Compare Middle French, French scientifique of or relating to knowledge, learning, or science (c1370 in Oresme; now usually ‘of or relating to the sciences’), expert, learned (mid 15th cent.), Catalan científic (14th cent.), Spanish científico (15th cent.), Portuguese científico (15th cent.), Italian scientifico (14th cent.). Compare earlier sciential adj., scientic adj., scientical adj., scientifical adj.The semantic development of the post-classical Latin scientificus from ‘producing knowledge’ to ‘of or relating to knowledge’ is unusual, but the likely steps can be traced in detail. It is first attested in the translation of a1160, ascribed to an otherwise unknown Joannes, of the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle, where it renders ancient Greek ἐπιστημονικός ‘relating to knowledge’ (see epistemonical adj.). At 1. 2 (71b18), Joannes followed the earlier translation by James of Venice, rendering συλλογισμὸν ἐπιστημονικόν ‘a syllogism having to do with knowledge’ as sillogismum facientem scire ‘a syllogism producing knowledge’; James had been guided by a nearby passage (71b24-25) where it is said that unless certain essential conditions are fulfilled, a syllogism will not be demonstrative, ‘for it will not produce knowledge’ (Greek ού γὰρ ποιήσει ἐπιστήμην ), which he translated non enim faciet scientiam . James had then perceived that the phrase αἱ ἐπιστημονικαὶ ἀποδείξεις ‘demonstrations having to do with knowledge’ at 1.6 (75a30) likewise had to do with the production of knowledge, and translated it with a periphrasis ending demonstrativae scientiae , ‘demonstrative of knowledge’. Joannes reworded this to scientificae demonstrationes , ‘demonstrations producing knowledge’, and this form of words was taken over by William of Moerbeke in his revision of James’s translation. (These 12th- and 13th-century translations have sometimes been confused with the lost 6th-century translation by Boethius.) Latin textbooks of logic used scientificus in this sense (compare sense A. 2) at least until the end of the 17th cent.; a late example from England is H. Aldrich Artis logicae compendium (1691) 35. Having been used to translate Greek ἐπιστημονικός in a context where it means ‘producing knowledge’, scientificus was used by Robert Grosseteste (a1253) to translate the same word in a context where it does not refer to the production of knowledge and might simply have been translated by post-classical Latin scientialis sciential adj. This was Aristotle’s Nicomachaean Ethics 6. 1. 6 (1139a12), where the soul is seen as having a part directed towards demonstrable truths, τὸ ἐπιστημονικὸν , which Grosseteste translated scientificum , and a part directed towards contingent truths of the sort which have to be worked out by calculation, τὸ λογιστικὸν , which he translated ratiocinativum (see ratiocinative adj.). This use of scientificus was followed by Aquinas. Hence, although Latin –ificus and its derivatives such as English –ific usually refer to the production of something, the prevailing sense of scientificus and its derivatives in the Romance languages and English has been ‘of or relating to science’; it is merely by a contextual accident that in phrases like scientific investigation the word can be interpreted in its etymological meaning (i.e. as denoting an investigation that produces knowledge).
A. adj.
1. Concerned with the subjects or ‘sciences’ comprising a liberal education. Opposed to mechanical. Cf. science n. 3a. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > [adjective]
scientic?1541
scientical?1541
scientific1589
technical1617
ological1854
ologistica1861
disciplinary1931
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [adjective] > liberal
freeOE
liberalc1390
scientific1589
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. i. 1 The premises considered, it giueth to the name and profession no smal dignitie and preheminence, aboue all other artificers, Scientificke or Mechanicall.
2. That produces or provides axiomatic or certain knowledge, esp. as contrasted with more or less probable conjecture or rhetorical argument; demonstrative. Now chiefly in scientific syllogism: = demonstrative syllogism n. at demonstrative adj. and n. Compounds. Cf. scientifical adj. 1. In later use chiefly with reference to Aristotle (see note in etymology), and coloured by senses A. 3a and A. 4a.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > proof, demonstration > [adjective] > logically, directly
ostensivec1570
demonstrative1581
scientifical1588
scientific1637
deictical1638
scientificial1646
monstrative1653
deictic1828
1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iii. ix. 198 Aquinas..maketh the Law of Nature to containe certaine principles, having the same place in practicall reason, which the principles of scientifike demonstrations have in speculative reason.
1694 R. South 12 Serm. II. 21 No man who first Trafficks into a Foreign Countrey, has any Scientifick Evidence, that there is such a Countrey, but by Report, which can produce no more than a moral Certainty.
1740 Case Mr. Whitefield & Dr. Stebbing 104 Faith, even in this state, is the Subsistence..and the Evidence, ἔλεγχος, the Demonstration or scientific Proof of Things not seen.
1846 New Englander Oct. 460/1 Aristotle divided it [sc. the syllogism] into the demonstrative or scientific syllogism, and the dialectic or probable syllogism.
1897 B. F. C. Costelloe & J. H. Muirhead tr. E. Zeller Aristotle & Earlier Peripatetics II. xiv. 294 Just as scientific proof proceeds by syllogism and induction, so rhetorical proceeds by enthymeme and instance.
1924 Classical Philol. 19 8 To defend Aristotle by dwelling on his distinction between the merely dialectical syllogism and the scientific syllogism whose principles are primary and are, in a sense, the causes of the conclusion.
1995 Phronesis 40 260 In the case of identification syllogisms we may dispense with the trappings of the scientific syllogism.
3.
a. Of a process, method, practice, etc.: based on or regulated by science, as opposed to traditional practices or natural skill; valid according to the principles of science. Hence (of a person or other agent): guided by a knowledge of science; acting in accordance with the principles or methods of science.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [adjective] > characteristic of scientist
scientific1645
scientistic1878
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [adjective] > based on science
physic1563
physical1580
scientific1645
1645 J. A. in T. Urquhart Trissotetras sig. A4 The scientifick measuring of Triangles.
1678 J. Moxon Mech. Dyalling 3 Scientifick Dyalists.., have found out Rules to mark out the irregular motion of the Shaddow... And these Rules of adjusting the motion of the Shaddow to the motion of the Sun may be called Scientifick Dyalling.
1753 R. Hurd in tr. Horace Epist. ad Pisones et Augustum II. Ded. p. vii It [sc. criticism] grew severe, inquisitive, and rational... Hence scientific or speculative criticism attained to perfection.
1784 Let. to W. Pitt upon Parl. Representation 6 Many scientific calculations have been made of the number of voters, in proportion to the number of the people.
1814 R. J. Griffith Geol. & Mining Rep. Leinster Coal District 57 The present manager..is an Irish gentleman, and a very scientific man.
1884 Rep. Supreme Court Missouri 77 114 The proper butterfat is separated by a scientific process from the natural fat into oleo oil, which..is churned into butter.
1903 J. Chamberlain Imperial Union & Tariff Reform ii. 42 The one is profitless taxation, the other scientific taxation.
1945 Life 22 Oct. 123/2 He is scientific and unemotional by instinct and long training.
2010 in E. Gregersen Manned Spaceflight x. 176/1 He conducted several scientific experiments, including a study on the human body's reaction to spending prolonged periods in space.
b. Of a thing: designed or made in accordance with the principles or methods of science.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > [adjective] > relating to organization > organized > organized on scientific principles
scientific1747
scientized1872
1747 J. Spence Polymetis v. xi. 163 I do not see what necessity he was under of giving us this catalogue; unless the sun-dials of old were much more scientific things, than ours are usually at present.
1776 G. Campbell Philos. of Rhetoric II. ii. vii. 127 He had..constructed a scientific machine, that moved by wheels, with the conception of which he pretended to have been inspired by Heaven.
1854 Allen's Indian Mail 28 July 430/2 In some places they have placed iron works over the sands of the waterless wastes to convey water... They intend to extend this useful scientific device all the way to Khiva.
1878 B. Disraeli in Times 11 Nov. 10/4 But our North-Western frontier [of India] is a haphazard and not a scientific frontier.
1905 Atlanta Constit. 9 July d5/7 (advt.) The Scientific Vacuum Organ Developer for men.
1917 Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 372/1 (caption) A scientific cooker for meats, poultry [etc.].., designed to prevent the utensil from coming into direct contact with the flames and to concentrate and conserve the heat.
1951 Irish Monthly 79 108 Father Monserrate, the maker of the first really scientific map of Lahore and Kabul.
1991 Akien (S. Carolina) Standard 28 Apr. a3/4 Women who take their skincare seriously can rely on this scientific formula for results they can see.
c. In extended use: systematic, methodical, meticulous.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > [adjective] > of or relating to a system > systematic
formal1413
methodical1570
methodic1620
systematical1686
systematic1722
systemical1724
scientific?1757
the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > [adjective] > methodical (of persons) > of actions
regular?1558
methodical1570
methodic1620
systematic1722
scientific?1757
the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > [adjective] > methodical (of persons)
orderly1581
methodical1589
regular1602
methodic1729
systematic1790
reg'lar1814
scientific1863
?1757 J. Tucker Instr. Travellers 7 Dr Burnet's Essay on Government, as it is written with peculiar Clearness and Precision, and proceeds in a mathematic or scientific Way.
1787 M. Raper tr. H. M. G. Grellmann Diss. on Gipsies vii. 44 They go about under the disguise of beggars, in a very scientific manner.
1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Let. 18 July (1956) IV. 94 He [sc. Renan] has always seemed to me remarkable as a French mind that is at once ‘scientific’ (in the German sense) and eminently tender and reverent towards the forms in which the religious sentiment has incarnated itself.
1897 Overland Monthly June 659/1 Advertising, as it is known in the East,—what might be called scientific advertising,—is in its infancy on the Pacific coast.
1918 M. Bloomfield Labor & Compensation vii. 169 Selection based on detailed specifications is the beginning of what might be called scientific employment.
1976 National Observer (U.S.) 13 Mar. 1/6 The Observer tally on abortion, however, is consistent with the findings of other recent, more ‘scientific’ polls.
1999 E. Berg Until Real Thing comes Along (2000) ii. 20 My plan is to get going right now in a very scientific and purposeful way that will lead to marriage and pregnancy.
d. Chiefly Sport. Characterized by trained skill. Cf. scienced adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [adjective] > skilled or trained
i-radc888
craftiousc1400
ensained1483
arted1628
scientific1792
graduated1827
multi-skilled1966
1792 Hampshire Chron. 16 July The gentleman of the Brighton club, against Lord Winchelsea, the Hon. Mr. Bligh, Mr. Smith, and Mr. Hale, assisted by seven approved scientific men from the county of Hants.
1833 J. Nyren Young Cricketer's Tutor 29 In this accomplishment lies the distinction between the scientific player and the random batsman.
1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick lxvii. 339 This accomplished swordsman..once more makes a scientific dash at the mass.
1885 Field 17 Jan. 82/3 A strong wind and a spongy ground were against a scientific display [of football].
1922 J. M. B. Scott Rugby Football 72 ‘Winging’..is the most scientific game a forward can play.
2019 M. A. Baker Between Ropes at Madison Square Garden xx. 266 Forrest..was considered a rather scientific fighter with strong skills.
4.
a. Of, relating to, or of the nature of science; used in science.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [adjective]
scientific1652
scientifical1670
sciential1677
mathetic1815
1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 13 As for the Latin, it oweth all its Scientifick dictions to the Greek and Arabick.
1722 W. Wollaston Relig. of Nature iii. 36 Who by a proper exercise of his mind in scientific studies first opens and enlarges its capacity.
1780 R. Griffith in tr. Voltaire Age of Louis XIV II. xxv. 160 (note) Christian Huygens..invented or improved several scientific instruments.
1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 2 Analogy confirmed by experiment, becomes scientific truth.
1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species xiv. 485 It is quite possible that forms now generally acknowledged to be merely varieties may hereafter be thought worthy of specific names,..and in this case scientific and common language will come into accordance.
1871 J. Morley Carlyle in Crit. Misc. 202 The familiar distinction between the poetic and the scientific temper is another way of stating the same difference.
1919 Psychol. Rev. 26 5 Whenever an evaluation concept does not reach back to actual happenings in the experiences of individuals, it must be rejected as a scientific tool.
1953 Authentic Sci. Fiction Monthly Apr. 137 A relativity of moral standards which, while it may display a misleading harmony with the post-Einsteinian scientific outlook, is in fact simply a well of poison.
2009 Nature 15 Jan. 265/3 Scientific progress since then has been impressive—the foundations of a new ‘plasma science’ have been established.
b. Site of Special Scientific Interest: (in the United Kingdom) an area of land designated by a government agency as being of special scientific interest in terms of flora, fauna, or geology, and given protected status; = S.S.S.I. n. at S n.1 Initialisms 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > protected area of vegetation
green spacea1770
conservation area1925
Site of Special Scientific Interest1953
1949 National Parks & Access to Countryside Act 12, 13 & 14 Geo. VI c. 97 §23 (margin) Duty of Conservancy to inform local planning authorities of areas of special scientific interest.]
1953 Rep. Nature Conservancy to 30th Sept. 1952 i. 8 (heading) Sites of special scientific interest.
1979 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts 127 405/2 The whole of the harbour and its shorelines have been defined as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
2007 Lancs. Evening Post (Nexis) 7 June Warton Crag Nature Reserve, near Carnforth, is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and home to 30 different butterflies, including the rare high brown fritillary.
5.
a. Of a person, group, or institution: concerned or involved with (esp. natural) science. Of a book, periodical, or other work: treating of science; having science as its subject.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [adjective] > concerned with, expert
scientifical1616
scientific1675
1675 G. Thomson Ορθο-μέθοδος ἰατρο-χυμικὴ: Direct Method curing Chymically x. 199 I question not but other Ortho-Chymists will follow this Pattern, and contribute to the Honour and Enlargment of such a Scientifick Society.
1757 Compend. Most Approved Mod. Trav. I. 256 The rendezvous of this scientific community, was at Rome; where they spent the winter in studying the antient history and geography of the places they intended to visit.
1767 New Coll. Voy., Discov. & Trav. I. Pref. p. viii Here will be found what such scientific works offer, but without their disgusting dryness.
1815 J. Banks Let. 30 Oct. in J. Davy Fragmentary Remains Sir H. Davy (1858) 208 By the more brilliant discoveries you have made, the reputation of the Royal Society has been exalted in the opinion of the scientific world.
1822 C. Lamb in London Mag. July 33/1 In this catalogue of books which are no books..I reckon Court Calendars,..Scientific Treatises, Almanacks, Statutes at Large.
1884 F. Temple Relations Relig. & Sci. (1885) i. 4 The scientific man often asserts that he cannot find God in Science.
1929 Pop. Sci. Sept. 134/2 A compilation of scientific books in use in Arkansas normal schools.
1964 J. A. M. Meerloo Hidden Communion vi. 112 No scientific article is allowed to be written without this ego-suppression and masking oneself behind references and quotations.
2005 Parrots Apr. 37/2 I call on the scientific bodies..to act now—not to wait until the species is endangered.
b. Having knowledge or given to study of something. Obsolete.Apparently only in John Ruskin's Fors Clavigera.
ΚΠ
1877 J. Ruskin Fors Clavigera VII. lxxv. 63 Behold, there is the Universe; and here are we, the British public, in the exact middle of it, and scientific of it in the accuratest manner.
1884 J. Ruskin Fors Clavigera VIII. xcv. 257 Most men are not intended to be any wiser than their cocks and bulls—duly scientific of their yard and pasture, peacefully nescient of all beyond.
6. Chiefly U.S. Usually with capital initial. In the context of Christian Science or the language of Christian Scientists: of, relating to, or inspired by Christian Science. Cf. science n. 10.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > medical theories or doctrines > [adjective] > religious
scientific1875
1875 M. B. Eddy Sci. & Health viii. 428 The spirituality that abstracts all attention from the body, never manipulates and is the only positive position of scientific healing.
1919 H. Crane Let. 7 Mar. (1965) 13 I feel quite certain that Mrs. Brooks is afflicted with consumption against which she is doubtless putting up a strenuous Scientific fight.
1972 Jrnl. Sci. Study Relig. 11 276 It is easy enough to understand why Christian Scientists would avoid the biological and behavioral sciences, for these fields are obviously incompatible with Scientific beliefs.
2005 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 18 Jan. 18 Scientific prayer—far from being a wishful or blind-faith response to challenges, small or large—affirms what is spiritually true.
B. n.
1. colloquial. An expert in or student of science; a scientist. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > scientist
man of science1482
natural philosopher?1541
secretary of nature1580
artsman1632
experimental philosopher1651
artist1665
scientific1738
sciencist1778
scientist1834
scientician1841
scientiate1847
scient1854
sciencer1871
natural scientist1872
specialist1918
boffin1945
1738 Bayle's Hist. & Crit. Dict. (ed. 2) V. 806 An author who only proposes to himself the approbation of a few scientifics.
1830 C. Lyell Let. 30 Sept. in S. Smiles Publisher & Friends (1891) II. xxxii. 391 The scientifics having at last a government to which they are not ashamed to turn courtiers.
1853 A. De Morgan Let. 4 Oct. in R. P. Graves Life Sir W. R. Hamilton (1889) III. 464 This meeting of literaries and arts—not a scientific among them but myself.
1913 Everybody's Mag. Dec. 838/1 I will give a lecture to the scientifics in Paris, a most blooming learned lecture.
2010 J. P. Herron Sci. & Social Good i. i. 18 Excluded from many of the customs of undergraduate life, the scientifics were often scorned by their college contemporaries.
2. With the. That which is scientific; (with plural agreement) scientific people collectively.
ΚΠ
1785 Gentleman's Mag. July 388/2 He was..very much esteemed by the scientific all over Europe.
a1817 J. Austen Persuasion (1818) IV. viii. 155 She had feelings for the tender, spirits for the gay, attention for the scientific, and patience for the wearisome; and had never liked a concert better. View more context for this quotation
1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 23 Aug. 4/2 Phrenology, viewed as bumpology, has ceased to occupy the minds of the scientific.
1933 Pop. Sci. Mar. 46/1 Geometry blended with art—a combination making a powerful appeal to the scientific and the esthetic.
1992 N.Y. Times Mag. 19 Jan. 31/2 There is something Nabokovian about his approach, which mixes the scientific and the artistic, and about his language, in which the technical mingles with the metaphorical.
2000 J. Foss Sci. & Riddle of Consciousness iii. 79 The fact that there is no gap demarcating the manifest and the scientific is no more surprising than the fact that there is no gap between the roots of the tree and its branches.

Compounds

C1. Parasynthetic.
scientific-minded adj.
ΚΠ
1842 Christian Pioneer Aug. 357 Miracles are too constantly set in opposition to the laws of Nature... Hence their half-doubting, half-ashamed, advocacy by many a scientific minded Christian.
1946 J. Cary Moonlight xxiii. 179 Our admirals are uneducated men who despise science, and the Germans are really scientific-minded men.
2000 Daily News-Record (Harrisonburg, Va.) 10 Jan. 8/5 Those of us who are sane, rational and scientific-minded want disease conquered, poverty vanquished, war eliminated.
C2.
scientific calculator n. an electronic device for performing calculations; now esp. a calculator with advanced mathematical functions, typically one which is programmable and has trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions.Quot. 1951 is referring to an early type of computer; see note at calculator n. 2c.
ΚΠ
1951 Ann. Computation Lab. Harvard Univ. 26 126 The designer of a scientific calculator selects and builds into it those operations that make the ascription of numerical meanings to the machine language as simple as possible.
1967 Control Engin. July 124/1 (advt.) Wang Laboratories' unique and powerful Model 320 programmable scientific calculator does tend to bring out a latent selfish streak in even the most warm-hearted technical people.
1973 Argus (Freemont, Calif.) 31 May 27 The new calculator is a significantly more powerful version of the HP-35 pocket-sized scientific calculator.
2006 Daily Tel. 1 Mar. 19/2 In this system, the circle is divided into 400 sectors, called gradians, giving a right angle of 100 gradians. This is the grad key on scientific calculators.
scientific creationism n. the doctrine of creationism (creationism n. 2) as supposedly supported by scientific evidence.Cf. creation science n. at creation n. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1927 E. T. Brewster Creation x. 190 ‘Linnæanism’, as we may best call this second phase of scientific Creationism, faced a rather simple situation up to about 1800.
1972 BioScience 22 350/2 Criticism of evolutionary ideas is often couched in pseudo-scientific trappings. We might call this ‘scientific’ creationism.
1987 L. R. Godfrey in N. Eldredge Nat. Hist. Reader in Evol. 217 One scientific debate in particular, that between the neocatastrophists (or punctuationalists) and the phyletic gradualists has fueled the fires of scientific creationism.
2005 New Yorker 5 Dec. 75/2 As evolution began returning to the classroom, fundamentalists regrouped, this time under the banner of ‘scientific’ creationism.
scientific creationist n. a proponent of scientific creationism.Cf. creation scientist n. at creation n. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1927 E. T. Brewster Creation iv. 83 The scientific creationists of the early modern days of natural history, if ever they tried to define ‘create’, could only fall back on a vague and legalistic ‘act of God’.
1970 BioScience 20 291/3 We now find the beleagured [sic] scientific creationist asking for a word or two about this good theory in the face of unrealistic evolutionary dogmatism.
1982 New Scientist 4 Feb. 319/1 I was happy to show the extent to which scientific creationists cheat, quoting evolutionists out of context.
2005 New Yorker 30 May 40/3 Unlike earlier generations of creationists—the so-called Young Earthers and scientific creationists, proponents of intelligent design do not believe that the universe was created in six days.
scientific farmer n. now freq. historical a farmer who practises scientific farming.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > scientific or successful farmer
sciencist1778
scientific farmer1778
bonanza farmer1884
1778 W. Curtis (title) Proposals for opening by subscription, a botanic garden..designed for the use of the physician, the apothecary, the student in physic, the scientific farmer.
1850 C. Kingsley Alton Locke II. iv. 43 He had one scientific farmer after another, staying in his house as a friend.
1932 San Antonio (Texas) Express 27 Apr. 12/2 As many a scientific farmer has demonstrated, a small acreage of high-quality cotton, intensively cultivated and treated with calcium arsenate, will yield a profit despite the bollweevil.
2004 Agric. Hist. 78 431 Scientific farmers in Europe and the United States began implementing crop rotation in the mid-eighteenth century.
scientific farming n. now freq. historical (an approach to) farming which is based on science rather than traditional practices.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > [noun] > types of farming
high culture1771
scientific farming1789
metaying1792
high farming1815
petite culture1848
sharefarming1857
urban agriculture1860
bush-farming1866
mixed farming1872
dry farming1878
co-aration1883
co-ploughing1883
smallholding1889
power-farming1913
dry-land farming1914
third(s)-and-fourth(s)1940
link system1950
green revolution1968
1789 A. Young Jrnl. 19 June in Trav. France (1792) i. 115 I wish my brethren to stick to their scientific farming, and leave the practical to those who understand it.
1886 C. M. Yonge Chantry House I. xvii. 159 [He] worked off his superfluous energy on scientific farming.
1902 A. Bennett Anna of Five Towns ix. 205 A great landowner is exhibiting the beauties of scientific farming for the behoof of his villagers.
1990 R. Critchfield Among British vii. 460 We both [sc. the United States and Britain] wanted to convert everybody to our way of doing things, whether it was Christianity, literacy, sanitation, democratic government, or, later on, scientific farming and the Pill and IUD.
scientific fiction n. now chiefly historical = science fiction n. 3.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > science fiction, etc. > [noun]
scientific fiction1876
science fiction1898
scientifiction1916
S.F.1929
science fantasy1931
STF1931
sci-fic1952
sci-fi1955
1876 W. H. L. Barnes in W. H. Rhodes Caxton's Bk. 7 The great master of scientific fiction, Jules Verne.
1937 Discovery Oct. 318 ‘The Man in the Moone’, the fantasy of Bishop Godwin.., is an early excursion into the realms of scientific fiction.
2003 J. Sloan O. Wilde iii. 76 The proliferation of new categories of adventure tales, scientific fiction, and psychological romances on publishers' lists was in one respect the result of a widespread reaction to realism.
scientific humanism n. a form of humanist theory and practice that is based on the principles and methods of science; spec. the doctrine that human beings should employ scientific methods in studying human life and behaviour, in order to direct the welfare and future of humankind in a rational and beneficial manner.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > pragmatism > [noun] > humanism > branches of
scientific humanism1854
secular humanism1895
post-humanism1940
transhumanism1957
posthumanism1971
1854 A. Ruge New Germany ii. 45 In the conversion of the scientific into the popular system, we must mention..Feuerbach's scientific Humanism, ‘Theology is Anthropology’.
1931 J. S. Huxley What dare I Think? iv. 148 The only way in which the conflict between science and human nature can be ended is by combining science and the other fruits of the human spirit in a new alliance, a new attitude, to which we may give the name of Scientific Humanism.
1961 O. Reiser in J. S. Huxley Humanist Frame 240 A major objective of a scientific Humanism is the organization of human knowledge for the purpose of human progress.
2005 Brit. Jrnl. Hist. Sci. 38 343 The anvil of scientific humanism was a library.
scientific humanist n. a person who applies the methods of science to the study of human nature; a proponent or advocate of scientific humanism.In quot. 1859 somewhat humorous.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > pragmatism > [noun] > humanism > branches of > adherents of
scientific humanist1859
post-humanist1965
1859 G. Meredith Ordeal Richard Feverel I. xvi. 244 ‘There is no woman in that!’ mused the Baronet. ‘He would have ridden back as hard as he went,’ reflected this profound Scientific Humanist, ‘had there been a woman in it.’
1893 Macmillan's Mag May 23/2 The physician's is in truth a noble profession, giving scope for the highest in a man of head and heart. This was George Eliot's ideal in Lydgate, the scientific humanist in reality, not in Mr. Meredith's satirical sense.
1963 V. Brome Probl. of Progress vii. 144 If the modern scientific humanist would have no truck with the religious tinge in Huxley's creed he equally rejects any divine inspiration in Buddhism, Christianity, [etc.].
2006 Free Inq. Apr. 47/2 Plenty of scientific humanists..think learning science will make us smart about religion and make religious people smarter.
scientific journal n. a journal that publishes scientific papers, a science journal.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > journalism > journal > periodical > [noun] > other periodicals
annals1763
scientific journal1797
story paper1849
woman's magazine1868
woman's mag1887
house journal1912
film magazine1916
digest1922
fan magazine1928
pulp magazine1929
confession magazine1931
slick1934
glossy1945
trade1949
photonovel1967
1797 Monthly Rev. Apr. 572 It consists of a variety of distinct memoirs and dissertations, several of which were lately presented to the Academy of Sciences at Berlin, or published in the Scientific Journals of Germany.
1825 Lancet 1 Oct. 1 The circulation of the Lancet, during the last year, has increased to an extent which we believe to be unprecedented in the history of any Scientific Journal in this country.
1936 Discovery May 155/2 By no means does every natural history record..appear in scientific journals.
2013 Korea Times (Nexis) 29 Sept. Environmental activist groups welcomed the ban, citing evidence from scientific journals that the chemical damaged the nervous systems of bees.
scientific Latin n. the form of Latin used as an international language in the sciences, esp. in taxonomic names and descriptions of organisms based on the system of Linnaeus; frequently attributive.
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1787 Gentleman's Mag. Jan. 94/1 To the figures [of fossils] were annexed a scientific Latin description by Dr. Solander.
1883 G. Macloskie Elem. Bot. ii. i. 32 The scientific Latin which Linnæus employed in his descriptions..is remarkable for accuracy, clearness, and simplicity.
1908 Bull. Amer. Pharmaceut. Assoc. 3 249 A medicine without a scientific Latin title is like the traditional sword of Damocles.
1972 Classical Outlook 50 29/3 Scientific Latin is mostly descriptive and has little or no need for many of the grammatical structures of classical Latin.
2012 Western Morning News (Plymouth) (Nexis) 25 Aug. 20 It is interesting how the wren's scientific Latin name Troglodytes troglodytes is so well known.
scientific management n. originally U.S. management of a business, industry, etc., according to principles of efficiency derived from time-and-motion study and similar studies of methods of work, production, etc.The concept of scientific management originated with F. W. Taylor (1856–1915); see quot. 1903 and Taylor n. 2.
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society > occupation and work > study of work > [noun] > management using principles of efficiency
scientific management1910
1903 F. W. Taylor in Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers 24 1366 The choice must be made between some of the types of management in common use..and the more modern and scientific management based on an accurate knowledge of how long it should take to do the work.]
1910 L. D. Brandeis in N.Y. Times 22 Nov. 6/2 As an alternative to the practice of combining to raise rates and hence to increase prices, we offer co-operation to reduce costs... This can be done through the introduction of scientific management.
1968 G. D. Nash U.S. Oil Policy, 1890–1964 ii. 26 Greater efficiency, a goal highly prized by a generation of managers under the impress of Frederick W. Taylor's ideas of scientific management.
2009 New Yorker 12 Oct. 121/1 The whole point of efficiency, she said, was to maximize ‘happiness minutes’. Happiness minutes? For Lillian Gilbreth, scientific management wasn't just a business practice; it was a habit of mind and a way of life.
scientific misconduct n. conduct on the part of a scientist which wilfully damages the integrity of scientific research, such as plagiarism or falsification or fabrication of data.In quot. 1856 not a fixed collocation.
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1856 A. de Morgan in F. Baily Jrnl. Tour N. Amer. Pref. p. iii I remember but one [letter] which so much as alludes to a charge of even scientific misconduct against a scientific man.
1978 New German Critique Autumn 55 He complains that the book was put together in a biased way. He considers this scientific misconduct, rather than seeing it as an expression of the essential shift in the social atmosphere and in the process of self-reflection.
1981 Calif. Appellate Rep. 3rd Ser. 119 516 It is alleged that the remaining petitioners..had ‘willfully concealed from plaintiff [sic] the true evaluations of at least one committee of academic peers appointed to evaluate charges of scientific misconduct’.
2003 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant (Nexis) 18 Jan. b7 An extensive investigation into possible scientific misconduct in research conducted by an environmental institute at the university.
scientific name n. a name in scientific Latin used for a substance, medical condition, organism, taxonomic group, etc.; esp. a Linnaean binomial for a species.
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1751 J. Hill Hist. Materia Medica 251 We are obliged, in a Work of this Kind, to give it not under its scientific Name Tricheria, but under that by which it is commonly, though ever so improperly known.
1856 H. G. Adams Sea-side Lesson Bk. iv. 152/1 What is the scientific name of the Cod-fish family?
1922 People's Home Jrnl. July 38/3 The tiny little Bush Tit of the Pacific coast, whose scientific name, Psaltriparus minimus, is all out of proportion to the size of the bird.
2011 M. Dorcas & W. Gibbons Frogs: Animal Answer Guide xii. 138 All animals are given a two-part scientific name.
scientific notation n. (a) a system of notation or symbols regarded as, or devised to be, systematic and rational; (b) a system of representing some given number as a product of a number with an absolute value between 1 and 10 (or between 0·1 and 1) and a power of 10 (as 2 ×102 or 0.2 × 103 for 200).The earliest quotations refer to algebraic symbolism.
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the world > relative properties > number > mathematical notation or symbol > [noun]
notation1706
decimal system1786
scientific notation1824
1824 J. Fearn Anti-Tooke i. 15 That disparity of nature which exists between Scientific Notation and Ordinary Language.
1827 Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc. 2 430 It was reserved for Francis Vieta to introduce the first scientific notation and to represent known and unknown quantities by letters.
1848 J. Curwen Singing for Schools & Congregations (ed. 2) ii. 152/1 The chief excellence of a language, or of a scientific notation, (those of arithmetic and algebra, for example,) is to give a distinct term or sign for each distinct thing.
1875 Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engin. Mag. Jan. 76/2 The difficulty which stands in the way of the adoption of the Beaufort Scale as a strictly scientific notation of the force of wind.
1884 Science 18 Jan. 78/2 The centigrade scale and metric system are the accepted scientific notation.
1902 Stud. Yale Psychol. Lab. 10 102 A scientific notation should be so constructed so as to be capable of providing a suitable transcription for any speech sound.
1915 Amer. Math. Monthly 22 328 The work on logarithms is prefaced by use of the notation 2.417 × 10-8, etc., so common in scientific work... No rule for characteristics is needed if the student gets to thinking of every number as expressible in this ‘scientific notation’.
1920 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Homeopathy 13 130 By marking that correctly as the 1x dilution of the crude drug, it gives..a scientific notation for liquid preparations which corresponds in value to that of our triturations.
1963 W. H. Ware Digital Computer Technol. & Design I. ii. 22 The power of the base appearing in an expression which is in scientific notation in effect indicates the position of the point.
1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. ii. 61 The number ·00000001 is represented as ·1 × 10−7... We call this floating-point or scientific notation for numbers.
2006 New Yorker 13 Mar. 67/2 Ten to the ninth is the scientific notation for the number one billion.
scientific racism n. now chiefly historical racism as supposedly justified by scientific evidence.
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1941 P. Viereck Metapolitics xiii. 293 Professor Hans Günther's scientific racism is in the last analysis a religion, although he is the official Nazi ‘scientific’ authority on race.
1975 Amer. Q. 27 439 The influence of scientific racism in America, as Melville appears to have foreseen, was destined to outlive by far the legal enslavement of the Negro.
2008 N.Y. Times Mag. 23 Mar. 6/3 All of this new science sounds like the discredited scientific racism that for decades studied ‘the Negro’ and reinforced and justified segregative policies by public-school officials.
scientific revolution n. a rapid and far-reaching development in science; spec. (with the and sometimes with capital initials) the developments occurring in the early modern period in many branches of science and regarded as having a significant influence on European intellectual culture, considered as a discrete historical process.
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the world > action or operation > continuing > progress, advance, or further continuance > [noun] > sudden, marked, or notable advance > in science
scientific revolution1803
1803 S. Miller Brief Retrospect of Eighteenth Cent. I. ii. 416 The frequency and rapidity of scientific revolutions may be accounted for in various ways.
1923 Jrnl. Philos. 20 597 The same logical methods and instruments which the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century brought to bear upon the knowledge of physical nature.
1946 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 51 267/1 The use of atomic energy appears to be a beginning of the ‘scientific revolution’.
1962 T. S. Kuhn (title) The structure of scientific revolutions.
2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 387/1 In the first Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, the problem of action at a distance was ‘solved’ by postulating various subtle media through which the action is transmitted.
scientific romance n. (a) a piece of scientific speculation, a hypothesis (obsolete); (b) a work of speculative fiction or science fiction, esp. one characterized by a spirit of serious intellectual inquiry; such fiction as a genre; cf. science fiction n. 3 (now chiefly historical).
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1797 I. D'Israeli Vaurien I. vi. 88 The learned reader who has a fondness for the marvellous of scientific romances, may now indulge his passion in its plenitude of fancy.
1845 N. Amer. Rev. Apr. 426 This [sc. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation] is one of the most striking and ingenious scientific romances that we have ever read. The writer of it is a bold man; he has undertaken to give a hypothetical history of creation.
1873 G. M. Towle tr. A. Marx Introd. in tr. J. Verne Tour World Eighty Days 12 The success of ‘Five Weeks in a Balloon’ induced him to turn his whole attention to scientific romance.
1923 H. G. Wells Men like Gods (1927) 22 And now he imagines himself in some sort of scientific romance and out of our world altogether. In another dimension.
1997 Sci.-fiction Stud. Mar. 144 For the reader accustomed to the cinematic/pulp felicities of the traditional sf novel, the protagonist of a scientific romance will tend to seem passive and morose.
2004 T. C. Renzi H. G. Wells (ed. 2) Introd. p. xix Wells's scientific romances rely significantly on Darwinian theory, which, in the late nineteenth century, proposed a bold new outlook on humankind.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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