sanghan.¹

Brit.

/ˈsaŋɡə/, U.S.

/ˈsæŋɡə/

Forms: 1800s sanga, 1800s sangah, 1800s sangha, 1800s sunga, 1800s sungah, 1800s sungha.

Origin: Probably a borrowing from a Pahari language.

Etymology: Probably < a Pahari language. N.E.D. (1917) suggested that the donor language might be Kullu, a Western Pahari language spoken in parts of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh; however, quot. 1814 comes from a description of a different region, considerably further south. Some of the forms may have been influenced by association with the unrelated sangha n.² N.E.D. (1917) gives the pronunciation as (sɒ·ŋgă) /ˈsʌŋɡə/.

Now historical.

A simple wooden bridge used in the Himalayas, esp. to cross torrents and ravines. Also more fully sangha bridge.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > other means of passage or access > [noun] > bridge > bridge of specific materials

tree-bridge1596

pole bridge1785

clapper bridge1793

sangha1814

creeper rope1894

creeper bridge1909

1814 in Papers regarding Admin. Marquis of Hastings in India (1824) 104 At Jhol Gaut there is both a joolla and sangah. These are frequently carried away, but may be easily reconstructed. The breadth of the river is only about thirty feet.

1828 G. C. Mundy Pen & Pencil Sketches (1832) I. iv. 241 Across a deep ravine..his Lordship erected a neat Sangah, or mountain-bridge, of pines.

1870 A. Harcourt Rambles in Kooloo i. 1 We sallied forth from the Sooltanpore rest-house, and crossing by a good sungha bridge the Surburree torrent..entered the town.

1893 Mrs. R. H. Tyacke How I shot my Bears xxii. 195 The present sungha bridge was not exactly a nice one to negotiate, for it was very high out of the water, very narrow, and boasted no handrails.

1999 P. Kanwar Ess. Urban Patterns in 19th Cent. Himachal Pradesh iii. 66 Wherever the river was up to ninety feet wide and timber was available a sangha was erected.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

sanghan.²

Brit.

/ˈsaŋɡə/,

/ˈsʌŋɡə/, U.S.

/ˈsɑŋɡə/

Forms:

α. 1800s– samgha, 1800s– sangha.

γ. 1800s– sangh, 1900s– samgh.

Also with capital initial.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Pali. Partly a borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymons: Pali saṃgha; Sanskrit saṃgha.

Etymology: < (i) Pali saṃgha Buddhist congregation or monastic community, and its etymon (ii) Sanskrit saṃgha (also with vernacular pronunciation saṃgh ) crowd, group of people gathered for a purpose, society, Buddhist or Jain congregation or monastic community < a compound verb saṃ-han- to knock together < saṃ- together (see Sanskrit n.) + han- to strike (see offend v.). N.E.D. (1909) gives the pronunciation as (sa·ŋa) /ˈsaŋa/. N.E.D. also included the following, which reflects Burmese saṃghā (pronounced /θãɡa/ < Pali saṃgha):1858 P. Bigandet in tr. Life Gaudama 234 The Budhist Religious constitute the Thanga, or assembly of the Perfect. They are the strict followers of Budha.

a. Buddhism and Jainism. (A convocation of) a particular monastic community. In later use also: a community of believers or adherents, including laypeople; (more widely, in Western contexts) a group practising activities associated with Buddhism, such as yoga or meditation.

ΚΠ

1834 B. Clough tr. Ritual Budd'hist Priesthood i. 9 in Misc. Transl. from Oriental Langs. II A village or hamlet in Ceylon..where a sangha can be convened.

1927 Times of India 23 Apr. 19/2 The Jain Sangh from Patan..arrived here on Friday night.

1978 C. Humphreys Both Sides of Circle xii. 135 The adoption of Twelve Principles became my major Buddhist activity in Japan, and their later presentation to the Sanghas and leading Buddhists of Thailand, Burma and Ceylon was..my major interest in those countries.

2010 Independent 22 Feb. 20/4 The official Burmese-language newspaper Myanmar Ahlin said that Ashin Kumara, the chairman of a government-controlled sangha,..was to call a meeting of senior abbots.

2019 A. Bhagwati Unbecoming Acknowl. 321 My vipassana and yoga sanghas, and my many teachers..: thank you for holding my tender heart.

b. Buddhism and Jainism. With the. The monastic community, including monks, nuns, and novices; (also) the community of believers or adherents at large.In Buddhism, the sangha is regarded as one of the three cornerstones of the Buddhist faith; cf. three jewels n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > monasticism > monk > [noun] > collectively

observancea1450

monkery1528

sangha1836

monkdom1850

1836 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 5 35 The Sangha of the Buddhist triad ought to have been invariably rendered by Remusat into ‘congregation of the faithful’ or ‘church’, and never into ‘clergy’ or ‘priesthood’.

1921 C. Eliot Hinduism & Buddhism III. xxxvi. 71 The Sangha has always shown a laudable reserve in interfering directly with politics... In 1886, when the British annexed Burma, the Head of the Sangha forbade monks to take part in the political strife.

1990 Dalai Lama XIV Freedom in Exile xi. 195 According to Thai custom, the laity should always show respect for the Sangha.

2003 J. Burdett Bangkok 8 (2004) ii. 18 We had to seek refuge in the Three Jewels of the Buddha, the dharma and the sangha.

2. Chiefly in form sangh. In Indian contexts: a group or organization, esp. a cultural or political group or party. Frequently in the names of political organizations or assemblies.In quot. 1880 denoting a group of Hindu pilgrims.

ΚΠ

1880 Gazetteer Bombay Presidency V. 432 Great trains of pilgrims, sanghs, make their way to the shrine.

1946 Internat. Affairs 22 148 She goes on..to describe the all-too inadequate steps which have been taken by Government, by Christian missions—perhaps the biggest influence of all—and by Hindu social service societies, notably the All India Harijan Sevak Sangh.

2002 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 20 Apr. 1552/3 The Sangh too believes in the latter even though Golwalkar critiqued James Mill on account of his characterisation of an ‘unending Hindu history’ as interspersed by Muslim and Christian periods.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021).

单词	sangha
释义	sanghan.¹ Brit. /ˈsaŋɡə/, U.S. /ˈsæŋɡə/ Forms: 1800s sanga, 1800s sangah, 1800s sangha, 1800s sunga, 1800s sungah, 1800s sungha. Origin: Probably a borrowing from a Pahari language. Etymology: Probably < a Pahari language. N.E.D. (1917) suggested that the donor language might be Kullu, a Western Pahari language spoken in parts of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh; however, quot. 1814 comes from a description of a different region, considerably further south. Some of the forms may have been influenced by association with the unrelated sangha n.² N.E.D. (1917) gives the pronunciation as (sɒ·ŋgă) /ˈsʌŋɡə/. Now historical. A simple wooden bridge used in the Himalayas, esp. to cross torrents and ravines. Also more fully sangha bridge. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > other means of passage or access > [noun] > bridge > bridge of specific materials tree-bridge1596 pole bridge1785 clapper bridge1793 sangha1814 creeper rope1894 creeper bridge1909 1814 in Papers regarding Admin. Marquis of Hastings in India (1824) 104 At Jhol Gaut there is both a joolla and sangah. These are frequently carried away, but may be easily reconstructed. The breadth of the river is only about thirty feet. 1828 G. C. Mundy Pen & Pencil Sketches (1832) I. iv. 241 Across a deep ravine..his Lordship erected a neat Sangah, or mountain-bridge, of pines. 1870 A. Harcourt Rambles in Kooloo i. 1 We sallied forth from the Sooltanpore rest-house, and crossing by a good sungha bridge the Surburree torrent..entered the town. 1893 Mrs. R. H. Tyacke How I shot my Bears xxii. 195 The present sungha bridge was not exactly a nice one to negotiate, for it was very high out of the water, very narrow, and boasted no handrails. 1999 P. Kanwar Ess. Urban Patterns in 19th Cent. Himachal Pradesh iii. 66 Wherever the river was up to ninety feet wide and timber was available a sangha was erected. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). sanghan.² Brit. /ˈsaŋɡə/, /ˈsʌŋɡə/, U.S. /ˈsɑŋɡə/ Forms: α. 1800s– samgha, 1800s– sangha. γ. 1800s– sangh, 1900s– samgh. Also with capital initial. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Pali. Partly a borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymons: Pali saṃgha; Sanskrit saṃgha. Etymology: < (i) Pali saṃgha Buddhist congregation or monastic community, and its etymon (ii) Sanskrit saṃgha (also with vernacular pronunciation saṃgh ) crowd, group of people gathered for a purpose, society, Buddhist or Jain congregation or monastic community < a compound verb saṃ-han- to knock together < saṃ- together (see Sanskrit n.) + han- to strike (see offend v.). N.E.D. (1909) gives the pronunciation as (sa·ŋa) /ˈsaŋa/. N.E.D. also included the following, which reflects Burmese saṃghā (pronounced /θãɡa/ < Pali saṃgha):1858 P. Bigandet in tr. Life Gaudama 234 The Budhist Religious constitute the Thanga, or assembly of the Perfect. They are the strict followers of Budha. 1. a. Buddhism and Jainism. (A convocation of) a particular monastic community. In later use also: a community of believers or adherents, including laypeople; (more widely, in Western contexts) a group practising activities associated with Buddhism, such as yoga or meditation. ΚΠ 1834 B. Clough tr. Ritual Budd'hist Priesthood i. 9 in Misc. Transl. from Oriental Langs. II A village or hamlet in Ceylon..where a sangha can be convened. 1927 Times of India 23 Apr. 19/2 The Jain Sangh from Patan..arrived here on Friday night. 1978 C. Humphreys Both Sides of Circle xii. 135 The adoption of Twelve Principles became my major Buddhist activity in Japan, and their later presentation to the Sanghas and leading Buddhists of Thailand, Burma and Ceylon was..my major interest in those countries. 2010 Independent 22 Feb. 20/4 The official Burmese-language newspaper Myanmar Ahlin said that Ashin Kumara, the chairman of a government-controlled sangha,..was to call a meeting of senior abbots. 2019 A. Bhagwati Unbecoming Acknowl. 321 My vipassana and yoga sanghas, and my many teachers..: thank you for holding my tender heart. b. Buddhism and Jainism. With the. The monastic community, including monks, nuns, and novices; (also) the community of believers or adherents at large.In Buddhism, the sangha is regarded as one of the three cornerstones of the Buddhist faith; cf. three jewels n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > monasticism > monk > [noun] > collectively observancea1450 monkery1528 sangha1836 monkdom1850 1836 Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 5 35 The Sangha of the Buddhist triad ought to have been invariably rendered by Remusat into ‘congregation of the faithful’ or ‘church’, and never into ‘clergy’ or ‘priesthood’. 1921 C. Eliot Hinduism & Buddhism III. xxxvi. 71 The Sangha has always shown a laudable reserve in interfering directly with politics... In 1886, when the British annexed Burma, the Head of the Sangha forbade monks to take part in the political strife. 1990 Dalai Lama XIV Freedom in Exile xi. 195 According to Thai custom, the laity should always show respect for the Sangha. 2003 J. Burdett Bangkok 8 (2004) ii. 18 We had to seek refuge in the Three Jewels of the Buddha, the dharma and the sangha. 2. Chiefly in form sangh. In Indian contexts: a group or organization, esp. a cultural or political group or party. Frequently in the names of political organizations or assemblies.In quot. 1880 denoting a group of Hindu pilgrims. ΚΠ 1880 Gazetteer Bombay Presidency V. 432 Great trains of pilgrims, sanghs, make their way to the shrine. 1946 Internat. Affairs 22 148 She goes on..to describe the all-too inadequate steps which have been taken by Government, by Christian missions—perhaps the biggest influence of all—and by Hindu social service societies, notably the All India Harijan Sevak Sangh. 2002 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 20 Apr. 1552/3 The Sangh too believes in the latter even though Golwalkar critiqued James Mill on account of his characterisation of an ‘unending Hindu history’ as interspersed by Muslim and Christian periods. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021). < n.¹1814n.²1834
随便看	θ232498 θ232499 θ2325 θ23250 θ232500 θ232501 θ232502 θ232503 θ232504 θ232505 θ232506 θ232507 θ232508 θ232509 θ23251 θ232510 θ232511 θ232512 θ232513 θ232514 θ232515 θ232516 θ232517 θ232518 θ232519

sanghan.1

sanghan.2

sanghan.¹

sanghan.²