sayern.¹

Brit.

/ˈseɪə/, U.S.

/ˈseɪər/

Forms: see say v.¹ and -er suffix¹; also Middle English segeere.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: say v.¹, -er suffix¹.

Etymology: < say v.¹ + -er suffix¹.Compare Old English secgend speaker, narrator ( < say v.¹ + -end suffix¹) and also secga sayer, informant ( < the same base as say v.¹).

a. A person who says something; (sometimes) spec. one who speaks the words of a religious service, a prayer, etc. Chiefly with of, specifying what is said or spoken.Recorded earliest in soothsayer n. See also doomsayer n., nay-sayer n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > one who speaks > [noun]

mathelereOE

mouthOE

speaker1303

sayer1340

outera1415

utterer1509

handler1534

trumpet1549

discourser1564

deliverer1580

linguist1612

vocalist1613

sermocinator1623

sermocinatrix1623

articulator1651

worder1654

voice1667

stringer1774

tonguer1822

vocalizer1830

locutor1858

outspeaker1858

speaker-hearer1965

speaker-listener1965

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 256 (MED) Þer ne lackeþ to greate lhordes bote zoþ ziggeres; Vor hi habbeþ lyeȝeres and vlatours to greate cheape, and veawe zoþ ziggeres.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 1 Kings xix. 19 It is told forsoþe to Saul of seieres [a1425 L.V. of men, seiynge; L. dicentibus], Lo dauyd in Naioth in Ramatha.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 158 Lette not the autorie of the Seyere meve the; take no cure of the Seyere what Persone he is.

a1539 in Archaeologia (1882) 47 55 That by the hering of the same devocion may encrease aswell in the singers and sayers as in the herers.

1587 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) III. 430/1 All sayaris and heiraris of messe.

1635 E. Reeve Communion Bk. Catechisme Expounded 158 People whose father is the devill, & whose workes they doe..can not truely and properly be sayers of the Lords prayer.

1675 E. Bourne Answer Dr. Good 7 Thou may'st be a Sayer of the Word, but not a Doer of it.

1768 J. Boswell Acct. Corsica (ed. 2) 331 I cannot endure long the sayers of good things.

1780 F. Burney Let. 9 Aug. in Early Jrnls. & Lett. (2003) IV. 217 I never..have been a sayer of the Thing that is not.

1838 S. Wilberforce in A. R. Ashwell Life S. Wilberforce (1880) I. 119 But merely saying a strong thing would..do them no good; they would only identify the sayer with a party.

1897 F. Thompson New Poems 136 Mother of mysteries! Sayer of dark sayings in a thousand tongues!

1913 J. K. Hewison Covenanters II. xxv. 278 King Charles.., himself a secret Papist, sanctioned the persecution of his co-religionists, even permitting death to overtake a sayer of mass.

2010 T. Dartington Managing Vulnerability i. v. 57 In my fantasy, he or she is the sayer of true things, however uncomfortable.

b. With modifying adjective, as false sayer, ill sayer, true sayer, etc.: a person who speaks falsely, wrongly, truly, etc. Now archaic and rare.Early evidence of soothsayer n. might be interpreted as involving adjectival use of sooth (see sooth adj.) and, therefore, belonging in this sense rather than in sense 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > [noun] > a liar

liarc950

gabbera1325

fabler1362

wernard1362

leasing-mongerc1380

false sayera1382

leasing-maker1424

leasing-bearerc1440

contriver1477

drivelard1530

falsifier1532

lie-teller1552

Ananias1572

lick-dish1575

falsificator1609

fabulist1626

cracka1640

leaser1641

commentiter1645

prevaricator1650

cracker1652

bugiarda1670

rapper1758

pseudologist1804

Tom Pepper1818

wrinkler1819

lie-monger1830

untruther1889

tale-teller1894

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [noun] > one who slanders

missayer1340

slandererc1340

jurorc1380

third tonguea1382

defamerc1425

malignerc1425

disclanderer1447

praterc1500

evil-sayer1530

ill sayera1533

infamera1533

belier1541

sycophant1548

calumniatorc1550

disgracer1570

infamator1571

depraver1584

calumnier1586

libeller1589

infamizer1593

maldisant1598

oblocutor1603

traducer1603

villainizer1605

vilifier1611

calumner1614

scandallerc1620

scandalizer1632

blackmouth1642

deflowerer1645

famer1646

defamator1658

reflector1681

reflecter1686

asperser1702

bedirtera1742

libellist1794

mud-flinger1839

denigrator1875

mud-slinger1876

tar-brusher1884

libellant-

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job xvi. 9 My ryuelis seyn witnesse aȝen me, and the false seiere [L. falsiloquus] is rered vp aȝen my face.

c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) l. 864 Wyth yow tweyn wo ys replyede, He may sey he hathe a schrewde seyer.

a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. Nn.iij^v The most vylanie in men, is to bee ylle saiers.

1533 T. More Debellacyon Salem & Bizance i. xi. f. lxxii Lest, men myght thynke he fayned, he sholde seke out & brynge forthe some of those shrewd sayers hym selfe.

1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 40 We ar forbiddin be it to bear fals and deceptfull witnes..as verralie is doone be quhisperars, bakbytters, and euil sayers.

1653 R. Farnworth Flying Roll in Voice First Trumpet sig. C Woe to you Scribes, and faire Sayers, Hypocrites, that appeare to be in words, that which you deny in actions.

1691 T. Goodaire Plain Testimony Antient Truth & Work of God 29 It is not the Hearers, nor the fair Sayers..that shall be Justified by the Lord.

1822 tr. Xenophon Anabasis i. viii. 27 If you prove to be a true sayer, I promise you ‘ten talents’.

1866 G. T. Collins Cholera vii. 114 Let these medical wise-sayers administer their vaunted remedies in a case of real ‘asphyxiated cholera’, and their fallacy will be made fearfully apparent.

2007 C. Marsh Wayward Christian Soldiers vi. 123 Antony learned that the demons and false-sayers flee in terror before the sign of the cross.

2. Originally: a professional storyteller or reciter of poetry (cf. disour n.). Subsequently (originally Scottish): a poetic narrator; a poet; (more generally) a narrator, an author. Now rare (archaic and historical in later use).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > [noun]

versifierc1340

poeta1382

metrera1387

sayer?a1400

makerc1460

metrician?a1475

metrist?1545

singer1560

swannetc1560

songster1584

muse1596

Castalianist1607

metre-maker1611

versificator1611

swan1613

versemaker1647

verseman1652

Parnassian1658

bard1667

factist1676

poetic1687

minstrel1718

shaper1816

society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > recitation of poetry > [noun] > one who

sayer?a1400

rhapsodist1690

rhapsode1867

poetry reader1930

toaster1974

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. 76 I mad noght for no disours, ne for no seggers, no harpours.

c1475 tr. C. de Pisan Livre du Corps de Policie (Cambr.) (1977) 114 (MED) Ther wer brought befor him syngers and sayers of auncient gestis.

a1500 Wisdom of Solomon (Cambr. Kk.1.5) in R. Girvan Ratis Raving & Other Early Scots Poems (1939) 191 Be the documentis of wys clerkis that knawis the subtill ymaginacione of the sayar.

1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid ix. Prol. 27 The sayar eik suld weil consider this, His mater, and quhamto it entitillit is.

1806 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 4 560 This is not a truth of nature; it is therefore not the meaning of Samund the sayer.

1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 17 Ilk comic scene of ilka age, Gleam'd out of ilka sayar's page.

1871 R. Browning Balaustion 63 Such the spread of thy renown, And such the lay that, dying, thou hast left Singer and sayer.

1903 H. W. Boynton in Ld. Tennyson Idylls of King p. vi It suggests the germ of an idea which was about to possess the imagination of a whole race of singers and sayers: The Story of the Grail.

1962 R. M. Browning German Poetry 337 Orpheus differs from the angel in being a ‘sayer’, that is a poet.

†3. A person who provides instruction or guidance. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > control > person in control > [noun] > director

mastereOE

steerc897

ordainerc1443

director1477

rector1482

sayer1483

orderer1496

solicitera1530

temperator1591

ordinator1615

sternera1634

dirigent1756

chargé d'affaires1797

quarterback1931

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. 112^v/2, (Inv. St. Firmin) And the peple of thyse cytees meued them eche from hys place..wythout sayer or comander [L. quasi ut unusquisque suum habuisset præceptorem et ducem].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† sayern.²

Forms:

α. Middle English saiere, 1800s sayer; Scottish pre-1700 sayar, pre-1700 sayer, pre-1700 syer.

β. late Middle English sayour.

Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by derivation. Or (ii) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: say v.², -er suffix¹; assayer n.

Etymology: Either < say v.² + -er suffix¹ or aphetic < assayer n.With the β. forms compare -our suffix and also the form assaiour at assayer n.

Obsolete (rare after 16th cent.).

= assayer n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > food taster or tester > [noun]

sayer1422

tasterc1440

tempterc1450

forestaller1611

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > one who or that which tests > one who

provera1382

sayer1422

tasterc1440

approver?1541

society > trade and finance > money > value of money > [noun] > specific equivalent weights > assayer of coin

sayer1579

1422 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 129 (MED) John of Ely hath take a charge..for to do kepe þe assay of oistrez, that þe oistrez be gode, holsome, and in sesoun for mannes body and chapmen to bye and sell..wherfore it nedith þe sayere to be trewe in his office.

?a1450 Roberd of Cisyle (Harl. 1701) l. 166 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 213/1 Þy sayour [a1475 Harl. 525 tastour; a1500 Cambr. Ff.2.38 assayar; c1390 Vernon Þou schalt eten on þe ground, Þin assayour schal ben an hound].

1526 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 317/1 The wardanis fe the sayaris fe and the sy[n]karis of the irnis fee.

1579 in R. W. Cochran-Patrick Rec. Coinage Scotl. (1876) I. Introd. 34 The generall of his cunyehous Mr. Cunyear Wardanis sinkar syer prentaris forgearis and vtheris.

1835 1st Rep. Commissioners Munic. Corporations Eng. & Wales App. iv. 2242 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 116) XXV. 1 The Market Sayer, Corn Prizer, and all the other inferior officers mentioned above, are annually appointed by the alderman's court [at Grantham].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

sayern.³

Brit.

/ˈseɪə/, U.S.

/ˈseɪər/

Forms: 1700s sayr, 1700s–1800s syre, 1700s– sair, 1700s– sayer, 1800s syer.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Urdu. Partly a borrowing from Persian. Etymons: Urdu sāʾir; Persian sāʾir.

Etymology: < Urdu sāʾir and its etymon Persian sāʾir, lit. ‘current’ (also short for e.g. sāʾir ḵarc contingent charges) < Arabic sāʾir current, specific sense development of the present participle of sāra to go.

Now historical.

In India: a tax or duty imposed on a variety of things other than land, esp. a duty levied on the transportation, production, and sale of goods; such duties collectively.Apparently originally an arbitrary imposition levied by zamindars on goods passing through their estates and sold in markets established by them. Subsequently, used widely in all three presidencies of the East India Company, but falling rapidly into disuse after 1858, when the Government of India Act placed India under the direct control of the Crown.Recorded earliest in attributive use.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > duty on goods > [noun]

tollc1000

custom1389

average1451

prest1472

impost1569

customage1595

averene1625

consumption tax1694

dogana1714

sayer1751

excise duties-

1751 A. Cawn Let. 20 May in J. Long Sel. Rec. Govt. relating to Bengal (1869) 25 I have heard that Ramkissen Seat who lives in Calcutta has carried goods to that place without paying the Muxidavad Syre chowkey duties.

1790 in 1st Marquis Cornwallis Corr. (1859) II. 492 Our former despatches will have acquainted you that we had taken into the hands of Government the collection of the internal duties usually denominated the Sayer.

1811 W. Kirkpatrick Acct. Kingdom Nepal 103 The revenues of a village..consist principally in the rent of houses, and the Sair, or duties charged on salt, tobacco, pepper, beetle-nut [etc.].

1856 Papers Admin. Mysore in Sel. Rec. Govt. India XI. 107 At the time of the assumption of the country the Sayer was found to be mostly farmed out.

1929 R. B. Ramsbotham in H. H. Dodwell Cambr. Hist. Brit. Empire IV. xxv. 409 The three main sources of revenue..were (a) mal, i.e the land revenue, including royalties on salt; (b) sair, i.e. the revenues received from the customs, tolls, ferries, etc.

Compounds

General attributive, as sayer choky, sayer collection, sayer duty, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > duty on goods > imposition or collecting of duties on goods > [noun] > customs house or tollbooth

tollbooth13..

custom housea1400

toll-housec1440

dogana1605

douane1656

scale1682

excise-office1698

sayer choky1751

toll-shop1789

toll-office1841

chop-house1882

naka1984

1751Syre chowkey [see main sense].

1789 1st Marquis Cornwallis Minute Governor-General 18 Sept. in Corr. (1859) I. 557 What are called the Sayer collections.

1835 E. Thornton India xi. 237 In Madras, the transit duties are frequently called sayer duties, when spoken of in the reports of officers; and all collections from inconsiderable sources are in the accounts brought under the general term sayer. In Bengal, the pilgrim tax, when it existed, was included under this head.

1850 Directions Rev. Off. N.W. Prov. 43 There are also other items, called Sayer or Sewaee collections, which are much prized by the proprietors, and which in some cases constitute a valuable property.

1856 Papers Admin. Mysore in Sel. Rec. Govt. India XI. 105 For collection of these duties there were no less than seven hundred and sixty-one Sayer Chowkies, or custom-houses, established.

1965 Calcutta Rev. Apr. 56 Sayer duties had been one of the principal sources of revenue to the state.

2000 Eng. Hist. Rev. 115 213 The Company's ‘Sayer’ (market tax) records are a rich source for the cultural as well as socio-economic history of Bengal.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹1340

n.²1422

n.³1751

单词	sayer
释义	sayern.¹ Brit. /ˈseɪə/, U.S. /ˈseɪər/ Forms: see say v.¹ and -er suffix¹; also Middle English segeere. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: say v.¹, -er suffix¹. Etymology: < say v.¹ + -er suffix¹.Compare Old English secgend speaker, narrator ( < say v.¹ + -end suffix¹) and also secga sayer, informant ( < the same base as say v.¹). 1. a. A person who says something; (sometimes) spec. one who speaks the words of a religious service, a prayer, etc. Chiefly with of, specifying what is said or spoken.Recorded earliest in soothsayer n. See also doomsayer n., nay-sayer n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > one who speaks > [noun] mathelereOE mouthOE speaker1303 sayer1340 outera1415 utterer1509 handler1534 trumpet1549 discourser1564 deliverer1580 linguist1612 vocalist1613 sermocinator1623 sermocinatrix1623 articulator1651 worder1654 voice1667 stringer1774 tonguer1822 vocalizer1830 locutor1858 outspeaker1858 speaker-hearer1965 speaker-listener1965 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 256 (MED) Þer ne lackeþ to greate lhordes bote zoþ ziggeres; Vor hi habbeþ lyeȝeres and vlatours to greate cheape, and veawe zoþ ziggeres. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 1 Kings xix. 19 It is told forsoþe to Saul of seieres [a1425 L.V. of men, seiynge; L. dicentibus], Lo dauyd in Naioth in Ramatha. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 158 Lette not the autorie of the Seyere meve the; take no cure of the Seyere what Persone he is. a1539 in Archaeologia (1882) 47 55 That by the hering of the same devocion may encrease aswell in the singers and sayers as in the herers. 1587 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) III. 430/1 All sayaris and heiraris of messe. 1635 E. Reeve Communion Bk. Catechisme Expounded 158 People whose father is the devill, & whose workes they doe..can not truely and properly be sayers of the Lords prayer. 1675 E. Bourne Answer Dr. Good 7 Thou may'st be a Sayer of the Word, but not a Doer of it. 1768 J. Boswell Acct. Corsica (ed. 2) 331 I cannot endure long the sayers of good things. 1780 F. Burney Let. 9 Aug. in Early Jrnls. & Lett. (2003) IV. 217 I never..have been a sayer of the Thing that is not. 1838 S. Wilberforce in A. R. Ashwell Life S. Wilberforce (1880) I. 119 But merely saying a strong thing would..do them no good; they would only identify the sayer with a party. 1897 F. Thompson New Poems 136 Mother of mysteries! Sayer of dark sayings in a thousand tongues! 1913 J. K. Hewison Covenanters II. xxv. 278 King Charles.., himself a secret Papist, sanctioned the persecution of his co-religionists, even permitting death to overtake a sayer of mass. 2010 T. Dartington Managing Vulnerability i. v. 57 In my fantasy, he or she is the sayer of true things, however uncomfortable. b. With modifying adjective, as false sayer, ill sayer, true sayer, etc.: a person who speaks falsely, wrongly, truly, etc. Now archaic and rare.Early evidence of soothsayer n. might be interpreted as involving adjectival use of sooth (see sooth adj.) and, therefore, belonging in this sense rather than in sense 1a. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > [noun] > a liar liarc950 gabbera1325 fabler1362 wernard1362 leasing-mongerc1380 false sayera1382 leasing-maker1424 leasing-bearerc1440 contriver1477 drivelard1530 falsifier1532 lie-teller1552 Ananias1572 lick-dish1575 falsificator1609 fabulist1626 cracka1640 leaser1641 commentiter1645 prevaricator1650 cracker1652 bugiarda1670 rapper1758 pseudologist1804 Tom Pepper1818 wrinkler1819 lie-monger1830 untruther1889 tale-teller1894 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [noun] > one who slanders missayer1340 slandererc1340 jurorc1380 third tonguea1382 defamerc1425 malignerc1425 disclanderer1447 praterc1500 evil-sayer1530 ill sayera1533 infamera1533 belier1541 sycophant1548 calumniatorc1550 disgracer1570 infamator1571 depraver1584 calumnier1586 libeller1589 infamizer1593 maldisant1598 oblocutor1603 traducer1603 villainizer1605 vilifier1611 calumner1614 scandallerc1620 scandalizer1632 blackmouth1642 deflowerer1645 famer1646 defamator1658 reflector1681 reflecter1686 asperser1702 bedirtera1742 libellist1794 mud-flinger1839 denigrator1875 mud-slinger1876 tar-brusher1884 libellant- a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job xvi. 9 My ryuelis seyn witnesse aȝen me, and the false seiere [L. falsiloquus] is rered vp aȝen my face. c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) l. 864 Wyth yow tweyn wo ys replyede, He may sey he hathe a schrewde seyer. a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. Nn.iij^v The most vylanie in men, is to bee ylle saiers. 1533 T. More Debellacyon Salem & Bizance i. xi. f. lxxii Lest, men myght thynke he fayned, he sholde seke out & brynge forthe some of those shrewd sayers hym selfe. 1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 40 We ar forbiddin be it to bear fals and deceptfull witnes..as verralie is doone be quhisperars, bakbytters, and euil sayers. 1653 R. Farnworth Flying Roll in Voice First Trumpet sig. C Woe to you Scribes, and faire Sayers, Hypocrites, that appeare to be in words, that which you deny in actions. 1691 T. Goodaire Plain Testimony Antient Truth & Work of God 29 It is not the Hearers, nor the fair Sayers..that shall be Justified by the Lord. 1822 tr. Xenophon Anabasis i. viii. 27 If you prove to be a true sayer, I promise you ‘ten talents’. 1866 G. T. Collins Cholera vii. 114 Let these medical wise-sayers administer their vaunted remedies in a case of real ‘asphyxiated cholera’, and their fallacy will be made fearfully apparent. 2007 C. Marsh Wayward Christian Soldiers vi. 123 Antony learned that the demons and false-sayers flee in terror before the sign of the cross. 2. Originally: a professional storyteller or reciter of poetry (cf. disour n.). Subsequently (originally Scottish): a poetic narrator; a poet; (more generally) a narrator, an author. Now rare (archaic and historical in later use). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > [noun] versifierc1340 poeta1382 metrera1387 sayer?a1400 makerc1460 metrician?a1475 metrist?1545 singer1560 swannetc1560 songster1584 muse1596 Castalianist1607 metre-maker1611 versificator1611 swan1613 versemaker1647 verseman1652 Parnassian1658 bard1667 factist1676 poetic1687 minstrel1718 shaper1816 society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > recitation of poetry > [noun] > one who sayer?a1400 rhapsodist1690 rhapsode1867 poetry reader1930 toaster1974 ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. 76 I mad noght for no disours, ne for no seggers, no harpours. c1475 tr. C. de Pisan Livre du Corps de Policie (Cambr.) (1977) 114 (MED) Ther wer brought befor him syngers and sayers of auncient gestis. a1500 Wisdom of Solomon (Cambr. Kk.1.5) in R. Girvan Ratis Raving & Other Early Scots Poems (1939) 191 Be the documentis of wys clerkis that knawis the subtill ymaginacione of the sayar. 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid ix. Prol. 27 The sayar eik suld weil consider this, His mater, and quhamto it entitillit is. 1806 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 4 560 This is not a truth of nature; it is therefore not the meaning of Samund the sayer. 1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 17 Ilk comic scene of ilka age, Gleam'd out of ilka sayar's page. 1871 R. Browning Balaustion 63 Such the spread of thy renown, And such the lay that, dying, thou hast left Singer and sayer. 1903 H. W. Boynton in Ld. Tennyson Idylls of King p. vi It suggests the germ of an idea which was about to possess the imagination of a whole race of singers and sayers: The Story of the Grail. 1962 R. M. Browning German Poetry 337 Orpheus differs from the angel in being a ‘sayer’, that is a poet. †3. A person who provides instruction or guidance. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > control > person in control > [noun] > director mastereOE steerc897 ordainerc1443 director1477 rector1482 sayer1483 orderer1496 solicitera1530 temperator1591 ordinator1615 sternera1634 dirigent1756 chargé d'affaires1797 quarterback1931 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. 112^v/2, (Inv. St. Firmin) And the peple of thyse cytees meued them eche from hys place..wythout sayer or comander [L. quasi ut unusquisque suum habuisset præceptorem et ducem]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † sayern.² Forms: α. Middle English saiere, 1800s sayer; Scottish pre-1700 sayar, pre-1700 sayer, pre-1700 syer. β. late Middle English sayour. Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by derivation. Or (ii) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: say v.², -er suffix¹; assayer n. Etymology: Either < say v.² + -er suffix¹ or aphetic < assayer n.With the β. forms compare -our suffix and also the form assaiour at assayer n. Obsolete (rare after 16th cent.). = assayer n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > food taster or tester > [noun] sayer1422 tasterc1440 tempterc1450 forestaller1611 the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > one who or that which tests > one who provera1382 sayer1422 tasterc1440 approver?1541 society > trade and finance > money > value of money > [noun] > specific equivalent weights > assayer of coin sayer1579 1422 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 129 (MED) John of Ely hath take a charge..for to do kepe þe assay of oistrez, that þe oistrez be gode, holsome, and in sesoun for mannes body and chapmen to bye and sell..wherfore it nedith þe sayere to be trewe in his office. ?a1450 Roberd of Cisyle (Harl. 1701) l. 166 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 213/1 Þy sayour [a1475 Harl. 525 tastour; a1500 Cambr. Ff.2.38 assayar; c1390 Vernon Þou schalt eten on þe ground, Þin assayour schal ben an hound]. 1526 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 317/1 The wardanis fe the sayaris fe and the sy[n]karis of the irnis fee. 1579 in R. W. Cochran-Patrick Rec. Coinage Scotl. (1876) I. Introd. 34 The generall of his cunyehous Mr. Cunyear Wardanis sinkar syer prentaris forgearis and vtheris. 1835 1st Rep. Commissioners Munic. Corporations Eng. & Wales App. iv. 2242 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 116) XXV. 1 The Market Sayer, Corn Prizer, and all the other inferior officers mentioned above, are annually appointed by the alderman's court [at Grantham]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2021). sayern.³ Brit. /ˈseɪə/, U.S. /ˈseɪər/ Forms: 1700s sayr, 1700s–1800s syre, 1700s– sair, 1700s– sayer, 1800s syer. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Urdu. Partly a borrowing from Persian. Etymons: Urdu sāʾir; Persian sāʾir. Etymology: < Urdu sāʾir and its etymon Persian sāʾir, lit. ‘current’ (also short for e.g. sāʾir ḵarc contingent charges) < Arabic sāʾir current, specific sense development of the present participle of sāra to go. Now historical. In India: a tax or duty imposed on a variety of things other than land, esp. a duty levied on the transportation, production, and sale of goods; such duties collectively.Apparently originally an arbitrary imposition levied by zamindars on goods passing through their estates and sold in markets established by them. Subsequently, used widely in all three presidencies of the East India Company, but falling rapidly into disuse after 1858, when the Government of India Act placed India under the direct control of the Crown.Recorded earliest in attributive use. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > duty on goods > [noun] tollc1000 custom1389 average1451 prest1472 impost1569 customage1595 averene1625 consumption tax1694 dogana1714 sayer1751 excise duties- 1751 A. Cawn Let. 20 May in J. Long Sel. Rec. Govt. relating to Bengal (1869) 25 I have heard that Ramkissen Seat who lives in Calcutta has carried goods to that place without paying the Muxidavad Syre chowkey duties. 1790 in 1st Marquis Cornwallis Corr. (1859) II. 492 Our former despatches will have acquainted you that we had taken into the hands of Government the collection of the internal duties usually denominated the Sayer. 1811 W. Kirkpatrick Acct. Kingdom Nepal 103 The revenues of a village..consist principally in the rent of houses, and the Sair, or duties charged on salt, tobacco, pepper, beetle-nut [etc.]. 1856 Papers Admin. Mysore in Sel. Rec. Govt. India XI. 107 At the time of the assumption of the country the Sayer was found to be mostly farmed out. 1929 R. B. Ramsbotham in H. H. Dodwell Cambr. Hist. Brit. Empire IV. xxv. 409 The three main sources of revenue..were (a) mal, i.e the land revenue, including royalties on salt; (b) sair, i.e. the revenues received from the customs, tolls, ferries, etc. Compounds General attributive, as sayer choky, sayer collection, sayer duty, etc. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > duty on goods > imposition or collecting of duties on goods > [noun] > customs house or tollbooth tollbooth13.. custom housea1400 toll-housec1440 dogana1605 douane1656 scale1682 excise-office1698 sayer choky1751 toll-shop1789 toll-office1841 chop-house1882 naka1984 1751Syre chowkey [see main sense]. 1789 1st Marquis Cornwallis Minute Governor-General 18 Sept. in Corr. (1859) I. 557 What are called the Sayer collections. 1835 E. Thornton India xi. 237 In Madras, the transit duties are frequently called sayer duties, when spoken of in the reports of officers; and all collections from inconsiderable sources are in the accounts brought under the general term sayer. In Bengal, the pilgrim tax, when it existed, was included under this head. 1850 Directions Rev. Off. N.W. Prov. 43 There are also other items, called Sayer or Sewaee collections, which are much prized by the proprietors, and which in some cases constitute a valuable property. 1856 Papers Admin. Mysore in Sel. Rec. Govt. India XI. 105 For collection of these duties there were no less than seven hundred and sixty-one Sayer Chowkies, or custom-houses, established. 1965 Calcutta Rev. Apr. 56 Sayer duties had been one of the principal sources of revenue to the state. 2000 Eng. Hist. Rev. 115 213 The Company's ‘Sayer’ (market tax) records are a rich source for the cultural as well as socio-economic history of Bengal. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1340n.²1422n.³1751
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