Réaumurn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈreɪə(ʊ)mjʊə/, U.S.

/ˈreɪoʊˌmjʊ(ə)r/

Forms: 1700s– Reaumur, 1800s– Réaumur.

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Réaumur.

Etymology: < the name of René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757), French scientist. The thermometer and scale (see sense A. 1) were described by Réaumur in a series of papers in the early 1730s (beginning in 1732, in Mém. de l'Acad. Royale des Sci., année 1730, 452). Réaumur's porcelain (see sense A. 2) was described by Réaumur in 1741 ( Mém. de l'Acad. Royale des Sci., année 1739, 370). The Réaumur process (see sense A. 3) was described by Réaumur in 1722 ( L'art de convertir le fer forgé en acier). N.E.D. (1904) gives the pronunciation as (reˌomür) /reomyr/.

Now historical.

A. n.

I. Compounds.

1. Physics.

a. Réaumur's thermometer n. (also Réaumur thermometer) a thermometer calibrated according to the Réaumur scale.

ΚΠ

1739 Philos. Trans. 1737–8 (Royal Soc.) 40 307 Mix one Part of fine Salt-petre with two Parts of beaten Ice, and Mons. Reaumur's Thermometer will descend in it but 3½ Degrees below the freezing Point.]

1754 Philos. Trans. 1753 (Royal Soc.) 48 109 The French academicians under the polar circle mention the greatest degree of cold, observed by them, to be by Reaumur's thermometer 37 degrees.

1871 W. B. Woodman tr. C. A. Wunderlich On Temperature in Dis. 447 In Réaumur's thermometer the same space is divided into 80° only.

1949 Jrnl. Southern Hist. 15 531 Pike had a Reaumur thermometer; hence his ‘four below’ was equivalent to twenty-three above, Fahrenheit.

2006 P. Bertucci in R. J. W. Evans & A. Marr Curiosity & Wonder from Renaissance to Enlightenm. x. 209 Once in the grotto..Nollet measured both the temperature (with a Reaumur thermometer) and the humidity of the surrounding air.

b. Réaumur scale n. (also Réaumur's scale) a scale of temperature introduced by Réaumur c1730, in which 0° is the freezing point of water and 80° the boiling point.The relationship between the Réaumur and other scales is as follows (F = Fahrenheit, C = Celsius): °R = °C × ⁴/ ₅ = (°F − 32) × ⁴/ ₉. The figure of 80 arose from Réaumur's taking the ‘length’ of an alcohol–water mixture at the freezing point of water as 1000, and finding that at the boiling point the length was 1080.Réaumur's scale was seen as simpler than Fahrenheit's and as a consequence came into use in some countries. The subsequent devising of the even simpler Celsius scale soon afterwards led to the Réaumur scale being largely superseded.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > measurement of temperature > [noun] > specific scales

Fahrenheit thermometer1732

Fahrenheit scale1740

Fahrenheit1754

Réaumur scale1764

Celsius thermometer1781

Réaumur1785

Celsius1790

Celsius scale1790

R1806

Wedgwood1807

centigrade1812

absolute temperature scale1886

Kelvin scale1908

Rankine scale1931

Rankine temperature1938

1756 Philos. Trans. 1755 (Royal Soc.) 47 50 A small thermometer, graduated according to M. de Reaumur's scale,..marked 29 degrees above the freezing point.]

1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 62 The mercury in the thermometer of Fahrenheit stood at four degrees under 0, which is fifteen degrees under 0 of Reaumur's Scale.

1871 W. B. Woodman tr. C. A. Wunderlich On Temperature in Dis. iv. 62 Réamur's scale is only used in Russia, Sweden, and some parts of Germany.

1958 S. Pettersen Introd. Meteorol. (ed. 2) ii. 20 The Reaumur scale was much used in Central Europe until the beginning of this century but has since gone out of use.

2003 D. A. Young Mind over Magma xv. 268 The Celsius scale was proposed in the early 1700's, the Fahrenheit scale in 1714, and the Réaumur scale around 1731.

2. Réaumur's porcelain n. a white, opaque devitrified glass produced by prolonged exposure to heat just below the fusion temperature.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass > other types of glass

mirror glass1440

Venice glass1527

green glass1559

bubble glass1591

hard glass1597

window glass1606

bottle glass1626

looking-glass plate1665

opal glass1668

flint-glass1683

broad-glass1686

jealous glass1703

plate glass1728

Newcastle glass1734

flint1755

German sheet glass1777

Réaumur's porcelain1777

cut glass1800

Vauxhall1830

muslin glass1837

Venetian glass1845

latticinio1855

quartz glass1861

muff glass1865

thallium glass1868

St. Gobain glass1870

frost blue1873

crackle-glass1875

opaline1875

crackle-ware1881

amberina1883

opal1885

Jena1892

Holophane1893

roughcast1893

soda glass1897

opalite1899

milchglas1907

pâte de verre1907

Pyrex1915

silica glass1916

soda-lime glass1917

Vita-glass1925

peach-blow1930

borosilicate glass1933

Vitrolite1937

twin plate1939

sintered glass1940

gold-film1954

Plyglass1956

pyroceram1957

float glass1959

solar glass1977

1771 J. Keir tr. P. J. Macquer Dict. Chem. II. 561 (heading) Porcelain of Mr. Reaumur.]

1777 Philos. Trans. 1776 (Royal Soc.) 66 536 At length the whole substance of the glass is converted into a white, opaque body, which, from some supposed resemblance to porcelain, has been distinguished by the name of Reaumur's porcelain.

1832 G. R. Porter Treat. Manuf. Porcelain & Glass xvi. 325 Glass has been converted into Reaumur's porcelain during volcanic eruptions, by being enveloped in burning lava.

1977 H. Guerlac Ess. & Papers Hist. Mod. Sci. 347 The result, called ‘Reaumur's porcelain’, while striking in appearance was defective in color and physical properties and little more than a curiosity.

3. Metallurgy.

a. Réaumur process n. a process of annealing used to produce white-heart iron.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > hardening, tempering, or annealing > types of annealing

box annealing1884

Réaumur process1898

pot annealing1925

subcritical annealing1930

process annealing1936

1898 Jrnl. Amer. Foundrymen's Assoc. 4 90 A number of processes for the production of malleable castings have been proposed by men ignorant of the rationale of the Reaumur process.

1949 J. E. Garside Process & Physical Metall. xxi. 374 Malleable cast-irons are made by two methods—..(2) The Whiteheart process, also known as the European or Réaumur process.

1991 D. M. Skinner & J. S. Cook in C. E. Dinsmore Hist. Regeneration Res. iii. 26 He developed a deep interest in the iron, tin, and gold industries, and the ‘Reaumur process’ for making steel would be used on a large scale a century later.

b. Réaumur malleable cast iron n. (also Réaumur malleable iron) malleable cast iron made by the Réaumur process; white-heart iron.

ΚΠ

1907 A. McWilliam & P. Longmuir Gen. Foundry Pract. 264 The Reaumur malleable is the variety which, up to the present, has been principally made in this country.]

1912 A. H. Sexton & J. S. G. Primrose Outl. Metall. Iron & Steel (ed. 2) xliii. 494 (caption) Reaumur Malleable Iron, showing small dark patches of amorphous carbon..embedded in Pearlite, and ground mass of Ferrite.

1912 W. H. Hatfield Cast Iron xiii. 195 Sample J..was a..sample of English Réaumur malleable cast iron. It consisted mainly of well-laminated pearlite, in which was immersed the remaining annealing carbon, with a skin of well-developed ferrite.

1943 A. T. King Engin. Inspection Pract. 156 Reaumur Malleable Cast Iron: 25 tons per square inch maximum stress.

II. Simple uses.

4. The Réaumur scale of temperature.In early use frequently with of, designating a temperature measured on this scale.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > measurement of temperature > [noun] > specific scales

Fahrenheit thermometer1732

Fahrenheit scale1740

Fahrenheit1754

Réaumur scale1764

Celsius thermometer1781

Réaumur1785

Celsius1790

Celsius scale1790

R1806

Wedgwood1807

centigrade1812

absolute temperature scale1886

Kelvin scale1908

Rankine scale1931

Rankine temperature1938

1785 T. Jefferson Notes Virginia vii. 146 In rooms heated to 140°. of Reaumur, equal to 347°. of Farenheit.

1855 Englishwoman in Russia 5 There were but 18° of Reaumur; the sky was beautifully blue.

1871 W. B. Woodman tr. C. A. Wunderlich On Temperature in Dis. 447 In converting from Fahrenheit into Centigrade or Réaumur we must first subtract 32, and then reduce.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 657 The cold of interstellar space, thousands of degrees below freezing point or the absolute zero of Fahrenheit, Centigrade or Réaumur.

1950 ‘G. Orwell’ Shooting Elephant 18 I had been unequal to translating Réaumur into Fahrenheit, but I know that my temperature was round about 103.

2004 Jrnl. Environmental Econ. & Managem. 47 274 Temperature can be measured using e.g. Centigrades [sic], Fahrenheit, Reaumur, or Kelvin.

B. adj.

As a postmodifier. Of a thermometric degree or specified number of degrees: measured on the Réaumur scale.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > measurement of temperature > [adjective] > specific scales

centesimal1635

centigrade1799

Réaumur1799

Fahrenheit1807

cent.1809

Celsius1878

Kelvin1911

Rankine1933

1799 T. R. Malthus Diary 30 May (1966) 39 In the summer of 1793 the therm was 25 Reaumur.

1814 F. Shoberl tr. J. Klaproth Trav. Caucasus & Georgia 271 The water..commonly has a temperature of more than 55° Reaumur.

1832 S. Austin tr. H. L. H. von Pückler-Muskau Tour German Prince III. 196 The room..is regularly heated to a temperature of fourteen degrees Reaumur.

1907 Lancet 30 Nov. 1570/2 Water at the temperature of 115° F.—i.e., 37° Reaumur, or 46° C.

2000 J. Golinski in F. L. Holmes & T. H. Levere Instruments & Experimentation in Hist. of Chem. viii. 204 To facilitate these calculations, his English translator, Robert Kerr, included a conversion table for reckoning from degrees Reaumur to the Fahrenheit scale.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	réaumur
释义	Réaumurn.adj. Brit. /ˈreɪə(ʊ)mjʊə/, U.S. /ˈreɪoʊˌmjʊ(ə)r/ Forms: 1700s– Reaumur, 1800s– Réaumur. Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Réaumur. Etymology: < the name of René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757), French scientist. The thermometer and scale (see sense A. 1) were described by Réaumur in a series of papers in the early 1730s (beginning in 1732, in Mém. de l'Acad. Royale des Sci., année 1730, 452). Réaumur's porcelain (see sense A. 2) was described by Réaumur in 1741 ( Mém. de l'Acad. Royale des Sci., année 1739, 370). The Réaumur process (see sense A. 3) was described by Réaumur in 1722 ( L'art de convertir le fer forgé en acier). N.E.D. (1904) gives the pronunciation as (reˌomür) /reomyr/. Now historical. A. n. I. Compounds. 1. Physics. a. Réaumur's thermometer n. (also Réaumur thermometer) a thermometer calibrated according to the Réaumur scale. ΚΠ 1739 Philos. Trans. 1737–8 (Royal Soc.) 40 307 Mix one Part of fine Salt-petre with two Parts of beaten Ice, and Mons. Reaumur's Thermometer will descend in it but 3½ Degrees below the freezing Point.] 1754 Philos. Trans. 1753 (Royal Soc.) 48 109 The French academicians under the polar circle mention the greatest degree of cold, observed by them, to be by Reaumur's thermometer 37 degrees. 1871 W. B. Woodman tr. C. A. Wunderlich On Temperature in Dis. 447 In Réaumur's thermometer the same space is divided into 80° only. 1949 Jrnl. Southern Hist. 15 531 Pike had a Reaumur thermometer; hence his ‘four below’ was equivalent to twenty-three above, Fahrenheit. 2006 P. Bertucci in R. J. W. Evans & A. Marr Curiosity & Wonder from Renaissance to Enlightenm. x. 209 Once in the grotto..Nollet measured both the temperature (with a Reaumur thermometer) and the humidity of the surrounding air. b. Réaumur scale n. (also Réaumur's scale) a scale of temperature introduced by Réaumur c1730, in which 0° is the freezing point of water and 80° the boiling point.The relationship between the Réaumur and other scales is as follows (F = Fahrenheit, C = Celsius): °R = °C × ⁴/ ₅ = (°F − 32) × ⁴/ ₉. The figure of 80 arose from Réaumur's taking the ‘length’ of an alcohol–water mixture at the freezing point of water as 1000, and finding that at the boiling point the length was 1080.Réaumur's scale was seen as simpler than Fahrenheit's and as a consequence came into use in some countries. The subsequent devising of the even simpler Celsius scale soon afterwards led to the Réaumur scale being largely superseded. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > measurement of temperature > [noun] > specific scales Fahrenheit thermometer1732 Fahrenheit scale1740 Fahrenheit1754 Réaumur scale1764 Celsius thermometer1781 Réaumur1785 Celsius1790 Celsius scale1790 R1806 Wedgwood1807 centigrade1812 absolute temperature scale1886 Kelvin scale1908 Rankine scale1931 Rankine temperature1938 1756 Philos. Trans. 1755 (Royal Soc.) 47 50 A small thermometer, graduated according to M. de Reaumur's scale,..marked 29 degrees above the freezing point.] 1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 62 The mercury in the thermometer of Fahrenheit stood at four degrees under 0, which is fifteen degrees under 0 of Reaumur's Scale. 1871 W. B. Woodman tr. C. A. Wunderlich On Temperature in Dis. iv. 62 Réamur's scale is only used in Russia, Sweden, and some parts of Germany. 1958 S. Pettersen Introd. Meteorol. (ed. 2) ii. 20 The Reaumur scale was much used in Central Europe until the beginning of this century but has since gone out of use. 2003 D. A. Young Mind over Magma xv. 268 The Celsius scale was proposed in the early 1700's, the Fahrenheit scale in 1714, and the Réaumur scale around 1731. 2. Réaumur's porcelain n. a white, opaque devitrified glass produced by prolonged exposure to heat just below the fusion temperature. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass > other types of glass mirror glass1440 Venice glass1527 green glass1559 bubble glass1591 hard glass1597 window glass1606 bottle glass1626 looking-glass plate1665 opal glass1668 flint-glass1683 broad-glass1686 jealous glass1703 plate glass1728 Newcastle glass1734 flint1755 German sheet glass1777 Réaumur's porcelain1777 cut glass1800 Vauxhall1830 muslin glass1837 Venetian glass1845 latticinio1855 quartz glass1861 muff glass1865 thallium glass1868 St. Gobain glass1870 frost blue1873 crackle-glass1875 opaline1875 crackle-ware1881 amberina1883 opal1885 Jena1892 Holophane1893 roughcast1893 soda glass1897 opalite1899 milchglas1907 pâte de verre1907 Pyrex1915 silica glass1916 soda-lime glass1917 Vita-glass1925 peach-blow1930 borosilicate glass1933 Vitrolite1937 twin plate1939 sintered glass1940 gold-film1954 Plyglass1956 pyroceram1957 float glass1959 solar glass1977 1771 J. Keir tr. P. J. Macquer Dict. Chem. II. 561 (heading) Porcelain of Mr. Reaumur.] 1777 Philos. Trans. 1776 (Royal Soc.) 66 536 At length the whole substance of the glass is converted into a white, opaque body, which, from some supposed resemblance to porcelain, has been distinguished by the name of Reaumur's porcelain. 1832 G. R. Porter Treat. Manuf. Porcelain & Glass xvi. 325 Glass has been converted into Reaumur's porcelain during volcanic eruptions, by being enveloped in burning lava. 1977 H. Guerlac Ess. & Papers Hist. Mod. Sci. 347 The result, called ‘Reaumur's porcelain’, while striking in appearance was defective in color and physical properties and little more than a curiosity. 3. Metallurgy. a. Réaumur process n. a process of annealing used to produce white-heart iron. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > hardening, tempering, or annealing > types of annealing box annealing1884 Réaumur process1898 pot annealing1925 subcritical annealing1930 process annealing1936 1898 Jrnl. Amer. Foundrymen's Assoc. 4 90 A number of processes for the production of malleable castings have been proposed by men ignorant of the rationale of the Reaumur process. 1949 J. E. Garside Process & Physical Metall. xxi. 374 Malleable cast-irons are made by two methods—..(2) The Whiteheart process, also known as the European or Réaumur process. 1991 D. M. Skinner & J. S. Cook in C. E. Dinsmore Hist. Regeneration Res. iii. 26 He developed a deep interest in the iron, tin, and gold industries, and the ‘Reaumur process’ for making steel would be used on a large scale a century later. b. Réaumur malleable cast iron n. (also Réaumur malleable iron) malleable cast iron made by the Réaumur process; white-heart iron. ΚΠ 1907 A. McWilliam & P. Longmuir Gen. Foundry Pract. 264 The Reaumur malleable is the variety which, up to the present, has been principally made in this country.] 1912 A. H. Sexton & J. S. G. Primrose Outl. Metall. Iron & Steel (ed. 2) xliii. 494 (caption) Reaumur Malleable Iron, showing small dark patches of amorphous carbon..embedded in Pearlite, and ground mass of Ferrite. 1912 W. H. Hatfield Cast Iron xiii. 195 Sample J..was a..sample of English Réaumur malleable cast iron. It consisted mainly of well-laminated pearlite, in which was immersed the remaining annealing carbon, with a skin of well-developed ferrite. 1943 A. T. King Engin. Inspection Pract. 156 Reaumur Malleable Cast Iron: 25 tons per square inch maximum stress. II. Simple uses. 4. The Réaumur scale of temperature.In early use frequently with of, designating a temperature measured on this scale. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > measurement of temperature > [noun] > specific scales Fahrenheit thermometer1732 Fahrenheit scale1740 Fahrenheit1754 Réaumur scale1764 Celsius thermometer1781 Réaumur1785 Celsius1790 Celsius scale1790 R1806 Wedgwood1807 centigrade1812 absolute temperature scale1886 Kelvin scale1908 Rankine scale1931 Rankine temperature1938 1785 T. Jefferson Notes Virginia vii. 146 In rooms heated to 140°. of Reaumur, equal to 347°. of Farenheit. 1855 Englishwoman in Russia 5 There were but 18° of Reaumur; the sky was beautifully blue. 1871 W. B. Woodman tr. C. A. Wunderlich On Temperature in Dis. 447 In converting from Fahrenheit into Centigrade or Réaumur we must first subtract 32, and then reduce. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 657 The cold of interstellar space, thousands of degrees below freezing point or the absolute zero of Fahrenheit, Centigrade or Réaumur. 1950 ‘G. Orwell’ Shooting Elephant 18 I had been unequal to translating Réaumur into Fahrenheit, but I know that my temperature was round about 103. 2004 Jrnl. Environmental Econ. & Managem. 47 274 Temperature can be measured using e.g. Centigrades [sic], Fahrenheit, Reaumur, or Kelvin. B. adj. As a postmodifier. Of a thermometric degree or specified number of degrees: measured on the Réaumur scale. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > measurement of temperature > [adjective] > specific scales centesimal1635 centigrade1799 Réaumur1799 Fahrenheit1807 cent.1809 Celsius1878 Kelvin1911 Rankine1933 1799 T. R. Malthus Diary 30 May (1966) 39 In the summer of 1793 the therm was 25 Reaumur. 1814 F. Shoberl tr. J. Klaproth Trav. Caucasus & Georgia 271 The water..commonly has a temperature of more than 55° Reaumur. 1832 S. Austin tr. H. L. H. von Pückler-Muskau Tour German Prince III. 196 The room..is regularly heated to a temperature of fourteen degrees Reaumur. 1907 Lancet 30 Nov. 1570/2 Water at the temperature of 115° F.—i.e., 37° Reaumur, or 46° C. 2000 J. Golinski in F. L. Holmes & T. H. Levere Instruments & Experimentation in Hist. of Chem. viii. 204 To facilitate these calculations, his English translator, Robert Kerr, included a conversion table for reckoning from degrees Reaumur to the Fahrenheit scale. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1754
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