Russadj.n.

Brit.

/rʌs/, U.S.

/rəs/

Forms:

α. 1500s Rousse, 1500s Rowse, 1500s Rowsse, 1500s–1700s Russe, 1600s– Russ; Scottish pre-1700 Rus.

β. 1600s Rush, 1600s Rushe (Scottish).

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from German. Partly a borrowing from Russian. Etymons: German russe; Russian Rus′.

Etymology: Originally < early modern German russe, ruse, ruße, rusche (also reuse , rewzse , rewsse , reüsse ) native or inhabitant of Russia (Middle High German rūz , rūze , rūsze , rūsche , also (with mutation of the vowel and subsequent diphthongization) riuze , reusz , reusze , reuse ; German Russe , (archaic) Reusse ); subsequently < its etymon Old Russian Rus′, the name of the country, also the name of the people, earlier (in chronicles referring to events of the 9th and 10th cent., but compiled in the 12th cent. and extant in copies of the 14th cent. and later) the name of an ethnic or social group, ultimately of Scandinavian origin (Russian (now archaic and historical) Rus′ , the name of the country, also ‘people of Kievan Rus’, ‘Russians’, ‘people of Scandinavian origin who settled around Novgorod and Kiev’); further etymology uncertain (see note). Compare post-classical Latin Russus (10th cent.; 12th cent. in a British source), Old Swedish Ryz , Ryze , Rytz (13th cent.; Swedish Ryss ), Old Danish Ryzæ , Ryscæn , Rytzen (Danish Russer , †Rus , †Russe , †Rys , †Rysse , †Rysser , etc.), Old Norwegian (plural) Ruzar , Ryzar , Ryzir , Middle Dutch Ruse , Ruese , Rusche (Dutch Rus ), French Russe (1671 or earlier). Compare later Russian n., Russian adj., Russie adj., Russie n.Old Russian Rus′ is usually taken to be < a stem ultimately of early Scandinavian origin + Old Russian -′ , suffix forming collective nouns (originally a reduced front vowel, subsequently replaced by the palatalized quality of the preceding consonant; compare čud′ Finns, perm′ Permians, lib′ Livonians, prus′ Prussians, serb′ Serbs): compare Old Swedish roþer rowing, roþrin , roþin ‘administrative subdivision in coastal Eastern Sweden’, and the first element in Old Swedish rodskarl (Swedish roskarl ) inhabitant of Roslagen, all < the same Germanic base as row v.¹; perhaps via a Finnic language, compare Finnish Ruotsi Sweden, Ruotsalainen Swede. Compare Arabic †Rūs , (collective noun, 9th cent.), Byzantine Greek οἱ Ῥῶς (plural, 9th cent.), post-classical Latin Rhos (11th cent., in an annal for the year 839), all with reference to the ethnic or social group from either Eastern Europe or Scandinavia. In β. forms after Russian n. and adj.

Now rare.

A. adj.

Russian.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective]

Russa1525

Muscovite1577

Russian1583

Russie1589

Muscovitish1622

Russic1670

Great Russian1799

Black Russian1827

Russki1835

Rooshian1845

Soviet1920

Mordvian1953

a1525 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 306/22 Rusland and the Rus se.

1589 P. Jones in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations ii. 421 Certaine Russe Cassaks, which are outlawes or banished men.

a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1661) 7 As in the Russe and Turkish Government.

a1670 S. Collins Present State Russia (1671) xv. 67 They count it a great sin for a Russ to lye with a Dutch woman or English Woman; but a venial Piccadillo for a Russ woman to prostitute her self to a Stranger.

1716 J. Perry State of Russia 7 (note) A Ruble is 100 Russ Copeeks.

1780 W. Tooke tr. J. G. Georgi Russia II. 319 The liquors in use among the Russians: viz. quas , braga , or small-beer, beer, and Russ brandy.

1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto VII xxix. 79 The Russ flotilla getting under way.

1889 R. N. Cust Remarks Geogr. Distribution Bible-transl. 4 In the Russ language another set of adjectival suffixes are attached.

1917 R. Wright Russians ix. 192 A strong spirit of Buddhistic annihilation possesses the Russ soul.

B. n.

a. A Russian. Also with unchanged plural (cf. Rus n.¹).In quot. 1537 with reference to White Russians; cf. White Russian n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [noun]

Muscovite1535

Russ1537

Russian1538

Muscovian1577

Muscoviter1650

White Russian1659

Great Russian1783

bear1804

Rooshian1838

Soviet1920

Ivan1925

1537 tr. Original & Sprynge All Sectes f. 47 The Moscouites and whyte Russes fayth.

1589 P. Jones in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations ii. 421 They..slew diuers of the Russes that were of the ship.

c1626 A. Garden Theatre Sc. Worthies (1878) 83 When that great Rushe whom thow calls rude arose.

1655 J. Cotgrave Wits Interpreter (1662) 270 The Rush with sable furrs his cap.

1667 S. Pepys Diary 8 Sept. (1974) VIII. 428 Here were some Russes come to see the King at dinner.

1710 D. Manley Mem. Europe I. iii. 350 A Party of the Goths and wild Russes came down to seek for Booty.

1792 T. Paine Rights of Man ii. v. 167 The insulted German and the enslaved Spaniard, the Russ and the Pole, are beginning to think.

1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto VIII cxx. 171 Some twenty times he made the Russ retire.

1897 ‘Ouida’ Massarenes xxxix There are [at Cannes] no end of Germans and Russes to play with.

1918 G. Frankau One of Them x. 75 What cared Jill for..Russ, Yank, Dago, Teuton, [etc.]?

1962 R. Frost In Clearing 51 It belonged to US, Not our friends the Russ, To have run the event To its full extent.

†b. A member of the Russian Church. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Greek Orthodoxy > [noun] > person > Russian

Russie1587

Russ1591

Russian1607

1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth xxi. f. 82 The matter is not vnlike to make some schisme betwixt the Greeke & Russe Church, if the Russe holde this Patriarchship that he hath so well payed for, and the Greekes elect an other withall.

1600 S. Lewkenor Disc. Forraine Cities f. 55^v The Russes..hold in all points the religion of the Grecians.

1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie 66 The Russes and the Greeks do not elevate the consecrated Bread to be worshipped at the Altar.

1729 T. Consett in tr. Present State Church of Russia I. Pref. p. xi From the Russes..we have a convincing Proof of the Subjection of the Russian Church to that of Constantinople.

2. The Russian language.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavonic > Russian

Russ1570

Russian1665

Russki1834

1570 in E. D. Morgan & C. H. Coote Early Voy. Russia & Persia (1886) II. 285 When the said lettre shalbe translated into rowse.

1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth xxvi. f. 107^v A siluer bowle full of holy water, which they call in Russe, Sweta Voda.

1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) 913 In Russ and English they call it Mede.

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. xxxii. 213 With the assistance of the Tartar boy, who spoke Turkish and Russ, I found my way to the sea-coast.

1761 Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 484 Ostrui, in Russ, signifies sharp.

1851 Proc. Philol. Soc. 5 27 The Ruthenian dialect..partakes of the character both of the Polish and Russ.

1882 G. A. Sala Amer. Revisited I. 37 I tried my hardest, during four or five months' sojourn, to learn a little Russ.

1903 M. I. Taylor Rebellion of Princess viii. 76 Can you speak Russ?

Compounds

† Russ-ridden adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1833 C. G. F. Gore Polish Tales I. 47 There is a flame in my bosom which neither you, nor all the Russ-ridden despots of the Diet, can extinguish.

1882 Times 10 Apr. 7/1 [Bismarck] annihilated the old Conventional, Russ-ridden Bund.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	russ
释义	Russadj.n. Brit. /rʌs/, U.S. /rəs/ Forms: α. 1500s Rousse, 1500s Rowse, 1500s Rowsse, 1500s–1700s Russe, 1600s– Russ; Scottish pre-1700 Rus. β. 1600s Rush, 1600s Rushe (Scottish). Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from German. Partly a borrowing from Russian. Etymons: German russe; Russian Rus′. Etymology: Originally < early modern German russe, ruse, ruße, rusche (also reuse , rewzse , rewsse , reüsse ) native or inhabitant of Russia (Middle High German rūz , rūze , rūsze , rūsche , also (with mutation of the vowel and subsequent diphthongization) riuze , reusz , reusze , reuse ; German Russe , (archaic) Reusse ); subsequently < its etymon Old Russian Rus′, the name of the country, also the name of the people, earlier (in chronicles referring to events of the 9th and 10th cent., but compiled in the 12th cent. and extant in copies of the 14th cent. and later) the name of an ethnic or social group, ultimately of Scandinavian origin (Russian (now archaic and historical) Rus′ , the name of the country, also ‘people of Kievan Rus’, ‘Russians’, ‘people of Scandinavian origin who settled around Novgorod and Kiev’); further etymology uncertain (see note). Compare post-classical Latin Russus (10th cent.; 12th cent. in a British source), Old Swedish Ryz , Ryze , Rytz (13th cent.; Swedish Ryss ), Old Danish Ryzæ , Ryscæn , Rytzen (Danish Russer , †Rus , †Russe , †Rys , †Rysse , †Rysser , etc.), Old Norwegian (plural) Ruzar , Ryzar , Ryzir , Middle Dutch Ruse , Ruese , Rusche (Dutch Rus ), French Russe (1671 or earlier). Compare later Russian n., Russian adj., Russie adj., Russie n.Old Russian Rus′ is usually taken to be < a stem ultimately of early Scandinavian origin + Old Russian -′ , suffix forming collective nouns (originally a reduced front vowel, subsequently replaced by the palatalized quality of the preceding consonant; compare čud′ Finns, perm′ Permians, lib′ Livonians, prus′ Prussians, serb′ Serbs): compare Old Swedish roþer rowing, roþrin , roþin ‘administrative subdivision in coastal Eastern Sweden’, and the first element in Old Swedish rodskarl (Swedish roskarl ) inhabitant of Roslagen, all < the same Germanic base as row v.¹; perhaps via a Finnic language, compare Finnish Ruotsi Sweden, Ruotsalainen Swede. Compare Arabic †Rūs , (collective noun, 9th cent.), Byzantine Greek οἱ Ῥῶς (plural, 9th cent.), post-classical Latin Rhos (11th cent., in an annal for the year 839), all with reference to the ethnic or social group from either Eastern Europe or Scandinavia. In β. forms after Russian n. and adj. Now rare. A. adj. Russian. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective] Russa1525 Muscovite1577 Russian1583 Russie1589 Muscovitish1622 Russic1670 Great Russian1799 Black Russian1827 Russki1835 Rooshian1845 Soviet1920 Mordvian1953 a1525 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 306/22 Rusland and the Rus se. 1589 P. Jones in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations ii. 421 Certaine Russe Cassaks, which are outlawes or banished men. a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1661) 7 As in the Russe and Turkish Government. a1670 S. Collins Present State Russia (1671) xv. 67 They count it a great sin for a Russ to lye with a Dutch woman or English Woman; but a venial Piccadillo for a Russ woman to prostitute her self to a Stranger. 1716 J. Perry State of Russia 7 (note) A Ruble is 100 Russ Copeeks. 1780 W. Tooke tr. J. G. Georgi Russia II. 319 The liquors in use among the Russians: viz. quas , braga , or small-beer, beer, and Russ brandy. 1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto VII xxix. 79 The Russ flotilla getting under way. 1889 R. N. Cust Remarks Geogr. Distribution Bible-transl. 4 In the Russ language another set of adjectival suffixes are attached. 1917 R. Wright Russians ix. 192 A strong spirit of Buddhistic annihilation possesses the Russ soul. B. n. 1. a. A Russian. Also with unchanged plural (cf. Rus n.¹).In quot. 1537 with reference to White Russians; cf. White Russian n. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [noun] Muscovite1535 Russ1537 Russian1538 Muscovian1577 Muscoviter1650 White Russian1659 Great Russian1783 bear1804 Rooshian1838 Soviet1920 Ivan1925 1537 tr. Original & Sprynge All Sectes f. 47 The Moscouites and whyte Russes fayth. 1589 P. Jones in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations ii. 421 They..slew diuers of the Russes that were of the ship. c1626 A. Garden Theatre Sc. Worthies (1878) 83 When that great Rushe whom thow calls rude arose. 1655 J. Cotgrave Wits Interpreter (1662) 270 The Rush with sable furrs his cap. 1667 S. Pepys Diary 8 Sept. (1974) VIII. 428 Here were some Russes come to see the King at dinner. 1710 D. Manley Mem. Europe I. iii. 350 A Party of the Goths and wild Russes came down to seek for Booty. 1792 T. Paine Rights of Man ii. v. 167 The insulted German and the enslaved Spaniard, the Russ and the Pole, are beginning to think. 1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto VIII cxx. 171 Some twenty times he made the Russ retire. 1897 ‘Ouida’ Massarenes xxxix There are [at Cannes] no end of Germans and Russes to play with. 1918 G. Frankau One of Them x. 75 What cared Jill for..Russ, Yank, Dago, Teuton, [etc.]? 1962 R. Frost In Clearing 51 It belonged to US, Not our friends the Russ, To have run the event To its full extent. †b. A member of the Russian Church. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Greek Orthodoxy > [noun] > person > Russian Russie1587 Russ1591 Russian1607 1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth xxi. f. 82 The matter is not vnlike to make some schisme betwixt the Greeke & Russe Church, if the Russe holde this Patriarchship that he hath so well payed for, and the Greekes elect an other withall. 1600 S. Lewkenor Disc. Forraine Cities f. 55^v The Russes..hold in all points the religion of the Grecians. 1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie 66 The Russes and the Greeks do not elevate the consecrated Bread to be worshipped at the Altar. 1729 T. Consett in tr. Present State Church of Russia I. Pref. p. xi From the Russes..we have a convincing Proof of the Subjection of the Russian Church to that of Constantinople. 2. The Russian language. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavonic > Russian Russ1570 Russian1665 Russki1834 1570 in E. D. Morgan & C. H. Coote Early Voy. Russia & Persia (1886) II. 285 When the said lettre shalbe translated into rowse. 1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth xxvi. f. 107^v A siluer bowle full of holy water, which they call in Russe, Sweta Voda. 1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) 913 In Russ and English they call it Mede. 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. xxxii. 213 With the assistance of the Tartar boy, who spoke Turkish and Russ, I found my way to the sea-coast. 1761 Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 484 Ostrui, in Russ, signifies sharp. 1851 Proc. Philol. Soc. 5 27 The Ruthenian dialect..partakes of the character both of the Polish and Russ. 1882 G. A. Sala Amer. Revisited I. 37 I tried my hardest, during four or five months' sojourn, to learn a little Russ. 1903 M. I. Taylor Rebellion of Princess viii. 76 Can you speak Russ? Compounds † Russ-ridden adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1833 C. G. F. Gore Polish Tales I. 47 There is a flame in my bosom which neither you, nor all the Russ-ridden despots of the Diet, can extinguish. 1882 Times 10 Apr. 7/1 [Bismarck] annihilated the old Conventional, Russ-ridden Bund. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.a1525
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