rulingn.

Brit.

/ˈruːlɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈrulɪŋ/

Forms: see rule v. and -ing suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rule v., -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < rule v. + -ing suffix¹.

1. The action of governing; the exercise of authority, control, or influence.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > [noun] > action or act of

ruling?c1225

governingc1384

governancec1400

government?c1400

gubernationc1450

regence?1457

regencya1475

subjectionc1475

regimenc1485

administration1516

signorizing1588

ministry1700

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 6 Þeos riwlið ðe heorte. of hire riulunge [c1230 Corpus [r]iwlunge] is al mest þet ich write.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 19^v Þe soule is kyndeliche I-ȝeue to þe reulinge [L. regimen] of þe body þat he is I-oned to.

1408 Will in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 215 (MED) My wyll ys that the Same Robert pygeon..haue gouernans & rewlyng of my obytis.

c1440 W. Hilton Mixed Life (Thornton) in G. G. Perry Eng. Prose Treat. (1921) 30 (MED) Entermete þe with werldly besynes..and gud rewlynge [c1390 Vernon rule] of þi seruauntes and þi tenauntes.

a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 95 (MED) Þey seruyn God in rewlyng of mankende.

1590 J. Stockwood Eng. Accidence 1 The concord and agreeing of words togither; and the gouerning or ruling one word of another.

1611 Bible (King James) 1 Macc. vi. 56 Hee sought to take vnto him the ruling of the affaires.

?1661 in J. Mooney Charters & Rec. Kirkwall (1950) 89 They over quait the ruilling of the brugh to the ould maiastrats.

1702 J. Dunton Petticoat-Government 70 By Petticoat-Government, I mean the discreet and housewifely Ruling of a House and Family.

1734 J. Wesley Let. 15 Jan. (1931) I. 152 I take religion to be..a constant ruling of soul.

1865 J. Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 110 The true kings..hate ruling.

1894 Athenæum 22 Dec. 856/3 He was the last English Churchman who played a decisive part in the political ruling of our nation.

1905 N.Y. Times 8 Jan. 4/1 He was clearly a man intended by fate for greatness and for the ruling of men.

1961 D. Rewald & E. L. Rewald tr. B. Grzimek & M. Grzimek Serengeti shall not Die v. 94 He did not care about the ruling of the country.

2005 C. Mustill tr. E. H. Gombrich Little Hist. of World xxi. 124 The Merovingian kings were not much good at ruling.

2. An authoritative decision or pronouncement, esp. one made by a judge.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > [noun] > judgement or decision of court

judgement?a1300

rulinga1382

deliverance1385

sentencec1386

laudc1465

judiciala1500

arrest1509

interlocutor1533

finding1581

fatwa1625

decreea1642

arrêtc1650

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms xcviii. 4 Thou hast greithid riȝtforth reulingis [a1425 L.V. redi dressingis; L. directiones]; dom and riȝtwisnesse in Jacob thou hast do.

c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 335 (MED) Also þat he [sc. a prince] make hise lawis and hise reulinggis wiþ..consent of hise legis.

a1500 (a1471) G. Ashby Active Policy Prince l. 863 in Poems (1899) 40 Whan ye be in doubte of any Reulyng, For to say, do, commaunde, or determyn, Better is of al thise to make cesing, Vntil time that god you illumine.

c1560 Stoddard in H. Hall Society in Elizabethan Age (1886) 179 Three rulings with extras, 15^s.

a1626 F. Bacon in Resuscitatio (1657) 274 S. Edward Cookes Reports,..may have Errors, and some peremptory, and Extrajudiciall Resolutions, more then are warranted: Yet they containe, infinite good Decisions, and Rulings over, of Cases.

1817 Times 22 Dec. 3/2 Law..has been established, contrary to the opinions and rulings of those who in such cases have hitherto had most weight.

1875 H. J. S. Maine Lect. Early Hist. Inst. ii. 45 Some extremely sensible rulings on the difficult subject of the Measure of Damages.

1883 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 11 595 I..think the ruling of the learned judge at the trial was correct.

1921 K. Jordan Next Corner xxii. 195 Women..had unbosomed themselves to her about large and small difficulties, asking her advice as one augustly fitted to point the way... Her ruling was generally accepted.

1959 New Statesman 6 June 800/1 The Supreme Court rulings against segregation.

1993 Weekend Austral. 22 May (Review Suppl.) 7/1 A recent ruling in Britain has made ‘non-literal’ copying a crime when it comes to software.

a. The action or an act of using a ruler; the drawing, printing, or engraving of parallel straight lines on paper or some other material.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing lines > [noun] > with ruler

ruling1572

1572 J. Higgins Huloets Dict. (rev. ed.) Ruling, or the drawyng of lynes by a ruler.

1581–2 in Misc. Stair Soc. (1971) I. 120 The defendaris seis na appeirance of rewling in the auld instrument other betuix or in the lynis.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Reigleure,..a ruling, or drawing by lines.

1666 S. Pepys Diary 2 Mar. (1972) VII. 63 Setting my wife..to work upon the ruling of some paper for the making of books.

1791 Bee 30 Nov. 130 The ruling of a merchant's books, usually cost about as much as the paper.

1826 Glasgow Mechanics' Mag. 29 July 341/2 Tapes are similarly used in machines for the ruling of paper for account-books.

1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 178 He describes a kind of optical ruling on the sensitive plate itself, a system for which [etc.].

1908 S. R. Spreckley Pract. Paper Ruling v. 33 Why ox-gall is so much in evidence with regard to the ruling of paper.

1989 R. Dryer & G. Lata Exper. Biochem. i. ii. 27 Holographic ruling and laser engraving promise to make still better gratings.

2005 T. Webber in D. McKitterick Trinity Apocalypse i. iii. 40 A closely positioned diagonal pair of holes to guide the ruling of two lines that form the upper border of the miniature.

b. concrete. A ruled line or ruled lines; (Palaeography) lines ruled by a scribe in preparation for writing a manuscript.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written text > layout > [noun] > lines ruled for writing on

ruling1638

1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients iii. i. 254 Those who bring minds uncapable of great things,..must content themselves with the Inventions of other men, and employ their whole life in copying their workes, ayming at no other sufficiencie but to be able to draw after them by lines and rulings [L. mensuris ac lineis].

1744 W. Mountaine Atkinson's Epitome Art Navigation (rev. ed.) xii. 266 On Occasion you may write two Lines of writing in the Spaces between those Lines; then will the same Ruling serve for an East-India Voyage.

1854 Abstr. Papers Royal Soc. 1850–54 6 43 Over these lines lies a thin covering place of glass, but at the place where the ruling is, a stratum of air is contained between the plates.

1893 R. S. Ball Story of Sun 111 The way in which certain of the lines are grouped in pairs, somewhat suggesting the rulings of a copy-book.

1944 P. Hodgson Cloud of Unknowing (E.E.T.S.) p. x Single columns of text, usually 34 lines to a page; vertical and horizontal rulings; [etc.].

1958 Scriptorium 12 51 (title) The ruling of the Exeter Book.

1963 N. R. Ker Owl & Nightingale (E.E.T.S.) p. xii The pencil ruling is often indistinct.

1999 J. C. Handley in E. R. Dougherty Electronic Imaging Technol. viii. 301 The number of pixels comprising the horizontal and vertical rulings.

Compounds

C1. General attributive (in sense 3a), as ruling machine, ruling pen, ruling work, etc.

ΚΠ

1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. iv. 33 Cause them to haue each his ruling pen, made of a quill.

1666 S. Pepys Diary 28 Apr. (1972) VII. 111 My wife to her father's to carry him some ruling work.

1790 Argus 9 Jan. The Proprietor of the Ruling Machine, has appointed Mr. Paul Lukyn..to dispose of Ruled Paper and Ruled Accompt Books.

1792 Diary (N.Y.) 19 Sept. (advt.) Tuning-forks and hammers, ruling pens, mutes in brass and ivory screws, music desks &c.

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Ruling and Dotting Pens, a kind of metal pen for writing music.

1883 Harper's Mag. June 84/2 A ‘grating’ is a surface of glass or of speculum metal scratched with parallel lines by means of a diamond guided by a ruling machine.

1892 Facts Feb. 21/2 K.—is a first-class ruler. Has work in a well-equipped bindery, but work is not steady; served five years in one of the best ruling-shops in this country.

1905 Medico-legal Jrnl. 23 171 Serrations might be produced by a ruling tool improperly mounted.

1931 Pop. Mech. Apr. 582/1 Pens with micrometer adjustments now can be obtained for fine ruling work.

2003 M. Noble & J. Mehigan Calligrapher's Compan. 68 Monoline Written with speed, with a ruling pen which allows the free flow of ink in this handwriting style.

C2.

ruling engine n. a machine for engraving equally spaced parallel straight lines on a surface; (in later use) esp. one for engraving lines on a diffraction grating (diffraction grating n. at diffraction n. Compounds 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > marking tools > [noun] > scoring

style1659

scorer1688

ruling engine1826

scrieve1828

timber-scribe1858

1826 London Jrnl. Arts & Sci. 12 268 Palmer's slide rest and carriage for an engraver's ruling engine.

1901 Physical Rev. 12 9 It is generally assumed in treating the grating that the lines of the ruling are of equal width and are separated by equal spaces... This cannot be the case in view of..the almost inconceivable rigidity of the ruling engine which would be necessary.

2000 Biogr. Mem. Fellows Royal Soc. 46 549 Diffraction gratings ruled on a ruling engine designed and constructed by Dai Davies and Geoffrey Stiff at the CSIRO.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

rulingadj.

Brit.

/ˈruːlɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈrulɪŋ/

Forms: see rule v. and -ing suffix²; also Scottish pre-1700 1700s ruleing.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rule v., -ing suffix².

Etymology: < rule v. + -ing suffix².

1. Exercising rule or authority; reigning, governing.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > [adjective] > ruling or governing

regnantc1475

governing1534

ladylike1534

lording1548

ruling1561

signorizing1588

regent1613

swaying1625

regal1653

reigning1705

1561 N. Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 4 Tyme and..deth..manassing alrady destruction of ȝour reuling, misreulit, and misgydit gouernment.

1570 J. Phillips Frendly Larum sig. Biiij Not as I will, but as thou wilt, O rulinge Ioue aboue.

1572 J. Bridges tr. R. Gwalther Hundred, Threescore & Fiftene Homelyes vppon Actes Apostles xvi. cvi. 615 Whosoeuer desire the safetie of the Church, whether they be teaching Bishops or ruling Magistrates, they must followe this example.

1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania iii. 524 Her ruling eyes must yet be dimbd, While pearle like teares she shed.

1648 Canterburie March sig. Biij^v This unity is held by none That have more Ruling-Heads than one.

1655 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1892) II. 203 The interests of the ruling party have a great connexion with Cromwell.

1704 J. Trapp Abra-Mule ii. i The ruling part of the Divan.

1786 E. Burke Articles of Charge against W. Hastings v. 102 This plan, which appears to be most connected with the rights of the ruling family.

1843 J. Bentham Wks. X. xxii. 571/2 He hates the ruling few; but he does not love the subject many.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 133 He belonged half to the ruling and half to the subject caste.

1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest IV. xviii. 152 The act of the ruling body was not confirmed by the general feeling of the citizens.

1927 Dict. National Biogr. 1912–21 277/2 His..offence was over-boldness in expressing opinions unpalatable to the ruling powers.

1964 T. B. Bottomore Elites & Soc. iv. 71 A second group which has attracted attention as a potential ruling elite is that constituted by the managers of industry.

1989 G. Mehta Raj xiv. 95 If you marry a ruling maharajah he will probably have other wives.

2006 Philadelphia Inquirer 6 Aug. c5/5 Given the ruling party's glaring lapses, the Democrats..can probably manage to win at least one house this fall.

a. Foremost, chief; prevailing, predominant.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [adjective] > most important

mosteOE

foremostc1000

headOE

headlyOE

nexta1200

umest1513

primary1565

headest1577

ruling1590

forward1591

capital1597

of the first magnitude1643

palmary1646

top1647

prepondering1651

headmost1661

home1662

life-and-death1804

palmarian1815

bada1825

key1832

première1844

1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 43 Earth & water are imperious & ruling elements.

1669 R. Baxter Direct. Weak Distempered Christians i. 119 (heading) Let..the everlasting fruition of him in Heaven, be the continual end and ruling Motive of your Hearts and Lives.

1721 J. Strype Eccl. Memorials II. i. xxv. 212 The Authority and Sway of the Protector, the main ruling Cause of bringing it [sc. Mass] into the Church.

1782 F. Burney Cecilia IV. viii. vi. 251 This was..the ruling subject of her thoughts and meditation.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. IV. 239 She has been the ruling belle..the universal toast of the winter.

1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism iii. 92 The security..of every son of Abraham was the ruling intention of every enactment.

1873 J. A. Symonds Stud. Greek Poets vii. 190 Not Fate, but Nemesis, was the ruling notion in Greek tragedy.

1918 Papers & Proc. Amer. Sociol. Soc. 12 213 Nations, then, are normally moral agents, subject to control by the ruling opinion of the period as to what is honorable and praiseworthy.

1936 ‘J. Tey’ Shilling for Candles xii. 136 Erica did not smoke herself—she had tried it, of course, had not much liked it, and with the logic that was her ruling characteristic had not persisted.

2004 N.Y. Times Mag. 6 June 88/3 The ruling idea is to throw chopped nuts and fruit into a cloud of whipped cream, which becomes the pie filling.

b. Of a passion or emotion: dominant, controlling; occupying a large part of one's time or attention.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > power > influence > [adjective] > of controlling or predominating influence

regitive?a1425

reigninga1500

reignative1532

overruling1586

predominating1595

hegemonicala1602

regnant1604

dominating1611

ruling1652

presiding1653

hegemonic1656

over-ruly1657

regulant1677

in the ascendanta1698

overriding1830

octopean1896

hegemoniac1959

1652 tr. J.-L. Guez de Balzac Roman ii. 50 I must confesse, Madam, the desire of glory was a ruling passion.

1733 A. Pope Of Use of Riches 9 The ruling Passion conquers Reason still.

1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. III. liv. 174 The two ruling passions of this parliament were, zeal for liberty, and an aversion to the church.

1830 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I III. v. 75 A worldly ambition was the ruling passion of this man.

1886 Morning Light 20 Feb. 73/2 Being in hell, the rich man is in torment, partly because he can no longer gratify his ruling lust.

1900 tr. P. Bourget in Living Age 22 Dec. 752/2 Her ruling emotion for years had been one of pity.

1978 S. Naipaul North of South i. ii. 50 Rallying, it emerged, was the ruling passion of Ralph's life.

1991 Gay Times Apr. 59/2 The ruling passion of the late Labour peer had been rough trade.

c. Astrology. Of a celestial object, esp. a planet: that exerts a powerful or predominating influence over a person, period, etc. Cf. rule v. 8.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > as influence on mankind > [adjective]

influent1430

starry1561

influential1570

sideral1611

influxious1644

ruling1659

influous1662

1659 tr. P. Gassendi Vanity of Judiciary Astrol. xii. 59 That clear and wholesome Weather is signified by a Trine or Sextile; foul and unwholesome, by a Quartile; indifferent, by a Conjunction, rather the one than the other, according to the condition of the Ruling Planet.

1701 J. Whalley tr. Ptolemy Quadripartite iii. v. 93 Ascending, upon the Cusp of the Ascendant, that such Ruling Planet did possess, of the sign it was in.

1787 C. Cullen tr. F. S. Clavigero Hist. Mexico I. vi. 316 They [sc. the diviners] considered the nature of the sign of that day, and the ruling sign of that period of thirteen days to which it belonged.

1867 Broughton's Monthly Planet Reader & Astrological Jrnl. 8 20/1 Mr. Charles Dickens was born..on the 15th, of February..which caused the planet Mercury in the sign of Aquarius to be his ruling planet.

1963 Hermes 91 71 Horace..did not know which was the ruling sign in his own horoscope.

2005 Sugar May 93/2 Your ruling planet, Jupiter, is moving backwards in your sign, so if you manage to get through the month totally unscathed, you're a lucky Saggi.

3. Business. Of a price: current, prevalent; general, average.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > [adjective] > types of price

first costa1641

ruling1657

driveaway1931

off-price1955

keen1964

near-market1967

1657 S. Lambe Seasonable Observ. Postscr. 3 The Dutch are a good example to us, who have served almost all Europe with East-India Commodities.., bringing such quantities home, as by their experience they guesse will yearly serve this Quarter of the World, and feed the Market therewith as their ruling price.

1774 London Chron. 13–15 Jan. 52/1 They can all be unanimous in keeping up the price of bread above its due proportion to the ruling prices of grain and flour.

1795 J. Sinclair Gen. View Agric. Northern Counties Scotl. 68 We have no fixed public corn and cattle markets, to communicate to each other the state of the ruling prices.

1861 G. J. Goschen Theory Foreign Exchanges 120 There was an indication of demand for bills on England, as a means of placing capital here, to take advantage of the ruling rate.

1877 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 267 The ruling prices..were not too high to leave a small margin of profit.

1901 Times 9 Sept. 12/6 These quantities are calculated at 2f. 70 a gramme, the rate fixed by the decree of July 20, 1896, but much below the ruling value in Madagascar.

1942 Crisis July 216/2 Wages in Malaya averaged twenty-five cents to thirty-seven cents a day for men... These were the ruling rates in factories, mines and plantations.

2002 O. Prakash in A. K. Bagchi Money & Credit Indian Hist. 53 Contracts between the buyer and the producer were made only after the harvest was in and deals concluded at the ruling market price.

Compounds

ruling elder n. a nominated or elected official of any of various Christian churches, esp. the Presbyterian Church; cf. elder n.³ 4a.The term is usually restricted to lay officials, ministers being referred to as teaching elders or ruling and teaching elders.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > elder > [noun]

priestOE

senior1382

presbyter1528

lay elder1593

ruling elder1593

presbyter-bishop1654

lay presbyter1656

society > faith > church government > ecclesiastical discipline > court > presbyterian > [noun] > kirk-session > member of

elder1526

presbyter1581

lay elder1593

ruling elder1593

elderling1606

1593 R. Bancroft Suruay Holy Discipline 158 That ruling elders are not comprehended vnder the name of Bischop.

1693 Cramond Kirk Session III. 28 Mar. Sir Georg Hamilton..he being ruleing elder for this paroch.

1736 Gentleman's Mag. June 342/1 A few ignorant Artificers in Market-Towns, or Farmers in Country-Parishes,..under the Character of Ruling Elders.

a1871 T. Carlyle in J. W. Carlyle Lett. & Memorials (1883) I. 142 Thrice-great as a ruling-elder (indeed, a very long-headed, strictly orthodox man).

1945 J. T. Cox Pract. Church of Scotl. 104 All are elders—ministers being teaching or preaching as well as ruling elders, and the others ‘ruling elders’ only. In practice the terms ‘elder’ and ‘ruling elder’ are restricted to such as are members of a Kirk Session, exclusive of the minister or ministers of the charge.

2004 L. R. Taylor in S. B. Cowan Who runs Church? v. 272 Most Baptists still prefer that, ordinarily, a minister (rather than a ruling elder or deacon) administer baptism and communion.

ruling eldership n. ruling elders collectively; the position or office of a ruling elder.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > elder > [noun] > office of

lay-eldership1641

ruling eldership1711

1711 Remarks Mr. Hodges's Pamphlet 28 There was abundance of Ministers left in the Country..to assist the Standing ruling Eldership.

1891 Presbyterian Forms of Service (1894) 145 The Sermon..may have for its subject the scriptural warrant for the Ruling Eldership.

1995 B. J. Fraser Church, College, & Clergy v. 134 Though not ready to advocate ordination to the ruling eldership..he urged the church provide ‘wider opportunities’ for women.

ruling grade n. the steepest gradient on a given stretch of track or road.

ΚΠ

1840 N.-Y. Spectator 9 Dec. For nine-tenths of the way the ruling grade is below thirty feet.

1900 Engin. Mag. 19 683 The best road the Spaniards built..has a ruling grade of 7 per cent.

2009 Illawarra (Austral.) Mercury (Nexis) 30 May 5 The proposed Maldon-Dombarton line delivers the same ruling grade as the southern route via Summit Tank.., and as a result delivers no real benefit to Pacific National.

ruling gradient n. = ruling grade n.

ΚΠ

1842 Times 9 Dec. 6/2 The ruling gradient on the Brighton line is one foot in 264.

1937 Town Planning Rev. 17 121 Selection for such purposes would have to be made after due consideration of differences in ruling gradient, curvature, number of junctions and intermediate traffic.

1992 S. Hall BR Signalling Handbk. 18/1 The ruling gradient of the line is taken into account in arriving at the result.

Derivatives

ˈrulingly adv. in a ruling manner; dominantly, powerfully.

ΚΠ

1653 R. Baxter Right Method Settled Peace 261 The Understanding and Will..do not more strongly dissent, and more potently and rulingly command all the subject Faculties.

a1763 J. Byrom Misc. Poems (1773) II. 340 With an Alertness rulingly supreme.

1864 W. R. Alger Crit. Hist. Doctr. Future Life v. viii. 639 All is rulingly alive, aspirant, beautiful, and benignant.

2009 Slate Mag. (Nexis) 5 Feb. Attempt to engage him in discussing whether anyone shreds more rulingly than the guys in DragonForce.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ruling
释义	rulingn. Brit. /ˈruːlɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈrulɪŋ/ Forms: see rule v. and -ing suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rule v., -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < rule v. + -ing suffix¹. 1. The action of governing; the exercise of authority, control, or influence. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > [noun] > action or act of ruling?c1225 governingc1384 governancec1400 government?c1400 gubernationc1450 regence?1457 regencya1475 subjectionc1475 regimenc1485 administration1516 signorizing1588 ministry1700 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 6 Þeos riwlið ðe heorte. of hire riulunge [c1230 Corpus [r]iwlunge] is al mest þet ich write. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 19^v Þe soule is kyndeliche I-ȝeue to þe reulinge [L. regimen] of þe body þat he is I-oned to. 1408 Will in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 215 (MED) My wyll ys that the Same Robert pygeon..haue gouernans & rewlyng of my obytis. c1440 W. Hilton Mixed Life (Thornton) in G. G. Perry Eng. Prose Treat. (1921) 30 (MED) Entermete þe with werldly besynes..and gud rewlynge [c1390 Vernon rule] of þi seruauntes and þi tenauntes. a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 95 (MED) Þey seruyn God in rewlyng of mankende. 1590 J. Stockwood Eng. Accidence 1 The concord and agreeing of words togither; and the gouerning or ruling one word of another. 1611 Bible (King James) 1 Macc. vi. 56 Hee sought to take vnto him the ruling of the affaires. View more context for this quotation ?1661 in J. Mooney Charters & Rec. Kirkwall (1950) 89 They over quait the ruilling of the brugh to the ould maiastrats. 1702 J. Dunton Petticoat-Government 70 By Petticoat-Government, I mean the discreet and housewifely Ruling of a House and Family. 1734 J. Wesley Let. 15 Jan. (1931) I. 152 I take religion to be..a constant ruling of soul. 1865 J. Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 110 The true kings..hate ruling. 1894 Athenæum 22 Dec. 856/3 He was the last English Churchman who played a decisive part in the political ruling of our nation. 1905 N.Y. Times 8 Jan. 4/1 He was clearly a man intended by fate for greatness and for the ruling of men. 1961 D. Rewald & E. L. Rewald tr. B. Grzimek & M. Grzimek Serengeti shall not Die v. 94 He did not care about the ruling of the country. 2005 C. Mustill tr. E. H. Gombrich Little Hist. of World xxi. 124 The Merovingian kings were not much good at ruling. 2. An authoritative decision or pronouncement, esp. one made by a judge. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > [noun] > judgement or decision of court judgement?a1300 rulinga1382 deliverance1385 sentencec1386 laudc1465 judiciala1500 arrest1509 interlocutor1533 finding1581 fatwa1625 decreea1642 arrêtc1650 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms xcviii. 4 Thou hast greithid riȝtforth reulingis [a1425 L.V. redi dressingis; L. directiones]; dom and riȝtwisnesse in Jacob thou hast do. c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 335 (MED) Also þat he [sc. a prince] make hise lawis and hise reulinggis wiþ..consent of hise legis. a1500 (a1471) G. Ashby Active Policy Prince l. 863 in Poems (1899) 40 Whan ye be in doubte of any Reulyng, For to say, do, commaunde, or determyn, Better is of al thise to make cesing, Vntil time that god you illumine. c1560 Stoddard in H. Hall Society in Elizabethan Age (1886) 179 Three rulings with extras, 15^s. a1626 F. Bacon in Resuscitatio (1657) 274 S. Edward Cookes Reports,..may have Errors, and some peremptory, and Extrajudiciall Resolutions, more then are warranted: Yet they containe, infinite good Decisions, and Rulings over, of Cases. 1817 Times 22 Dec. 3/2 Law..has been established, contrary to the opinions and rulings of those who in such cases have hitherto had most weight. 1875 H. J. S. Maine Lect. Early Hist. Inst. ii. 45 Some extremely sensible rulings on the difficult subject of the Measure of Damages. 1883 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 11 595 I..think the ruling of the learned judge at the trial was correct. 1921 K. Jordan Next Corner xxii. 195 Women..had unbosomed themselves to her about large and small difficulties, asking her advice as one augustly fitted to point the way... Her ruling was generally accepted. 1959 New Statesman 6 June 800/1 The Supreme Court rulings against segregation. 1993 Weekend Austral. 22 May (Review Suppl.) 7/1 A recent ruling in Britain has made ‘non-literal’ copying a crime when it comes to software. 3. a. The action or an act of using a ruler; the drawing, printing, or engraving of parallel straight lines on paper or some other material. ΘΚΠ society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing lines > [noun] > with ruler ruling1572 1572 J. Higgins Huloets Dict. (rev. ed.) Ruling, or the drawyng of lynes by a ruler. 1581–2 in Misc. Stair Soc. (1971) I. 120 The defendaris seis na appeirance of rewling in the auld instrument other betuix or in the lynis. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Reigleure,..a ruling, or drawing by lines. 1666 S. Pepys Diary 2 Mar. (1972) VII. 63 Setting my wife..to work upon the ruling of some paper for the making of books. 1791 Bee 30 Nov. 130 The ruling of a merchant's books, usually cost about as much as the paper. 1826 Glasgow Mechanics' Mag. 29 July 341/2 Tapes are similarly used in machines for the ruling of paper for account-books. 1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 178 He describes a kind of optical ruling on the sensitive plate itself, a system for which [etc.]. 1908 S. R. Spreckley Pract. Paper Ruling v. 33 Why ox-gall is so much in evidence with regard to the ruling of paper. 1989 R. Dryer & G. Lata Exper. Biochem. i. ii. 27 Holographic ruling and laser engraving promise to make still better gratings. 2005 T. Webber in D. McKitterick Trinity Apocalypse i. iii. 40 A closely positioned diagonal pair of holes to guide the ruling of two lines that form the upper border of the miniature. b. concrete. A ruled line or ruled lines; (Palaeography) lines ruled by a scribe in preparation for writing a manuscript. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written text > layout > [noun] > lines ruled for writing on ruling1638 1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients iii. i. 254 Those who bring minds uncapable of great things,..must content themselves with the Inventions of other men, and employ their whole life in copying their workes, ayming at no other sufficiencie but to be able to draw after them by lines and rulings [L. mensuris ac lineis]. 1744 W. Mountaine Atkinson's Epitome Art Navigation (rev. ed.) xii. 266 On Occasion you may write two Lines of writing in the Spaces between those Lines; then will the same Ruling serve for an East-India Voyage. 1854 Abstr. Papers Royal Soc. 1850–54 6 43 Over these lines lies a thin covering place of glass, but at the place where the ruling is, a stratum of air is contained between the plates. 1893 R. S. Ball Story of Sun 111 The way in which certain of the lines are grouped in pairs, somewhat suggesting the rulings of a copy-book. 1944 P. Hodgson Cloud of Unknowing (E.E.T.S.) p. x Single columns of text, usually 34 lines to a page; vertical and horizontal rulings; [etc.]. 1958 Scriptorium 12 51 (title) The ruling of the Exeter Book. 1963 N. R. Ker Owl & Nightingale (E.E.T.S.) p. xii The pencil ruling is often indistinct. 1999 J. C. Handley in E. R. Dougherty Electronic Imaging Technol. viii. 301 The number of pixels comprising the horizontal and vertical rulings. Compounds C1. General attributive (in sense 3a), as ruling machine, ruling pen, ruling work, etc. ΚΠ 1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. iv. 33 Cause them to haue each his ruling pen, made of a quill. 1666 S. Pepys Diary 28 Apr. (1972) VII. 111 My wife to her father's to carry him some ruling work. 1790 Argus 9 Jan. The Proprietor of the Ruling Machine, has appointed Mr. Paul Lukyn..to dispose of Ruled Paper and Ruled Accompt Books. 1792 Diary (N.Y.) 19 Sept. (advt.) Tuning-forks and hammers, ruling pens, mutes in brass and ivory screws, music desks &c. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Ruling and Dotting Pens, a kind of metal pen for writing music. 1883 Harper's Mag. June 84/2 A ‘grating’ is a surface of glass or of speculum metal scratched with parallel lines by means of a diamond guided by a ruling machine. 1892 Facts Feb. 21/2 K.—is a first-class ruler. Has work in a well-equipped bindery, but work is not steady; served five years in one of the best ruling-shops in this country. 1905 Medico-legal Jrnl. 23 171 Serrations might be produced by a ruling tool improperly mounted. 1931 Pop. Mech. Apr. 582/1 Pens with micrometer adjustments now can be obtained for fine ruling work. 2003 M. Noble & J. Mehigan Calligrapher's Compan. 68 Monoline Written with speed, with a ruling pen which allows the free flow of ink in this handwriting style. C2. ruling engine n. a machine for engraving equally spaced parallel straight lines on a surface; (in later use) esp. one for engraving lines on a diffraction grating (diffraction grating n. at diffraction n. Compounds 2). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > marking tools > [noun] > scoring style1659 scorer1688 ruling engine1826 scrieve1828 timber-scribe1858 1826 London Jrnl. Arts & Sci. 12 268 Palmer's slide rest and carriage for an engraver's ruling engine. 1901 Physical Rev. 12 9 It is generally assumed in treating the grating that the lines of the ruling are of equal width and are separated by equal spaces... This cannot be the case in view of..the almost inconceivable rigidity of the ruling engine which would be necessary. 2000 Biogr. Mem. Fellows Royal Soc. 46 549 Diffraction gratings ruled on a ruling engine designed and constructed by Dai Davies and Geoffrey Stiff at the CSIRO. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). rulingadj. Brit. /ˈruːlɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈrulɪŋ/ Forms: see rule v. and -ing suffix²; also Scottish pre-1700 1700s ruleing. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rule v., -ing suffix². Etymology: < rule v. + -ing suffix². 1. Exercising rule or authority; reigning, governing. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > [adjective] > ruling or governing regnantc1475 governing1534 ladylike1534 lording1548 ruling1561 signorizing1588 regent1613 swaying1625 regal1653 reigning1705 1561 N. Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 4 Tyme and..deth..manassing alrady destruction of ȝour reuling, misreulit, and misgydit gouernment. 1570 J. Phillips Frendly Larum sig. Biiij Not as I will, but as thou wilt, O rulinge Ioue aboue. 1572 J. Bridges tr. R. Gwalther Hundred, Threescore & Fiftene Homelyes vppon Actes Apostles xvi. cvi. 615 Whosoeuer desire the safetie of the Church, whether they be teaching Bishops or ruling Magistrates, they must followe this example. 1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania iii. 524 Her ruling eyes must yet be dimbd, While pearle like teares she shed. 1648 Canterburie March sig. Biij^v This unity is held by none That have more Ruling-Heads than one. 1655 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1892) II. 203 The interests of the ruling party have a great connexion with Cromwell. 1704 J. Trapp Abra-Mule ii. i The ruling part of the Divan. 1786 E. Burke Articles of Charge against W. Hastings v. 102 This plan, which appears to be most connected with the rights of the ruling family. 1843 J. Bentham Wks. X. xxii. 571/2 He hates the ruling few; but he does not love the subject many. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 133 He belonged half to the ruling and half to the subject caste. 1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest IV. xviii. 152 The act of the ruling body was not confirmed by the general feeling of the citizens. 1927 Dict. National Biogr. 1912–21 277/2 His..offence was over-boldness in expressing opinions unpalatable to the ruling powers. 1964 T. B. Bottomore Elites & Soc. iv. 71 A second group which has attracted attention as a potential ruling elite is that constituted by the managers of industry. 1989 G. Mehta Raj xiv. 95 If you marry a ruling maharajah he will probably have other wives. 2006 Philadelphia Inquirer 6 Aug. c5/5 Given the ruling party's glaring lapses, the Democrats..can probably manage to win at least one house this fall. 2. a. Foremost, chief; prevailing, predominant. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [adjective] > most important mosteOE foremostc1000 headOE headlyOE nexta1200 umest1513 primary1565 headest1577 ruling1590 forward1591 capital1597 of the first magnitude1643 palmary1646 top1647 prepondering1651 headmost1661 home1662 life-and-death1804 palmarian1815 bada1825 key1832 première1844 1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 43 Earth & water are imperious & ruling elements. 1669 R. Baxter Direct. Weak Distempered Christians i. 119 (heading) Let..the everlasting fruition of him in Heaven, be the continual end and ruling Motive of your Hearts and Lives. 1721 J. Strype Eccl. Memorials II. i. xxv. 212 The Authority and Sway of the Protector, the main ruling Cause of bringing it [sc. Mass] into the Church. 1782 F. Burney Cecilia IV. viii. vi. 251 This was..the ruling subject of her thoughts and meditation. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. IV. 239 She has been the ruling belle..the universal toast of the winter. 1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism iii. 92 The security..of every son of Abraham was the ruling intention of every enactment. 1873 J. A. Symonds Stud. Greek Poets vii. 190 Not Fate, but Nemesis, was the ruling notion in Greek tragedy. 1918 Papers & Proc. Amer. Sociol. Soc. 12 213 Nations, then, are normally moral agents, subject to control by the ruling opinion of the period as to what is honorable and praiseworthy. 1936 ‘J. Tey’ Shilling for Candles xii. 136 Erica did not smoke herself—she had tried it, of course, had not much liked it, and with the logic that was her ruling characteristic had not persisted. 2004 N.Y. Times Mag. 6 June 88/3 The ruling idea is to throw chopped nuts and fruit into a cloud of whipped cream, which becomes the pie filling. b. Of a passion or emotion: dominant, controlling; occupying a large part of one's time or attention. ΘΚΠ society > authority > power > influence > [adjective] > of controlling or predominating influence regitive?a1425 reigninga1500 reignative1532 overruling1586 predominating1595 hegemonicala1602 regnant1604 dominating1611 ruling1652 presiding1653 hegemonic1656 over-ruly1657 regulant1677 in the ascendanta1698 overriding1830 octopean1896 hegemoniac1959 1652 tr. J.-L. Guez de Balzac Roman ii. 50 I must confesse, Madam, the desire of glory was a ruling passion. 1733 A. Pope Of Use of Riches 9 The ruling Passion conquers Reason still. 1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. III. liv. 174 The two ruling passions of this parliament were, zeal for liberty, and an aversion to the church. 1830 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I III. v. 75 A worldly ambition was the ruling passion of this man. 1886 Morning Light 20 Feb. 73/2 Being in hell, the rich man is in torment, partly because he can no longer gratify his ruling lust. 1900 tr. P. Bourget in Living Age 22 Dec. 752/2 Her ruling emotion for years had been one of pity. 1978 S. Naipaul North of South i. ii. 50 Rallying, it emerged, was the ruling passion of Ralph's life. 1991 Gay Times Apr. 59/2 The ruling passion of the late Labour peer had been rough trade. c. Astrology. Of a celestial object, esp. a planet: that exerts a powerful or predominating influence over a person, period, etc. Cf. rule v. 8. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > as influence on mankind > [adjective] influent1430 starry1561 influential1570 sideral1611 influxious1644 ruling1659 influous1662 1659 tr. P. Gassendi Vanity of Judiciary Astrol. xii. 59 That clear and wholesome Weather is signified by a Trine or Sextile; foul and unwholesome, by a Quartile; indifferent, by a Conjunction, rather the one than the other, according to the condition of the Ruling Planet. 1701 J. Whalley tr. Ptolemy Quadripartite iii. v. 93 Ascending, upon the Cusp of the Ascendant, that such Ruling Planet did possess, of the sign it was in. 1787 C. Cullen tr. F. S. Clavigero Hist. Mexico I. vi. 316 They [sc. the diviners] considered the nature of the sign of that day, and the ruling sign of that period of thirteen days to which it belonged. 1867 Broughton's Monthly Planet Reader & Astrological Jrnl. 8 20/1 Mr. Charles Dickens was born..on the 15th, of February..which caused the planet Mercury in the sign of Aquarius to be his ruling planet. 1963 Hermes 91 71 Horace..did not know which was the ruling sign in his own horoscope. 2005 Sugar May 93/2 Your ruling planet, Jupiter, is moving backwards in your sign, so if you manage to get through the month totally unscathed, you're a lucky Saggi. 3. Business. Of a price: current, prevalent; general, average. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > [adjective] > types of price first costa1641 ruling1657 driveaway1931 off-price1955 keen1964 near-market1967 1657 S. Lambe Seasonable Observ. Postscr. 3 The Dutch are a good example to us, who have served almost all Europe with East-India Commodities.., bringing such quantities home, as by their experience they guesse will yearly serve this Quarter of the World, and feed the Market therewith as their ruling price. 1774 London Chron. 13–15 Jan. 52/1 They can all be unanimous in keeping up the price of bread above its due proportion to the ruling prices of grain and flour. 1795 J. Sinclair Gen. View Agric. Northern Counties Scotl. 68 We have no fixed public corn and cattle markets, to communicate to each other the state of the ruling prices. 1861 G. J. Goschen Theory Foreign Exchanges 120 There was an indication of demand for bills on England, as a means of placing capital here, to take advantage of the ruling rate. 1877 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 267 The ruling prices..were not too high to leave a small margin of profit. 1901 Times 9 Sept. 12/6 These quantities are calculated at 2f. 70 a gramme, the rate fixed by the decree of July 20, 1896, but much below the ruling value in Madagascar. 1942 Crisis July 216/2 Wages in Malaya averaged twenty-five cents to thirty-seven cents a day for men... These were the ruling rates in factories, mines and plantations. 2002 O. Prakash in A. K. Bagchi Money & Credit Indian Hist. 53 Contracts between the buyer and the producer were made only after the harvest was in and deals concluded at the ruling market price. Compounds ruling elder n. a nominated or elected official of any of various Christian churches, esp. the Presbyterian Church; cf. elder n.³ 4a.The term is usually restricted to lay officials, ministers being referred to as teaching elders or ruling and teaching elders. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > elder > [noun] priestOE senior1382 presbyter1528 lay elder1593 ruling elder1593 presbyter-bishop1654 lay presbyter1656 society > faith > church government > ecclesiastical discipline > court > presbyterian > [noun] > kirk-session > member of elder1526 presbyter1581 lay elder1593 ruling elder1593 elderling1606 1593 R. Bancroft Suruay Holy Discipline 158 That ruling elders are not comprehended vnder the name of Bischop. 1693 Cramond Kirk Session III. 28 Mar. Sir Georg Hamilton..he being ruleing elder for this paroch. 1736 Gentleman's Mag. June 342/1 A few ignorant Artificers in Market-Towns, or Farmers in Country-Parishes,..under the Character of Ruling Elders. a1871 T. Carlyle in J. W. Carlyle Lett. & Memorials (1883) I. 142 Thrice-great as a ruling-elder (indeed, a very long-headed, strictly orthodox man). 1945 J. T. Cox Pract. Church of Scotl. 104 All are elders—ministers being teaching or preaching as well as ruling elders, and the others ‘ruling elders’ only. In practice the terms ‘elder’ and ‘ruling elder’ are restricted to such as are members of a Kirk Session, exclusive of the minister or ministers of the charge. 2004 L. R. Taylor in S. B. Cowan Who runs Church? v. 272 Most Baptists still prefer that, ordinarily, a minister (rather than a ruling elder or deacon) administer baptism and communion. ruling eldership n. ruling elders collectively; the position or office of a ruling elder. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > elder > [noun] > office of lay-eldership1641 ruling eldership1711 1711 Remarks Mr. Hodges's Pamphlet 28 There was abundance of Ministers left in the Country..to assist the Standing ruling Eldership. 1891 Presbyterian Forms of Service (1894) 145 The Sermon..may have for its subject the scriptural warrant for the Ruling Eldership. 1995 B. J. Fraser Church, College, & Clergy v. 134 Though not ready to advocate ordination to the ruling eldership..he urged the church provide ‘wider opportunities’ for women. ruling grade n. the steepest gradient on a given stretch of track or road. ΚΠ 1840 N.-Y. Spectator 9 Dec. For nine-tenths of the way the ruling grade is below thirty feet. 1900 Engin. Mag. 19 683 The best road the Spaniards built..has a ruling grade of 7 per cent. 2009 Illawarra (Austral.) Mercury (Nexis) 30 May 5 The proposed Maldon-Dombarton line delivers the same ruling grade as the southern route via Summit Tank.., and as a result delivers no real benefit to Pacific National. ruling gradient n. = ruling grade n. ΚΠ 1842 Times 9 Dec. 6/2 The ruling gradient on the Brighton line is one foot in 264. 1937 Town Planning Rev. 17 121 Selection for such purposes would have to be made after due consideration of differences in ruling gradient, curvature, number of junctions and intermediate traffic. 1992 S. Hall BR Signalling Handbk. 18/1 The ruling gradient of the line is taken into account in arriving at the result. Derivatives ˈrulingly adv. in a ruling manner; dominantly, powerfully. ΚΠ 1653 R. Baxter Right Method Settled Peace 261 The Understanding and Will..do not more strongly dissent, and more potently and rulingly command all the subject Faculties. a1763 J. Byrom Misc. Poems (1773) II. 340 With an Alertness rulingly supreme. 1864 W. R. Alger Crit. Hist. Doctr. Future Life v. viii. 639 All is rulingly alive, aspirant, beautiful, and benignant. 2009 Slate Mag. (Nexis) 5 Feb. Attempt to engage him in discussing whether anyone shreds more rulingly than the guys in DragonForce. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?c1225adj.1561
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