| 释义 |
rubblen. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps related to rubbish n., although if so the nature of any relationship is unclear. Compare post-classical Latin roboillum , rubylla (from 1302 in British sources), which probably implies slightly earlier currency of the English word. Compare rubble v. and discussion at that entry; if rubble v. 1 is < rub v.1 + -le suffix 3, it is perhaps possible that the noun could (in spite of the discrepancy in the chronology) be derived from the verb, denoting the result of the action. Perhaps compare also rammel n.1Quots. 1376-7 and ?a1400 at sense 1a could instead show an otherwise unrecorded Anglo-Norman equivalent. 1. the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > refuse or rubbish > [noun] the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > refuse or rubbish > [noun] > refuse part of anything > of stone 1376–7 in S. G. Hamilton (1910) 20 Item Henrico Cleche carianti robeyl et euacuanti quareram apud Ombresleye 59s. ?a1400 in F. B. Bickley (1900) II. 31 (MED) Omnes qui ocuparunt communes vicos..cum fimo et robyl quod admouere faciant. tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. 340 (MED) On part of lyme and tweyne of rubel [v.r. robell] haue. 1496 (Pynson) sig. aiii His body..In a graue in the grounde Deth depe hath drounde Amonge robel and stonys. 1531–2 c. 8 §1 Whiche persons..conueied..grauell, stone, robell, earth, slime, and filthe in the said portes. 1593 J. Norden ii. 25 A hautie citie..smothered in the ashes of her owne rubble and ruynes. 1614 W. Raleigh i. ii. ix. §1. 368 There are found..goodly marble pillers, with other hewen and carued stone in great abundance, among the rubble. 1660 G. Tooke 1 Can Hamath then the great, and populous Turn into rubble thus? 1707 (Royal Soc.) III. 182 One can see nothing..but old ruined Walls with Rubbel, Bricks and Stones. 1754 10–12 Sept. The Ground on a sudden gave Way, and they all fell to the Bottom on a Heap of Rubble. 1824 14 The old mansion being in a dangerous state, was thrown down, and the rubble removed. 1855 C. Kingsley xxx A pop-gun fort, which a third class steamer would shell into rubble for an afternoon's amusement. 1864 G. O. Trevelyan ix. 304 Those are..the sand and rubble that overspread the land. 1937 R. Byron iii. 99 Unless repairs are done and foundations strengthened, the other monuments will soon be rubble too. 1958 18 Sept. 418/2 High mounds of rubble and tangled, bombed machinery which spiked into the air like the legs of dead animals. 2001 3 Nov. 17/4 The Taliban..reduced the Buddhas to rubble with explosives and rocket launchers. 1566 T. Becon i. f. 24v My righteousnes & iustice, is but rubble and rubbyshe. 1589 T. Cooper 249 Casting out the rubble of the Synagogue of Antichriste. 1614 J. Sylvester tr. J. Bertaut Panaretus 27 in Even while I raze, I raise; and of the Rubble Of pettie States, I build One hundred double. 1751 J. Bate 89 He does not..know the Value of the rich Jewel they are burying under that Heap of Rubble. 1863 E. C. Gaskell I. ii. 22 Feyther's liker me, and we talk a deal o' rubble; but mother's words are liker to hewn stone. 1887 Sept. 378 For fancies they gave us their microscopies; For knowledge, a rubble of fact and doubt. 1939 22 Mar. 12/3 The rubble of Central Europe slowly rearranges itself in yet another new pattern. 1965 E. Dahlberg 20 Only when affections ebb do we see the flats and rubble our tidal emotions had covered. 2002 (National ed.) 22 Apr. a15/1 He is part of the human rubble of the war, one of thousands of Pakistanis who remain prisoners of the Afghan Army. 2. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > building stone > small or undressed stones for filling in 1542 T. Elyot Cementa, litle stones & rubbel, which ar layd betwene great stones in the making of a wal. 1565 T. Cooper Caementitius,..made of rubbell or ragge stones. 1608 Bp. J. King Ps. xi. 2–4. 20 Peeces of timber, barres of iron, massy stones, togither with all..the rubble and stones in the wals of that great and glorious pile. 1699 Contract Bk. 26 Jan. in (1939) i. 26 The ffoundation..to be rammed and filled with Burrs and Gallets and hard rubble of the Quarry. 1764 T. Smollett (1766) I. xxiii. 353 The houses are built of a ragged stone dug from the mountains, and the interstices are filled with rubble. 1793 J. Smeaton (ed. 2) §114 The interior filling of the walls was with rough Rubble, and fragments of the quarries. 1839 W. B. Stonehouse 265 In the walls, which are scarcely ten feet high and built chiefly of rubble, are great ashlar stones. a1878 G. G. Scott (1879) I. 20 They were equally at home in the use of brick, or flint, or rubble. 1920 47 478/2 The intermediate spaces were filled in with rubble. 1975 H. Venables v. 43 It [sc. concrete] is best put on a layer of rubble or some other hard-core. 2005 D. Cruickshank 191 This amazing granary..is built of rubble rendered with a gypsum plaster so it has an organic, undulating surface. society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or constructing with stone > [noun] > stonework or masonry > types of 1815 J. Smith I. 223 The best kind, or coursed rubble, admits of bond timbers without difficulty. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ 537 In uncoursed rubble the stones are placed promiscuously in the wall. 1879 (new ed.) I. 97/1 In uncoursed rubble.., stones of any size..are used without any reference to their heights. 1915 M. A. Howe ii. iii. 72 When no attempt is made to form courses the masonry is called uncoursed rubble. 1990 F. G. Dimes in J. Ashurst & F. F. Dimes (1998) iv. 98/2 In coursed rubble the stones are squared up, more or less roughly according to the quality. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > growth or excrescence > [noun] > concretion > fragments of 1545 T. Raynald in tr. E. Roesslin i. sig. G.viiv When it is broken,..the grauel, rubbell, or peecis therof, descend from the raynes or kydnees in to the bladder. 1561 J. Hollybush tr. H. Brunschwig f. 39 If the rubbel or shardes of the stone do put the to payn, then vse that bath. the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > chaff or husks of grain 1767 J. Hanway II. xliii. 310 The meal, being 58½ lb. passed the clothes only once, and produced flour..33 lb. 2oz. Rubbles or bran..25 lb. 7 oz. 1855 12 More than one half, of 30 samples [of oatmeal], were adulterated with large proportions of barley meal, while others contained the refuse husk, termed rubble. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Rubbles, a miller's name in some counties for the whole of the bran or outside skin of the wheat, before being sorted into pollard, bran, sharps, etc. 1876 A. H. Hassall (new ed.) 361 The principal adulterations of oatmeal..are those with the refuse matter of oats, of barley, and even wheat, termed ‘rubble’ and ‘sharps’. 1912 P. A. Amos xii. 94 A shaking shoe or screen is placed above the scourer, and removes the odd rubble still remaining in the wheat mixture. 1994 B. Krahn viii. 154 They'll put potato flour in yer lard, water yer milk, shake barley rubble in yer oats, and put pea flour in yer pepper. 5. the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > stone > stony material > [noun] > rubble 1728 J. Woodward i. 12 Those call'd Rubble-Stones. [Note] They owe their Name, Rubble, to their being thus rubb'd and worn.] 1796 W. Marshall II. 5 The subsoil is also similar:—namely, a slatey rock, and a kind of rusty rotten slate, or rubble. 1852 C. Lyell (ed. 4) vii. 81 To this mass the provincial name of ‘rubble’ or ‘brash’ is given. 1860 M. F. Maury (ed. 8) i. 15 Treating the rocks less gently, it..rolls, and rubs them until they are fashioned into pebbles, rubble, or boulders. 1879 A. R. Wallace iv. 74 The few inches of surface soil and rubble overlying the Silurian rock on the slopes and spurs of the hills. 1943 Dec. 704 (caption) Each column has, or did have, an umbrella of hard stone protecting its soft mass of glacial rubble. 1990 H. Thurston 77/3 He climbed halfway up the cliff face to search in the basaltic rubble. 2003 R. MacFarlane (2004) ii. 34 Rubble eroded from the continents and laid down in sedimentary layers on the sea-floor. 2003 W. Ferguson (abridged ed.) 28 In among the sea rubble, at the bottom of the cliff, is a large misshapen boulder called ‘Turtle Rock’. society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > small, refuse, impure, or coal-dust 1794 J. Whitaker II. ii. 142 As our own people in the north call the rubble of coal stone-coal.] 1844 R. Garner vi. 220 As many as twenty beds of coal of various thicknesses..occur; and the principal beds descending are the heathen coal, penny or rubble, stinking or sulphur coal, new mine, fire-clay coal, [etc.]. 1868 W. Fairley 28 Rubble, screened coal. 1883 W. S. Gresley 207 Rubbles. 1. (F[orest of] D[ean]) See Kibbles and Nuts. 2. (S[outh] W[ales]) Slack or small. 1904 25 196 The coal may be sampled as follows:—Steam-coal and rubble (rubble is 1½ inches cubes) 85 per cent, and less than rubble (smithy and dust) 15 per cent. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > for making roads > type of 1852 11 Rubbel, a species of hard chalk. 1879 R. Jefferies ii. 20 The byroads and paths made with the chalk or ‘rubble’ glare in the sunlight. the world > the earth > water > ice > body of ice > [noun] > broken ice 1876 9 Nov. 31/1 The head of the bay..was filled with pack ice consisting of numerous small floe pieces..intermixed with ‘rubble’, or ‘boulder’ ice. 1916 J. G. Needham & J. T. Lloyd iii. 82 Minute icicles are forming and their tips are being broken off by the oscillations of the current. These broken tips constitute the rubble. 1965 Dec. 95/1 The two ships did fairly well for 15 miles, but the weaker Polarhav frequently stopped against the ice rubble left by the icebreaker. 1983 R. Fiennes xiii. 343 The sea ice was broken and reared up in huge waves of rubble that smothered the shoreline. 2003 (National Res. Council (U.S.) Div. Earth & Life Studies) 221/1 Rough ice such as rubble and rafting ice led to thick oil pools and limited spreading. Compounds C1. General attributive. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden i. 302 An house of the Kings in the West part of the towne neere unto Haling, where the husband men dig up otherwhiles rubble stone. 1712 (Royal Soc.) 27 542 A dark, gray, hard Iron Oar, called the Rubble Iron-Stone. a1773 J. Hutchins (1774) I. 176/1 The castle stands a little N. of the town, opposite to the church, on a very steep rocky hill, mingled with hard rubble chalk-stone. 1799 R. Kirwan 184 Rubble slate, or coticular slate, or indurated clay. 1844 A. W. Pugin in E. S. Purcell (1900) I. iv. 82 From the nature of the material used—a sort of rubble granite. 1886 S. Baring-Gould xxxiii. 196 Above Mannheim the river is too rapid and too full of shifting rubble-beds to be safely navigated. 1920 A. W. Grabau xviii. 569 The rubble-rock or rubble-stone, or rudyte, which when the fragments are rounded is a conglomerate and when angular a breccia. 1952 7 68 That picture played in the great rubble pile of Berlin. 1992 20 151/2 Rubble chalk was found under the garden path. 2007 Nov. 20/3 The building is in a Gothic Revival style, in coursed and squared rubble limestone with ashlar dressings. 1754 E. Burt I. iii. 65 The Rubble-Walls of these Houses are composed of Stones of different Shapes and Sizes. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ 537 A wall built of unhewn stone, whether it be built with mortar or otherwise, is called a rubble wall. 1835 T. Rickman (ed. 4) 308 Rubble walling is generally of pieces more nearly approaching a cube. 1844 H. Stephens I. 170 To test if rubble masonry is well built. 1856 J. C. Morton (new ed.) II. 386/1 Breaking joint over every small stone in the wall in rubble building. 1881 S. Walpole App. 77 A rubble weir..has recently been built across the Severn at Llanidloes. 1926 Oct. 157/1 Local building code may require a twelve-inch wall up to grade or outside ground level but eight-inch thickness is enough in anything except rubble masonry. 1972 Rep. Tribunal Events Londonderry in (2001) 58 From this point it is possible to look due south down Rossville Street to the rubble barricade in that street. 2006 May 42/2 Reconstructing rubble walls created structural worries, as these provide the core of the building. 1870 20 Aug. 531/1 The sower was asked what he expected to reap from that piece of rubble-strewn land. 1888 26 Oct. 172 These beds of sandstone..share with the hills the remarkable brightness of colour which is so characteristic on the rubble-covered sides. 1903 G. V. Poore ii. 24 There being..no indication of the rubble-filled trench beneath. 1944 27 June 3/2 The rubble-strewn trail of modern warfare looks much the same whether the buildings and homes laid waste are in France, Italy, or Russia. 1976 17 Dec. 14/2 Sunken and rubble-littered uneven pavements, pitfalled with miniature craters. 1992 W. McGowan (1993) iv. 75 The area bore signs of fierce fighting, with its shattered houses and rubble-strewn streets. 2004 Oct. 27/1 ‘We're looking for builders' trenches’, Bates said, meaning the rubble-filled ditches that 18th- and 19th-century builders employed to support foundations. C3. 1794 J. Whitaker II. ii. 142 This discovery of burning rubble-coal into lime, is as unknown and as valuable..as my Lord Dundonald's of extracting tar from it. 1855 J. Phillips 193 Heathen and rubble coals and partings. 1905 160 323 Altogether about 3,300 tons of rubble-coal were used on the work. 1810 W. Nicol 152 It may be a rubble drain, or a box-drain, according to necessity. 1876 5 Aug. 8/5 Surface drains, mostly rubble drains, serve to carry off slop and storm water to the nearest watercourse. 1952 E. L. Leeming (ed. 3) vii. 79 Where banks are liable to wash away, rubble drains (such as may be observed in railway cuttings) are useful for guiding storm-water to the base without erosion. 1995 N. Hudson (ed. 3) xiii. 325 Drainage of the sloping face of the embankment is usually carried out by rubble drains, that is drains excavated to a rectangular section of about 300 to 500 mm2 and backfilled with rocks. 1877 21 101 This rubble ice, as we call it,..breaks away from the heavy, deeper-floating fields of somewhat smoother ice. 1994 Mar. 54/2 As we twisted our way through the rubble ice, fog from the nearby open water often obscured our view. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). rubblev. Origin: Perhaps of multiple origins. Formed within English, by conversion. Perhaps also partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rubble n.; rub v.1, -le suffix 3. Etymology: In sense 1 either < rubble n. or < rub v.1 + -le suffix 3. In other senses < rubble n. ?a1425 (?1373) (1938) f. 11 (MED) Þe levis y stampid and sodyn wiþ gots mylke and vsyd renuyth þe brest and rowbliþ and abatiþ the cough. a1450 (1969) l. 1943 Ȝone rappokys I ruble and al to-rase. 1637 J. Balfour Let. in R. Chambers (1828) I. 305 A strong tempest, which at two several times menaced destruction to all, yet rubbled the noddles of bot two or three. the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirty person > behave as dirty person [verb (intransitive)] 1637 J. Bastwick iii. 22/2 By rubbling and grubbing in those old errors and heresies, you may perhaps get some infection. 1828 W. Jerdan in A. A. Watts 361 Wearing and splashing through these rocks, Whose adamant the struggle mocks; In eddies whirled, in deep chasms lost, Rubbling in straits, in spray up-tost. 1896 G. F. Northall 196 Don't let the child rubble among them 'ere dusty things. 1906 51 87 Found by a workman named David Dodge in the spring of 1896, while ‘rubbling’ in a now-disused quarry. 1987 A. R. Ammons 125 However far Into the Dark the worm Rubbles under the root, Life takes a Bow, Gives The go-ahead. 3. 1771 J. Smeaton (1837) I. 358 The bank next the river from the bridge to the lock to be..rubbled next the river where worn. 1860 31 156 The pier to be well based upon..a good and sufficient timber platform properly sunk into the bed of said river and thoroughly rubbled about the base with rubble stones. 1895 2 233 The propulsion of canal boats by steam power is..injurious to the canal unless the entire prism of the canal is rubbled. 1918 24 Aug. 458/1 The ground is rubbled with stones—fallen, and still falling. 1998 C. Hamilton 3 Once I was a block of stone... I woke alone in a room rubbled with what had been chiseled from me. the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (transitive)] > break down, demolish, or ruin 1945 2 Mar. 1/8 Cologne, rubbled anew after dawn by a thousand British heavy bombers. 1978 Aug. 67 O Brave New World..without cities and the bombs to rubble them. 2005 17 Apr. (Mag.) 42/2 While other buildings were being rubbled, he made ‘an insane act of private listing’ by offering to buy 40,000 sqft of what was left. 1863 J. R. Wise 285/2 To Rubble, to remove the gravel, which is deposited throughout the Forest in a thick layer over the beds of clay or marl. Derivatives 1708 E. Hatton II. 679/1 The Rubbled Alcyon, given by Capt. Th. Fissenden. It looks not much unlike Linen-cloath. 1811 J. Parkinson III. xvi. 244 Fossils..are said to be mixed, in a confused state, with rounded and rubbled porous lava. 1911 J. Galsworthy ii. ii. 215 A building,..outside which were only the rubbled remains of what had built it. 1926 F. M. Ford i. ii. 37 Things had become more rubbled—mixed up with alarums. 2002 May 109/1 Refugees returning to rubbled cities whose streets have been reduced to rows of jagged teeth. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1376 v.?a1425 |
