| 单词 | rule of trial and error |
| 释义 | > as lemmasrule of trial and error a. Action, method, or treatment adopted in order to ascertain the result; investigation by means of experience; experiment. rule of trial and error: see position n. 2 trial and error, (a) also in non-mathematical contexts, the process of succeeding by repeated trying with or without improvement of method by learning from failures; (b) spec. in Psychology, with reference to the theory that a primitive form of learning results, over a series of trials, from erroneous random responses to a problem being replaced by the correct response, rather than from insight. Frequently (with hyphens) attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] fandingOE fanda1325 saya1393 assayc1450 trial1570 examen1609 experimentation1674 experiment1678 examination1819 tâtonnement1847 tentative1865 adventurism1923 the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > trial and error trial and error1894 tâtonnement process1975 the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > types of learning > [noun] rote learning1842 trial and error1894 imitation1895 rehearsal1902 latent learning1929 e-learning1997 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Aivv/2 A Tryall, experimentum. 1608 F. Bacon Comm. Sol. in Wks. (1868) IV. 63 A collection of phainomena, of surgery, destillations, minerall tryalls. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 106/1 In what season it is best to make these tryals has not been..declared. 1806 C. Hutton Course Math. (ed. 5) I. 256 They may be all readily solved by the following easy rule of Double Position, sometimes called Trial-and-Error. 1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xxxix. 387 Astronomers have sought, by the indirect methods of trial and conjecture, to avoid them. 1894 C. L. Morgan Introd. Compar. Psychol. xiv. 241 Such a proceeding can be completely explained in terms of sense-experience. The process was throughout one of trial and error. 1898 E. L. Thorndike in Psychol. Rev. Monogr. Suppl. II. viii. 105 If the method of trial and error, with accidental success, be the method of acquiring associations among the animals, the slow progress of primitive man..becomes suggestive. 1900 C. L. Morgan Animal Behaviour iv. 139 The method of varied trial and error with the utilization of chance success, is a lengthy and somewhat clumsy process; but it suffices. 1907 F. P. Verney & M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family 17th Cent. (ed. 2 reissued) I. 536 He will have some alders set in the wet places..for a trial. 1940 E. R. Hilgard & D. G. Marquis Conditioning & Learning x. 252/2 The behavior of animals in the trial and error situation yields evidence of more intelligent behavior than is implied in the simple process of stamping in correct responses and stamping out wrong ones. 1951 T. Parsons et al. in T. Parsons & E. A. Shils Toward Gen. Theory Action ii. ii. 129 Invention may be..trial-and-error learning. 1957 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation ix. 230 Scientific hypotheses..are better organisations for coping with our experience of physical phenomena than are trial-and-error methods. 1962 Listener 15 Nov. 796/1 There had been fitful, trial-and-error attempts to create a National Assembly. 1967 M. Dobb Capitalism, Devel. & Planning v. 242 In the Lange trial-and-error process..it was variable prices (accounting prices) that were fixed by the top-level authorities. 1972 New Yorker 26 Aug. 32/1 The American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike..is credited with the first rigorous investigation of trial-and-error, or instrumental, learning. < as lemmas |
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