† runn.1
Obsolete. rare.
= brine n. 1.
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the world > matter > liquid > water > [noun] > salt
brinea1000
salt watera1000
run1440
brine-water1594
rin1787
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 439 (MED) Run, or bryyn [?a1475 Winch. brine of salt].
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2018).
runn.2
/rʌn/, U.S. /rən/α. Middle English rune, 1500s ronne, 1500s–1600s runne, 1500s– run; Scottish pre-1700 runne, pre-1700 1700s– run.
β. Scottish pre-1700 ryn, pre-1700 1700s– rin.
See also ren n. I. Movement, locomotion, and related senses.
* Locomotion involving the use of the legs, and senses related to from this.† 3. Nautical. A comment or mark against a sailor's name in a ship's books, usually in the form of the letter R (see R n. 16g), indicating desertion or extended absence without leave; an instance of inserting such a comment. Cf. run adj. 3, run v. 7b. Obsolete.† 6. An attack upon the merits of a person, his or her work, etc. Obsolete. rare.† 9. The fact of being visited by customers; custom, patronage. Obsolete.
1.
a. An act or spell of running (run v. 1a); frequently one made in preparation for a jump, throw, bowl, etc. Also figurative and in extended use. Cf. earlier ren n., rune n.1 1.Recorded earliest (figurative) in near run n. at near adj. 4a.in the long run: see long run n. 1; in the short run: see short run n. 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > [noun] > running > a spell or act of
coursec1300
rena1325
racea1400
rinka1522
run1638
scour1820
c1475 Mankind (1969) (Folg V.a.354) 617 I was twychyde by þe neke..A grace was, þe halter brast asondre..The halff ys abowte my neke; we hade a nere rune [rhyme begunne]!
1583 B. Melbancke Philotimus (new ed.) sig. Hiii The fishe Mugilis, who seing the fishers gin laid to meete him, retires backe, and taking his run but leapes ouer.
1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 207 They who leape for strife use to go backe a great way, and fetch a runne.
1669 tr. Duc de Guise Mem. i. 18 I proffered to wait on him to his Coach..; but perceiving me follow, he set himself on a run.
1692 R. L'Estrange Fables i. cccxcvi The Ass..fetches a Run at them Open Mouth.
1712 C. Leslie Nat. Refl. Peace & War i. 53 From the Days of Queen Mary there has not been such a Run to Popery known in this Kingdom.
1767 H. Brooke Fool of Quality (ed. 2) I. iii. 80 Having lost the advantage of his run, and his foreman being of more than ordinary size, he..stuck upon his rump.
1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess ii. 89 Ralph, mean time, to the door comes wi' a rin.
1800 tr. C. G. Salzmann Gymnastics for Youth ii. ii. 208 This exercise [sc. vaulting] consists in placing one or both hands on a fixed object..and throwing one leg over it in leaping so as bestride it..; which may be done either standing, or with a run.
1836 New Sporting Mag. Oct. 358 The only fault is in his taking too long a run before he delivers the ball.
1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxix. 313 Mr. Pickwick..took two or three short runs..and went slowly and gravely down the slide.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxii. 152 A deep wide channel..; with the aid of a run I cleared it and went on.
1884 E. M. Geldart tr. Folk-lore Mod. Greece 151 He rather thought he might not open it, so he took a run at it.
1891 W. G. Grace Cricket ix. 240 When Smith begins his run he is behind the umpire and out of sight of the batsman... It is rather startling when he suddenly appears at the bowling crease.
1913 Field 4 Jan. 26/2 Abbott's choice..though vigorously challenged..in the run home from the last fence just held his own.
1914 W. S. Davis Day in Old Athens xvii. 168 He [sc. a quoit-thrower] takes a short run, and then the whole of his splendid body seems to spring together with the cast.
1960 E. S. Higham & W. J. Higham High Speed Rugby xvii. 239 If the scrum-half tries a blindside run, the flank will follow him round.
1981 Texas Monthly Sept. 150 Lewis starts his run 147½ feet from the pit. He takes 21 strides.
2004 Observer (Nexis) 25 July (Sport) 3 A ploy Lillee uses to shorten a bowler's run to a more natural length.
b. A distance covered by running, often as defined by a length of time spent doing so.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > distance > [noun] > distance (to be) travelled > run
run?1545
?1545 J. Bale 2nd Pt. Image Both Churches ii. sig. Mviv A furlong of the Grekes ys called the ronne of hercules, and yt ys in lengthe an hondred and .xxv. passes or steppes.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iv. i. 13 Curtis. Who is that calls so coldly? Gru. A piece of Ice:..if thou doubt it, thou maist slide from my shoulder to my heele, with no greater a run but my head and my necke. View more context for this quotation
1795 D. Campbell Journey over Land to India lxi. 143 Arrived at Nagapatnam, within a short run of Madras.
1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 126 The run seldom exceeds three or four miles.
1872 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. 114/2 Within a few seconds' run of the station.
1915 C. H. Claudy Tell-me-why Stories about Color & Sound x. 228 ‘I have seen them, even there they are,’ pointing, ‘but a short run away.’
2002 San Francisco Chron. (Nexis) 27 Dec. (East Bay Friday) 1 The shadowy world of strip joints, sex shops, and spanking dungeons—all within a short run from home.
c. An act of running away from a place or situation of danger. Chiefly in to make a run for (also †of) it: to run away; to flee (cf. to run for it at run v. Phrases 3a(b)).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > [noun] > going away suddenly or hurriedly
scamper1697
decampment1706
helter-skelter1713
scamperinga1774
run1799
leg-bail1808
bolting1820
bolt1831
absquatulation1839
vamosing1862
hot foot1869
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > [noun] > flight or running away
flemeOE
flightc1175
fuge1436
fuite1499
fleec1560
fugacyc1600
tergiversationa1652
runaway1720
run1799
fugitation1823
skedaddling1863
skedaddle1870
lam1897
run-out1928
1799 Whole Proc. against Sackville Earl of Thanet 129 ‘He thought it fair that he (the prisoner) should have a run for it?’—a run, for what; Why, a run to elude justice!
1824 G. Soane Pride shall have Fall iv. ii. 69 All's over—I have nothing to do but to make a run for it.
1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) iv. 26 If I didn't know he was too fond of me to make a run of it, and..enter himself aboard ship.
1898 Argosy Sept. 306 If the worst comes to the worst, dash out and make a run for it.
1972 K. Benton Spy in Chancery i. 8 The Russian who's made the approach..isn't the type of KGB operative one would expect to make a run for it.
1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxiii. 210 This was my chance to make a run for it, but the thought of the wolf's teeth ripping chunks off my flesh made me lose the bottle.
d. A spell of running taken for exercise or recreation.
ΚΠ
1807 J. Sinclair Code Health & Longevity I. 705 Those who are trained to the foot-race..take a run for three miles, twice a day.
1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports 483/2 I have already directed that all should take a walk or run for half an hour before breakfast.
1894 Outing Mar. 458/1 Hard work on rowing-machines or in the tank,..and a run of two miles per day.
1912 Chatterbox May 267/2 Bertie and Alec did not go with the others; they went for a run with their hoops.
1955 C. D. Biddle & K. Crichton My Philadelphia Father iii. 54 He..took a four-mile run every morning through the park to keep in shape for the ring.
1985 Texas Monthly Sept. 196/3 I put on my jogging clothes and went for a run.
2010 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) Feb. 168/2 I used to comfort-eat chocolate when I was down. Now I go for a run—it makes me feel fresher and more positive about myself!
e. A foot race; a running competition; the route taken in this. In early use spec.: a game of hare and hounds (see hare and hounds n. at hare n. Compounds 1b) (now chiefly historical). Cf. fun run n. at fun n. and adj. Compounds.
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society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > children's game > hiding or chasing game > [noun] > hare and hounds > part of course
run1856
1856 E. M. Goulburn Bk. Rugby School 174 For our own part we decline to describe a ‘run’; partly—shall we confess it? because we ourselves never arrived at that honourable goal of a Hound's ambition, the ‘Come in’.
1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days i. vii. 162 Which run is it?.. The Barby run,..nine miles at least, and hard ground.
1870 Field Q. Mag. & Rev. Nov. 314/2 A. Daniell secured that [race] of the A. company..in addition to the open cross country run.
1906 Games Bk. Boys & Girls 261 In both games, the start allowed the hares should vary from five to ten minutes, according to the length of the run.
1928 Pennsylvania Gaz. 30 Nov. 209/1 In 1915 and 1916 he also won the 880-yard run.
1981 Times 29 June 1/4 About 12,250 people took part in the 13-mile Great North Run from Newcastle to South Shields.
2003 J. Seibold Spartan Sports Encycl. 109/1 The final meet of the season was in the second annual run sponsored by the Saginaw YMCA.
f. Skating. An act of skating swiftly on ice by pushing alternately on the inside edge of each ice-skate.
ΚΠ
1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports 523/1 This is the most simple form of skating, and is called the ordinary run, or inside edge forward.
1869 H. E. Vandervell & T. M. Witham Syst. Figure-skating 260 After a run, the feet are turned out, the heels kept as nearly together as convenient, and the legs as straight as possible.
1906 E. Syers & M. Syers Bk. Winter Sports iv. 96 The run is of use to get up speed for large figures or to link up several movements.
2000 R. Pevear & L. Volokhonsky tr. L. Tolstoy Anna Karenina i. ix. 30 Taking a run on the rough ice near the shed, [he] raced out on to the smooth ice and glided effortlessly.
g. U.S. More fully land run. A movement of settlers to previously restricted land. Cf. rush n.2 4c. Now historical.Chiefly with reference to settlement in Oklahoma in the late 19th cent.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > migration > [noun] > sudden
rush1841
run1894
1894 Daily Ardmoreite (Ardmore, Chickasaw Nation) 30 Apr. 2/1 Buckskin Joe and his followers are camped at Marlow preparatory to making a run on the Fort Sill country tomorrow.
1901 World's Work June 894/1 Hitherto the settlers made a ‘run’ for the homesteads.
1940 Miami (Okla.) Daily News-Record 22 Apr. 5/7 The federal security administrator found time to speak a good word for the pioneers who participated in the famed Oklahoma land run of April 22, 1889.
1948 Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City) 16 May e 3/2 The nine great land openings began in 1889 with the ‘run’ into the area now occupied by Oklahoma City, Guthrie, Norman, Stillwater and other cities.
1992 D. Morgan Rising in West i. ii. 24 A series of land runs and lotteries..parceled it out to white settlers after 1889.
2. A spell of riding on horseback; esp. (a) a ride (usually with hounds) forming part of a hunt; (b) a horse race.
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the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting with hounds > [noun] > riding after hounds
run1669
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun] > riding in > spell of
run1669
1669–81 in W. Fraser Mem. Earls of Haddington (1889) II. 194 On Tyousday bothe the plet runs, at which ther is six horsies.
1781 P. Beckford Thoughts on Hunting xxii. 284 After a tolerably good run, try not to find another fox.
1812 Sporting Mag. 39 56 A real Lincolnshire run at a good hunting pace.
1875 W. S. Hayward Love against World 2 You could never show me your horse's heels in a run yet.
1897 Badminton Mag. Aug. 224 After riding him in one good run over the Oxhill Vale,..you must needs start in a second run with a tired horse, with the result that you took three falls and got in the brook twice.
1921 Poetry Aug. 280 It seems unreasonable to suppose this super-horse capable, in a run of four furlongs on the flat, of making up thirty lengths lost by his mishap at the jump.
2008 West Austral. (Perth) (Nexis) 5 Sept. 64 On Wednesday, members will assemble at Canning Bridge for a run with the hounds on the Fremantle side of the bridge.
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society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > seafaring warrior or naval man > [noun] > sailor with specific quality
run1695
queer fellow1883
fowl1937
1695 R. Crosfeild Justice Perverted 16 The wicked Practices of putting Queries and Runs upon their pay.
1707 Old & True Way of manning Fleet 17 Making them lose their Pay, under pretence of Queries and Runs, without due course of Law.
1851 Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. 20 Sept. 102/1 After Trafalgar he had deserted; and the R. (Run) against his name disqualified him from a pension.
1872 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. 15 607 ‘Runs’ and ‘queries’ put against their names, by which they were liable to the penalty of serving six months without pay.
4. figurative. With possessive. Freedom to act as one wishes; (in later use) esp. freedom to pursue a goal or carry out a desired course of action. Chiefly in to have one's run.
ΚΠ
1712 J. Arbuthnot John Bull Still in Senses vi. 22 I wish you would talk of some other Subject, the Thoughts of it [sc. debt] makes me mad, our Family must have their run.
1830 J. H. Newman Let. 28 July (1890) I. 204 I have ever been too candid, and have in my time got into all sorts of scrapes... I shall learn wisdom rapidly now. Besides, men must have their run, if they are worth anything.
1865 Macmillan's Mag. Mar. 338/2 I knew him [sc. the doctor] too well to suppose that I should get anything out of him until I had given him his run; so I had to sit and wait as patiently as I could to the latest instalment of gossip.
1901 L. Housman Mod. Antaeus xxi. 250 When he quoted pieces at her she concluded that prehistoric anarchy had infected his brain, and determined wisely to give him his run.
1914 A. Marshall Greatest of These xxii. 276 Let him have his run, poor chap. Good heavens! Fancy wanting to go to Oxford at—thirty, is it?
2004 M. Felger Tales from Patriots Sideline (2006) xi. 161 I've been allowed to be figured out, because they've let me have my run here.
5. Sport.
a. Cricket. An act of running from one popping crease to the other, successfully achieved by both batters and adding one to the score of their team. Hence: a point typically scored by running between the wickets in this way; also awarded for a boundary (boundary n. 3b), as an extra (extra n. 1), or occasionally as a result of a penalty. Cf. notch n. 2b, tally n.1 2d.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > [noun] > running > run
notch1730
run1752
1752 Game at Cricket in New Universal Mag. Nov. 582/2 Each umpire is the sole judge of..good or bad runs, at his own wicket.
1772 Public Advertiser 18 Sept. Last Thursday Se'nnight..Dartford headed Chatham just the same Number of Runs... Bell and Twinker got many Runs.
1832 Bell's Life in London 24 June Thus winning the match by four runs, which was well contested by both parties.
1843 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 54 171 In spite of Hanmer's steady bowling, they got runs pretty fast.
1859 All Year Round 23 July 306 We had made our 80 runs in less than two hours.
1914 St. Nicholas Sept. 1015/1 In 1913, he slipped up on a play in the final game in an inning in which the Athletics scored two runs, their margin at the finish.
1954 A. G. Moyes Austral. Batsmen xii. 164 He..gets a lot of runs with a stroke which Cheetham called a ‘hoik’.
2004 A. Buzo Legends Baggy Green ii. 10 England lost the test by eleven runs, and with it the series, with two tests still to go.
b. Baseball. A point scored by an offensive player upon reaching home plate, having legally touched the other three bases in order before three outs have been recorded. Also: a complete circuit of all four bases, ending at home plate.
ΚΠ
1845 N.Y. Morning News 22 Oct. 2/3 Base Ball Match... New York Ball Club..Runs..24... Brooklyn Players..Runs..4.
1858 By-Laws Knickerbocker Base-Ball Club of N.Y. 20 The game shall consist of nine innings to each side, when, should the number of runs be equal, the play shall be continued until a majority of runs, upon an equal number of innings, shall be declared, which shall conclude the game.
1875 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily Sentinel 9 June 5/1 They were assisted to their two runs in the fourth inning by several errors on the part of the Red Stockings.
1910 N.Y. Globe & Commerc. Advertiser 28 July 8/1 This surely is the open season for pitchers in the National League. Behold the clever Miner Brown being stung for eight runs in one inning.
1956 Times 9 Oct. 15/3 The faultless pitching of Don Larsen who ran through Brooklyn's nine innings..without yielding a run... In short, the perfect game.
2006 Metro (Toronto) 15 Mar. 20/1 A Blue Jays split-squad team scored seven runs in the ninth inning yesterday.
c. American Football. = running play n. at running n. Compounds 3.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > American football > [noun] > actions or manoeuvres
rush1857
punt-out1861
goal-kicking1871
safety1879
safety touchdown1879
scrimmage1880
rushing1882
safety touch1884
touchback1884
forward pass1890
run1890
blocking1891
signal1891
fake1893
onside kick1895
tandem-play1895
pass play1896
spiral1896
shift1901
end run1902
straight-arm1903
quarterback sneak1904
runback1905
roughing1906
Minnesota shift1910
quarterbacking1910
snap-back1910
pickoff1912
punt return1914
screen forward pass1915
screen pass1920
power play1921
sneak1921
passback1922
snap1922
defence1923
reverse1924
carry1927
lateral1927
stiff-arm1927
zone1927
zone defence1927
submarine charge1928
squib1929
block1931
pass rushing1933
safetying1933
trap play1933
end-around1934
straight-arming1934
trap1935
mousetrap1936
buttonhook1938
blitzing1940
hand-off1940
pitchout1946
slant1947
strike1947
draw play1948
shovel pass1948
bootleg1949
option1950
red dog1950
red-dogging1951
rollout1951
submarine1952
sleeper pass1954
draw1956
bomb1960
swing pass1960
pass rush1962
blitz1963
spearing1964
onsides kick1965
takeaway1967
quarterback sack1968
smash-mouth1968
veer1968
turn-over1969
bump-and-run1970
scramble1971
sack1972
nose tackle1975
nickel1979
pressure1981
1890 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 30 Oct. 1/5 After a few short runs..the ball went to Amherst on four downs.
1893 Boston Globe 11 Oct. 5/7 Everyone jumped into the play as though his life depended on stopping the run or on making a few yards gain.
1933 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 1 Dec. 24 Temple prevented George from running the entire distance, but Mark nailed him on the Oregon 10 to stop the run after 38 yards.
1966 Northwest Arkansas Times 7 Nov. 26/4 There was an eight man line for Rice. They were playing the run. They were ready for the keeper play.
1991 Pro Football Weekly Preview Oct. 40/2 In the distance scoring method, look for backs who score consistently and do so on long runs.
2008 Coaching Football (Amer. Sport Educ. Program) vii. 254 If the offense does a good job of faking the run,..the defense will have to play run defense first, until the fake is made and receivers go out for passes.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > [noun]
assault1297
venuea1330
scoura1400
wassailc1400
frayc1430
brunta1450
sault1510
onseta1522
attemptate1524
onsetting1541
breach1578
dint1579
objectiona1586
invasion1591
extent1594
grassation1610
attack1655
run1751
wrack1863
mayhem1870
serve1967
1751 W. Warburton in Wks. of Alexander Pope IV. 159 He bad him not be discouraged at this run upon him: for..mere wit and raillery could not long hold out against a work of so much merit.
7. A mass migration of fish, esp. up (or down) a river; a phase or part of this. Cf. run v. 22b.In quot. 1771: a mass movement of fur animals.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > [noun] > shoal
schoolc1425
shoal1579
flote1603
sea-shoal1738
run1771
mountain1880
1771 in G. Cartwright Jrnl. Resid. Coast Labrador (1792) I. 180 Found all the traps and deathfalls robbed; and a great run of martens.
?1773 Voy. Greenland 1772 40 Our Captain, 3 Boys and myself, went out in a Boat..and fell in with a run of Fish, which continued about an hour.
1873 S. F. Baird Rep. Sea Fisheries S. Coast New Eng. 1871–2 (U.S. Comm. Fish & Fisheries) xiv. 228 [The scup] arrives in successive detachments or ‘runs’ differing in size, the smallest fish coming last.
1937 Life 10 May 64/1 There is no run of fish. The fishers sit idle on the beach.
1954 J. Corbett Temple Tiger 105 The sun was pleasantly warm..; a run of chilwa (fingerlings) in progress, and the river full of big fish madly on the take.
8.
a. A running pace. Frequently in at a run. Cf. Phrases 3a, dead run at dead adj. 31d.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > [noun] > on foot > a running pace
run1778
1778 R. Orme Hist. Mil. Trans. Brit. Nation II. 585 Coote..ordered the whole to preserve their next fire; which Lorrain coming on almost at a run, received at the distance of 50 yards.
1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xvi. 147 We returned to the village, going nearly all the way on a full run.
1857 A. S. Roe Star & Cloud i. 8 ‘May I gallop him?’ ‘Yes, you may put him to a run.’
1901 Munsey's Mag. 25 721/2 I put the horse to his run.
1961 R. P. Hobson Rancher takes Wife iii. 61 If the team had walked or trotted we would have all been dead ducks, but they had crossed at a hard run.
2008 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Jan. 86/1 The route is wide open to Taliban positions across the valley, and the ground has to be crossed at a run.
b. Capacity for running; ability to run.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > [noun] > running > capacity or power of
running order1729
run1839
runnability1978
1839 Trial J. Rothwell & A. H. Meeks 49 He showed his pistol in the morning and said there was no run in him.
1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days i. vii. 166 They have too little run left in themselves to pull up for their own brothers.
1902 Westm. Gaz. 17 Oct. 4/2 Another golf ball is shortly to be placed on the market;..it is claimed for this latest production that it flies far and truly, [and] has more ‘run’ than other golf balls.
1993 I. Doig Heart Earth (1994) 130 The sheep are full of run this morning.
2007 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 6 Aug. (Sport section) 2 There were signs that we've really got our run and our energy and our zip back into our game.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > [noun] > towards each other or convergence > of numbers of people
concoursec1384
repairc1390
confluence?a1475
resort1485
recourse1516
concursion1533
affluence1579
afflux1603
conflux1614
concurrence1632
flocking1669
run1792
1792 J. Byng Diary 1 Aug. in Torrington Diaries (1936) III. 267 With these people, this house expires, for Tan-y-Bwlch will have all the run. This is quite the old Welsh inn.
1846 W. Cross Disruption xviii. 192 The meal ye sent me wasna according to sample;..it has dune my run mair ill than it was a'worth.
10. Originally U.S. An act of standing as a candidate for a position, seat, etc.; an instance of running for office. Frequently with for. Cf. run v. 11b.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > [noun] > offering oneself as candidate
standing1678
run1828
running1830
candidating1885
1828 Raleigh Reg. & N.-Carolina Gaz. 29 Aug. Nothing had caused him so much to distrust mens' capability for self-government as Gen. Jackson's extraordinary run for the Presidency.
1893 Portrait & Biogr. Rec. of Dickinson, Saline, McPherson & Marion Counties 318/1 He..was one of the most ardent supporters of Jerry Simpson on that gentleman's first run for office, and also for his second term.
1906 North Adams (Mass.) Evening Transcript 9 Nov. 4/1 It will be recalled that Mr. Churchill as a Lincoln, or Independent, republican made a good run for the republican nomination.
1970 Jet 2 Apr. 21 Her second run for office, Mrs. Howell was defeated the first time out when voters in her district, a majority of them white, cast ballots for a deceased organization man rather than for her.
1995 Time 20 Nov. 52/3 He met with his old friends..to game out how both an independent run and a Republican run would work, what the timing would be, how much money they would take.
2007 D. J. Smith Culture of Corruption iv. 118 A successful run for public office, especially a national office, costs a great deal of money.
11. colloquial. In plural, with the. Diarrhoea.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [noun] > diarrhoea
diarrhoea1398
squirtc1460
hurl?a1513
gurry?1523
lasking1527
laxity1528
lax?1529
lask1542
skittera1585
looseness1586
scouring1597
laxativeness1610
laxness1634
squitter1664
lurry1689
thorough-go-nimble1694
wherry-go-nimble1766
the trots1808
cholerine1832
squit1841
choleriform1884
tummy1888
gippy tummy1915
shit1928
Rhea sisters1935
belly wuk1943
tomtit1944
run1946
Montezuma's revenge1955
Aztec hop1962
turista1970
1946 R. Manheim & B. Tolnai tr. J. Székely Temptation xi. 528 ‘What's the matter with you?’ he asked. ‘You're as white as the wall. Haven't got the runs, have you?’ I nodded yes, I had the runs.
1957 T. T. Chamales Never So Few xix. 221 He still had the runs.
1971 B. Malamud Tenants 214 Sam Clemence, a witness from Harlem U.S.A., despite a bad case of the runs.., stands up for his friend Willie.
2005 Prima Aug. 124/4 High levels of vitamin C can give you the runs, leading to poor nutrient absorption and dehydration.
** A path or track made by or used for running.
12. † c. A steep downward-sloping section of a railway track. Obsolete.
a. A narrow path made by the regular passage of particular animals, esp. small mammals; a burrow excavated by an animal and regularly used as a transit route. Frequently with distinguishing word.mole, rabbit, rat-run, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > track, trail, or path > [noun] > habitually used by animals
run1575
runway1828
runaway1832
beat1834
1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie sig. B What merier musicke can you craue? what note but halfe so good? As when the Spanels crosse the ronne, of Feasants in the wood?
1814 European Mag. & London Rev. Apr. 308/2 Fill the run full of the soil that the moles have thrown up.
1845 Encycl. Metrop. XXV. 430/2 The burrows which the Mole forms..are divided into several parts, its lodge and runs.
1909 Chambers's Jrnl. Sept. 568/2 Elephant-tracks and rhinoceros-runs pierced the jungle here and there.
1946 D. Thomas Let. 27 Apr. (1987) 587 Right below where we live..there is a vole-run.
1973 Daily Tel. 9 Mar. (Colour Suppl.) 12/2 You can see the mouse-run quite clearly because of the slick of oil which all rodents leave behind.
2006 J. Nicholls Molecatcher (ed. 2) iii. 28 Finding the right run is not the mystery, as many molecatchers will lead us to believe.
b. A track or path along or on which something may move, esp. for access. Also: = runner n.1 20b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > [noun] > way on which something moved in specific direction
run1774
string1778
guide-way1876
1774 Monthly Misc. 239/2 A neat brick building,..and a bow-front, which we enter by ten steps; before which is a run for a coach, inclosed with iron palisades.
1869 Art training Animals v. 54 To enable the horse to climb or descend the run without slipping, small pieces of sharpened steel are screwed into his shoes.
1887 Cassell's Encycl. Dict. VI. Run.., a plank laid down to support rollers in moving buildings and other heavy objects; also as a track for wheelbarrows.
1899 Westm. Gaz. 17 June 7/2 When the stableman discovered the fire, he endeavoured to induce the horses to descend the slanting run into safety.
1900 H. Lawson Over Sliprails 47 To paint the runs of the sash.
1936 K. Morehouse Rain on Just iii. 52 Dolly, walking heavily down the run with the full toting weight of the twins.
2004 A. Proulx Bad Dirt 180 Willy Huson has neither workshop nor garage but tinkers in the narrow dirt run in front of his trailer.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road laid with parallel planks, slabs, or rails > [noun] > inclined slope on
run1824
1824 Encycl. Brit. Suppl. VI. 413/1 Where any steep declivity occurred on the road, this was termed a run, or an inclined plane; and on it the descent of the waggons was retarded, and regulated by a species of brake, or crooked lever, termed a convoy.
1838 N. Wood Pract. Treat. Railroads (ed. 3) 229 In wet weather, boys and men were employed, strewing ashes upon the rails down the steep declivities, or, as they were termed, ‘runs’, to cause the brake to take effect.
d. U.S. Railways. A (typically inclined) platform used in the loading and unloading of rolling stock. Usually in plural.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > transport of goods in a vehicle > [noun] > place of loading or unloading vehicle
tip1862
run1870
dock1918
loading bay1963
1870 Minutes 1 June in Huntington (New York) Town Rec. (1889) III. 585 The said land..[is] sufficient..to build two runs, so called, or three runs..to load brick at.
1905 61st Ann. Rep. Railroad Commissioners State of New Hampsh. 39 R. L. Flanders, yard conductor, killed; caught between loading run platform and car.
1923 C. R. Cooper Under Big Top 226 Many a man [is saved] from injury at the unloading runs.
1954 Billboard 27 Feb. 63/3 (advt.) Want to Buy... Railroad Equipment, like loading runs, chalks, cross-over steel plates and chains.
1984 G. Plowden Circus Press Agent v. 27/1 The show traveled aboard 20 railroad cars with 400 in personnel... They photo-duplicated a picture of about sixty horses at the unloading runs.
e. A sloping course or track used for skiing, tobogganing, bobsleighing, etc.bob-, ski, toboggan run, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > tobogganing > [noun] > slope or run
coast1775
bob1856
toboggan1878
toboggan slide1878
run1879
chute1884
ice run1900
piste1917
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > skiing > [noun] > ski slope or run
piste1917
nursery slope1924
ski run1924
ski slope1934
schuss1937
fall line1938
bunny slope1954
run1956
black diamond1969
traverse1969
slope1972
ski ramp1973
dry slope1974
motorway1979
off-piste1986
1879 J. A. Symonds Sketches Italy & Greece (ed. 2) 296 On a run selected for convenience..tobogganing is a very Bohemian amusement.
1898 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport II. 470/2 The English and American visitors to St. Moritz and Davos introduced tobogganing as a sport, and set to work to construct both toboggans and runs.
1931 Pop. Sci. Monthly Dec. 59/1 Water from a storage reservoir sprinkles the run to give a surface of glare ice.
1956 Ski-ing (‘Know the Game’ Ser.) 22/1 The piste is artificial and either made by a large number of skiers ski-ing down a run, or [etc.].
1974 Rules of Game 253/3 The brake [on a bobsleigh] is used only in emergencies, as its serrated edge damages the surface of the run.
2003 T. Richards & E. Blehm P3 iv. 70 Gunstock started blowing snow and I was there the minute a run was rideable.
*** (An area for) the ranging of people or animals.
13. Chiefly Australian and New Zealand in later use. A large open tract of land used for grazing animals; a farm on which livestock is raised, consisting of a tract of land and the necessary buildings, yards, etc. (cf. station n. 8). Cf. run v. 5c.The isolated North American use in quot. 1658 is not supported by further evidence.back, cattle-, cow-, sheep-, stock-run, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [noun] > pasture
leasowc950
leasea1000
pasturea1300
common pasturea1325
grassland1324
laund1340
lea1357
gang1413
feedingc1430
grassa1500
raika1500
beast-gate1507
pasturagec1515
grazing1517
average1537
pasture groundc1537
walk1549
grassing1557
pastural1575
browsing1577
feed1580
pastureland1591
meadow pasture1614
green side1616
range1626
pastorage1628
tore1707
graziery1731
pasturing1759
permanent pasture1771
sweet-veld1785
walk land1797
run1804
sweet-grass1812
potrero1822
pasturage land1855
turn-out1895
lawn1899
1658 in Rec. Brookhaven, N.Y. (1880) 3 This land and the grass thereof for a range, or run, for to feed horses and cattle on..I have sold.
1780 A. Young Tour Ireland (Dublin ed.) I. 193 The size of farms in Innishoen are from 10 to 20 acres, with a run on the mountains for cattle.
1804 Sydney Gaz. 12 Feb. 3/3 A Commodious Dwelling-House..[with] an extensive Run for Stock.
1853 J. Sherer Gold-finder of Austral. 361 The run is limited indeed that does not possess its out-stations.
1858 Richmond–Atkinson Papers (1960) I. vii. 421 I found that Elliot's run..was in a capital position..in a finely grassed country.
1894 Minutes of Evid. Agric. Depression II. in Parl. Papers C. 7400 XVI. 43/2 When you speak of 500 acres, do you mean that to include a run for sheep on the mountain?
1936 F. Clune Roaming round Darling xviii. 178 Toorale.., headquarters of a run of 1,000,000 acres.
1955 J. Cleary Justin Bayard 243 I helped him double his stock. I built more than half the yards on the run.
2002 Dominion Post (Wellington, N.Z.) (Nexis) 17 Dec. 7 They're isolated at the station for eight days, to shear 11,000 merino sheep—the wool produced from this run alone is worth more than $1 million.
14.
a. With of. Free and unrestricted use of or access to something; free range of a place. Also in extended use. Usually with the.
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the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > [noun] > opportunity or practice of using > unrestricted use
libertya1616
run1755
1755 Connoisseur No. 76. ⁋4 The curate..and the town apothecary, whom he indulges with the run of his table.
1764 C. Churchill Independence 21 He may obtain a patent for the run Of his Lords kitchen.
1789 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Glocestershire II. 76 He gives them [sc. bullocks] the run of the straw yard the first winter.
1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas IV. xii. vii. 416 I have the run of two good houses.
1847 L. Hunt Men, Women, & Bks. II. xii. 308 She had the wholesome run of her good uncle's books.
1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. iii. 25 It was as good as most books of the kind that had the run of circulating libraries and the career of the season.
1880 Belgravia Ann. Christmas 48 The custodian..was his good friend, and allowed him free run of the shelves.
1884 G. Allen Philistia I. 104 Then I have the run of the place entirely to myself.
1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair viii. 84 He was to be given the run of the house and left alone in it without scruple.
1962 P. Scott Birds of Paradise (1967) iii. iii. 177 After these solitary meals I had the run of Father's study, would sit there reading, whisky to hand.
2004 A. Vietze Insiders' Guide Maine Coast 81/1 Guests have the run of the place, including the kitchen and dining room.
b. The fact of ranging on a field, pasture, etc., for certain period; the action of pasturing an animal for a certain period; the practice or fact of allowing animals to graze. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [noun] > action or occupation of pasturing > grazing time
grass timec1405
shack-time1573
run1796
1796 J. Hunter Compl. Dict. Farriery & Horsemanship at Pastures Fields that lie in the neighbourhood of large towns..frequently injure such horses as are turned into them for a summer's run.
1805 J. Adams Anal. Horsemanship (new ed.) III. App. 242 An out-house or stable to lay in, with plenty of hay. A horse may be benefitted by a winter's run of this sort.
1820 Sydney Gaz. 23 Sept. (Suppl.) A Farm..well adapted for a Person having Stock, being adjacent to one of the greatest Outlets in the Colony for the Run of Cattle.
1854 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 15 ii. 418 The summer run of a beast should pay the grazier 1 l. a-month.
1912 J. Law in Spec. Rep. Dis. Cattle (U.S. Dept. Agric.) (rev. ed.) 141 Cattle from the same herd in the fall, after a summer's run on a succulent pasture, are almost always free from concretions.
15.
a. The bower of a bowerbird, which is prepared and decorated by the male as an arena for courtship. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > larger song birds > [noun] > family Ptilinorhynchidae (bower-bird) > bower of
playing-house1589
run1841
playing-passage1845
bower1869
1841 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840 94 These constructions, Mr Gould states,..consist in a collection of pieces of stick and grass, formed into a bower... They are used by the birds as a playing-house, or ‘run’, as it is termed, and are used by the males to attract the females.
1861 Chambers's Encycl. II. 287/2 Their habit of making bower-like erections, called runs by the colonists of New South Wales.
1892 R. Kipling in Times 30 July 8/2 Vexatious..is the rule of the land..; studded, as a bower-bird's run is studded with shells and shining pebbles, with plagiarisms from half the world.
1913 Emu 12 173 The birds like a dry run, not too stony, and within call of several of the different berries which they eat.
b. An (often roofless) enclosure in which a (small) domestic animal may range freely.chicken, dog, fowl, poultry, rabbit run, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > enclosure > other enclosures
post-and-rail paddock1684
straw yard1787
parkc1797
run1853
chicken run1868
creep1886
trap-yard1906
cutout1920
holding pen1923
holding paddock1933
holding yard1950
1853 W. Wingfield & G. W. Johnson Poultry Bk. xii. 147 Little need be said as to the accommodation necessary for Game fowls. A good grass run is essential.
1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports ii. i. vii. 339/1 Dividing off the field into the four separate runs for the mares and foals.
1884 E. P. Roe Nature's Serial Story ii Fowls are restricted to a narrow yard or run.
1934 La Crosse (Wisconsin) Tribune & Leader-Press 13 May 3/7 Other work has made it difficult to care for the birds properly, hence my coops and runs have been used for other purposes.
1972 H. Hurnard Mountains of Spices (1977) xiii. 187 Mrs. Valiant had brought over some fowls, and her future son-in-law had built a fine run and chicken coop.
2009 C. Isbell & A. Pavia Rabbits for Dummies (ed. 2) viii. 125 Never keep your rabbit in his run after the sun goes down because predators are more likely to lurk at dusk or evening.
**** A journey, trip, or act of travelling, and related senses.
16.
a. A journey travelled or route taken by a conveyance (in early use by a ship), often on a regular basis; the distance travelled in this way.
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society > travel > travel by water > [noun] > a voyage > short voyage or trip
trip1691
run1809
flutter1857
spin1875
booze cruise1994
1712 W. Rogers Cruising Voy. Introd. p. xii The general Distemper in such long Runs is the Scurvy.
1747 State of Nation 3 Vessels..had always so short a Run to get in with the Land, on being chaced, that where one was taken, twenty must escape.
1809 T. Ashe Trav. in Amer. 1806 211 The distance seventy seven miles: in which run the river presented nothing very remarkable.
1840 F. M. G. de Pambour Pract. Treat. Locomitive Engines (ed. 2) viii. 214 The engine..had already taken a few runs on the rails to get up the fire and fill the boiler.
1872 in M. S. De Vere Americanisms 360 The railway officials..state that the run will be made in so many hours.
1912 R. Kipling in London Mag. Mar. 4/2 DeForest, whose business it is to know the out districts, told us that it..was about half an hour's run from end to end.
1966 O. S. Nock Brit. Steam Railway Locomotive ii. 20/2 Most of them were engaged on runs between Paddington and Plymouth.
1989 Ships Monthly Mar. 29/2 These 74,000-ton vessels were backed up on their runs to Australia by the smaller pair Anking and Anshun.
2009 Mirror (Nexis) 12 Aug. 7 We made a run over the spot and could see the pilot sitting on the top of the plane which was sticking out of the water.
b. A journey taken for pleasure, often including or followed by a short stay at the destination; an excursion, a trip.
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society > travel > aspects of travel > a journey > [noun] > excursion > for pleasure
jaunt1678
trip1749
excursion1779
run1780
pleasure trip1829
pleasuring1869
booze cruise1994
society > travel > aspects of travel > a journey > [noun] > excursion > short
short cuta1568
trip1699
run1819
jump1923
runaround1949
1780 H. L. Thrale Diary 1 Mar. in Thraliana (1942) I. 468 I should like to treat them with a Run to the Continent.
1819 H. Cockburn Let. 8 Oct. (1932) 18 I also took a run t'other day to Blair Adam, dined and came back next forenoon.
1881 Sportsman's Year-bk. 199 Bicycle Touring Club... The members..enjoy Club runs or tours without the heavy outlay attendant on forming a small local Club.
1886 C. E. Pascoe London of To-day (ed. 3) vii. 86 Other garrisons generally manage during those weeks to get a day or two's leave for ‘a run up to town’.
1902 C. L. Freeston in A. C. Harmsworth et al. Motors & Motor-driving (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) xxi. 388 Several tours and runs also took place, the anniversary run to Southsea..being an enormous undertaking, considerably over a hundred cars making the journey.
1947 G. S. Perry Cities of Amer. (1970) x. 133 It is generally necessary, in order to bag big game, to take a run up to the north woods.
1990 A. Munro Friend of my Youth 80 But if..we took a run out, then I think you'd be most welcome... It's a lovely drive out, too.
c. A (typically brisk) walk taken for exercise or recreation. Now usually: one given to a dog for exercise.
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society > travel > aspects of travel > going on foot > [noun] > walking for exercise or recreation > an act of > quick
skirmish1835
run1837
flip1914
power walk1986
1837 W. Tayler in J. Burnett Useful Toil (1974) ii. 178 I am obliged to stay within to help the sick. This is what I don't like as I like to get a run everyday when I can.
1871 ‘L. Carroll’ Through Looking-glass iv. 79 ‘O Oysters,’ said the Carpenter, ‘You've had a pleasant run! Shall we be trotting home again?’
1914 M. Gyte Diary 6 June (1999) 21 Our Mary came just after dinner and brought the dog Bob with her for a run.
1967 P. Moyes Murder Fantastical viii. 106 ‘What on earth made you go off down to the river on your own?’ ‘I was only giving Tinker her run... There was no need to come after me.’
1977 ‘J. Bell’ Such Nice Client viii. 83 I was giving Caesar a very short run on the lead.
2008 Mirror (Nexis) 4 Feb. 17 Yes, darling—just giving the dog a run on Hampstead Heath.
d. A regular journey taken along a fixed route as part of one's job, typically incorporating several stops, esp. in order to make deliveries; (also) the route followed. Cf. round n.1 24.Also with distinguishing word indicating the item delivered; for more established compounds, as mail, milk, paper run, etc., see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > aspects of travel > a journey > [noun] > regular
milk round1865
run1893
milk run1909
1893 Central Law Jrnl. 36 315/2 A United States railway postal clerk, who has finished his regular run, and is on a train returning home,..is a passenger.
1912 G. M. Hyde Newspaper Reporting 29 [The reporter] is ordinarily put on a beat, or run; this is simply a daily route or round of news sources which he follows as regularly as a policeman walks his beat.
1968 K. Weatherly Roo Shooter 38 At night when they had done the evening run on their traps they would return home.
1978 Oxf. Diocesan Mag. July 16/3 A Soup run was established, operating four nights a week, and we have made contact with up to forty people in derelict property in and around the town centre.
2005 J. Gasteen Under Mulga vi. 98 The mailman had to call in at every property on his run and, of course, didn't have to pump..people for news and gossip.
e. A ride taken on a sledge, bobsleigh, etc., down a slope or sloping course; an act or spell of skiing, snowboarding, etc., in this way. Cf. sense 12e.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > tobogganing > [noun] > single trip
run1898
1898 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport II. 473/2 A good average run down the Cresta course takes 75 seconds.
1919 Daily Mail 10 Dec. (caption) A pair of winter holiday-makers in Switzerland enjoying a run on a Canadian luge.
1935 Encycl. Sports, Games & Pastimes 178/2 The art of making good time on a run is acquired by long study of the ten banked turns.
1956 Ski-ing (‘Know the Game’ Ser.) 22/1 If the run is made too early, the snow will be as hard as iron.
1976 F. Raphael Glittering Prizes 57 I'll make the first run. You grab the stop watch and bugger off down to the bottom of the hill, OK?
1997 F. Lenz Snowboarding to Nirvana (1998) 65 Standing on my jet-black snowboard, getting ready to make a run down a mountain.
f. A short flight made by an aircraft on a straight and even course for the purpose of dropping bombs. Also in extended use.bomb, bombing, dummy, milk run: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > [noun]
fiend-reseOE
frumresec1275
assault1297
sault1297
inracea1300
sailing13..
venuea1330
checkc1330
braid1340
affrayc1380
outrunningc1384
resinga1387
wara1387
riota1393
assailc1400
assayc1400
onset1423
rake?a1425
pursuitc1425
assemblinga1450
brunta1450
oncominga1450
assembly1487
envaya1500
oncomea1500
shovea1500
front1523
scry1523
attemptate1524
assaulting1548
push1565
brash1573
attempt1584
affront?1587
pulse1587
affret1590
saliaunce1590
invasion1591
assailment1592
insultation1596
aggressa1611
onslaught1613
source1616
confronta1626
impulsion1631
tentative1632
essaya1641
infall1645
attack1655
stroke1698
insult1710
coup de main1759
onfall1837
hurrah1841
beat-up of quarters1870
offensive1887
strafe1915
grand slam1916
hop-over1918
run1941
strike1942
society > travel > air or space travel > [noun] > a flight through air or space
voyage1726
flight1786
maiden flight1917
run1941
1941 Flight 13 Mar. 204/2 The bomber had successfully bombed its target on the first run; another run was then made and incendiaries started small fires.
1948 W. H. Auden Age of Anxiety i. 18 We began our run; Death and damage darted at our will.
1977 Time 30 May 46/3 The climactic battle sequence, which includes dogfights in space and missile runs on the Death Star.
2003 Evening News (Edinb.) (Nexis) 26 Mar. 1 The official said US military commanders had not bombed the Iraqi defence ministry despite extensive runs over Baghdad.
g. A single trip made to purchase or collect a consumable item, typically for immediate use. Frequently with distinguishing word.
ΚΠ
1961 F. J. Rigney & L. D. Smith Real Bohemia p. xvi Make the run, to go and pick up liquor.
1970 F. Dawson Black Mountain Bk. 124 I helped her move her stuff in; later, as somebody made a beer run, we chipped in.
1976 Daily Mirror 16 July 2/1 President Amin's jet airliner was poised last night to take off for Uganda..on a whisky run.
1985 San Diego Union-Tribune (Nexis) 3 Mar. h3 Namdar was in the lobby, about to make a pizza run.
2007 V. C. Murray Ex Files xvi. 82 Mama, listen, can you watch Chiquita while you're fixin' breakfast? I wanna make a run for some cigarettes.
17. † b. The total quantity of cargo carried by a vessel in a single voyage. Obsolete.
a. The amount of a commodity exported or transported from a particular place, (in later use) (U.S.) within a given time period. Now rare.
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society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > imports or exports > types of
sufferance goods1774
run1789
indent1801
export reject1952
parallel imports1966
liftings1973
1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. 167 The run of coals from Newcastle and Sunderland has been..very great for above fifty years.
1898 Locomotive Engin. Feb. 89/2 Before lake trade closed, the run of coal over Sheriden scales in twenty-four hours was 712 cars.
1901 Mod. Miller 30 Nov. 3/2 The great bugbear to a bull market is the run of wheat in the Northwest, and the big receipts at the primary markets.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > transportation by water > [noun] > cargo > carried on one voyage
run1795
1795 Scots Mag. 57 132/1 His Lordship's enquiry into the monopolizing arts of buying bread-corn out of coasting vessels, by what is called the run.
18. With postmodifying adverbial phrase.
a. Nautical. A period spent at leisure; a brief period of shore leave, as run ashore, run in port, etc. (also hyphenated in attributive use). Cf. senses 16b, 16c.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > [noun] > leave of absence > for sailors
shore leave1593
liberty1758
run1821
shore liberty1906
beacher1946
1821 M. Graham Jrnl. 9 Oct. in Jrnl. Voy. to Brazil (1824) 123 [We] were deputed to take charge of a large party of midshipmen, who had not been able before to take a run on shore, to spend the day on Cocoa-nut Island.
1856 C. Nordhoff Man-of-war Life x. 186 Wondering whether we should be allowed a run ashore when we got back to Macao.
1876 C. A. Rice Boy Mill xii. 226 After taking in water and fresh provisions, and giving his men a run on shore, Sir William again sailed for Auckland.
1916 Afr. Pilot (U.S. Navy) I. ix. 414 At Elephant Bay the crew of a vessel may enjoy a run on shore, as landing is easy..; they can wash their clothes, bathe, or haul the seine.
1977 Navy News June 8/2 It was certainly a good run ashore for the ship's company, with the Principality of Monaco granting free admission to many places of interest.
1977 Navy News Aug. 31/2 Also ‘out of this world’ are the run-ashore opportunities.
2003 R. O'Neill Patrick O'Brian's Navy (2005) 45/1 Most captains were loath to free their men from the discipline of shipboard life for the riotous debauchery of a run in port.
b. A period spent away from home for leisure and recreation; a holiday. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > [noun] > a period of > holidays
holidayc1400
vacance?1566
vacancyc1580
feriate1727
run1843
vacation1878
hols1905
getaway1923
1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) xxx. 358 I think of giving her a run in London for a change.
1856 W. B. Donne Let. 10 Oct. (1905) 209 My belongings are all returned: the girls had a three months' run in the country, paying 8 visits.
1900 G. A. Henty Won by Sword xvi. 282 He is a willing and cheerful fellow, and would enjoy a run in the city much more than I should.
19. An act of landing smuggled goods; the goods landed in this way.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > smuggled or contraband goods
contraband1588
running1699
run1832
magendo1977
1832 Times 30 Oct. 2/6 A run of illicit goods having been effected near Bexhill on Monday night.
1879 T. Hardy Distracted Preacher iv, in Sat. Mag. 17 May 664/2 ‘You are a smuggler,’ he continued sadly. ‘I only have a share in the run,’ she said.
1879 T. Hardy Distracted Preacher iv, in Sat. Mag. 17 May 665/1 Three landing places had been agreed upon before the run was attempted.
1895 B. Stoker Watter's Mou' 4 Keep careful watch to-night; run expected.
1918 H. B. Morse Internat. Relations Chinese Empire II. vii. 144 A tidewaiter in the Canton customs, shot a Chinese smuggler during a run of smuggled goods at night.
1974 P. A. S. Pool Hist. Town & Borough Penzance (new ed.) iii. 113 Every cove in Mount's Bay where a boat could land was a potential site for a ‘run’ of smuggled goods.
20. Sport.† a. Croquet. The passage of a ball through a hoop. Cf. run v. 21d. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > croquet > [noun] > passage of ball under hoop
run1863
1863 M. Reid Croquet 34 If a ball, after running a bridge, strike an obstacle, and recoil back through the bridge, the run remains good.
1866 London Society June 516/1 The whole of a ball must go through to constitute a run.
b. Golf. The extent to which a ball rolls after landing on the ground.
ΚΠ
1889 A. Lawson Lett. on Golf 24 The iron likewise leaves a ball with less run on it, a result of its lofting it more.
1922 R. Wethered & J. Wethered Golf from Two Sides iii. 40 The idea is not to put stop on the ball, nor yet to impart especial run after it strikes the ground, but to hit the ball with the natural loft of the club, to follow through easily, and to trust to a moderately high flight with about twenty yards of run.
1951 D. J. Rees Golf my Way 57 Because of the high trajectory of the ball's flight, and the backspin imparted on impact, there is very little run after pitching.
1997 Fore! July 16 Feel like a pro by taking a driver off the fairway. In summer, even if you nobble the shot you'll get 200 yards of run.
c. Golf (originally Scottish). A stroke in which the ball mainly rolls along the ground. Cf. pitch-and-run (shot) at pitch n.2 8d, run-up n. 1c. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > [noun] > types of shot or stroke
putta1754
like1790
drive1829
tee-shot1850
gobble1857
push shot1865
iron shot1870
push stroke1873
drive-off1884
slice1886
raker1888
foozle1890
hook1890
iron1890
top1890
sclaff1893
brassy shot1894
run1894
chip shot1899
chip1903
pull1903
skimmer1903
draw shot1904
brassy1906
pitch-and-run1908
windcheater1909
air shot1920
chip-in1921
explosion1924
downhiller1925
blast1927
driver1927
shank1927
socket1927
recovery1937
whiff1952
pinsplitter1961
comebacker1965
bump-and-run1981
1894 Glasgow Herald 16 June 9/5 After a weak run to the hole Taylor put down a long putt, and secured the lead.
1901 Scotsman 5 Sept. 7/3 He followed up by a fine run to within a yard of the pin.
1908 J. Braid Adv. Golf 134 Where the greens are..on plateaus, it is very much better to approach with a low run, if the player is within easy distance, than it is to pitch.
1946 B. Darwin Brit. Golf 25 He was a grand iron player, and a versatile one wedded neither to the pitch nor to the run.
***** Other senses relating to movement in general.† 22. Mining. An instance of winding gear running out of control. Cf. quot. 1876 at sense 49c. Obsolete.
21. The action or fact of looking over or across something with a steady movement of the eyes; the action of examining something with the eyes; an instance of this. Also: an act of moving the eyes in this way.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > eye > [noun] > movements of eye
rollinga1500
volubility1603
flexion1626
roving1658
eye-rolling1837
run1837
sursumversion1897
extorsion1899
vergence1902
eye-roll1928
1837 M. Boddington Sketches in Pyrenees I. vii. 120 The new bridge..interrupts the run of the eye, and divides the river into bits most vexatiously.
1879 E. Dowden Southey ii. 20 A mediæval Latin chronicle he could follow with the run of the eye.
1886 R. L. Stevenson Kidnapped xxx. 306 My eye would take a glad bit of a run over the prospect.
1910 G. Saintsbury Hist. Eng. Prosody III. x. i. 203 Others [sc. instances of the device of epanaphora] the most rapid run of the eye will find plentifully in the double columns of the standard one vol. edition.
2005 A. Wojnarowski Miracle St. Anthony (2006) 75 After another long disdainful run of his eyes around the room, Hurley finally said [etc.].
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > winding cage over drum > accident to winding apparatus
run1877
1877 Rep. Inspectors of Mines 1876 120 There can be no doubt the two men lost their lives in consequence of the cog-wheels coming out of gear, thereby causing a ‘run’.
23. Originally U.S. A vertical strip of holes in a stocking, pair of tights, or other knitted garment, typically formed when the breaking of a thread causes the column of stitches immediately above or below the broken stitch to unravel. Cf. runner n.1 21.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for legs > clothing for legs and feet > [noun] > stocking > parts of > tear in
ladder1838
run1887
runner1916
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [noun] > manufactured in specific way > knitted > tear in
ladder1838
runner1916
run1931
1867 E. E. S. Elliot Copsley Ann. iv. 138 If I had thought there was..a stitch run in my stocking, I'd not have gone up before her with a clear conscience.]
1887 Lippincott's Monthly Mag. Dec. 887 If I don't hurry I won't be on. I've a run in my tights.
1931 S. MacBride & E. B. McGowan Fabrics & Clothing x. 125 Watch what happens when a run starts in knitted underwear.
1933 Radio Times 14 Apr. 95 I had an awful ladder in my stocking... I scarcely ever have a run now.
1973 ‘E. McBain’ Let's hear It x. 146 She's noisy and vulgar; there are runs in her nylons.
2005 Guardian (Nexis) 25 Jan. 6 She has holes in her knickers and runs in her Lycra tights.
II. The flow of liquid, and related senses.† 26. A fistula. Obsolete.
24. † a. Scottish. The overflow of a body of water; a stream having its source in such an overflow. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1581 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1882) IV. 557 Edward Galbrayth having oft tymes desyrit ane tak of the commodity of the rin of the said loch.
1594 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 112 To caus stop the ryn of the Sowth Loch.
1643 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 276 The counsell appoyntis theis that castis the ryn of Lossie to haue for ilk ruid thairof that thai cast 26s. 8d.
1658 in M. Wood Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1940) IX. 91 To cause drayne the Burrowloche, cleir the ditches, and to make a slowse at the rin.
b. gen. Chiefly North American, Scottish, and English regional. A small stream of water; a rivulet, a runnel. Cf. earlier rune n.1 3.In quot. 18082 at β. : a waterfall.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > rivulet or runnel
rindleeOE
runningc1350
stripec1440
ruissel1477
channel1478
veina1500
rivel1542
rivereta1552
rivulet1577
rundle1577
runnel1577
runner1578
runnet1601
rival1602
riverling1605
run1605
riveling1615
creek1622
drill1641
vein riveret1652
riverlet1654
rigolet1771
runlet1801
α.
β. 1741 Session Papers in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 448/3 A Grip or Rin which separates the Moss of Cairnbulg from the Moss of Hillhead.1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Rin,..a stream.1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. A rin of watter, a waterfall.1902 W. C. Paterson Echoes 35 I had wap't the Endrick, pool an' rin.1605 J. Rosier Voy. G. Waymouth (Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc.) 146 Searching up in the island, we saw it [sc. a pond] fed with a strong run.
1652 Virginia St. Papers (1875) I. 1 On the Eastward side of a Runne, which falles into ye head of Ware River.
1703 W. Dampier Voy. New Holland i. 31 There is..a Run of Water in the bottom, which empties it self into a fine small Cove or sandy Bay.
1751 J. Bartram Observ. Trav. from Pensilvania 64 We..crossed a run and rode along a rich level for several miles.
1768 J. Boswell Acct. Corsica 36 I remember on the road between Rome and Naples, a run from a sulphureous spring.
1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi (1810) ii. 191 We struck on a brook which led west,..and shortly came to a small run, running west.
1863 C. Kingsley Water-babies iv. 132 He swam to the shore, and met the light as it stopped over a shallow run at the edge of a low rock.
1877 M. Clarke Austral. & Tasm. 24 This interesting exploration discovered several ‘runs’ of fresh water around the bays.
1939 Florida: Guide to Southernmost State (Federal Writers' Project) i. 115 The numerous lakes, rivers, and ‘runs’ from springs are stocked with game fish.
1991 Western Living (Vancouver) June 43/1 The clapper bridge..crosses a run of cold water.
2003 N. Rush Mortals xxvii. 414 It was a particular brook in Tilden Park, a particular run, perfect water flowing..over beds of dark gold sand.
c. A channel or pipe along or down which something may flow. Now rare.Recorded earliest in water-run n. at water n. Compounds 2f(b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > channel for conveyance of water
water leatOE
water lade1224
leat1279
watergang1293
sow1316
trough1398
wissinga1400
lanec1420
waterway1431
water leasow1440
watercoursea1450
fleam1523
lead1541
cut1548
aqueducta1552
lake1559
strand1565
race1570
channel1581
watergauge1597
gout1598
server1610
carriage1669
runnel1669
aquage1706
shoot1707
tewel1725
run1761
penstock1763
hulve1764
way-gang1766
culvert1774
flume1784
shute1790
pentrough1793
raceway1793
water carriage1793
carrier1794
conductor1796
water carrier1827
penchute1875
chute1878
by-cut1883
1761 State Process W. Gray against Ld. Kinnaird 5 To assist him in cleaning, casting and redding, the Water-run or Aqueduct in question.
1833 Act 3 & 4 William IV c. 46 §114 The water from the roofs..shall be conveyed by..proper pipes or runs, to be brought down the walls of such houses.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 199 Rain-water spouts, or runs as they are technically termed.
1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 171 By the Run, a long deep trough in which slimes settle.
1901 Out West Dec. 437 It [sc. a trench] runs up hill and down, and could not, therefore, have served as a run for water.
1948 R. de Kerchove Internat. Maritime Dict. 611/2 Run, a trough for the water caught by a coaming or breakwater.
d. A sudden spontaneous flow of sand, earth, or other material in a mine or other working; a slip, a slide.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > movement of material > [noun] > movement under gravity or water
land-rushc1550
slide1664
landslip1679
pitting1686
rockfall?1797
shoot1820
landslide1822
run1827
mountain slide1830
slip1838
slough1838
mudslide1848
founder1882
creep1889
soil-creep1897
rock creep1902
slump1905
solifluction1906
slumping1907
slopewash1938
sludging1946
mass wasting1951
1827 Q. Jrnl. Sci., Lit., & Art June 466 Some of the extraordinary circumstances against which the shield had to contend..were described; as, for instance, the occurrence of a pot-hole of gravel,..the rapid entrance of water, and the runs of earth.
1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 294 The working..has opened up enormous excavations; whence disastrous ‘runs’ have taken place in the mines.
1913 L. White Catskill Water Supply xii. 442 Very heavy timbering was required, and slow progress was made on account of the care necessary to prevent runs of earth and water.
e. A trickle or the trickling of paint or a similar substance down a surface after having been applied too thickly.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > decorating and painting > [noun] > painting > flaws in paintwork
cissing1877
flaking1904
run1921
teardrop1922
nib1940
1921 H. Diemer et al. Mod. Foremanship & Production Methods 54 Any [car] bodies that have ‘sags’ or ‘runs’ in the paint after the first coat of color is applied..are sent to the paint repair.
1952 Tucson (Arizona) Daily Citizen 8 Nov. 9/2 Use the varnish in the same manner as you have used the shellac, not brushing too much and applying lightly enough to avoid runs.
1969 Amer. Speech 44 24 Run, the action of paint when it is applied too heavily; it can't adhere to the wall surface and begins to stream down the wall.
1999 R. Pinto Chosen 21 An eye was already painted on the archway. The run of the paint was making it cry.
2009 N. Vally Bathroom Fix-ups i. 23 To avoid runs, do not overload the roller with paint.
25.
a. The steady and continuous movement or flow of water, air, etc.; the rate or speed of this. Usually with of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > forward movement > [noun]
forthgangc900
racea1400
processa1450
remuea1450
profectiona1538
procession1585
advance1593
nod1597
progressa1599
riddance1598
run1626
advancement1637
incession1651
progression1651–3
march1683
progrediency1701
waygate1825
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §344 Want of Motion, or Stoppings, (whereby the Runne of Humours or the Motion of Perspiration, is stayed,) furthers Putrefaction.
a1691 J. Flavell Faithful Narr. Sea-deliv. in Wks. (1701) II. 71 Keeping our Boat's head to the Windward, which was then at North, as well as we could guess by the run of the Sea.
1779 Parl. Reg. 1775–80 XIII. 104 The gentleman..stated the run of the tide to be three knots and a half an hour.
1836 F. Marryat Pirate iv, in Pirate & Three Cutters 35 The sea,..which, at the change of wind, had been cross, appeared to have recovered its regular run.
1862 G. W. Thornbury Life J. M. W. Turner I. 360 The run of the waves and their sweeping leaps are beautifully given in these sketches.
1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 847 An important factor in the blood-pressure, and in the run of the circulation.
1930 E. R. Burroughs Tanar of Pellucidar iii. 63 Thus it appeared to the two survivors from the deck of the Korsar derelict drifting helplessly with the sluggish run of an ocean current.
1997 D. Hansen Sole Survivor xv. 175 He needed to go to sea..to study the run of the currents, the variation in tides.
2001 W. Smith Seventh Scroll 344 He transferred his attention back to the floor of the tunnel and watched the run of water, trying to judge how deep they were below the original river level.
b. A flow or current of water; a continuous movement of water in a particular direction, caused by the tide, winds, etc. Usually with of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > current > [noun] > strong
acker1440
racec1450
rat1705
run1814
1814 W. Scott Diary 2 Sept. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1837) III. viii. 264 In the passage or sound between Scarba and the extremity of Jura, is a terrible run of tide.
1847 T. T. Stoddart Angler's Compan. i. 26 Fresh-water trout..are incapable of breeding in still, deep water, and require to enter a run or current.
1859 Rep. Comm. Harbours of Refuge 221/1 The run in the harbour is such as to render the vessels there unmanageable.
1887 R. L. Stevenson Merry Men iii. 37 Already along the curve of Sandag Bay there was a splashing run of sea.
1925 W. Wood Adventures with Big Fish xviii. 312 They were about forty-six miles east-by-south of the Shetland Islands, which meant that they were exposed to the full force of a tremendous run of sea.
2007 Evening Herald (Plymouth) (Nexis) 13 June (Angling) 44 The extreme ends where there is a run of tide would be my choice of territory for both these species.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > ulcer
cankereOE
rankle?c1190
fester?c1225
gutefestre?c1225
malemorte1341
mormalc1387
red gownc1400
ulcerc1400
fistula?a1425
esthiomene?1541
fret1545
exulceration1551
phagedaena1567
sycosis1580
ulceration1580
run1648
ulcuscle1794
festering1804
1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Een loopende gat, a Fistula, or a Run.
27.
a. The flow of verse or speech. Also in early use: †the quality of flowing easily and clearly (obsolete). Usually with of.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > rhythm > [noun]
cadencec1384
coloura1522
rhythmus1531
running1533
number1553
rhythm1560
cadency1628
chimea1649
run1693
society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > rhythm > [noun] > rhythmic flow
volubility1589
run1693
the mind > language > speech > [noun] > flow of speech
run1865
1693 J. Dryden Examen Poeticum Ded. sig. B3 To give my Poetry a kind of Cadence, and, as we call it, a run of Verse.
1693 J. Dryden Disc. Satire in Ess. (1900) 85 Lucilius..minded neither his style, nor his numbers, nor his purity of words, nor his run of verse.
1695 S. Cobb Bersaba Pref. sig. C As for the Poem that lies before us, I suppose the Reader will find as smooth a run of Verse, as the Subject would allow.
1720 A. Pope in tr. Homer Iliad (new ed.) VI. xxiii. 54 (note) There is a very remarkable beauty in the run of the verse in Homer, every word has a melancholy cadence.
1749 J. Mason Ess. Power of Numbers & Princ. Harmony 83 An Iambic..having a direct contrary Movement, interrupts the Run of the Verse very disagreeably.
1783 H. Blair Lect. Rhetoric I. xiii. 262 A very vulgar ear will enable a writer to catch some one melody, and to form the run of his Sentences according to it.
1865 Public & Middle-class School Educ. ii. 37 To save him from innumerable blunders of ‘quantity’ in syllables, and help him to feel for himself the smooth run of his Ovid or Tibullus.
1884 Athenæum 20 Dec. 802/1 The metre is neither quantitative nor strictly accentual, nor, when the reader has got the run of it, is it very melodious.
1898 C. M. Lewis Foreign Sources Mod. Eng. Versification ii. 13 As the Roman poets lost their ear for quantity, the feeling which remained uppermost was the feeling for rhythmical run and stress.
1930 E. Hamer Metres of Eng. Poetry xiii. 279 Compare the effect of Tennyson's Locksley Hall..with the swifter and more fluent run of the opening of Swinburne's ode, Athens.
1972 P. Hobsbaum Reader's Guide Charles Dickens vi. 65 He had far more sense of the natural run of the English prose sentence.
2004 J. Henderson Rom. Bk. Gardening Pref. 12 The tonal run of the poem needs to be grasped.
b. In discussions of Gaelic folk tales: a passage of rhythmic and alliterative prose, often formulaic in nature. Also with distinguishing word. [Compare Scottish Gaelic ruith run, the act of running, also used in this sense.]
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > [noun] > prose having quality of poetry > passage of
run1890
1890 D. MacInnes Folk & Hero Tales Notes 449 For certain it is that the Finn saga as a whole is much richer in runs than the Ulster saga.
1891 J. MacDougall Folk & Hero Tales Notes 268 The travelling run. The first part of this run, which makes the hero outstrip the Swift March Wind, occurs frequently in Gaelic tales.
1960 J. G. McKay More W. Highland Tales II. lviii. 165 Thus the fairy-woman was credited with having nine cow-fetters..and these figure in almost every bespelling run.
1987 J. N. MacNeil Tales until Dawn Notes 238 This bewitching run is common in the repertoire of Gaelic reciters in Scotland and is the only run to have been recorded in Cape Breton in more than fragmentary form.
28.
a. The amount of liquid (esp. alcohol or oil) produced in a single session of an industrial or manufacturing process.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > [noun] > flow of liquor
running1601
run1711
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 72. ¶8 Sometimes they speak in Raptures of a Run of Ale in King Charles's Reign.
a1725 Ld. Whitworth Acct. Russia in 1710 (1758) 77 And being seldom tryed when melted, their coins are of different value, as the run happens to be good or bad, Plate, Dollars, and old Copeeks, being all melted together.
1838 S. Morewood Hist. Inebriating Liquors 283 The second run of the still..is of a strength from 23° to 26°.
1931 Economist 14 Feb. 361/1 Crude oil ‘runs’ to refinery stills have, therefore, been restricted to about 10 per cent. below last year's level.
2010 Oil & Gas News (Nexis) 11 Jan. The market situation, including refining margins and crude oil prices, has improved slightly... We may consider higher runs if such conditions continue.
b. The amount of sap drawn off when sugar maples are tapped; (also) the amount of maple sugar produced at one time.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > picking or gathering > [noun] > place of maple-sugar collection > sap drawn off
run1822
1822 Farmer's Diary 1823 (U.S.) sig. C3 Sugar makers may venture to set seven or eight hundred pails to one of these pans,..in case of extra ordinary runs, which, however, do not often happen.
1890–3 E. M. Taber Stowe Notes, Lett. & Verses (1913) 40 The early runs are not so sweet as the later; the trees being full of frost.
1949 Highway Traveler Feb. 17/2 In the average season of a month..sap can be expected to run on about half of the days, while on two to five days there will be ‘good runs’.
2006 Peterborough (Ontario) Examiner (Nexis) 2 Mar. 2 Mar. Although maples grow in other parts of the world, the trees lack the genetic makeup and the special climate cycle needed to produce a run of sap.
29. Music. In a pipe organ: a leakage of air into a pipe or the windchest; an unwanted sound produced by this, spec. one emanating from an adjacent pipe to that intentionally sounded (cf. cipher n. 7). Cf. running n. 30.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > sound of instruments > [noun] > sound of organ > harsh or unwanted
cipher1779
wolf1788
ciphering1876
run1895
1895 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. II. Run,..the sound of an organ-pipe caused by leakage of air into the pipe.
1913 W. H. Clarke Standard Organ Building 177 With the slide chests, leakages at the slides and runs in the wind-chest channels were temporarily obviated by ‘bleeding’ the pipes.
2006 D. E. Bush & R. Kassel Organ 633/2 Each key had its own groove or channel, running from front to back of the organ; these needed to be airtight to prevent ciphers, runs, or other causes of faulty speech.
III. Extent, course, or arrangement.
* A course or direction.
30. Nautical.
a. The rear part of the underwater portion of a ship's hull, where it rises and narrows towards the stern. Also with modifying word indicating the resistance produced by this as the ship moves through the water. Sometimes more fully run aft, †run afterward (cf. run forward n. at Compounds 3).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > either extremity of vessel > [noun] > projection beyond keel
run1607
way1607
rakea1621
overhang1853
1607 W. Raleigh Lett. (1999) 302 To make her swifte is to give her a large run or way forward, and so afterwarde.
a1625 H. Mainwaring Nomenclator Navalis (Harl. 2301) 71 That part with in bord abaft in ye Run of the Shipp is called the Sterne sheats.
1678 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Hooks of a Ship, those forked Timbers which are placed upright on the Keel, both in the rake and run of the Ship.
1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 29 Three or four Strakes of Elm to raise up the Run of the Ship.
1781 Ld. Nelson 24 Aug. in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) I. 43 The Albemarle is in Dock... She has a bold entrance, and clean run.
1800 Coll. Papers Naval Archit. (ed. 3) II. 30 It was equally material for a vessel to..have a fair entrance for the water forward, as to have what is called a clear run aft.
1831 Examiner 740/2 A rakish..craft,..with a deep keel and sharp run.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. After-peak, the contracted part of a vessel's hold, which lies in the run.
1900 W. R. Kennedy Hurrah Life Sailor 241 Having a coarse run, she carried a huge body of water in her wake, in which the rudder was useless.
1976 B. Greenhill Archaeology of Boat III. xvi. 255 Her deep sharp forefoot and long rudder enabled her to work to windward despite her flat run.
2007 G. Nestor Twenty Affordable Sailboats x. 90 The long straight run of the keel should take to the bottom well.
b. More fully run before the wind. A course with the wind blowing from behind, a course heading downwind. Cf. run v. 19a, reach n.1 14b.
ΚΠ
1653 Mercurius Politicus No. 141. 2257 If ever the constellations of heaven might be said to fight for men, it was now manifest for England in..giving your fleet such a gallant Run in the Channel.
1808 Scots Mag. Dec. 947/1 After a short run before the wind, the Frenchman..hove his ship too, all sails standing.
1853 Hunt's Yachting Mag. Nov. 446 Course, six miles dead to windward, six miles of a haul half-a-point off land, and ten miles of a run home.
1884 Sat. Rev. 14 June 783/2 The race back..was, save one little bit, but a run and a reach.
1912 Rudder Nov. 211/2 The race is mostly a run before the wind.
1988 On Board May 74/4 By Sunday morning the wind had swung around to make the speed course a run, so Andy Grant organised a downwind slalom.
2010 C. J. Doane Mod. Cruising Sailboat iv. 163/2 Trimarans..are faster on a broad reach than a run.
c. More generally: the course or direction taken by a ship; a ship's onward movement in a particular path.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > [noun] > course
ship ren1297
course1553
route?1568
voyage1581
caping1595
wakec1595
run1688
1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. Sillage,..Course, the Rake or Run of a Ship, her Way forward on.
1712 J. T. Desaguliers tr. J. Ozanam Cursus Mathematicus V. 114 The Line describ'd by a Ship, which is call'd the Run, or Rake of a Ship,..still cuts all the Meridians at Right-Angles.
1792 Coll. Papers Naval Archit. II. 5 This newly-invented machine is the only thing..that can instantly, constantly, and exactly discover a ship's run.
1849 J. Inman Navigation & Naut. Astron. (ed. 7) 106 A correction is then applied to the T.A. [= true altitude] first observed for the run of the ship in the interval of the observations.
1869 W. T. Read Theory of Navigation & Naut. Astron. 81 The angle BCA is included between the direction of the ship's run and Sun's bearings.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 297/1 The small complication of allowing for the run of the ship is often obviated by making the observations simultaneously.
1988 K. M. Mathew Hist. Portuguese Navigation in India i. 28 Rules for calculating the daily run of the ship based on the measurement of 17-½ leagues for one degree.
31.
a. The way or direction in which something lies; the lie or line of something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > [noun] > direction in which a thing extends
journey?a1560
run1671
lie1697
line of bearing1717
trend1777
lay1819
orientation1875
1671 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 6 2101 That loose Earth which was moved with the Shoad in the Concussion, but not contiguous to the Load in its first position, (which is also termed by us the run of the Countrey).
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. v. 340 Her small breadth, and the straight run of her leeward-side.
1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 127 A valley may happen to lie at the feet of three several hills... This is also termed the Run of the country.
a1848 G. F. Ruxton Life in Far West (1849) v. 155 From the ‘run’ of the hills, there must be plenty of water.
1873 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. 73/2 Pay..attention to the run of the grain of the wood.
1915 F. M. Hueffer Good Soldier iii. iv. 179 I found myself automatically docketing and labelling each man as he was introduced to me, by the run of his features and by the first words that he spoke.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1195 The ‘grain’ of the wood is just the run of the cells.
1950 J. Glendinning Princ. Surv. (1966) I. viii. 174 The ‘run’ of the contours is seen on the ground at the time of survey.
2005 J. M. Bang Ecovillages 111 They..traced out the run of the walls..and put lumps of earth on top of each other till they had walls the right height.
b. The direction along which rock or stone tends to split; spec. the direction of a secondary plane of cleavage, contrasted with rift (rift n.2 2b). Cf. grain n.1 15c. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > other specific kinds of texture > [noun] > grain of wood, stone, or metal > in stone
grain1664
run1851
1851 T. Sternberg Dial. & Folk-lore Northants. 88 Run, the ‘grain’ of stone, the direction in which it most easily cleaves.
1898 E. R. Buckley On Building & Ornamental Stones Wisconsin ii. ii. 102 The second and next easiest parting direction is known as the ‘run’. The run is nearly vertical, and strikes at right angles to the rift.
1912 H. Ries Building Stones & Clay-products iii. 96 The rift may sometimes change its course, and this the quarryman terms the run.
1934 O. Bowles Stone Industries 83 Larger masses are subdivided by separating along bed planes and making cross breaks by wedging in drill holes in directions of rift and run, if such are present.
32. With of. The course taken by something immaterial; the manner or direction in which this develops, progresses, or changes; tend, tendency.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > tendency > [noun] > course or direction
current1607
generalitiesa1628
bent1649
duct1650
turn1690
run1699
movement1789
swim1869
trend1884
1699 J. Locke Reply to Bishop of Worcester's Answer to 2nd Let. 96 An inconvenience possibly fitter to be endured, than that your Lordship, in the run of your Learned Notions, should be Shackled with the ordinary and strict Rules of Language.
a1732 T. Boston Memoirs (1776) xi. 362 This run of affairs quickly issued, in the General Assembly's condemning of the Marrow of Modern Divinity.
1766 J. Fordyce Serm. Young Women I. v. 194 In the run of her discourse, she should be guilty of some petulance.
1783 J. O. Justamond tr. G. T. F. Raynal Philos. Hist. Europeans in Indies (new ed.) VI. 31 There is no such thing as selling, without complying with the general run of the market.
1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas II. v. i. 269 The run of luck is against us.
1864 J. H. Newman Apologia vi. 410 We shall find, I think, the general run of things to be such as I have represented it.
1880 J. Earle Eng. Plant Names p. xlviii The place of these lists in the run of that history.
1919 T. Veblen Place Sci. in Mod. Civilisation 382 The fortunes of the capitalist-employer are closely dependent on the run of the market.
1956 C. J. Sisson New Readings in Shakespeare I. 69 I propose [the reading] bull-baiting... The pattern of writing makes it entirely plausible,..and the sense is in accordance with the run of thought.
2004 S. Fleischacker On Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations x. 219 Law and policy are general tools, meant to cover the usual, more or less predictable run of affairs.
33. † b. The amount of tilt of a spirit level which is represented by a change of one interval on its scale. Obsolete. rare.
a. The rotation that the screw of a micrometer in a telescope or microscope must undergo in order to move one interval along its scale; the difference between this rotation and the exact number of complete turns of the screw that should be required were the micrometer properly adjusted. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1818 Asiatick Researches (London ed.) 12 348 The mean run of the micrometer.
1863 R. Main Pract. & Spherical Astron. ii. 45 The exact number of revolutions and fractions of revolutions corresponding to a space of 5' on the circle is called the run of the micrometer-microscope.
1900 H. M. Wilson Topogr. Surv. 559 The mean of these five revolutions should give the mean value of one revolution of the micrometer screw, and this called the run of the screw.
1916 E. R. Cary Geodetic Surv. 62 If the run of the micrometer exceeds 4 seconds, the microscope must be adjusted.
1982 W. Faig tr. F. Deumlich Surv. Instruments ii. 96 An error in magnification of the microscope leads to a deviation from this desired value, and is referred to as run.
ΚΠ
1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 718/1 The value of a division of the scale [on a spirit-level], in seconds of arc, is usually called the ‘run’.
** An extent in space.
34. Originally North American. A quantity of yarn of definite length; spec. (esp. in later use) one of woollen yarn measuring 1600 yards (approx. 1463 metres). Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > thread or yarn > [noun] > for other specific purpose > measure of
run1656
1656 E. Holyoke 11 Aug. in D. C. Hall Witch-hunting 17th-cent. New Eng. (1991) vi. 100 The said Goodwife Hannum also sayeth that this winter past I spun for the said Man Parsons about 33 run of yarn.
1734 in Public Rec. Colony of Connecticut (1873) VII. 512 For every yard that is well spun, wove and whitned, and is a yard wide and made of yarn that is eight runs to the pound, two shillings per yard.
1759 A. Keep in F. E. Best John Keep of Longmeadow, Mass. (1899) 29 Six run of linen yarn and eleven run of tow yarn.
1795 Connecticut Courant 10 Aug. Wanted also 12000 runs of Cotton Yarn spun for Filling for the use of the Fustians.
1823 Niles' Weekly Reg. 23 Nov. 181/2 In the family of Nathaniel Allen, of Richmond... 15 runs of thread, 9 runs of worsted stocking yarn, 43 shirts.
1875 J. H. Temple & G. Sheldon Hist. Northfield, Mass. 161 Spinning was commonly done by the run. A run of yarn consisted of twenty knots, a knot was composed of forty threads, and a thread was seventy-four inches in length, or once round the reel.
1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 330 Woollen yarns are weighed in lengths or ‘runs’ of 1600 yards.
1913 J. M. Matthews Textile Fibers (ed. 3) xix. 582 The English system numbering of woolen yarns is based on the number of ‘runs’ in one pound; a ‘run’ is 1600 yards.
2005 K. Kudlinski Christopher Columbus iv. 56 He remembered squealing with surprise when the marker..popped up on Mama's spinning wheel when the run of yarn had been spun.
35.
a. gen. An extent in length; a continuous stretch of something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > [noun] > spreading out > an expanse of something
spacea1382
widenessa1382
continuance1398
field1547
sheet1593
universe1598
main1609
reach1610
expansion1611
extent1627
champaign1656
fetch1662
mass1662
expanse1667
spread1712
run1719
width1733
acre1759
sweep1767
contiguity1785
extension1786
stretch1829
breadths1839
outspread1847
outstretch1858
1719 W. Wood Surv. Trade (ed. 2) 139 Some of our Colonies..suffer particular Planters to keep great Runs of Land in their Possession uncultivated, on purpose to prevent New Settlements.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 555 All angles within the building, if oblique,..are allowed for, under the head of run of cut splay.
1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling i. 37 I was fishing a very promising run of trout and greyling water.
1880 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 37 281 The samples examined..were taken on the same day at different spots extending over a considerable run of river.
1944 D. E. Warland Teach yourself Constructional Details xiii. 151 At the end of a run of gutter a special stop-end fitting should be used.
1973 J. G. Tweeddale Materials Technol. II. v. 120 Runs of quite large cross-sectional size can be made rapidly.
1988 Motorboats Monthly Oct. 48/1 Opposite the settee is a run of deep shelves.
2005 P. G. Jensen Last Colonials ii. 14 A house with a store underneath and a run of land of fruit and coffee trees behind.
b. Mining and Geology. A continuous vein or linear formation of ore, rock, etc.In quot. 1747 apparently: a subsidiary or side vein.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > vein > [noun] > continuous
run1747
the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > vein > vein of ore
riba1500
lode1602
run1747
ore streak1755
streak vein1789
lead1814
filon1817
ore vein1830
ore-channel1864
chamber1865
range1866
ore band1874
1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. R4 A Run, this is always a Branch that flies out of a Vein or Pipe, or lies near to it on one Side.
1839 H. T. De la Beche Rep. Geol. Cornwall iii. 88 Taking general lines of lamination and runs of greenstone as guides.
1865 J. T. F. Turner Familiar Descr. Old Delabole Slate Quarries 18 The various ‘runs’ have each their characteristics, and an observant quarrier will tell immediately whence a given slate came; naming the run [etc.].
1921 T. A. Rickard Bunker Hill Enterprise ix. 83/2 There is an almost continuous run of ore from the Sullivan claim to the Tyler claim.
1967 A. Kalokerinos In Search of Opal 32 Very soon they too hit the run and produced solid chunks of opal.
c. North American. A stretch of rapids.
ΚΠ
1796 E. Simcoe Diary 29 July (2007) 235 There is a place called the Run near the Locks which is like going down the stream of an overshot Mill.
1822 J. Flint Lett. from Amer. 86 On the 11th we went down Letart's rapids, a very violent run.
1856 R. M. Ballantyne Snowflakes & Sunbeams vii. 79 We came in sight of the first run, foaming and boiling like a kettle of robiboo.
1928 L. R. Freeman Nearing North 275 As I had sensed from mid-stream, the run could have been made in safety down either side.
1945 T. Raddall Tambour & Other Stories 271 At the foot of Auld's clearings the river roared down the rapids which our river men called First Run.
2004 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 2 May a12 As with rapids farther upstream, pilots had to be taken on board to get through. But..so tricky was the run that the huge rafts frequently had to be split apart.
d. Mining. A horizontal passage, airway, etc.; the length of this.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > passage > ventilation passages or openings
througher1645
thirling1686
air-pit1709
horse-head1747
sollar1778
airway1800
wind-hole1802
bearing door1813
air course1814
downcast shaft1814
upcast shaft (or pit)1816
buze1823
air road1832
raggling1839
thirl1847
brattice1849
intake1849
run1849
trapdoor1849
skailing1850
return1851
wind-road1860
breakthrough1875
wind-way1875
breast1882
cross-heading1883
skail-door1883
U.C.1883
undercast1883
vent1886
furnace-drift1892
the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > supplying fresh air or ventilation > ventilator > passage, shaft, duct, or pipe > in a mine
througher1645
thirling1686
air-pit1709
airway1800
wind-hole1802
air course1814
buze1823
air road1832
raggling1839
air heading1841
thirl1847
run1849
wind-road1860
wind-way1875
1849 G. C. Greenwell Gloss. Terms Coal Trade Northumberland & Durham 17 By shortening the run of the air,..a larger quantity is brought into the mine.
1867 W. W. Smyth Treat. Coal & Coal-mining 218 The balancing of these splits requires nice management, or the air would tend to desert the longer for the shorter runs.
1911 R. R. Brinsmade Mining without Timber xiv. 188 In mucking out the drifts, wheelbarrows are used unless the run is greater than 75 ft.
1935 Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 853. 218 The second run is only 160 feet long, although at its south end it was probably extended to connect with the longer run through a block.
e. Fishing. A stretch of water in a stream or river which is of relatively constant depth and speed. Frequently contrasted with pool n.1 2a or riffle n. 3b.
ΚΠ
1859 J. Robertson Angling Streams & Angling Quarters in Sc. Lowlands ii. i. 89 The Lyne..affords in its fine runs and pools great variety for the practice of all the lures.
1882 Anglers' Evenings (Manch. Anglers' Assoc.) 2nd Ser. 13 For about a hundred yards below where the ‘coach’ was fishing, there was a run of uniform depth..with a pool at each end.
1946 N.Y. Times 24 May 23/5 You can find several types of water over almost any one-mile stretch of the stream. Fast water, deep, quiet runs, riffles, wide pools and wide, glassy runs.
1987 Coarse Angler Feb. 12/3 The roots and stems slow down the flow to make fishable slacks and steady runs.
1992 Fly Rod & Reel Jan.–Feb. 61/2 There are pools, deep riffles, fast slicks, wide runs with white sand bottoms like bonefish flats.
2006 Northern Woodlands Autumn 6/1 I'd hike in the river and then fish upstream three or four miles, skirting the fast pocket water and fishing the runs and pools.
f. A length of electric wiring; the distance covered by a length of uninterrupted cable.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > transmission of electricity, conduction > wire as conductor > [noun] > length of
run1892
1892 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 4 Mar. 24/1 Until we get past the meter, it is rarely a long run of cable is obtained.
1938 J. W. Sims Electr. Installations vii. 128 Bushes should be fitted at the end of a run.
1970 J. Earl How to choose Tuners & Amplifiers iv. 94 Use 15-ampere cables for runs in excess of 10 ft.
2000 Old-house Jrnl. Jan.–Feb. 53/2 To conceal wiring behind a baseboard, move the baseboard outward to a depth sufficient for a run of conduit or cable.
*** A series or sequence in time.† 43. A general trend of opinion concerning the merits of something; such a trend concerning a person, often on account of an attitude held. Obsolete.
36. A period of favourable reception accorded to a performance, a work, etc. In quot. 1658: a period of being popular or widely practised.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [noun] > extensive demand
run1658
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > [noun] > one who or that which is successful > that which is successful > with the public, so as to be sought after
runa1715
1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall i. 5 Which being indifferently, not frequently used before; from that time spread, and became the prevalent practice. Not totally pursued in the highest runne of Cremation; For when even Crows were funerally burnt, Poppaea the Wife of Nero found a peculiar grave enterment.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 50 And that coming out soon after his death had the greatest run in many impressions that any book has had in our age.
1749 W. R. Chetwood Gen. Hist. Stage 19 This double Play was performed on two succeeding Nights, and had a very great Run (a Theatrical Term).
1818 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. XXX. 9 If you were to go to London,..and become a seller of glass, do you not think that your glass would have a run?
1885 ‘F. Anstey’ Tinted Venus 67 I've been thinking out a machine..that ought to have an extensive run.
1902 E. M. Bacon Lit. Pilgrimages in New Eng. x. 167 Stephen Cabot Abbott.., the prolific author of those popular lives of kings and queens, and of Napoleon Bonaparte, which had so great a run half a century ago.
37.
a. A spell of (good or bad) luck, esp. in gambling.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > calamity or misfortune > [noun] > misfortune or ill-luck > a spell of bad luck
run1673
streak1843
the world > action or operation > prosperity > [noun] > good fortune > course or spell of
run1782
streak1843
purple patch1912
1673 Coll. Poems Several Persons (rev. ed.) 21 Like an old Rook, whom in his cheat A run of Fortune does defeat.
1697 J. Vanbrugh Æsop iv. ii Forced to cut down his Timber, which he would willingly preserve against an ill run at dice.
1760 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy II. v. 31 As the dice took a run against him.
1782 F. Burney Cecilia II. iv. vii. 229 He had had the preceding night an uncommon run of luck.
1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well I. x. 236 I believe in luck myself—in a good or bad run of luck at cards.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xx. 517 The smallest gain was welcome to those whom a long run of evil fortune had discouraged.
1901 G. Ade 40 Mod. Fables 156 Adams had a Run of Luck and he crowded it.
1983 P. Gzowski Unbroken Line i. 34 The..sound system he had bought for $500 from another horseplayer having a bad run.
2002 T. Lott Rumours of Hurricane (2003) viii. 192 He kind of spots runs of luck, rides on their coat tails.
b. An extent in time; an unbroken period or stretch of something immaterial. Chiefly with of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > [noun] > of a specific period
spacea1350
daya1393
spacie1540
day length1569
run1674
1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge Contents Shewing there would be no run of unmade time between two worlds, nor formerness nor afterness.
1677 E. Ravenscroft King Edgar & Alfreda To Rdr. sig. (a)2 I have mix'd with it a run of Comedy, but not after the manner of our Old Tragi-Comedies.
1730 J. Dennis tr. T. Burnet Treat. conc. State Departed Souls x. 363 The Souls that know not God are consumed after a long Run of Time by their fiery Tortures.
1835 F. W. N. Bayley Scenes & Stories I. iv. 196 A couple of years' run of activity would supply all that was wanted.
1891 A. Marshall Princ. Econ. (ed. 2) I. iv. iii. 409 If the general conditions of life were stationary for a run of time long enough to enable [etc.].
a1915 J. Joyce Giacomo Joyce (1968) 12 She stands black-robed at the telephone. Little timid laughs, little cries, timid runs of speech suddenly broken.
2003 A. E. Roy & D. Clarke Astronomy (ed. 4) xxiv. 416 Observations should be made at least 2 hr before meridian transit, at approximately two minute intervals, for a run of at least 10 minutes.
c. An uninterrupted spell or course of a particular situation or state of things. Chiefly with of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > [noun] > stretch, period, or portion of time > period of certain character, condition, or events
dayOE
dayOE
summer day1563
tempestivity1569
set1633
stretch1689
period1712
run1714
tack1723
spell1827
dreamtime1844
time coursea1867
patch1897
dreaming1932
quality time1972
1714 R. Fiddes Pract. Disc. (ed. 2) II. 195 Men of the slowest parts..have very often..a smooth run of business.
1724 Characters at Hot-well, Bristol 60 After this Run of Indignation against you..I return to myself.
1754 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison VII. xxxv. 241 After the run of raillery was over, in which Mr. Greville made exceptions favourable to the women present.
1825 S. Thomson New Guide Health (ed. 2) 49 They expressed a strong wish, that they might be cured without so long a run [of sickness] as their brother had.
1851 N. Hawthorne House of Seven Gables v. 90 There was a great run of custom, setting steadily in from about ten o'clock until towards noon.
1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting vii. 269 We have had a long-continued run of the loveliest weather that ever poor mortal was blessed with.
1914 Times 9 July 9/2 He has now had a good run in this sort of finance, and the result is revolt in his own party and disappointment outside.
1962 A. Waugh Early Years of Alec Waugh (1963) i. iv. 53 Between the autumn of 1911 and the summer of 1913 Carey's enjoyed an incredible run of success.
2006 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 1 Dec. (World AIDS Day Suppl.) 6/3 A long run of good health..ended with a relapse far worse than her initial illness.
38. An outbreak or attack of a disease; the course of a disease in an individual; the period of time during which a disease is epidemic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > [noun] > course of disease
run1680
anabasis1706
period1726
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > [noun] > prevalence of disease
run1680
morbility1848
morbidity1852
1680 Sir T. Browne Let. 15 Sept. (1946) 230 The last run of the small Pox lasted much longer then this has yet dun.
1732 Acc. Workhouses 111 A run of the small-pox through the town in 1725, and an epidemical disease in..1727 and 1728.
1738 tr. J. Keill Medicina Statica Britannica Ded., in Animal Oecon. (ed. 4) sig. M5v During the run of that distemper now for two years thro' our town.
1875 Peninsular Jrnl. Med. 11 458 He had noticed that typhoid fever in those regions was preceded by a run of cholera infantum.
1894 Med. Cent. 2 502/2 Almost every man I met had a half a degree or more of fever, so I argue that we shall have a run of typhoid this fall.
1906 G. P. Paul Nursing Acute Infectious Fevers vii. 73 It is at this time that the patient regains that which he had lost during the run of the disease.
1985 C. Harnack Gentlemen on Prairie xiii. 168 Calamity suddenly befell them—a severe run of cholera in their swine.
39.
a.
(a) A sudden rush of demands for repayment from a bank or other financial institution on the part of a large number of depositors, typically resulting from a loss of confidence in the stability of the institution holding the deposits. Also in later use: a similar rush by investors to sell stocks that are or appear to be losing value. Frequently with on (also upon). Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > banking > [noun] > sudden demand on banks
run1697
rush1825
1697 J. Pollexfen Disc. Trade & Coyn 73 Any jealousie or suspicion that they shall not have Money for such Bills on Demand, will occasion a general run.
1732 A. Pope True Narr. what passed in London in J. Swift et al. Misc.: 3rd Vol. 264 The Tories and Jacobites, to whom he imputed that sudden Run upon the Bank which happen'd on this occasion.
1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. v. 53 When a run comes upon them they sometimes endeavour to gain time by paying in sixpences. View more context for this quotation
1802 Edinb. Rev. 1 193 A more permanent cause of a run upon the Bank of England for specie.
1854 Daily News 28 Nov. 6/3 The run on the exchange bank in this city [sc. Washington] continues to-day.
1866 Hansard's Parl. Deb. 3rd Ser. 188 1740 This peculiar kind of panic affects the credit of England... There is, in fact,..a run upon England which is not altogether justified by the circumstances of the case.
1880 Fraser's Mag. May 679 If a run set in, no bank in the world could escape stoppage, no reserve could face it.
1932 P. Einzig Trag. of Pound vii. 65 In July the failure of the Nordwolle and other commercial firms resulted in a run on several German banks.
1972 Univ. Chicago Law Rev. 39 377 Their apprehension produced a major run on the market as nonbank paper outstanding contracted by $3 billion.
2000 Econ. Affairs 20 8/2 Gilbert is concerned that a run on an unregulated supplier of a private currency will spill over to regulated banks.
(b) A sudden rush by a large number of investors to sell their holdings of another nation's currency, typically to protect themselves from a rapid drop in value. Frequently with on.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > types of money-dealing > [noun] > money-changing > exchange operations
flight1923
run1931
Special Drawing Right1963
S.D.R.1967
1931 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 1 Nov. 1/8 The so-called run on the American dollar, begun by speculators abroad, has also ended.
1935 P. Einzig World Finance xxviii. 195 The Bank of France..may have contributed to the run by transferring some of its sterling holding to the Bank of Spain.
1976 Economist 16 Oct. 23/3 The Bank of England reacted to the March run on sterling by using up reserves and borrowing money to try to check the exchange rate collapse.
2002 R. Grosse in E. Huber Models of Capitalism iv. 112 Chile encountered a severe recession and a run on the peso in 1981, when copper prices plummeted.
b. Now usually with on (also upon): a period of extensive or sustained demand for something.
ΚΠ
1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. ii. 22 Among the Irregular-bodied sorts of Letter, none has taken so great a run as Small-pica.
1839 C. Dickens Let. 7 June (1982) I. 554 As I presume that you have no wish for such a run upon your chops, the best plan will be for we three..to dine together and join you and Kenyon afterwards.
1888 Punch 15 Sept. 129/2 Since Mr. Toole made The Butler a popular character on the stage, there has been a run on butlers.
1960 S. Unwin Truth about Publisher ii. xviii. 330 There has been such a run on their books that they have sold out.
1998 M. Soames Speaking for Themselves (1999) xv. 356 By July [1931] the situation was so dire that foreign investors panicked and there was a run on gold.
c. A period in which extensive or sustained demand is placed on (also upon) a shop, market, etc.
ΚΠ
1808 T. Chalmers Enq. into Extent & Stability National Resources i. 45 No doubt, it would make his sale duller; there would not be such a run upon his shop.
1871 J. D. McCabe Hist. War Germany & France 610 A kind of panic, followed by a run on the bakers' shops which soon emptied them of their contents.
1880 Hist. Polk County, Iowa (Union Hist. Co.) v. 378 He continued to buy hogs and sell goods for many years, but his customers never again made a run on his store.
1884 C. Reade Singleheart & Doubleface iv. 99 Deborah dashed back to her steak... There was a run on the shop. For every three mouthfuls of steak, a penny customer.
1909 Daily Chron. 24 Aug. 1/5 There is a run on cold-meat shops.
1946 Life 21 Jan. 27/2 (caption) Chicago housewives started a run on butcher shops, trying to store up meat against a shortage.
1998 C. Lang Taking Leap vii. 141 Place a red dot next to a few pieces even though they aren't really sold... Sometimes seeing a red dot can cause a run on the market.
40. The (length of) time during which a theatrical performance continues on stage. Also: an act or the fact of performing a theatrical work. Now somewhat rare or merged in sense 41a.
ΚΠ
1699 C. Gildon in G. Langbaine Lives Eng. Dramatic Poets (rev. ed.) 144 In Paris almost e'ry one goes to the Theatre, here not the tenth part, for..the Governours of the House were unwilling to wear it out, and so balk'd the Run of it.
1703 G. Farquhar Twin-rivals Pref. sig. Ai One Reason that the Galleries were so thin during the Run of this Play.
1781 S. Johnson Philips in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets VIII. 4 [The epilogue] continued to be demanded through the run, as it is termed, of the play.
1810 W. Scott Let. 30 Mar. (1932) II. 320 As for the prologue and epilogue..it is the rule of the Stage not to resume them after the first run of the play is over.
1826 M. R. Mitford Our Village II. 41 It was as dull as a lesson, and the run would have been short.
2001 M. Trotter Ireland's National Theaters iv. 125 Despite—or perhaps because of—the arrests..the disturbances lasted the full run of the play.
41.
a. A continuous sequence of theatrical performances; a continuous period of being put on stage. Later: a continuous period of presenting any entertainment. Cf. sense 40.long, short run: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > [noun] > long-running > (long or short) run
run1700
long run1715
short run1922
1700 A. Boyer Achilles Pref. sig. A3 Tho' the First run of this Play was but short, yet I must own my self oblig'd to the Civility of the English Nation.
1708 J. Downes Roscius Anglicanus 48 The Play being all new Cloath'd and Excellently well perform'd had a Successful run.
1756 C. Smart tr. Horace Satires i. x, in tr. Horace Wks. II. 97 These satires; which can neither be recited in the temple of Apollo.., nor can have a run over and over again represented in the theatre.
1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott IV. vii. 228 The Rob Roy had a continued run of forty-one nights.
1880 Musical Times Dec. 602/1 The opera was..as perfectly sung as if it had already had a run of many nights.
1885 Bath Herald 17 Jan. 3/2 The usage was to engage stars for the run of the piece.
1929 Exhibitors Herald World 16 Nov. 53/3 Booked into the Tivoli at Toronto for a week's run, ‘The Skeleton Dance’, one of the Disney Silly Symphonies.
1966 Observer 16 Oct. 23/5 There will be little change of format in the 26-week run. No chat, no singing, no dancing.
1993 New Yorker 18 Oct. 19/2 Pianist Mal Waldron is here for a two-week run with a quintet.
2004 S. Adler On Broadway iii. 88 Seussical managed to eke out a Broadway run of almost six months.
b. A continuous period of being open to the public.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > manifestation > showing to the sight > exposure to public view > an exhibition > [noun] > time or period of
run1852
showtime1869
1852 Leeds Mercury 18 Sept. 12/1 The Cork Exhibition, after a highly successful ‘run’ of about four months, closed on Saturday.
1889 Wade's Fibre & Fabric 23 Mar. 32/1 A fair held at the Berkeley Hall..closed after a run of three nights, and proved very successful both financially and socially.
1954 Paris (Texas) News 24 Jan. 16/1 The first annual showdown of the enlarged attraction..drew at least 40,000 persons to Paris during its six-day run.
1981 Billboard 11 June 49/4 The three-year-old city-sponsored event will have a 12-day run beginning July 29.
2009 Church Times 3 Apr. 24/2 In the final weeks of the five-month run at the RA, the exhibition ‘Byzantium’..had become a little like playing ‘Kim's game’.
c. A continuous period of popularity or favour.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > [noun] > one who or that which is successful > that which is successful > series of successes > period of popular success
run1866
1866 Bristol Mercury 29 Dec. 6/5 The latest London dodge, that of delivering a sham hamper of game,..has had a short but tolerably successful run.
1885 Manch. Examiner 11 Nov. 3/2 A work which after a few weeks' run at the circulating libraries is ignored and forgotten.
1903 W. M. Bickley Slang-Dict. 33 Chewing the rag, a figure of speech that has had a great run and is still current. Means ruminating.
1959 Bull. Atomic Scientists Feb. 75/2 The infinite regular rectilinear arrays of crystallography have had a run of over sixty years since they were mathematically predicted; it may now be time to use different methods.
1976 J. Needham Sci. & Civilisation in China V. iii. xxxiii. 212 The idea had by then had a run of some sixteen centuries.
2000 K. Chase & M. Levenson Spectacle of Intimacy viii. 171 After more than a quarter century of noble effort, the philanthropic mission has had its run and now has precious little to show.
42.
a. A continuous series or succession of events, items, strokes, etc. Frequently with of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > continuity or uninterruptedness > [noun] > continuous succession > a continuous series or course
seriousnessc1487
continuity1601
train1606
series1613
thread1642
continuum1650
clue1656
run1709
1709 Tatler No. 86. ⁋4 When we came to Temple-bar, Sir Harry and Sir Giles got over; but a Run of the Coaches kept the rest of us on this Side the Street.
1740 C. Cibber Apol. Life C. Cibber xiii. 248 I could never hear, that upon an ill Run of Audiences, they had ever returned, or brought in a single Shilling.
1774 G. White Let. 14 Feb. in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 174 Such a run of wet seasons a century or two ago would, I am persuaded, have occasioned a famine.
1838 A. De Morgan Ess. Probabilities vi. 124 It is 63 to 1 against a run of six games in one given manner.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 26 The cases are apt to occur, as it were, in runs.
1903 L. E. Kelley Three Hundred Things Girl can Do xvii. 440 In making a run, provide as much as possible for points ahead. Do not leave balls behind you if you can avoid it.
1944 G. H. Fearnside Sojourn in Tobruk 24 It is just like a game of two-up... A man can have a run of heads and get out while he's still winning.
1973 Sat. Rev. Arts (U.S.) Feb. 50/1 A trend toward comedy to follow the current run of violence oriented black films..and cheapie rip-offs of The Godfathers.
2004 E. Wald Escaping Delta xii. 206 Hooker..put three more records in the top ten before ending his run with another number one.
b. Gambling. A prolonged succession of occurrences of a particular colour, number, etc. Usually with on (also upon). Cf. sense 37a.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > [noun] > sequence of wins or losses
box hand1793
run1823
streak1843
trot1911
1823 New Monthly Mag. 8 27 There had subsequently been a long run upon the black, which would now probably cross over to the other colour.
1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis I. xxxviii. 370 A confounded run on the red had finished him, he said, at Baden Baden.
1904 H. S. Maxim Monte Carlo Facts & Fallacies i. 31 Wait until there has been a long run on an even chance, and then stake on the opposite chance.
1973 L. Meynell Thirteen Trumpets iv. 65 The record ‘run’ for a single number had occurred..in the Salle Privee at Nice when ‘8’ had been spun no fewer than six successive times.
2006 M. F. Schilling in D. Haunsperger & S. Kennedy Edge of Universe 5/2 As the run on black continued to grow, people began to bet larger and larger sums of money on red.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > [noun] > attack by hostile measures or words > persistent
run1721
1721 J. Swift Let. to Young Gentleman 26 You cannot but have..observed, what a violent Run there is among too many weak People against University Education.
a1763 Earl Waldegrave Mem. (1821) 121 At the late change of administration, when there was a violent run against him.
1835 Lit. & Theol. Rev. June 216 There is often..in Seminaries a run in favour of certain authors, or theological, or philosophical speculations.
1858 Earl Granville Let. 9 Jan. in E. Fitzmaurice Life Granville (1905) I. 287 There still seems to be a run against you by the Low Church, I presume on account of Lady Canning's Church principles.
1894 R. B. Lee Hist. & Descr. Mod. Dogs: Non-sporting Div. xiii. 307 There is at the present time a slight run in favour of the Japanese spaniel.
44. Australian and New Zealand. An uninterrupted spell of shearing sheep.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > sheep-shearing > [noun] > day or spell of shearing
shearing-darg1550
shear-darg1600
run1900
1900 H. Lawson On Track 133 We go through the day..in runs of about an hour and 20 minutes between smoke-ho's.
a1910 G. Meek in A. E. Woodhouse N.Z. Farm & Station Verse (1950) 59 The record shearing run of nineteen-nothing nine.
1955 G. Bowen Wool Away! 9 Machine men only stop a few times a run to change cutters.
a1964 H. P. Tritton in Penguin Bk. Austral. Ballads (1964) 227 My shearing days are over, though I never was a gun: I could always count my twenty at the end of every run.
2009 Weekly Times (Australia) (Nexis) 4 Mar. (Farm Mag.) 18 While still mounted on the motor bike in between shearing runs, I ride up to each garden timer tap, rotate it on and ride off. This allows..[it] to drip water..while I shear the sheep.
**** A set, series, or sequence of items.
45.
a. The average, ordinary, or usual type or class; the bulk, the generality; the majority of people or things. Frequently with modifying adjective, as general, normal, usual, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun] > usual course, condition, etc. > the usual or ordinary way or procedure
coursec1325
highway1550
way1556
the common (also general, usual) road1607
the beaten track1638
run1688
1688 W. Smith Future World ii. 41 The general Run of the Poets is..well known to abett our design.
1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 287. ¶6 In the common Run of Mankind, for one that is Wise and Good you find ten of a contrary Character.
1747 T. Gray Lett. (Bohn) I. 165 The ordinary run of Readers.
1777 B. Fairfax Let. 8 Dec. in G. Washington Writings (1934) II. 2 That..hath affected me more than any Favour I have received; and could not be believed by some in N: York, it being above the Run of common Minds.
1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas II. iv. viii. 179 To lead such a life, would be..penance to the common run of ladies.
1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 233 A man of mind, above the run of men.
1875 A. Helps Social Pressure vii. 92 They furnish very bad examples for dealing with the ordinary run of human beings.
1918 R. Drummond Minerals & Mining Nova Scotia v. 50 Nova Scotia coal can hold its own with the run of coal of other countries.
1965 G. McInnes Road to Gundagai v. 87 What..set our tannings aside from the normal run..was the deliberation and the ritual.
1970 Incorporated Linguist 9 iv. 111 This is a book which should be of interest to the scholar and the linguistic specialist, less so to the general run of professional translators.
2000 P. Simpson in J. Thomas Catwomen from Hell 50 Ciara running through them all, so excited at being catapulted out of the ordinary run of things.
b. A number of animals born or reared at the same time.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animals collectively > [noun] > number born or reared at same time
run1847
1847 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 8 i. 10 It is not uncommon to suckle the next run of lambs upon the ewes that have had their lambs taken off.
1848 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 9 i. 3 After the first run of oxen have been sent to market,..these pastures are cleaned up.
1948 E. N. Wentworth America's Sheep Trails 415 This run of lambs is quite heavy for four to six weeks, but breaks off suddenly as the pastures dry up in mid-May.
1987 Stock & Land (Melbourne) 10 Dec. 54/1 Most of the lambs in the first run, which made more than $40 weighed between 23 and 25 kg.
2006 W. Kittredge Willow Field ii. 225 Driving dry cows and heifers..to the deserts in April, followed by pure-bred bulls to ensure another run of calves the next spring.
46. North American. Frequently with plural unchanged. A pair of millstones operating together as a set. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > milling or grinding > [noun] > corn-mill > millstone > pair of
run1797
1797 J. Morse Amer. Gazetteer at Wanaspatucket Within one mile of its mouth there are..two paper-mills, two grist-mills with four run of stones, an oil-mill, and a saw-mill.
1830 W. Biglow Hist. Town of Natick, Mass. 9 On this site, on the north side, there are now one saw mill, three runs of mill stones, two crackers, [etc.].
1851 W. H. Smith Canada II. 119 Two grist mills, having two run of stones each.
1918 N. Bateman et al. Hist. Encycl. Illinois II. 968/1 It was a steam mill and had a three burr run of stones.
2000 N. Mika et al. Black Creek Pioneer Village (rev. ed.) 30/2 At Roblin's Mill one run of stones is used to do such custom milling.
47.
a. Originally North American. With of. Material produced by a kiln, extracted from a mine, etc., that has not been sorted, refined, or inspected for quality; (more generally) goods of an uncertain or variable quality taken from a specified source. See also Phrases 11, run of the mill n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class > according to quality
rank1558
class1616
alliance1674
quality1765
grade1807
first (second) chop1823
run1833
1833 Docs. Relative Manufactures of U.S. II. Doc. No. 308, 739/2 1,200,000 bricks per annum; run of the kiln $6 per thousand.
1854 Mining Mag. Mar. 325 They also agreed upon the following prices of coal: fine coal, $3.75; run of the mine, $4; lump coal, $4.50.
1882 Sc. Law Reporter 19 700/2 Ordered further supplies from the quarry on several occasions without specifying that it should be ‘clean’ rock, and was supplied with the ‘run of the quarry’.
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Run of the kiln, bricks of all kinds and qualities just as they happen to come from the kiln.
1944 Sun (Baltimore) 17 Feb. 17/1 The growers want 25 cents a pound for wrapper leaf..and 15 cents for ‘run of the crop’ as against the OPA set prices of 21 for wrapper..and 10 for ungraded.
1967 Gloss. Mining Terms (B.S.I.) viii. 23 Run of mine (R.O.M.), the product of a mine before sorting or cleaning.
1976 W. W. Warner Beautiful Swimmers iv. 70 They received..five cents for ‘run of the rock’ or unsorted oysters and dead shell.
2006 S. T. Krukowski in J. E. Kogel et al. Industr. Minerals & Rocks (ed. 7) ii. 563/1 The finer fraction of run-of-kiln tends to have a higher content of..impurities.
2007 Sunday Mail (S. Austral.) (Nexis) 25 Nov. h13 Q. What is Run of Kiln? A. This is when the manufacturer doesn't grade the tile at all. The seconds are mixed with the firsts.
b. A class or category of commercial goods. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > particular class of
line1834
town-made1835
run1861
brand1864
sideline1886
make1909
name brand1944
white goods1947
brown goods1976
positional goods1976
1861 Farmer's Mag. Feb. 173/2 January, February, and March prices varied but little, and the price 45s. per 604 lbs. for the best runs of red [sc. a type of wheat] appeared stereotyped.
1883 Daily News 23 Jan. 2/7 Makers of the ordinary runs of cloth being fully employed.
1886 Daily News 20 Oct. 2/5 The best runs of English and foreign [wheat] sell at full prices.
1922 Rep. Federal Trade Comm. on Grain Trade III. v. 165 Most buyers holding off until Monday expecting a better run of wheat.
c. The total number of copies of a book, newspaper, etc., produced in a continuous session of printing. Later also: the total number of copies of a book or other published work issued at one time.press, print, split run: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printed matter > [noun] > amount printed > amount printed at one time
edition?a1475
impression1570
run1878
printing1902
press run1907
print run1931
run-off1952
split run1961
1878 Publishers' Weekly 5 Oct. 356/1 A run of 200 copies was made with Cavendish's ‘Complete Treatise on Whist’, at something above ½.
1936 Penrose Ann. 38 146 Rotary printing will master any long runs.
1949 D. Melcher & N. Larrick Printing & Promotion Handbk. 246/2 Reproduction proofs must be perfect..since every slightest flaw will be duplicated in the whole run.
1976 Penrose Ann. 69 132 Over half of all printing jobs involve runs under 10,000 sheets.
1990 Photogro Spring 55/1 Working from single negatives, runs of 24 or more prints can be produced extremely quickly.
2008 L. A. Rose Explorer x. 290 Putnam informed its young author that his first run of fifteen thousand copies had been sold and a second printing was under way.
d. More generally: the total number of products (of the same type) manufactured or put on sale at one time. Cf. sense 50a.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [noun] > amount produced or manufactured
produce1650
supply1744
make1749
output1841
turn1870
production1878
turn-out1879
throughput1884
run1926
1926 Hotel Monthly May 14 (advt.) This chart, based on our own experience, compares the manufacturing cost of a run of 200 units with a run of 1,000 units of silver hollow-ware.
1941 N. G. Shidle & T. A. Blissel Frazer & Jones' Motor Vehicles (ed. 5) i. 2 In 1908 Ford started off his Model T with an initial run of 20,000 vehicles, an output unheard of at that time.
1955 Billboard 5 Mar. 68/1 Initial shipments of..a new Arcade game..are slated to go out soon, with the firm planning a run of 500 units for the first season's production.
2009 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 2 Jan. d2/5 Mr. Basich produced a run of 33 [snow]boards, available for $599 apiece.
48. Music. A series of musical notes forming a scale, usually sung or played rapidly. Cf. roulade n. 1a.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > ornament > [noun] > run
rouladec1662
run1833
1833 Harmonicon Jan. 32/1 An up-and-down run of half notes which seems to have no end.
1876 J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 382/1 Except for the purpose of training the voice, runs may be said to be out of fashion.
1878 M. W. Hungerford Molly Bawn xiii I like something I can understand, and I hate your runs and trills.
1900 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 51/1 The leader trills ahead in runs and shakes up and down the scale.
1975 S. R. Delany Dhalgren vi. 577 She blew a run on the harmonica toward the mike, pressed the off button.
2003 Boston Globe (Nexis) 4 Nov. c6 De Joode, who performed ‘Wolf Song’ as a solo piece, used bowing and rapid runs of notes to capture a lone wolf's cry or a pack's singing.
49.
a. A set or series of consecutive issues of a magazine, periodical, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > journalism > journal > periodical > [noun] > series
set1701
run1868
1868 Lippincott's Monthly Mag. Mar. 325/1 How many more of their productions..have entertained you, I pretend not to say, for I don't keep the run of our magazines and illustrated papers.
1898 Author's Circular 10 Mar. 2/3 Wanted, a run of the Field Newspaper from 1885.
1956 Science 3 Feb. 196/3 (advt.) Scientific journals wanted. Sets, Runs and Volumes bought at top prices.
1979 W. E. Houghton Wellesley Index Victorian Periodicals Introd. p. xvi Even if his library has the full run of a periodical, the Index enables him [sc. a scholar] to size up its contents.
1997 Guardian (Nexis) 7 Apr. 20 My bookshelves house a run of the magazine from the 1950s onwards.
b. Cards (originally Cribbage). A sequence of three or more cards with consecutive values, often belonging to the same suit. Also with distinguishing word indicating suit. Cf. earlier sequence n. 4a.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > card or cards > [noun] > combinations of cards
cater-trey?a1500
mournival1530
sequence1575
pair royal1608
septieme1651
tierce1659
pair1674
purtaunte1688
quart major1718
matrimonya1743
queen-suit1744
quart1746
prial1776
flux1798
fredon1798
tricon1798
intrigue1830
straight1841
marriage1861
under-sequence1863
straight five1864
double pair-royal?1870
run?1870
short suit1876
four1883
fourchette1885
meld1887
doubleton1906
canasta1948
?1870 F. Hardy & J. R. Ware Mod. Hoyle , Cribbage 78 Sequences or ‘Runs’ consist of three or more cards following in consecutive order.
1905 Appleton's Booklovers Mag. Nov. 594/2 Gilson played a three, and Lonergan paired him... Lonergan made thirty-one with a run of three.
1960 S. Fry Gin Rummy (1976) i. 4 You may play a King on his three Kings; the heart 10 or 6 on his 9-8-7 heart run.
1979 M. McCarthy Cannibals & Missionaries iii. 62 Like players at gin rummy seeking to fill out a run or three of a kind.
1996 S. Deane Reading in Dark (1997) ii. 39 They..cut the cards again, dealing them out rapidly as they chuckled, ‘Jack high, you've the shout,’‘Three to a run,’‘Two pair.’
c. Mining. A train or set of wagons.The meaning in quot. 1876 is unclear; it may in fact illustrate sense 22.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > mining equipment > [noun] > vehicle for underground haulage or transportation > set of
train1825
set1863
run1876
journey1883
jag1900
spake1935
1876 Rep. Inspectors of Mines 1875 36 The fence had been knocked down by a run of tubs on the incline.
1908 Minutes Evid. Royal Comm. Mines III. 116/1 in Parl. Papers Cd. 4349 When the run of trams is connected to the rope I do think the back-stay ought to be put on and kept there until it has ended the journey.
1979 D. Bannister Sam Chard 209 I want you to tell these two buggers about that time when you let that run of tubs go straight into t'pit bottom.
IV. Senses relating to the operation or management of something.
50.
a. An act or spell of making or allowing machinery to run. Also: a spell of manufacturing a product.dry, mill, production, test, trial run, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > [noun] > stretch, period, or portion of time > spell of some action
whilec1175
stint1533
crash1549
fleech1589
spell1707
return1763
run1864
fling period1885
go-round1911
jag1913
brannigan1928
the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > spell or bout of action
turnc1230
heatc1380
touch1481
pluck?1499
push?1560
bout1575
yoking1594
pull1667
tirl1718
innings1772
go1784
gamble1785
pop1839
run1864
gang1879
inning1885
shot1939
the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > instance or spell of carrying out experiment
run1864
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > [noun] > spell or period of operation
running time1854
run1864
machine-hour1921
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [noun] > spell of manufacturing
production run1923
run1962
1864 Mining & Smelting Mag. 6 105 The Blue Gravel claim (placer) at Smartsville, cleared up, after a run of two weeks of their mill, the sum of $44000.
1875 R. F. Martin tr. J. Havrez On Recent Improvem. Winding Machinery 49 Its wear..is reduced as much as possible—as, also, are the number of turns of the engine in each run.
1882 Rep. Precious Metals (U.S. Bureau of Mint) i. 473 Only one experimental run to test the machinery..has been made.
1900 Proc. U.S. Naval Inst. Sept. 421 It would be practically impossible to readjust the gear except on the [torpedo] stand, even though a practice run should show that correction was needed.
1951 S. Jennett Making of Bks. vii. 106 When the..machine is ready to start its run the hand-feeder takes her place at the feeding board.
1962 A. Battersby Guide to Stock Control x. 89 Striving for the shop-floor efficiency associated with long manufacturing runs.
1983 J. S. Foster Struct. & Fabric (rev. ed.) I. iii. 30/2 Models with the same common characteristics..are not necessarily produced in the same run.
2006 Nature 16 Nov. 275/3 The latest pyrosequencing machines analyse 25 million DNA bases at a high level of accuracy and in a single four-hour run.
b. Oil Industry. A spell of drilling with a particular bit; (also) the distance drilled during such a spell.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > drilling for oil or gas > [noun] > distance drilled
run1880
society > occupation and work > industry > drilling for oil or gas > [noun] > other procedures
jar1865
run1880
round trip1900
shooting1914
swabbing1921
underreaming1922
acidization1934
squeeze cementing1938
mud logging1960
re-entry1961
stab1972
upending1976
1880 J. F. Carll Geol. Oil Regions xxviii. 310 The engineer examines the steam and the water gauges and the fire, and then proceeds to sharpen the tool required for the next ‘run’.
1946 M. C. Seamark in Mod. Petroleum Technol. (Inst. Petroleum) 94 Cores of 10–20 feet can be taken at one ‘run’.
1974 R. D. Grace in P. L. Moore et al. Drilling Pract. Man. xiv. 354 Bit records of that time [sc. the late 1940s] were filled with typical runs of only five to ten feet in four to five hours at depths below 10,000 feet.
2010 Oil & Gas Jrnl. (Nexis) 18 Jan. 61 This improvement has helped reduce the occurrence of destructive bit whirl, keeping the drilling process efficient and the cutting structure intact for faster and longer runs.
c. An instance or a spell of carrying out an experimental procedure.
ΚΠ
1917 Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 52 604 A run at 25°, made with the sample before the apparatus was running as regularly as finally, gave a mean coefficient to 12000 kg.
1935 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Sept. 1074/2 In one run..the temperature began to rise and continued to rise after the heat input to the bomb was stopped.
1961 Lancet 5 Aug. 291/2 It trails into the post-albumin position during the run in starch gel.
2005 M. Dang & Y. Li in M. S. LeDoux Animal Models Movement Disorders 41/2 Using naïve mice for the initial run of each test can be impractical.
d. Computing. An instance of the execution of a program or other task by a computer.
ΘΚΠ
society > computing and information technology > programming language > programme execution > [noun]
run1941
1941 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 36 513 While a maximum of 54 runs through the tabulator is required, only one-ninth of the cards are used during each run.
1964 F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers ix. 144 It requires two runs on the computer..to solve the problem.
1983 Pop. Mech. Feb. 96/2 The printer's primary purpose will be to provide a listing of programs, or the results of a ‘run’.
2007 B. F. Foy Mastering Perl iii. 32 Perl sets up taint checking at compile time, and it effects the entire program for the entirety of its run.
51. Oil Industry. An instance of transferring a quantity of oil through a pipeline, or of subjecting it to a process such as distillation.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > drilling for oil or gas > [noun] > amount of oil processed or transferred
run1883
bpd1953
1883 Cent. Mag. July 332/2 He shuts off the flow, measures what remains in the tank, and makes out a triplicate certificate, showing depth of oil at the beginning and at the end of the run.
1888 Science 12 Oct. 172/2 This past spring an oil-man..was suffocated in one of these tank-sheds while making a run of oil; viz., running the oil from the receiving-tank to the transportation or pipe-line company's tanks.
1914 Chem. Abstr. 8 2247 Flushing out the vapors remaining in the still with steam so that they will not mix with the vapors from the next run.
2009 Energy & Fuels 23 2637 Simulated distillation gas chromatography showed that the yields of refinery boiling range materials..were reproducible between runs.
Phrases
P1. to put to the run: to cause to run; esp. to cause to run away or flee, esp. in retreating from a superior force. Now somewhat archaic.
ΚΠ
1650 Let. 31 July in C. S. Terry Life & Campaigns A. Leslie (1899) App. 464 Then Col. Lilburnes Regiment..gave them a hot charge, so that many of them fell, broake their bodies, put them to the runne.
1661 S. Pepys Diary 10 Jan. (1970) II. 10 These Fanatiques that have..put the King's lifeguard to the run.
1716 B. Church Entertaining Passages Philip's War ii. 73 The firing put the enemy to the run, who left their canoes and provisions to ours.
1888 Dict. National Biogr. XIV. 258/1 Blake, coming up with a strong reinforcement fresh from the river, completed their rout and put them to the run.
1904 in W. F. Cody Adventures of Buffalo Bill (1905) ii. iv. 139 Then he put his horse to the run and in a moment discovered that a troop of Confederate cavalry was approaching from behind.
1968 L. Crisler Captive Wild viii. 80 Staying at a little distance, not to panic her into flight, I followed... I did not put her to the run but went back and waited by the trees.
1987 L. Ty-Casper Ten Thousand Seeds (1989) 84 Who will say we lost? We put the Yankees to the run so many times.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > future events > [adverb] > in the long run
at (the) long runninga1450
at (the) long run1607
at the lengh1612
in the run1654
in the long run1768
in (also on, upon) the long run1814
1654 Pagitt's Heresiogr. (ed. 5) 136 Which we shall finde in the run slighted and scorned by them made meerly a footstool upon which their spirit shall raise it selfe into her throne.
1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. vii. 254 I trust that, in the run, I shall not be a loser.
1817 J. Hogg Sir Anthony Moore iv. ii, in Dramatic Tales I. 230 Husband, you're a wise man—I seldom, in the run, have ever found you Far out in estimate of man or woman.
P3. on the run.
a. Moving quickly; spec. in the process of running; at a running pace. Later also: while running.In early use esp. in order to make an escape; cf. Phrases 3b(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swiftly [phrase]
on fastec1275
as greyhound (let out) of leasha1300
a good (also great, etc.) shake13..
in hastec1300
(wiþ) gret yre13..
in speeda1325
good speeda1400
on (also upon) the wing or one's wing1508
with post1569
on or upon the speed1632
on the run?1679
by the run1787
like a house on fire (also afire)1809
at the double-quick1834
with a run1834
fast and furious1851
at the double1860
at the rate of knots1892
for (or on) the (high) jump1905
like blue murder1914
the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > [adverb]
lowna1600
on the run?1679
the world > action or operation > safety > escape > [noun] > evasion or escape from threat > evasive action
jouking1513
dodging1593
hide-and-seek1673
on the run?1679
(to take) evasive action1940
?1679 Dumb Maid (single sheet) The Doctor he set her Tongue on the Run, She Chatters now, and never will have done.
1689 R. Lundy Let. 15 Apr. in J. Mackenzie Siege London-derry (1690) 24/2 I found them on the run before the Enemy who pursued with great Vigour, and I fear March on with their Forces.
1744 J. Campbell Lives Admirals III. i. 19 They were within two Miles of the French Squadron, which appeared to be on the Run, and therefore our Ships set their Top-gallant Sails, and crouded after them.
1807 T. Lloyd & G. Caines Trial of T. O. Selfridge 110 You have it in evidence, that Austin was on the run; he could not then have even turned round without receiving two or three blows.
1830 J. W. Warter tr. Aristophanes Birds in tr. Aristophanes Acharnians 227 Here comes some one on the run.
1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxv. 265 The captains came hurrying down, on the run.
1884 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Huckleberry Finn xxi. 215 The same second I see a young girl coming on the run, and two men with her.
1910 Cent. Mag. Apr. 946/2 Instead of seizing the ball in one hand, on the run he scooped it up with both hands lightly, by the same motion gently but quickly tossing it right into Kling's hands in time to catch the runner.
1942 Life 19 Jan. 39/3 Men are on the run to their battle stations before the sound is finished.
1980 L. Hoy & C. A. Carter Tackle Basketball i. 18 Whether this shot is taken ‘on the run’, or from a stationary position, it is essential that both feet must be active in the jump.
2004 F. Pohl Boy who would live Forever ii. 48 More Heechee were arriving on the run, all of them chattering agitatedly at the tops of their voices.
b.
(a) In the process of avoiding capture or seeking safety, as from an enemy, the police, etc.; esp. in the state of being a fugitive from justice; in hiding. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > away (of motion) [phrase] > running away
in pursuit1660
on the run1770
(all) in a rush1829
on the trot1958
the world > action or operation > safety > escape > [phrase] > escaping confinement or justice
on the run1770
on the trot1958
1770 J. O. Animadversions upon Pamphlet entitled Earnest & Affectionate Addr. to Methodists 19 Had he lived in the Times of the Apostles, when Christian Love was on the Run,..he would have thought there had been Cause enough to lampoon these blessed Men heartily.
1833 Times 8 June 6/5 The father had been admitted to bail, but the son was on the run, and if he was caught, would not be admitted to bail. Nobody knew where the son was.
1883 Tinsleys' Mag. Jan. 80/2 It was more than likely that communications should pass between the men ‘on the run’ and their people at home.
1932 Week-End Rev. 9 Apr. 456/2 She explores..the world of political assassination, of criminal investigation departments, of men on the run.
1954 X. Fielding Hide & Seek xi. 139 They were fugitives from justice and had been on the run in this area for over a year.
1963 T. Tullett Inside Interpol i. 17 If it had not been for the men in the Rue Paul Valéry he might still be ‘on the run’.
2009 New Yorker 30 Mar. 70/2 And there is Lowboy himself..on the run from his mother and the detective.
(b) In extended use: in a vulnerable position; exposed to attack. Frequently in to get (also put, have, etc.) on the run.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > operation upon something > have effect on [verb (transitive)] > make subject to an action or influence
obtain1425
subjecta1450
to put forth1482
to set out1579
expose1594
to lay (also leave) open1595
render1642
to get (also put, have, etc.) on the run1909
1909 J. B. Atlay Ld. Haliburton 184 There was a widespread impression that the assailants had got the Government ‘on the run’, and that a vigorous campaign would show further concessions when Parliament met.
1922 Munsey's Mag. 76 650/1 Every time Porky thinks he has Four-Eyes on the run, Four-Eyes goes into a clinch an' gets in a few rib ticklers.
1955 Times 30 June 10/7 The President strongly resisted the suggestion that, as Russia was now ‘on the run’ it might be possible to reduce American expenditure on foreign aid.
1975 A. Scargill in New Left Rev. July 16 I yelled through my megaphone: ‘We've got them on the run, lads, they can only last half an hour now instead of an hour.’
2003 W. L. Bennett in N. Couldry & J. Curran Contesting Media Power ii. 18 Nor have activists networked and communicated so effectively that they have somehow put global capitalism on the run.
c. Very busy, frenetically active; (also) while travelling or busy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > occupied or busy [phrase]
at work?1440
at it1609
in (full) play1669
on the run1795
on the trot1822
on the hop1863
on the job1882
for (or on) the (high) jump1884
as busy as a nailer1899
1795 F. Asbury Jrnl. 16 May (1821) II. 265 I have been on the run, and have written none in my Journal for more than a week.
1844 J. R. Godley Lett. from Amer. xix. 98 We Americans are on the run all the time: if we could get a chance to lay by and fat up, we should come out stout too.
1884 Publisher's Weekly 24 Mar. 358/2 Publishers should be urged to sell their magazines ready cut. People who do their reading, or what they call reading, on the run, cannot be expected to take time to cut the leaves.
1895 Trans. Indiana State Med. Soc. 15 We sit at our desks in our offices, business houses or factories for ten, twelve or fourteen hours a day, eat cold lunches on the run to save a dollar's worth of time.
1958 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 17 Aug. (This Week Mag.) 4 (heading) Here's ready-to-read humor for the man on the run.
1963 Rotarian Aug. 36/3 Lou Roth, Jr., chief of youth activities, eats his lunch on the run while directing the departure of 13 busloads of youngsters from Grant's Farm.
2008 T. Keller Under Pressure 19/2 Even when she had been on the run all day, we still got a hot meal of beef stew and noodles.
P4. by the run.
a. Originally Nautical. For a single journey (originally with reference to the engagement of sailors for a voyage). Cf. sense 16a.
ΚΠ
1757 H. Laurens Let. 1 Mar. in Papers (1970) II. 474 Capt Rice call'd upon us for no less than Nine hundred & Eighty Pounds 11/6 to pay of[f] a parcell of sailors ship'd by the Run from Jamaica.
1758 J. Blake Plan Marine Syst. 46 In order to remove the great temptation to desert..it is proposed that all contracts and bargains by the run be made illegal.
1846 A. Young Naut. Dict. (at cited word) Seamen are said to be engaged by the run, when they ship with the intention of leaving the vessel at a certain port of destination.
1865 Illustr. Mag. 20 234/1 He boasts that he never comes and goes in the same ship; he ships by the run, and his pay is the advance.
1889 Rep. Royal Comm. Relations of Capital & Labour Canada 309 They are all paid by the day, except the train and engine-men, and they are paid by the run.
1900 F. W. Raikes tr. Maritime Codes Italy iii. 22 Seamen engaged by the run or by the month have a right to be paid for the days they have employed in fitting out the ship.
1996 Brookings Papers Econ. Activity 11 A railroad worker who was paid by the run and reported the rate had been reduced.
b. Chiefly Nautical = with a run at Phrases 8; (also) at a running pace. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swiftly [phrase]
on fastec1275
as greyhound (let out) of leasha1300
a good (also great, etc.) shake13..
in hastec1300
(wiþ) gret yre13..
in speeda1325
good speeda1400
on (also upon) the wing or one's wing1508
with post1569
on or upon the speed1632
on the run?1679
by the run1787
like a house on fire (also afire)1809
at the double-quick1834
with a run1834
fast and furious1851
at the double1860
at the rate of knots1892
for (or on) the (high) jump1905
like blue murder1914
1787 J. F. Bryant Verses 10 Now burn my shoul..But off the scaffold you shall be: Not down the ladder; but, for fun I'll take and shend you by the run.
1794 Freemason's Mag. Nov. 333 He pitched clean over, and came down, as the sailors call it, by the run.
1800 Gymnastics for Youth 277 Sailors..will descend from considerable heights in this way [sc. sliding down by the hands], which they call coming down by the run.
1834 Blackwood's Mag. 36 309 See all clear to let go every thing by the run.
1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island iii. xiii. 106 If I risk another order, the whole ship'll come about our ears by the run.
1910 Rudder 24 275/1 A heavy squall, working down from the Northwest just before dark, was responsible for sending them [sc. sails] down by the run.
1976 S. Hayden Voyage iii. 322 The main topsail runner broke and let the yard come down by the run, taking everything with it.
P5.
a. the run of one's teeth: the provision of maintenance or support; esp. free board, often in return for work done; (in extended use) complete freedom to act as one wishes.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun] > board > free board
utensil1702
the run of one's teeth1801
1801 E. Dubois Old Nick III. viii. 121 I'll give you a stall, and you may have the run of your teeth with me, by G—, as long as you like.
1841 C. H. Hartshorne Shropshire Gloss. 552. Run of his teeth, maintenance, bodily support, such allowance as parents often make to their children when they have married prematurely and imprudently.
1879 M. E. Braddon Cloven Foot xxviii It was an understood thing that he was to have the run of his teeth at Hazelhurst.
1910 Scribner's Mag. June 710/2 She was to be one of the family, with two hundred pounds a year to her credit, the run of her teeth in the house, [etc.].
1974 Broadcast 2 Dec. 16/3 Hugh Carleton Green..allowed—nay! encouraged a group of bright and irresponsible young men and women to have the run of their teeth in the so-called ‘satire’ programmes.
1977 Times 29 Aug. 6/1 The owners of the mixed clubs lived rent free and had the run of their teeth.
1994 H. Williams Dock Leaves 37 You have got the run of your teeth and I have got a cup of tea, a good book and someone I love to sit with.
b. Chiefly Australian. the run of one's (also the) knife (and fork): free board, typically in return for work done. Cf. the run of one's teeth at Phrases 5a. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1842 Sydney Morning Herald 31 Oct. There are at present stockholders in Port Phillip who..paid shepherds, bullock drivers, &c, at a rate of wages from £50..and the run of the knife, (that is, no stated ration, but as much as he could eat).
1852 W. H. Hall Pract. Exp. Diggings Victoria (ed. 2) 50 Ten shillings a day, with board and lodging, or, to make use of a colonial phrase, ‘the run of his knife’.
1890 R. S. Ferguson Hist. Cumberland xvi. 239 The wandering minstrel..paid for his ‘whittle gait’—the run of his knife, or, as we should now say, of his teeth.
1907 B. Baynton Human Toll vi. 133 Jim.., for the run of his knife and fork and tips from customers, was, he said, groom at the Court House Hotel.
1927 Daily Mirror 10 Dec. 9/1 Sir Granville Ryrie..began work as a cattle driver at £30 a year and the ‘run of his knife’, which means his food.
ΚΠ
1803 Public Characters 1802–1803 542 The post-chaise work, when there is a run on the road, and machines, by over-weights, delays, and consequent irregular driving..are for ever distressing and wearing down their cattle.
1816 J. Austen Emma II. vi. 97 A couple of pair of post-horses were kept, more for the convenience of the neighbourhood than from any run on the road . View more context for this quotation
1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 84 Some accidental circumstances had occasioned what is called a run upon the road, and the landlord could not accommodate her with a guide and horses.
1889 Duke of Beaufort in Duke of Beaufort et al. Driving (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) xvi. 311 There was a good run on the road and all ten postboys with their first pair were out.
P7. U.S. to keep (the) run of: to keep track of; to keep oneself informed about. Similarly to lose (the) run of: to lose track of; to fail to keep oneself informed about (now rare).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > memory > faulty recollection > recollect wrongly [verb (intransitive)] > forget, fail to remember
to forget abouta1382
to lose (the) run of1820
society > communication > information > action of informing > information [phrase] > keep in touch with or keep oneself informed about
to keep (the) run of1820
1820 ‘A. Seaborn’ Symzonia iv. 75 I ordered a salute to be fired of one gun for every State. ‘How many will that be, Sir?’, asked Mr. Boneto, adding, they came so fast he could not keep the run of them.
1838 Maritime Scraps 11 Be particular and not lose the run of it when they 're piped down, for between you and I, there's many a chap on board..no better than they should be.
1854 ‘P. Creyton’ Burrcliff xxvi. 244 I've kept run of your adventures as you related them the past six months.
1893 ‘M. Twain’ £1,000,000 Bank-note 29 You couldn't afford to lose the run of business and be no end of time getting the hang of things again when you got back home.
1918 J. C. Lincoln Shavings xix. 320 I kind of lost run of the time.
1923 Portsmouth (Ohio) Daily Times 17 Aug. 21/2 In following the other craft he had omitted to keep the run of his own vessel, and in consequence had only a very hazy idea of his position.
1986 R. F. Duncan Sailing in Fog iv. 36 The three significant factors necessary to keep run of one's position on the chart.
P8. Originally Nautical. with a run: (originally with reference to sliding down a rope) with a sudden rapid movement, esp. downwards; rapidly, abruptly. Cf. Phrases 4b. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swiftly [phrase]
on fastec1275
as greyhound (let out) of leasha1300
a good (also great, etc.) shake13..
in hastec1300
(wiþ) gret yre13..
in speeda1325
good speeda1400
on (also upon) the wing or one's wing1508
with post1569
on or upon the speed1632
on the run?1679
by the run1787
like a house on fire (also afire)1809
at the double-quick1834
with a run1834
fast and furious1851
at the double1860
at the rate of knots1892
for (or on) the (high) jump1905
like blue murder1914
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > [noun] > a swift course
reseOE
careerc1534
whirry1611
whirla1657
with a run1834
rip1855
streaka1861
scoot1864
1834 J. C. Hart Miriam Coffin II. iii. 39 Seize one of the halliards, and let yourself down with a run!
1850 C. R. Weld Auvergne, Piedmont, & Savoy 110 His horse came down with a run, as sailors would say.
a1865 E. C. Gaskell Wives & Daughters (1866) II. xi. 109 I shall go down in your opinion with a run..like the hall clock..when the spring broke.
1895 Daily News 13 Sept. 2/6 Cheese fell slowly last year, but this year values have come down with a run.
1904 A. Thomson Reminisc. II. v. 135 They hoisted him and then let the truckle go with a run.
1998 W. Perkins Hoare & Portsmouth Atrocities i. 8 Hoare..let her tall mainsail go with a run to drop on top of the prisoners.
P9.
a. to have (also get, want, etc.) a run for one's money.
(a) Horse Racing slang. To have (or get, want, etc.) a successful race from a horse one has backed, (in early use) esp. when that horse appeared likely to be scratched (scratch v. 7b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > make a success of [verb (transitive)] > manage to secure (a result)
to make shift of1504
temporize1596
manage1654
to have (also get, want, etc.) a run for one's money1839
to pull off1860
1839 Morning Post 20 May 6/4 Several individuals..had backed the horse, and..decided to have a run for their money.
1850 Era 1 Sept. 3/2 Up to this time Mildew's backers for the Handicap hoped to have a run for their money.
1852 Bell's Life in London 5 Sept. 2/3 (advt.) A first class race horse, the property of an honourable member of the Turf,..so that you may depend on a honest run for your money.
1870 Sporting Times 27 Aug. 274/1 It would appear that backers of horses do not want a run for their money, and that the ‘glorious uncertainty’ of the Turf is the real attractive feature after all.
1948 Sun (Baltimore) 26 Nov. 17/1 Backers of..Egretta, a stakes-winning filly, in the Endurance 'Cap did not get a run for their money.
2007 Racing Post (Nexis) 14 Jan. 9 Jayo was sent off the well-backed favourite in the 2m juvenile hurdle, but supporters never got a run for their money as he was pulled up lame behind.
(b) In extended use. To (want to) obtain value or satisfaction in return for one's expenditure or exertions.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > advantage > be advantageous or beneficial [verb (intransitive)] > derive benefit
to be the betterOE
profit1340
getc1390
advancec1405
gain1575
benefit1623
to have (also get, want, etc.) a run for one's money1874
1874 Hotten's Slang Dict. (rev. ed.) 274 To have a run for one's money is also to have a good determined struggle for anything.
1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 19 Jan. 1/1 So far the Macmillans have had what is called in some circles a good run for their money.
1905 Athenæum 1 Apr. 397 We do not get the proper run for our money, if we may put it in sporting lingo.
1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin ix. 160 Most of them longed for run for their money... The graver possibilities of war did not intrude themselves upon their minds until long afterwards.
1955 Times 27 Aug. 6/1 Pickering said that he was going..‘simply to satisfy the people of Bloxwich. They demand a run for their money and I will give it to them.’
2007 R. Harris & P. Hutchison Amazon (Bradt Travel Guides) (ed. 3) xi. 343 If you want a run for your money, it could take three or four days of sifting through, checking and comparing tour agencies.
b. colloquial. to give (a person, etc.) a run for his (also her, etc.) money.
(a) Originally Horse Racing. To provide (a backer, etc.) with a good race in exchange for the money wagered; also figurative. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1850 Era 11 Aug. 3/2 All true sportsmen..rejoiced at the victory of Lord Exeter, who is, perhaps, the gamest man on the turf, invariably giving the backers of his horses a run for their money.
1879 L. Clements Shooting Adventures II. 124 Why should a dog's trial be protracted?.. It may be that the judges wish to please the owner by giving him, at any rate, a ‘run for his money’.
1908 C. E. Blaney Girl & Detective xii. 102 Give me a run for my money... Be a real sport for once and give me fair play.
1977 Times 15 Nov. 13/3 I believe the selectors may give Scott a run for his money at No. 8 on one of the regional sides.
(b) To provide with a strong challenge; to provide with competition.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > challenge or challenging > challenge [verb (intransitive)] > offer a strong challenge
to give (a person, etc.) a run for his (also her, etc.) money1886
1886 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 13 Sept. 6/4 Of course, he can try to realise his costs against the seven gentlemen... Well, I know if I were one of the seven I'd give him a run for his money.
1914 G. B. Shaw Dark Lady of Sonnets Pref. in Misalliance 108 If I had been born in 1556 instead of in 1856, I should have taken to blank verse and given Shakespear a harder run for his money than all the other Elizabethans put together.
1952 E. O'Neill Moon for Misbegotten i. 14 You're a wonderful fighter. Sure, you could give Jack Dempsey himself a run for his money.
1976 J. Wainwright Bastard i. 13 The old Beetle punches the rear wheels into the softness and with good tyres..this bus could give a snow-cat a run for its money.
2009 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 15 May d4/4 A home-wrecking catfight to give Uma Thurman and Daryl Hannah a run for their money.
P10. U.S. colloquial. to get (also have) the run on (also upon): to get the upper hand of; to gain an advantage over; (formerly also) †to make an object of ridicule; to tease, harass (cf. run v. 13) (obsolete). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > derision, ridicule, or mockery > deride, ridicule, or mock [verb (transitive)]
teleeOE
laughOE
bismerc1000
heascenc1000
hethec1175
scornc1175
hokera1225
betell?c1225
scorn?c1225
forhushc1275
to make scorn at, toc1320
boba1382
bemow1388
lakea1400
bobby14..
triflea1450
japec1450
mock?c1450
mowc1485
to make (a) mock at?a1500
to make mocks at?a1500
scrip?a1513
illude1516
delude1526
deride1530
louta1547
to toy with ——1549–62
flout1551
skirp1568
knack1570
to fart against1574
frump1577
bourd1593
geck?a1600
scout1605
subsannate1606
railly1612
explode1618
subsannea1620
dor1655
monkeya1658
to make an ass of (someone)1680
ridicule1680
banter1682
to run one's rig upon1735
fun1811
to get the run upon1843
play1891
to poke mullock at1901
razz1918
flaunt1923
to get (or give) the razoo1926
to bust (a person's) chops1953
wolf1966
pimp1968
1843 H. B. Stowe Mayflower 198 George, that 'ere doctrine is rather of a puzzler; but you seem to think you've got the run on't.
1848 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (at cited word) ‘To get the run upon one’, is to make a butt of him; turn him into ridicule.
1859 H. E. Taliaferro Fisher's River xix. 233 Wags have the run on them, and they may as well be content and bear it.
1859 J. C. Hotten Dict. Slang (at cited word) ‘To get the run upon any person’, to have the upper hand, or be able to laugh at them.
1908 Delta of Sigma Nu May 739 If we expand why not do it in some new institution where there are no fraternities. Get the run on the other bunches instead of letting them get the run on us.
1958 I. Blasingame Dakota Cowboy xvi. 236 Get on him and try to knock his head off with your quirt... That's the way to get the run on him—get your bluff in first!
P11. Originally North American. run of (the) mine (also kiln, quarry, etc.). Used attributively (frequently hyphenated).
a. Designating material produced by a mine, kiln, etc., that has not been sorted, refined, or inspected for quality. Cf. sense 47a.
ΚΠ
1846 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 14 Nov. For lump or screened coal, $2 per ton... Mixed or Run of the mine, $1 61cts. per ton.
1862 Descr. Catal. Coll. Econ. Minerals of Canada 146 (table) Run of mine coal..Screened coal..Slack coal..Sample nut, pea, duff.
1915 Trans. Amer. Soc. Civil Engin. 78 1506 The crushers had been started on February 24th, to crush run-of-the-quarry stone for ballast purposes.
1943 A. W. Postel Min. Resources of Afr. (1948) v. 76 Impurities in choice lime should not run over 5%; or for run-of-the-kiln lime, over 7½%.
1972 Times 6 Oct. (World Steel Suppl.) 2/2 The constantly growing size of blast furnaces had made new demands on quality, and shipments of run-of-mine ore are no longer acceptable.
1990 Minerals Engin. 3 68 A primary jaw crusher truly capable of taking large run-of-mine or run-of-quarry rock.
b. = run of the mill adj.Also in various ad hoc formations by analogy with run of the mill adj.
ΚΠ
1927 Rotarian Sept. 35/1 He was just an average run-of-the-mine sort of man.
1951 Rochester (N.Y.) Democrat & Chron. 12 Sept. 14/6 Culio... A run-of-the-mob gunsel—till he runs off at the mouth!
1962 Evening Star (Washington, D.C.) 12 June a1/4 [She] bitterly accused paid officials of..conniving with night club owners to degrade and exploit run-of-the-mine exotic dancers.
1974 Guardian 17 July 10/6 Rossini and Puccini could get by..with run-of-the-scale performers, but for Verdi, Wagner, Strauss,..nothing but the best.
1993 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Jrnl. 11 Feb. c3/5 Truly dark and evil forces—not just your run-of-the-still liquor lobbyists—have infiltrated the 1993 Legislature.
2003 T. Buckles Laws of Evid. ii. 28 The interests at stake are more substantial..than those involved in a run-of-the-mine civil dispute.
P12. slang (chiefly Irish English). to lose the run of oneself: to lose one's self-control; to behave in an unexpected or uncharacteristic manner.
ΚΠ
1872 G. Haven & T. Russell Father Taylor xl. 185 He labored hard and drank deeply, so much so that he seemed to be rum-proof; but sometimes, like other drunkards, he lost the run of himself, though he was rarely seen to stagger.
1965 G. Fallon Sean O'Casey ix. 118 Suspicions..that he had, as we say, lost the run of himself as a result of fortune, fame and the friendship of the great.
1995 A. Enright Wig my Father Wore 50 ‘Frank's lost the run of himself,’ I said. ‘He's probably doing it for a bet.’
2005 F. McNally Xenophobe's Guide to Irish 21 When the pair of them head off to Marbella for Easter, and they only just back from a skiing holiday in Austria, you just know they've lost the run of themselves.
P13. slang (chiefly Australian). to get the run: to be dismissed from employment. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > lack of work > [verb (intransitive)] > dismiss or discharge > be dismissed or discharged
to get the bag1804
to get the sack1825
swap1862
to get the boot1888
to take a walk1888
to get the run1889
to get (or have) the swap1890
to get the (big) bird1924
to get one's jotters1944
1889 A. Barrère & C. G. Leland Dict. Slang I. 403/2 Get the run, to, (English and Australian), to be discharged.
1892 J. Miller Workingman's Paradise 2 ‘You didn't hear that my Tom got the run yesterday, did you?’ ‘Did he? What a pity! I'm very sorry,’ said Nellie. ‘Everybody'll be out of work and then what'll we all do?’
1916 S. Ford Shorty McCabe looks 'em Over (1917) xv. 235 Even his wife's uncle, who was found drawin' down eight hundred a year as assistant janitor.., got the run.
1959 S. J. Baker Drum (1960) ii. 141 Run, get the, to be dismissed from employment.
P14. Chiefly British. run of play: the course of events in a sporting fixture, usually with reference to the dominance of one team or player over the other.
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1901 Manch. Guardian 9 Apr. 3/4 There had been no score at the interval, and the run of play had by no means prepared the spectators for the sensation that was to follow.
1906 Oxf. Mag. 31 Jan. 172/2 The score of 4-0 does not give a very good idea of the run of play, and the 'Varsity had a lot of the game all through.
1956 Times 1 Oct. 12/4 When the Germans calmed down and got together they more of less dictated the run of play.
1969 B. James England v Scotland iii. 64 The score line was a far from accurate guide to the run of play.
2004 J. Leigh & D. Woodhouse Football Lexicon (2006) 168 On local radio, perhaps understandably, the non-regional team always seem to score very much against the run of play.
Compounds
C1. Sport.
a. Objective (in sense 5), as run-getter n., run-getting n. and adj., run-maker n., run-stealer n., etc.
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1847 Times 5 Aug. 5/6 He had no sooner made eight runs that he became anxious to become a fast run-getter.
1867 Baily's Monthly Mag. Dec. 137 Harrow had not a great run-getting Eleven this year.
1877 London Society May 416/2 The run-stealer's heart would surely be broken in his first innings.
1891 Harper's Weekly 23 May 391/4 As for Poole, he is the same ‘run-getter’ that he was last year.
1921 G. R. C. Harris Few Short Runs iv. 95 One of the finest fields I ever saw, and in second-class matches a wonderful run-getter.
1954 Baseball Digest Oct. 18/1 I've not yet seen a home run hitter or a run maker in the league like Hack.
1970 Washington Post 30 Sept. d1/2 But the Twins came back to tie it 11–11 in their half on run-scoring singles by Cardenas and Chuck Manuel.
2008 Times (Nexis) 18 Oct. (Sport) 98 It is true that Tendulkar's circle of competence—run-getting in international cricket—is a narrow one.
b.
run blocker n. American Football an offensive player who blocks opponents in order to protect the ball carrier; = blocker n. 4b.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > American football > [noun] > types of player
side tackle1809
nose guard1852
rusher1877
goalkicker1879
quarterback1879
runner1880
quarter1883
full back1884
left guard1884
snap-back1887
snapper-back1887
running back1891
tackle1891
defensive end1897
guard1897
interferer1897
receiver1897
defensive back1898
defensive tackle1900
safety man1901
ball carrier1902
defensive lineman1902
homebrew1903
offensive lineman1905
lineman1907
returner1911
signal caller1915
rover1916
interference1920
punt returner1926
pass rusher1928
tailback1930
safety1931
blocker1935
faker1938
scatback1946
linesman1947
flanker1953
platoon player1953
corner-back1955
pulling guard1955
split end1955
return man1957
slot-back1959
strong safety1959
wide receiver1960
line-backer1961
pocket passer1963
tight end1963
run blocker1967
wideout1967
blitzer1968
1967 Delaware County (Chester, Pa.) Daily Times 14 Nov. 13/4 Ralph Batty, Collingdale's aggressive tackle, was virtually unstoppable by Swarthmore's pass protectors and run blockers.
2007 J. Rand Run It! 124 He was a 6-foot-4, 240-pound crunching run blocker, as well as a game-breaking receiver.
run blocking n. American Football blocking by players on the offensive team aimed at protecting the ball carrier; cf. pass protection n. at pass n.4 Compounds 2.
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1963 Boston Globe 19 Nov. 21/3 We had to update our run-blocking. We'd been trying to play against 1960 defenses with 1950 blocking techniques.
1995 Evening Sun (Baltimore) 28 July c 11/1 James' pass protection of quarterback Tracy Ham and his run blocking..drew high marks from coach Don Matthews.
run chase n. Cricket a passage of play in which the batting side has to score runs very quickly, esp. in order to win the match in the last innings.
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1968 Times 23 July 13/4 (headline) Leicester win run chase.
1986 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 18 Nov. 42 The early Indian batsmen threw caution to the winds in the run chase and crashed to 4-12 after a succession of dismal shots.
2007 Wisden Cricketer July 80/4 Roberts was again a handful on the then unpredictable wicket when Glamorgan attempted a run-chase in their second innings but Hill stood firm.
run defence n. American Football defensive play aimed at limiting the offensive team's gain from running the ball (cf. run v. 14b); an instance of defending in this way; contrasted with pass defence n. at pass n.4 Compounds 2.
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1952 Big Spring (Texas) Daily Herald 1 Oct. 13/5 We've made less than 100 yards running in two games. That's bad. True, both teams played us a strong run defense but I still feel we should have done better.
1978 Washington Post 28 June d1/2 We'll play the 3-4 (defense) sometimes but that is basically a run defense.
1983 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 30 Jan. v. 9 The run defense..depends upon speedy pursuit by the linebackers.
2006 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 6 Aug. viii. 3/3 The pass rush is often a by-product of the run defense.
run defender n. American Football a defensive player who aims to stop the offensive team from running the ball; a member of a run defence.
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1955 Waco (Texas) News-Tribune 7 Sept. 11/1 Hugh is a fine pass defender and run defender.
2000 L. Jones in Defensive Football Strategies (Amer. Football Coaches Assoc.) 6/1 Our left corner should be a stronger run defender than the right corner and also a better zone pass defender.
run-producer n. Baseball (a) a hit from which one or more runs are scored; (b) a player who (reliably) scores runs.
ΚΠ
1891 Boston Daily Globe 31 July 3/6 McGeachy pulled down several flies that looked like run producers, while Stricker cut off several base hits by good stops and quick throws.
1901 Washington Post 28 June Then Quinn tried his hand, but made an equally dismal failure as a run-producer.
1948 Baseball Digest Jan. 22/2 What's more, the Reds have added punch—veteran run-producers like Augie Galan, Babe Young and Bert Haas, as well as youngsters like Grady Hatton and Frank Baumholtz.
1991 Athlon's Baseball '91 119/1 It had become evident that the Orioles needed a solid run-producer to beef up the lineup.
2003 Grand Rapids (Mich.) Press (Nexis) 30 Apr. c3 Among those hits were run-producers from Matt Macri, Cody Rizzo and Matt Bransfield.
run rate n. Cricket the average number of runs scored by a side in an over or a certain period of time.
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1958 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 8 Feb. 12/5 A depleted South African attack..performed heroics on their own account in confining the Australian run rate to 36 an hour.
2007 Wisden Cricketer July 42/3 We still needed six an over and, though we were keeping up with the run-rate, we were losing wickets.
run-stopper n. American Football a defensive player who attempts to stop the offensive team from running the ball; = run defender n.
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1922 Clearfield (Pa.) Progress 27 Nov. 4/3 The first 20 yards of Brown's dash enabled him to get by the visiting backs, Moore and Mitchelltree each taking out men that looked like sure run stoppers.
2003 Black Men Oct. 22/1 On paper, Kennedy may be the prototype run-stopper/up-the-middle pass rusher that could make the Rams' defense even tougher.
run-stuffer n. American Football colloquial = run-stopper n.
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1985 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 18 Jan. b4/2 Bob Brudzinski is the run-stuffer and Charles Bowser is the extra pass rusher.
2004 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 8 Dec. c15/2 Run stuffers, with their protruding bellies, are easy targets for those on the sideline or in the broadcast booths... Still, when a running play is stuffed, only the film geeks and other players truly appreciate what all that grappling in the middle meant.
C2. Chiefly New Zealand. attributive with the sense ‘raised on a run (sense 13)’, as run cattle, run cow, run sheep, etc.
ΚΠ
1871 N. Otago Times (N.Z.) 13 Oct. 2 Too few run sheep were received to form any conclusion as regards the respective merits of the..three Provinces.
1895 Star (Canterbury, N.Z.) 1 Feb. 4 Though ‘run’ cattle they have settled down quietly in their accommodation on the poop of the vessel.
1919 Northern Territory Times & Gaz. 18 Oct. The run cattle suffered from neglect, and a perfectly avoidable mortality ensued.
1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Oct. 292 Hill Stations..cull run cows not required for breeding.
1986 B. Richards Off Sheep's Back 149 It is also necessary to have a certain number of run-cattle on a sheep farm. They eat out any rank and tufty grass.
C3. † run forward n. Obsolete rare the fore part of the underwater portion of a ship's hull, where it rises and narrows towards the stem; cf. sense 30a.
run boat n. U.S. regional (originally Chesapeake Bay) a boat used to collect and transport the catch made by fishing vessels; such a vessel used as a pleasure boat.
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society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > fishing vessel > [noun] > vessels which store, freeze, or transport fish
well-boat1614
fish-pool1718
sack ship1732
well smack?1758
carrier1825
sale-boat1840
ice boat1846
plunger1860
runner1881
pound-boat1884
run boat1884
fish-carrier1886
smacka1891
shacker1902
Klondiker1926
factory trawler1928
1884 Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 4 319 The Baltimore market is supplied by bay fishermen and ‘run-boats’ from the float and shore fisheries.
1911 Rudder Aug. 49/2 The run-boats, in the local vernacular, are schooners mostly, about 60 to 70 feet on deck, and merely run back and forth between the dredging fleet and Baltimore.
1967 Washington Star 25 June (Sunday Mag.) 11 The Jessie Taylor out of Smith Island, Md., is typical of the ‘runboats’ that bring the seafood to town.
1974 News & Observer (Raleigh, N. Carolina) ii. 13/2 He told me he'd run aground in his private ‘run boat’.
1999 L. Salsi Carteret County (2003) vii. 107 (caption) Fish are taken straight from the nets and loaded onto the run boat.
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1607 W. Raleigh Lett. (1999) 302 To make her swifte is to give her a large run or way forward, and so afterwarde.
a1618 W. Raleigh Observ. Royal Navy (1650) 10 To make her sayle well is to give a long run forward... For as in laying out of her bows before and quarters behind, she neither sinck into, nor hang in the water, but lye cleare off and above it.
runholder n. chiefly New Zealand the owner or leaseholder of a run (sense 13).
ΚΠ
1853 N.Z. Land Regulations in Parl. Papers (1854) VII. 229 Right of pre-emption of homesteads granted to run holders at a fixed price of either 10s. or 5s. per acre: the run holder, however, may be called upon to exercise this right.
1891 Bulletin (Sydney) 28 Mar. 23/1 The candidates were two—Highlow, the big run-holder; and Davis, a sporting Jew.
1940 W. G. McClymont Explor. N.Z. xii. 130 The country they contained had been granted to run-holders in order of application.
2007 Timaru (N.Z.) Herald (Nexis) 20 July 6 What a disaster for our high country runholders to have their leases hugely increased because of the views the sheep have.
runholding n. chiefly New Zealand the fact of owning or holding the lease to a run (sense 13).Recorded earliest in attributive use.
ΚΠ
1857 Hawke's Bay (N.Z.) Herald 17 Oct. 6 [They] had so far forgot the people's interests as to support a Government which favoured the runholding monopoly.
1858 Otago Witness (Dunedin, N.Z.) 4 Dec. 5 We hesitate not to confess ourselves admirers of the Hundred system and of agriculture rather than of runholding.
1902 W. P. Reeves State Exper. in Austral. & N.Z. I. vi. 228 The nominal expansion of run-holding was enormous.
2001 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 24 Feb. 18 His runholding operations stretched from the Hurunui River to the North Branch of the Waipara River.
run hunting n. Australian (now rare) the action of searching for unoccupied land to claim and use for grazing animals; cf. sense 13.
ΚΠ
1847 Sydney Morning Herald 12 Jan. Great was the competition..to be first in selecting and occupying country; so great was the run hunting from this quarter,..that the Murrumbidgee below Mr. Hobler's..was pounced on almost while we were passing.
1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Squatter's Dream xix. 238 What do you say if I go run-hunting with you?
1916 H. L. Roth Sketches & Reminisc. Queensland 9 He found himself stockdriving and run hunting (i.e., looking for new country) in the Central and Northern lands of the then young Colony of Queensland.
run length n. Computing a continuous sequence of repeated values within some data; usually attributive, designating a lossless method for compressing data in which such sequences are replaced by the value and the length of the sequence.
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1954 J. B. Wiesner in L. N. Ridenour Mod. Physics for Engineer xvii. 452 Some messages, such as television pictures, are characterized by frequent long sequences of the same symbol. When the message has this characteristic, a type of coding known as run-length coding may be employed... For efficient transmission, both the symbols and the numbers specifying the run length should be statistically matched to the channel.
1989 Austral. Personal Computer Dec. 145/2 We need to consider algorithmic methods of compressing the data. In the past, techniques like run length coding (RLC), and Huffman encoding were used.
2006 M. K. Dalheimer & M. Welsh Running Linux (ed. 5) 281 Run-length encoding..is a good choice for images that contain areas having the same color, such as line drawings.
run money n. Nautical (now rare) (a) payment made for a single voyage, typically in addition to a regular monthly salary; cf. Phrases 4a; †(b) money paid for apprehending a deserter; cf. run adj. 3 (obsolete).
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1752 J. Lowrey Narr. Proc. 24 They had much rather loose their Run-Money than their Lives.
1800 J. B. Bosanquet & C. Puller Rep. Courts Common Pleas 1 7 Evidence, a note for 52l. 10s. for run-money, with an additional stipulation..for a pint of rum per day.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 586 Run-money, the money paid for apprehending a deserter, and charged against his wages.
1913 Federal Reporter 203 208 The men were willing to take $125 run money to take the vessel down.
run resist adj. (of an article of clothing, typically hosiery) that inhibits runs (sense 23) on account of the fabric or design employed in manufacture; (of a fabric or design) of a type that inhibits runs.
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1929 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 15 Mar. 12 (advt.) Mercury vests and bloomers of finest rayon that gives them a luxurious texture—guaranteed run resist.
1939 Life 4 Dec. 95/2 (advt.) Made of run-resist Spun-lo Rayon.
1967 Ironwood (Mich.) Daily Globe 12 Apr. 14/8 (advt.) They're runresist with special run-guard top and toe. Sheer seamless mesh.
2009 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 3 Oct. 4 Fashionable guys will be girding their loins in run-resist nylon this season as hosiery pour homme.
run resistant adj. = run resist adj.
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1928 Fitchburg (Mass.) Sentinel 30 Nov. 17/2 (advt.) Duro-knit underwear..Guaranteed run resistant.
1938 Knit Goods Weekly 15 Aug. 11 These hosiery finishes bind fibre to fibre..strengthen the fabric..make it snag-resistant, run-resistant..add miles more wear.
1955 Daily Herald (Provo, Utah) 15 June 16/1 Stretchable nylon briefs. Knit of new porous, run-resistant fabric unaffected by repeated washing.
1969 Sears, Roebuck Catal. Spring–Summer 409 Run-resistant mesh-knit seamless stretch nylons.
1996 André de Brett Catal. Autumn–Winter 103/1 Pack of three 20 denier run resistant tights with reinforced body.
run proof adj. = run resist adj.
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1909 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 3 Sept. 8/2 (advt.) The ‘Best-Ever’ Suit for Boys... Run Proof, Moth Proof.
1948 Life June 6/2 (advt.) Little Aladdin's Lamps..sprinkled on a field of luxurious white run-proof rayon.
1982 J. Sullivan Only Fools & Horses (1999) I. 2nd Ser. Episode 2. 79 Look at that, authentic French tights, alright?.. Now they're 20 denier and they're sheer nylon, not only are they run proof but they're fun proof as well.
2006 New Yorker (Nexis) 17 Apr. 29 The music for a 1972 commercial for Hanes runproof stockings is mostly vocal noises modified by a Moog.
run time n. Computing the time at or during which a program or other task runs (often contrasted to the time at or during which a program is compiled); the length of time taken by the execution of a program or task.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > [noun] > stretch, period, or portion of time > time it takes to do a particular thing
paternoster-whilec1400
the space of a paternoster1561
travel time1851
airtime1928
run time1964
society > computing and information technology > programming language > programme execution > [noun] > occasion of
run time1964
society > computing and information technology > programming language > programme execution > [noun] > time taken for
real time1946
run time1964
1964 Math. Computation 18 486 Separate run-time indications assured us that we did not have overflow.
1972 Nucl. Physics B. 48 123 Every model can in principle be simulated by every simulation method for a sufficiently long run time of a computer.
1982 InfoWorld 14 June 77/2 Prompting for data entry during run time.
2002 CGI Nov. 56/2 Their program can quickly recompile the programs at run-time according to whichever graphics capabilities are available.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
runadj.
/rʌn/, U.S. /rən/ I. That has run.† 1. Scottish. Of rent: past the time of being due; unpaid. Cf. run v. 53. Obsolete.† 2. Of liquid: that has run out or leaked. Obsolete. rare.† 6. Scottish. Complete, out-and-out, thoroughgoing. Only in run devil. Obsolete.Frequently after Robert Burns (see quots. 17861, 17862).
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society > trade and finance > payment > non-payment > [adjective] > not paid
unyoldena1325
unpaid1371
run1493
unsatisfied1598
unpleased1604
undefrayed1611
1493 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1839) I. 270/2 xx li for þe Rvn males of þe landis of [etc.].
1520 in J. Imrie et al. Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk (1960) 58 James Bradfut [is] awand x s. of rowne malis for the tron.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid which has been emitted > action or process of leaking > [adjective] > that has leaked, of liquor
run1670
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > [adjective] > of something confined > that has leaked out
run1670
1670 A. Marvell Let. 10 Mar. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 100 Also the clauses subsequent of abatement to the Mercht for leakage run & decayed wines.
3. Chiefly Nautical. Absent (without leave) for an extended period, typically having deserted or failed to report for duty. Now historical.Often used as a comment on the status of a sailor, marked in the ship's books with an R (see R n. 16g).
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society > travel > travel by water > seafaring life > [adjective] > that has deserted
run1695
R1706
1695 R. Crosfeild Justice Perverted 16 Those that die, and others that continue sick above thirty days, and those sent to the London Hospitals for cure, who are thereby disabled to return to their Ships, are for the most part made Run.
1719 London Gaz. No. 5810/2 The Captains of the said Regiments have not made up the Accounts of the Dead and Run Men in their respective Companies.
1758 J. Blake Plan Marine Syst. 45 It is proposed that every deserter from a merchant ship be marked Run upon the muster-roll.
1782 W. Macintosh Trav. in Europe I. xxxix. 441 That the wages and effects of run seamen..shall be appropriated to this fund.
1821 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 521/2 He got drunk, outstayed his time..and not appearing, was marked as ‘run’, on the ship's books.
1862 W. White Sailor-boy's Log-bk. xv. 231 When a ‘run’ man's (a deserter) effects are sold, the money goes to Government.
1885 Hampshire Tel. & Sussex Chron. 9 May 8/3 In reference to one of his certificates in which he had been marked ‘run’,..he desired to say that that was owing to his having omitted to forward his sick certificate from Dr. Sall.
1968 C. Lloyd Brit. Seaman (1970) xi. 264 The number of deserters from the navy can never be ascertained until all the names marked Run in all the muster books are counted up.
2003 J. E. Fender Audacity v. 55 A run man, liking not the tender mercies of the Royal Navy, now branded as a felon.
4. attributive. Mining. Designating certain mineral deposits that present an appearance of having been melted or heated. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1724 H. Moll New Descr. Eng. & Wales 298/2 They [sc. ‘stone-cockles’] are found in firm rocks and beds of lime-stone,..being call'd by the miners run-lime stone; seeing they suppose these figures to be produced by a more than ordinary heat.
1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. 246 One variety of this coal [sc. stone or splent coal] is by Scots colliers very properly called run splent.
1838 W. Grier Mechanic’s Pocket Dict. (ed. 3) 102 To the same species belongs that coal called in Scotland run splint; it is difficult to separate.
1864 W. W. Smyth et al. Catal. Mineral Coll. Mus. Pract. Geol. 11/2 Copper pyrites, botryoidal, (‘run’ or ‘blister ore’ of the miners).
1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 208 Run Coal, soft bituminous coal.
1954 S. I. Tomkeieff Coals & Bitumens 81/1 (Gloss.) Run coal, term in use among British miners for soft bituminous coal.
5. Horticulture. Of a flower: that has changed in colour or markings compared to previous generations, typically becoming less brightly coloured or less finely marked. Cf. running n. 29. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > flower or flowering plant > [adjective] > having flowers or blossom > with specific colouring or marking
blue-flowered1597
red-flowered1629
blue-mantleda1650
rectified1665
well-broke1687
guarded1688
run1725
broken1731
pheasant-eyed1731
red-flowering1731
bizarre1753
run-off1810
unveined1826
self1833
limbate1866
chloranthous1871
albiflorous1879
laced1882
1725 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Tradesman I. iii. 40 When nature in the auricula is exhausted, and has spent her strength in shewing a fine flower, perhaps some years upon the same root, she faints at last, and then turns into a yellow, which yellow shall be bright and pleasant the first year, and look very well to one that knows nothing of it, tho' another year it turns pale, and at length almost white: This the gardeners call a run flower.
1792 J. Maddock Florist's Directory 195 It very seldom happens that the pipings, or layers, taken from a run flower, produce any other than run or plain-coloured blossoms.
1834 Royal Lady's Mag. Feb. 33/2 It frequently happens that of two plants in the same pot, one will be run and the other true, and both will have been taken from one plant previous to potting.
1907 Gardeners' Chron. 27 July 78/1 The quality of the blooms was generally excellent, and the colours distinct and clean, a ‘run’ flower being rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adjective] > utter or absolute > of something bad or reprobated > of a person
arrant1393
errant1393
starka1470
unconscionable1591
omnipotent1596
incarnative1598
run devil1786
incarnate1820
blithering1889
1786 R. Burns Twa Dogs xxxiii, in Poems 21 But hear their absent thoughts o' ither They're a run deils an' jads thegither.
1786 R. Burns Inventory in Wks. (1816) III. 298 For men, I've three mischievous boys, Run deils for rantin and for noise.
1827 Aberdeen Star 20 July 313 That confoundit trash o' whisky, which maks them delerious an' run deels a' thegither.
1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 158 The farrest aff, as much fear-fangit Like run-de'ils boltit aff and spangit.
1862 A. Hislop Prov. Scotl. 129 Jock's a mislear'd imp, but ye're a run-deil.
a1867 W. Gairdner Glengoyne (1900) I. ii. 19 Fine I mind fan I lundered you an' anither lathie, Rob Collie, fa was mair o' a run deil nor you.
7. As the second element in compounds: (of a salmon or other fish) that has migrated up a river or stream from the sea at the specified time. Occasionally also with reference to migration to the sea.clean-, fresh-, sea-run: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > [adjective] > migrating > that has migrated from sea
run1821
fresh-run1828
1821 W. Scott in R. Franck Northern Mem. (new ed.) Notes 370 The burning can only be practised when the river is low and the pools very clear, and, consequently, where there are no newly-run fish for the amusement of the angler.
1860 J. Locke Tweed & Don 111 The three afternoons' sport yielded eleven new run fish, from 8 to 10 pounds each.
1922 Progress Biol. Inq. (U. S. Bureau Fisheries) 7 Spring-run fish will be derived from spring-run parents and fall-run fish from fall-run parents.
1932 Copeia No. 3. 157 In each case the salmon were new-run fish and consequently in excellent condition.
2002 High Country News 30 Sept. 8/2 The Delta has been reduced to..‘a quilt of disconnected patches too small to sustain dependent species’ such as winter run Chinook salmon.
8. Scottish (Shetland). Of milk, cream, etc.: curdled, coagulated. Cf. run v. 41.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [adjective] > relating to milk > curd > coagulated
welledOE
loppereda1300
quailed1440
runned1527
lopper1816
run1859
walled1879
clabbered1921
1859 Hunt's Yachting Mag. Dec. 533 They [sc. Shetlanders] gave us some good brown bread and sweet milk, and an acid composition not at all palatable, called run milk.
1886 J. J. H. Burgess Shetland Sketches & Poems 79 Liza got him a drink o' runn milk.
1888 B. Edmondston & J. M. E. Saxby Home of Naturalist 100 Delicate people who dare not for their lives drink a cupful of sweet cream, can devour that quantity of ‘run’ cream with impunity.
1962 New Shetlander No. 61 13 Run mylk an' aitmael.
1979 J. J. Graham Shetland Dict. 71/2 We wir wint ta hae run milk an aetmell for wir supper.
II. That has been run by a person (or animal), and senses deriving from this.
9. As the second element in compounds. That has been raced or contested in a certain manner.For more established collocations, as close-, near-, slow-, well-run, etc., see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > [adjective] > that has taken place
run1597
1597 T. Middleton Wisdome of Solomon Paraphr. x. sig. Mvv Heere comes wisedomes grace, Whose hope doth lead me vnto better hap, Whose presence doth direct my fore-run race.
1624 R. Bellings Sixth Bk. Arcadia 20 Too soone you fled from hence to that fayre place, The happy period of a well-run Race.
1783 Morning Herald & Daily Advertiser 2 June The late division in the House of Peers..proved a hard-run thing between anti-simony and self-interest.
1822 T. Creevey in H. Maxwell Creevey Papers (1903) I. x. 236 I met..the Duke... ‘It [sc. the Battle of Waterloo] has been a damned serious business,’ he said... ‘It has been a damned nice thing—the nearest run thing you ever saw in your life.’
1864 G. O. Trevelyan Competition Wallah vii. 212 The scars which testify to their prowess on more than one hard-run day of battle.
1896 C. C. de Crespigny Mem. vi. 242 The minor details of the trial will hardly interest you. Suffice it to say that it was a fast run one.
1932 Chillicothe (Missouri) Constit.-Tribune 8 Aug. 4/1 The event that ran truest to form was yesterday's marvelously run marathon.
1973 Times 15 Jan. 7/5 National Hunt Horse of the Year..could be a tight-run affair if Pendil wins the Gold Cup and Bula..wins his third Champion Hurdle.
1998 Odds On June 13/1 Cecil's Midnight Line..may have had her excuses in an unsuitably-run race at York and could be ideal for Epsom.
10. That has been caused to flow; that has been poured while in a fluid or melted state.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or fact of pouring or being poured > [adjective] > in or out, in a melted state
run1685
the world > matter > liquid > liquid which has been emitted > [adjective] > caused to be emitted, of honey
run1750
1685 Kirkcudbright Sheriff Court Test. 26 Oct. Four pound run tallou.
1750 tr. E. Jourdan de Pellerin Treat. Venereal Maladies ii. i. vii. 370 Till your tincture is thickened, and hath the consistence of run honey.
1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. (ed. 3) 287 Some of the walls, all of run lime, do as yet remain.
1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 430 A wall..cemented with lime after the manner of what is commonly called run-lime.
1860 A. Leighton Curious Storied Trad. Sc. Life 34 It would come..to be a hard task for the stone and lime victim to hold its place, with its sinews of run mortar, against these tyrants of the wood.
1885 W. L. Carpenter Treat. Manuf. Soap 188 This kind, technically known as ‘run soap’, was at one time largely made in America... Such soaps or of the consistency of thin treacle when mixed.
1903 T. Praga Cookery & Housek. iii. 66 The fish..should be lightly brushed over with run butter.
1911 Ann. Publ. Hist. Soc. S. Calif. 8 8 The interior of the dome will be constructed of run plaster on metal supports and ornamental staff work.
1979 Southern Star (County Cork, Ireland) 29 Sept. 4/8 The honey season has ended, sections and run honey are being prepared for the market.
1999 E. Crane World Hist. Beekeeping & Honey Hunting xlvi. 483/2 The honey that dripped out, referred to as ‘run honey’, was the finest quality.
11.
a. Of an animal: hunted, chased; that has been killed in the course of a hunt.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > thing hunted or game > [adjective]
chased1393
run1697
coursed1740
1697 T. D'Urfey Cinthia & Endimion iii. i. 15 She..bewitches him with the scent of a hard run Stag.
1829 Sporting Mag. June 114/2 When they kill a hare they will not eat it..a good chance for the lovers of a run-hare and sweet sauce, and a very good feed it is.
1892 Field 2 Apr. 472 They left their run fox for dead beat.
1930 C. Frederick et al. Foxhunting ii. 34 A fox hard run will jump on the top and continue along the surface for some distance.
1975 F. J. Carruthers Lore of Lake Country ii. 29 Peel..was known on occasion to leave a hard-run fox to run another day.
b. Of a person or animal: exhausted, esp. from running.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adjective] > by or with walking or running
forrun1297
forwalkeda1375
weary of-walkedc1400
forrakeda1500
surbated1575
footsore1660
weary-foot1791
footworn1792
stagged-up1866
run1876
1876 Coursing Cal. 147 Troapham proved herself a rare stayer, for she was fearfully run in her first course.
1917 G. Bell Let. 13 Jan. (1927) I. xv. 393 I wonder you have time to write me such splendid long letters! You really must not do it when you feel dreadfully run.
1977 Field 24 Mar. 480/4 It is bad management to continue killing stags that are completely run.
12. Of goods: moved into or out of a country or area by illicit means, either to avoid the payment of duties or to circumvent legal restrictions; smuggled. Cf. run v. 23a.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > illegal or immoral trading > [adjective] > relating to smuggling
contraband1656
run1698
smuggled1707
smuggling1813
bootlegged1922
1698 Post Man 30 June–2 July The Custom House Officers at Weymouth have seized 7 Casks of Currants, and 3 of Wine, that had been Run Goods.
1714 tr. French Bk. of Rates 123 All the said Silk Stockings and Stirrups which..shall by them be exposed to Sale, not having the said Mark, shall be reputed as run and concealed.
1754 J. Shebbeare Marriage Act I. xl. 286 Buying great Quantities of run Claret and Coniac Brandy, whenever he could.
1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott I. vii. 199 In quest of a supply of run brandy from the Solway Frith.
1853 R. S. Hawker Prose Wks. (1893) 126 It was a very guilty practice in the authorities to demand taxes for what he called run goods.
1904 H. W. Tomkins Marsh-country Rambles xv. 227 A consignment of run spirits was being removed from the sacred precincts.
2000 C. A. Whatley Sc. Society, 1707–1830 196 The seizure of run goods and their dealers by customs officers..was deemed to be an offence against the moral economy of the common people.
13. Extending continuously in a straight line; aligned horizontally. Now chiefly as a postmodifier designating a unit of length measured in a straight line, as foot run, metre run, yard run, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > [adjective] > without a break
running1390
continuate1555
continual1570
perpetual1578
dead1597
continued1607
continuated1632
indistant1644
continuating1650
continuous1673
contiguousc1720
run1740
jointless1909
1740 T. Miles Conc. Pract. Measurer 36 Any Cornice wrought by Hand..must be girt by itself, and valued by the foot run.
1787 G. Pitcairn Retrosp. View Scots Fisheries (ed. 2) v. 96 One surrounding wall will serve to inclose the whole, with pillars of wood, brick, or stone, and run joists to support the roof.
1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §1103 The back posts of the trivesses to be..mortised into a run-tree (a rail fixed along the tie-joists) at top.
1837 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 1 24/2 During last winter I made use of this boiler; it heated 448 feet run of 3 and 4 inch iron-pipe.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 219 Plain cornices, runbeads, and arises, 12-inch girth and under.
1886 Encycl. Brit. XX. 234/2 It cost £113,000, or £118 per yard run.
1912 Ann. Rep. Dairymen's Assocs. 45 in Sessional Papers Ont. (1913) XLV. Provide and erect the necessary truss or run beam to support the ceiling of working room.
1968 Bodl. Libr. Rec. 8 61 The installation..provides 12,500 foot-run of shelving for books up to 12 inches in height.
1999 J. Case et al. Strength of Materials & Struct. xiii. 317 A steel beam rests on two supports 6 m apart, and carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN per metre run.
14. As the second element in compounds designating things managed or administered.
a. With adverb as first element. Managed, controlled, or administered in the specified manner. See also well-run adj. 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > control > [adjective] > relating to management or administration > managed
conveyed?1504
managed1603
worked1862
conducted1875
run1891
1891 Electr. Engineer 22 Apr. 470/1 A badly run station will owe its faults and failures to poor supervision and poor book-keeping in about equal proportion.
1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 56/2 It is really an eloquent tribute to the progress of music to observe the accomplishments of many of these coöperatively run orchestras, which aim for splendid standards.
1925 S. Cheney Art Theater 209 The moderate sized audience that always exists for really fine offerings is large enough to sustain an economically run company at the fairly small Garrick Theater.
1960 N. Streatfeild Look at Circus iv. 80 In any properly run circus under the trapezes or high tight-rope act a net is stretched.
1974 Times 21 May 7/8 No tightly run business will have ‘token’ women on the board. Each director must be able to offer some exceptional contribution.
1987 Christian Sci. Monitor 10 Mar. 12/2 Each morning..about 500,000 Sowetans board trains, buses, or one of some 4,000 privately run mini-bus ‘taxis’ into Johannesburg.
1994 Buses Feb. 20/1 Four years later it is Hulleys which continues to provide an efficiently-run bus service to the villages.
b. With noun as first element, indicating the body or group responsible for the management of something. Recorded earliest in state-run adj. See also government-run adj. at government n. Compounds 1d, family-run at family n. and adj. Compounds 1.
ΚΠ
1904 Commonw. Austral. Parl. Deb. 22 4952/1 In the case of State-run industries the management is not so good as it ought to be.
1945 P. Dubois How to run Small Hotel or Guest House xi. 68 Many experienced tourists plump for the regular hotel or inn every time in preference to the small amateur-run place.
1990 Independent (Nexis) 11July 3 The ‘arms-length’ inspection of both private and council-run homes will also go ahead.
2001 Big Issue 30 July 5/1 Residents of Europe's largest regeneration project will live in a company-run private town which will be a virtually public-service free zone, according to developer's plans.
15. Scottish. Of a loop: formed with a running knot; = running adj. 7b. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1696 in M. A. Murray Witch-cult in W. Europe 204 The neck-cloath not having any drawn knot (or run loup) but an ordinary one which was not very strait.
Compounds
run glass n. a type of roughcast plate glass, cast while molten on a table, tray, or similar flat surface.
ΚΠ
1843 J. Pereira Lect. Polarized Light ii. 48 The reason why run glass (that is, glass made without paying the duty) is very apt to crack; for owing to the rapidity with which all the stages of its manufacture have been hurried on, it is not well made.
1906 Board of Trade Jrnl. 29 Nov. 426 (table) Crude glass (run glass), such as roofing glass, glass tiles, glass slabs for pavements and walls.
1942 A. E. W. Mason Musk & Amber xii. 121 The fragility of blown glass..the more durable run glass.
1984 L. Macinnes in R. Miket & C. Burgess Between & Beyond Walls ix. 194 Glass was present in abundance on the site, but there was no certain evidence of its manufacture, with the exception of one piece of run glass.
run iron n. now rare cast iron.
ΚΠ
1735 T. Frankz Tour France, Flanders, & Germany 18 The Sides are generally made of Holland's Tiles, or Plates of run Iron, ornamented variously as Fancy dictates.
1877 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1876–7 5 310 You can take run iron and melt it with pig iron.
2001 C. H. Wendel Encycl. Antique Tools & Machinery 112 (in figure) Chest hatchet. Wagon tongs. Patent run iron.
run knot n. chiefly Scottish (a) a slip knot, a running knot; cf. sense 15 and running adj. 7b; (b) a knot pulled so tight that it cannot be untied; also figurative. Sc. National Dict. (at rin) records this word as still in use in Shetland and the north-east and midlands of Scotland in 1968.
ΚΠ
1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. at Rinnin knot Run knot, a slip-knot.
1837 G. P. R. James in M. Blessington Honey-moon II. 161 He only hesitated for a minute and a-half; and the good spirit unloosed the purse-strings, ere the bad spirit could get them into a run knot.
a1838 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. MSS (Adv. 22.1.10) X. 295 at Stane-knot Commonly called a run-knot in Fife; called a hard knot in E., from the difficulty of unloosing a notte of this description it is probably compared to the hardness of a stone.
1879 G. MacDonald Sir Gibbie II. xi. 176 Hoots!.. Ye're aye warstlin' wi' run k-nots an' teuch moo'fu's.
1882 ‘S. Tytler’ Sc. Marriages I. iii. 60 And tie their strings in such desperate speed and confusion that they at once fell into ‘run knots’, which must be cut or torn asunder before she could be freed.
run lace n. a type of lace in which a design is embroidered by hand on to a net; cf. run v. 69, needle-run adj. at needle n. Compounds 1b(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [noun] > consisting of loops or looped stitches > lace > other types of
masclea1425
pomet1582
loop-lace1632
colbertinea1685
coxcomb1693
trolly-lolly1693
trolly1699
piece lace1702
mignonette1751
web lace1795
guard-lace1804
Antwerp lace1811
warp-lace1812
cardinal lace1842
guipure1843
run lace1843
Shetland lace1848
lacis1865
pot lace1865
reticella1865
tape guipure1865
quadrille1884
reticello1895
tambour-lace1899
rosaline1900
ring net1901
tracing-lace1901
shadow lace1914
1843 Penny Mag. Mar. 120 (caption) Specimen of Run Lace.
1865 F. B. Palliser Hist. Lace xxxvi. 424 To France must be assigned the application of the Jacquard system to the net-frame, and consequently the invention of machinery lace. Shawls and large pieces in ‘run lace’, as it is termed, had previously been made after this manner.
1908 M. Jourdain Old Lace xviii. 103 In run lace, finer and lighter than tambour, the pattern is formed with finer thread which is not drawn in with the tambour, but run in with the point needle.
1995 Irish Times (Nexis) 30 Sept. (Weekend) 8 Limerick lace involves various embroidery techniques such as darned net (run lace) and chain stitch (tambour).
run line n. (and adv.) Scottish (now historical) the practice or fact of singing a metrical psalm or hymn continuously; singing of this kind; also as adv.The earlier practice was for the precentor to read or intone each line before it was sung in response by the congregation; cf. read line n. at read adj. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > church music > [noun] > continuous singing
run line1827
society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > singing > [noun] > singing of psalms > specific manner
uptaking1579
run line1827
1827 C. I. Johnstone Elizabeth de Bruce I. ix. 102 Instead of the old reverend way of twanging out the psalm, line by line, ‘their rants’, David said, ‘ran straight on run-line’.
1873 W. Mackelvie Ann. United Presbyterian Church 16 ‘The run~line,’ as it was popularly called, (that is, singing continuously, instead of singing and reading alternately) was then introduced.
1888 J. M. Barrie Auld Licht Idylls iii The old, reverent custom in the kirk was for the precentor to read out the psalm a line at a time... Where run line holds, however, the psalm is read out first, and forthwith sung.
1949 M. Patrick Four Cent. Sc. Psalmody xiii. 146 She..defiantly took what satisfied her as revenge by ceasing singing at church, noting the passages sung, and singing them alone, run-line and all, in her private worship at home.
run metal n. now rare melted metal; spec. = run iron n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > type of iron > cast iron > other types of cast iron
grey iron1665
white iron1665
run metal1741
white cast iron1792
mottled iron1836
tender-floss1839
pot metal1854
semi-steel1858
silicon iron1878
white-heart1911
white-heart1928
1741 P. Shaw tr. H. Boerhaave New Method Chem. (ed. 2) I. 295 At these iron-forges, where the run metal is cut into large iron plates, the workmen can endure the heat for a moment.
1828 S. F. Gray Operative Chemist 619 The run metal is laded out of the basin, g, into moulds.
1908 J. H. Stansbie Iron & Steel viii. 210 The run metal is then finished by the addition of ferro-manganese to the ladle.
run steel n. now rare a form of cast iron used for cutlery; cf. run iron n.
ΚΠ
1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. xv. 269 Immense quantities of wares, bearing in the trade the equivocal designation of run steel, have been daily cast.
1852 C. Tomlinson Cycl. Useful Arts (1854) I. 483/2 The best description of iron scissors are falsely named run or virgin steel.
1907 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 75 415 Thomas Lucas, of Chesterfield, brother of the patentee, overcame the difficulties, and began casting cutlery, calling it ‘run steel’.
run stitch n. = running stitch n. at running adj. Compounds 3b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > stitch > running stitch
running stitch1802
run stitch1880
1880 L. S. Floyer Plain Hints Examiners Needlework 23 The run-stitch should be placed under the tuck or fold.
1913 C. R. Clifford Lace Dict. 76 Two kinds of lace..a bobbin lace following the English method, and a lace made by outlining the pattern with a run stitch on machine net.
2006 Profitable Embroiderer (Nexis) 1 Mar. 1 Special tools like automatic bean stitches or run stitches that are sewn three times over for a thicker outline, are a real time saver and add great detail to a design.
run stitch v. transitive to sew using a run stitch.
ΚΠ
1880 L. S. Floyer Plain Hints Examiners Needlework 23 Where the material has been joined by run-stitching the breadths.
1934 M. Thomas Dict. Embroidery Stitches 156 To work Overcast Stitch, the line to be covered must first be run stitched over... The needle then travels over and over this running stitch.
2002 tr. A. K. Kruglov Hist. Soviet Atomic Ind. 106 It was then thoroughly and meticulously runstitched using a special attachment to the standard spindle machine.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
runv.
/rʌn/, U.S. /rən/α. Old English rinnan, Old English rynnan (rare), Middle English rayne, Middle English rine, Middle English ringand (northern, present participle), Middle English ryne, Middle English rynn, Middle English–1500s rinne, Middle English–1500s rynne, Middle English–1600s rin, Middle English–1600s ryn, late Middle English ryme (transmission error); English regional 1800s– rin, 1800s– ryn, 1900s– rinn; Scottish pre-1700 rine, pre-1700 rinne, pre-1700 ryn, pre-1700 ryne, pre-1700 ryngande (present participle), pre-1700 rynn, pre-1700 rynne, pre-1700 1700s– rin, pre-1700 1800s rinn; Irish English 1800s rhin (Wexford), 1900s– rin. OE Crist III 1114 Þær blod ond wæter bu tu ætsomne ut bicwoman.., rinnan fore rincum, þa he on rode wæs.OE Paris Psalter (1932) cxviii. 32 Nu ic on wisne weg worda þinra reðne rinne.?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 103 Foxes..dreiȝeð Al into heore hole þet ha maȝe ropin & rinnen. ▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxxiii. 4 Esau rynnyng to meeten with his broþer..& streynyng his necke & kyssyng, wepte.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 5793 A land rinnand bath honi and milk.a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 471 A best when it es born may..ryn to and fra.?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 6217 He streynd his hors to rynn.a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 370 Vsuell money rynnyng in Inglond.1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) v. 648 His boy com fast rynand.a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xxiii. 2 As flodes rynnys in till the see.c1500 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Selden) (1879) Prol. l. 60 Quhen þat It is eue, I ryn belyfe.a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Cii He that hath nede man let hym rynne.a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. i. 186 He wold nott ryne whare God had nott called him.1603 J. Davies Microcosmos 57 Through those passages it first doth rin.1684 in W. Mackay & G. S. Laing Rec. Inverness (1924) II. 321 Ane order..to set Martine..at liberty, rining upon a petition presented to them by him.1721 A. Ramsay Prospect of Plenty 152 If ye rin on, heav'n kens [etc.].1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 159 Young an' auld come rinnan out.1813 J. Hogg Queen's Wake i. viii. 86 Let nevir ane auld man..Rin post to the deil for wyne.1867 Goodwife at Home 13 Are ye jist for awa, An' it sic clorty rod [sc. road]? Its rinnin noo.1899 Shetland News 13 May Doo's be tristy afore I rin doon wi dee agen.1929 J. Alexander Mains & Hilly 118 They're wun up, an' they maun gyang tull they rin oot.1950 Buchan Observer 4 July The greatest drawback to the tractor as a pony to ‘rin the neep dreels’, lies in its action of the wheels, which consolidate the soil.1991 L. G. Rich in T. Hubbard New Makars 23 Syne, gin its creep micht catch their swippert feet, They loup and rin.
β. Old English ren (imperative), Middle English reen, Middle English regne, Middle English reine, Middle English renn, Middle English reyn, Middle English reyne, Middle English–1500s rene, Middle English–1600s ren, Middle English–1700s renne, late Middle English reme (in a late copy, transmission error), late Middle English reune (transmission error); English regional 1800s ren; Scottish pre-1700 rene, pre-1700 renneth (plural indicative), 1800s ren. Older Scots renneth occurs in an isolated example in a text imitating southern English (see quot. ?a1535).OE Lacnunga (2001) I. xlii. 24 Seoð ealle ða in meolce, & hwilum þa meolc geren mid cysbybbe [read cyslybbe], & ðige hy.] a1275 St. Margaret (Trin. Cambr.) l. 234 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 81 Wellinde laumpes letet on hire renne; from þe necke to þe to, scalden ir ase an henne.a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 221 Bihoueð us to rennen To Cristes quike welle.?a1300 Dame Sirith l. 281 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 13 Pepir nou shalt þou eten..And gar þin eien to rene. ▸ c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 1161 Þou shal to þe galwes renne.?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 92 Is fete sul ren of blode. ▸ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Zech. ii. 4 Renne thou, spek to this chijld.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 9937 Þar-fra rennys [Trin. Cambr. renneþ] four stremes.c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiv. 32 Þauh thei renne at ones.c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 656 Vynnettis rennynge in þe casementis.1433 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. July 1433 §25. m. 11 I renne in grete indignation of my lordes. ▸ c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 90 Without him..prechingis rennen arere. ▸ a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 49 Hit ys bettir that we twayne renne more togydirs.1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. viiiv If escuage renne by auctoryte of parlement [etc.].?a1535 To City of London (Vitellius) in J. Small Poems W. Dunbar (1893) II. 277 Thy Ryuer..Whose beryall stremys, pleasaunt and preclare, Under thy lusty wallys renneth down.1551 in J. Robertson Illustr. Topogr. & Antiq. Aberdeen & Banff (1857) III. 182 For the space of sevynteine yeiris of the quhilk thair is yit therttene yeirs to rene.1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Curriculo Renne ouer quickly to our house.1613 Bp. W. Cowper Holy Alphabet sig. a4 God his long patience, whereby he spares a man, is not a blessing, if mercy to pardon sins past, and grace to renne for the time to come, doe not follow it.a1765 in T. Percy Reliques (1765) I. 172 Thou kenst my cloak is very thin: it is so bare and overworne, A cricke he thereon cannot renne.1816 ‘P. Pindar’ Wks. III. 252 No, Joan, dant..ren and quat, just leek a hare, And think I'll hunt thee down.1848 T. Blezard Westmoreld. Songs 41 Than wez shown a Kemp-woo hat—'Twas ta ren for.1869 J. C. Atkinson Peacock's Gloss. Dial. Hundred of Lonsdale Ren, to run.
γ. Middle English–1500s rone, Middle English–1500s rowne, Middle English–1600s ron, Middle English–1600s ronne, 1500s roon; Scottish pre-1700 ronne, pre-1700 roone. a1350 [implied in: a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 99 Þe whel ȝe torneþ to wo..in þe ronynge rynge of þe roe þat renneþ so rounde. (at running adj. 6a)].a1425 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Linc. Inn) (1952) l. 1246 Þe stedes ronnon [c1400 Laud rennen] wiþ slak blidel [read bridel].a1425 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Laud) (1884) xxvi. 5 For i ronne til my hiler, not to þo kastels, to seke help.1482 R. Cely Let. 26 Sept. in Cely Lett. (1975) 177 Lette hym [a horse] ron in a parke.1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxv. 137 They..began to ron togyder thre heedes in one hood.1525 Anothomia in tr. H. von Brunschwig Noble Experyence Handy Warke Surg. sig. Bjv/2 Circles yt ronne about the iye.1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes (new ed.) f. 91v I thinke that sigh doth roon, From me to you.1561–2 T. Randolph Let. 12 Feb. in J. Knox Wks. (1864) VI. 139 That thys quene is advised..to imbrace the religion of Englande, maketh them rone allmoste wyld.1572 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1905) IV. 26 [I know him, and hold him not the most sure person in Scotland,] or in affektyon lest inclyned to roone the course of Ingland.1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. x. sig. Mm4 Trompart ronning hastely, him did stay.1603 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) 193 That tyme of the yeare..when all the neighbours cattle ronne together.c1667 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1906) 3 64 To make him ron through fier and water.a1700 Receipts of Pastery in Tollemache Bk. of Secrets (2001) 237 Boyle it togither vntill it will stand vppon the back of a spoone like quakeinge iellye, not roninge downe.
δ. Middle English ruyne (in sense 41), Middle English–1600s rune, Middle English–1600s runne, Middle English– run, late Middle English nne (transmission error), 1500s–1600s runn; Scottish pre-1700 rune, pre-1700 runn, pre-1700 runne, pre-1700 rwine, pre-1700 rwn, pre-1700 rwne, pre-1700 1700s– run. ▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvi. lxxiv. 863 Þe sonne..makeþ þe ven priuyliche ruyne [L. virtute solis occulte illud coagulantis] and þe parties cleue and fastene togidres.a1400 (c1300) St. John & Boy (Coll. Phys.) in J. Small Eng. Metrical Homilies (1862) 114 He..fled fra him ful fast runnande.c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1703 A kenet kryes þerof, þe hunt on hym calles, His felaȝes fallen hym to..Runnen forth in a rabel in his ryȝt fare.c1450 Practica Phisicalia John of Burgundy in H. Schöffler Mittelengl. Medizinlit. (1919) 260 Þen put a sponfull yn the mowthe of þe sycke, and let þe flewm runne out of hys mouthe.c1500 Debate Carpenter's Tools in Rev. Eng. Stud. (1987) 38 458 Als fer as I may stret and streche, I wyll helpe..Fast to rune into þe wode.1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. iv. B When thou runnest.1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie lviii. 162 If the houndes runne him.a1595 W. Cullen Chron. Aberdeen in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1842) II. 68 Thair, reweris rwine of lyffe, Heir, standin pwillis of mwid.1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xlix. 22 Ioseph is a fruitfull bough..Whose branches runne ouer the wall.1658–9 in E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. (Camden) 18 Mrs. Crue is like to rune quite mad.1704 R. Steele Lying Lover v. 53 This unhappy Tongue..That still run'st on.1794 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) II. 751 Let Fortune's wheel at random run.1868 ‘H. Lee’ Basil Godfrey's Caprice xvii. 101 Queer pair to run i' harness, Martin, ar'n't they?1949 R. K. Narayan Mr. Sampath iv. 72 I at once..sent my boy running to ascertain how he was.2007 Sunday Independent (South Africa) (Nexis) 14 Oct. (Dispatches) 15 The children were basically running with diarrhoea even though there was a clean spring not far from the village.
(ii). Forms with metathesis.α. early Old English irnn (Kentish, imperative), Old English iernan, Old English irnan, Old English ryrne (singular subjunctive, rare), Old English yrnan, Old English yrnnan, early Middle English hyrne, early Middle English ierne, early Middle English irne, early Middle English yrne, Middle English hirne; English regional (south-western) 1800s– hirn. Old English ryrne apparently represents a hybrid (partly unmetathesized) form.eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xvi. 103 Ðæt hi mægen iernan & fleon to ðæs lareowes mode.eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxiii. 490 Wildu dior ðær woldon to irnan.eOE (Kentish) Glosses to Proverbs of Solomon (Vesp. D.vi) in U. Kalbhen Kentische Glossen (2003) 121 Discurre : irnn.OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. vii. 115 Broðor Maurus! yrn hraðe.lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xi. 261 Þæt he irne on his willan.a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 51 Alle ȝe..ðe bieð lustfull uppe newe wastmes, ierneð, ierneð to ðe trewe ðe stant amidewarde paradise.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 9855 A læche..hahte hine forð-rihtes irne [c1300 Otho heorne] to þere welle.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10593 His hors he lette irnen [c1300 Otho makede earnæ].1423 Petition in Fenland Notes & Queries (1907–9) 7 307 xj li..hirnes opon the bond lond of the said maner over the rent and charge aforesaid.1825 J. Jennings Observ. Dial. W. Eng. 180 I'll hirn auver an zee where I can't help 'em.1873 W. P. Williams & W. A. Jones Gloss. Somersetshire Hirn..to run.
β. Old English eornan, Old English iornan, early Middle English eorne, early Middle English eornenn ( Ormulum), early Middle English heorne. eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) lvii. 6 (8) Ad nihilum deuenient uelut aqua decurrens : to nowihte bicumad swe swe weter eornende.eOE Old Eng. Martyrol. (BL Add. 23211) 18 Apr. 57 Ðæt ða wildan hors scealden iornan [on] hearde wegas.OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. xxvii. 48 Et continuo currens unus ex eis acceptam spongiam impleuit aceto : & hræðe uel sona iornende an of hiora genom uel mið ðy genom spync [uel] spynga gefylde mið æcced.OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. xl. 325 Eorn la, Maxime, eorn, & onfoh me!c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1336 Þe preost ta tweȝȝenn bukkess..þatt an he..let itt eornenn forþ wiþþ all Vt inn till wilde wesste.c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 43 Ha eorneð ba to gederes.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 3060 Eorneð and eærne [c1300 herneþ].a1300 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Jesus Oxf.) (1935) l. 375 If hundes eorneþ to him ward.c1300 St. Agatha (Laud) l. 121 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 197 Strong fuyr þare cam eornen out ase water doth of welle.c1390 Castle of Love (Vernon) (1967) 728 A welle þat euere is eornynge.c1400 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Tiber.) (1882) VIII. 61 [a1387 St. John's Cambr. Swyn were i-seie..renne] eorne [Cambr. continues up and doun].c1410 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (BL Add.) (1865) I. 59 Eorneþ [a1387 St. John's Cambr. Þe strengþe and þe flood of þe see Hellesponticus..may nouȝt wiþstonde þe course and þe strengþe of þe strong stremes þat renneþ þat course].
γ. early Old English earnenne (Mercian, inflected infinitive), Old English ærnan, Old English ernan (rare), Old English herna (Northumbrian), early Middle English ærne, early Middle English eærne, early Middle English earne, early Middle English earnne, early Middle English hearne, Middle English eerne, Middle English ern, Middle English erne, Middle English ernne, Middle English herne. Cf. also yearn v.2, earn v.3eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) xviii. 6 Ipse..exultauit ut gigans ad currendam uiam : he..gefaeh swe swe gigent to earnenne on weg.eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) v. vi. 400 Þæt hio ærnan moste.OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 17 Þonne ærnað hy ealle toweard þæm feo.OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 179 Labentibus..lustris : transeuntibus curriculis, currentibus circulis, ernendum emhrenum.a1225 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 204 Ssone, hv mai teres vernen, i se þi blod on flod erne.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 821 Ȝeond þat lond he gon ernen.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3365 Þe king..lette enne cniht eærne æfter an oðer eorle.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 6986 Þurh þi lond heo ærneð [c1300 erneþ].c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) l. 10593 His hors he makede earnæ.c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) 719 Riche stedes wele erninde.?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 102 Him to hide he ne can..Bot as bestis þat wer wode Aȝe oþir to erne.c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 69 Þe locustes..shullen haue..þe voice of corres charres þat ernen in batayle.c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. 376 Water..ernyng out of mennes eyen.?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Hunterian) (1994) 87 Þer ben two arteries þat erne be-hinde þe Eres. ▸ 1440 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 142 Ernyn, as horse [Pynson eerne], cursito.a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 35 A mych man shal erne to-for.
δ. Middle English orne, Middle English ourne (south-west midlands). a1275 Body & Soul (Trin. Cambr. B.14.39) l. 75 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 130 Fir sal brenen..Þe world it sal ouer ornen [?a1300 Digby ouer gon] and þuse brode londes.] c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 117 Þe wylle þat hys in paradys..Wyþ here stremes foure..Þet orneþ out ouer al þat londe.a1400 Siege Jerusalem (Laud) (1932) l. 540 Suþ with a briȝt bronde he betiþ on harde, Tille þe brayn & þe blod on þe bent ornen.
ε. west midlands and south-western Middle English hurne, Middle English uerne, Middle English urne, Middle English verne, Middle English vrn, Middle English vrne; English regional (south-western) 1800s– hurn, 1800s– urn. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 12324 Summe heo gunnen urnen.c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 638 Þat node makeþ old wif urne.a1300 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 2 Loke to þe nailes on honde, and on fote, hu þe stremes hurned [?c1335 Harl. erniþ] of þat suete blod.a1325 Statutes of Realm (2011) xiii. 68 Þat alle ben certein, in eueriche contreie, þat te foreseide peine sal verne [Fr. curra] grefliche.c1400 Prose Versions New Test.: 1 Pet. (Selwyn) (1904) iv. 4 Þei beþ nowþe astonyed & wondreþ þat we ne hurneþ noȝt in-to þe same confusyoun of leccherye.c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.) 321 Water,..þat lond, vp wan þou vrnst [printed vnrst; c1325 Calig. ernst], & vp wan ych sytte her, is clene myn al aboute.1867 W. F. Rock Jim an' Nell li. 16 Well, Jim, how be? Urn in man, urn!1881 R. D. Blackmore Christowell (1882) ii. 5 They little holes hurneth all round 'em.1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) I zeed the stoat urn 'long the wheel-ruck.1894 R. D. Blackmore Perlycross II. viii. 180 Zippy..hath orders to hurn for her life.
ζ. Middle English arn, Middle English arne; English regional (Yorkshire) 1800s– arn. c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 8404 Þai metten a kniȝt Arnand wiþ al his miȝt.c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 2098 A kniȝth þere comeþ arnyng.c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 2480 Kyng and duk, kniȝth and baroun Arnen þe steden grete raundoun, Ac Alisunder vpon Bulciphal Ridynge passed his poeple al.a1450 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Caius) l. 1645 + 35 He prekyd hys hors al arnende.1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. 163 Arn, to run, or walk hastily.
b. 3rd singular indicative. (i). Forms without metathesis.α. Old English hrinneþ, Old English–Middle English rynneþ, early Middle English rinneð, Middle English rayneth, Middle English rines, Middle English rinnes, Middle English rinnyeþ, Middle English rynes, Middle English rynnes, Middle English rynnethe, Middle English rynnez, Middle English rynnis, Middle English rynnys, Middle English rynnyth, Middle English rynnythe, Middle English ryns, Middle English–1500s rynneth, 1500s rinneth; English regional (south-western) 1800s rin'th, 1800s– rins, 1800s– rinth; Scottish pre-1700 rines, pre-1700 rinis, pre-1700 rinnes, pre-1700 rinneth, pre-1700 rinnis, pre-1700 rynes, pre-1700 rynis, pre-1700 rynnes, pre-1700 rynnis, pre-1700 rynnys, pre-1700 rynnyth, pre-1700 1700s– rins. OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 269 Scaturiat : erumpat uel ferueat, up hrinneþ [OE Digby up rynneþ] uel wapelaþ.] c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 908 Þet ter rinneð a mare eoile iliche riue.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) 26642 Wound..quen hit rotis for defaute of leche..hit stinkis, rynnis, & rotis ay.?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 4 It rynnes thurgh Hungary.1462 in J. Raine Charters Priory Finchale (1837) 95 A burn that rynes betwx the said lewod [etc.].a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 151 His gladnys rynnyth al-way into worse. ▸ ?a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in Poems (1998) I. 207 Than rynis thow doun the gait.1562 W. Turner Bk. Natures Bathes Eng. f. 3, in 2nd Pt. Herball The..mater that thys water rynneth thorow.1609 J. Skene tr. Regiam Majestatem Table 62 Prescription rinnes not..agains him quha is absent.1691 in D. Cook Ann. Pittenweem (1867) 100 And ther is only ane other chalder rinneth yearly payable to the town.1718 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 402 Ane stripe that rins in ane slack.c1730 A. Ramsay Miser & Minos in Fables & Tales 48 To fill the tub that ay rins out.1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. at Rin It rins i' my head.1828 W. Nicholson Tales & Poems (ed. 2) 125 I lived in a lan' whar we saw nae sky, I dwalt in a spot whare a burn rins na by.1867 W. F. Rock Jim an' Nell 12 Away Dick rin'th.1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. at Rin The water rinth away to waste.1896 S. Baring-Gould Dartmoor Idylls 223 He rins away from me..jist for all the world as if I were a long-cripple.1953 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 445/1 [Dumfriesshire] She aye rins through hersel'.1982 D. Fraser in H. Brown Poems Sc. Hills 8 My bluid rins sluggish noo.1997 L. Niven Past Presents 16 A Golem rins fae the graveyard An the win is readin quate In the sma synagogue.
β. late Old English reonneð, late Old English–early Middle English renneð, early Middle English rennet, early Middle English rennid, Middle English renes, Middle English renneȝ, Middle English rennes, Middle English renneþ, Middle English rennethe, Middle English renneyth, Middle English rennis, Middle English renniþ, Middle English rennith, Middle English rennth, Middle English rennyȝt, Middle English rennys, Middle English rennyt, Middle English rennyþ, Middle English rennyþe, Middle English rennyth, Middle English rennythe, Middle English renþ, Middle English renyth, Middle English reynneth, Middle English–1500s renneth. Late Old English reonneð apparently represents a hybrid form showing the vocalism of (metathesized) eorneð.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 656 Swa swa þet wæter renneð to..Norðburh.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 963 Swa swa þet wæter reonneð to Crulande.a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 156 In ðe heruest [the ant]..renneð rapelike.a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 130 Mi muþ grennet, and mi spotel rennet. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 329 Þat ryver hatte Dugglys..and..renneþ [c1400 Tiber. urneþ; a1425 Harl. erneþ] under þe citee of Wygan.a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) cxlvii. 15 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 272 Swiftli rennes sagh[e] hisse.c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 731 Fro þe crest þe colde borne rennez.c1425 (c1400) Laud Troy-bk. 1658 Hercules rides oueral and rennes As a fulmard doth afftir the hennes.a1450 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Tanner) (1879) Prol. l. 503 Pitee renneth [v.r. rennyth] soone in gentill herte.a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 1296 The theff couth no better wonne, In to the see rennyth he sone.1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Exeo The riuer..renneth into the sea.1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Aug. f. 31v But see, how fast renneth the shepheard swayne, To saue the innocent from the beastes pawes.
γ. late Middle English vnnethe (transmission error), late Middle English (in a late copy) 1500s runnith, late Middle English–1500s runnyth, 1500s runes, 1500s runth, 1500s–1600s (1700s– archaic) runneth, 1500s–1700s runnes, 1500s–1700s runns, 1500s– runs, 1600s runeth; Scottish pre-1700 runes, pre-1700 runeth, pre-1700 runis, pre-1700 runnes, pre-1700 runneth, pre-1700 runnis, pre-1700 1700s– runs. c1475 Mankind (1969) l. 36 Hys sayntys..dayly he doth satysfye Wyth þe precyose reuer þat runnyth from hys wombe.a1500 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Rawl.) (1974) 168 This inportable famyn which vnnethe [read rvnnethe; Fr. encourt] and shal be vpon the people.c1525 Rule St. Francis in J. S. Brewer & R. Howlett Monumenta Franciscana (1882) II. 74 He shalle knowe..that therby he fallith or runnith in to the grete indignatioun of Almyghty God.a1586 Sir P. Sidney Astrophel & Stella Sonn. ci [It] runs vp and downe.1597 G. Buchanan Comm. Virgil Aeneid v. l. 193 in Trans. Edinb. Bibliogr. Soc. (1957) 3 285 Quhair yair runneth a stark tyde.1644 C. Jessop Angel Church of Ephesus 22 The Phrase runnes in the plurall number.c1702 C. Fiennes Journeys (1947) i. 49 The thinner part [of the salt] runns through on Moulds they set to catch it.1731 D. Eaton Let. 2 May (1971) 135 We shall view the saplins at Oakly Wood on Wednesday and have the sale day on Saturday, bycause the bark runns very well.1815 Literary Panorama Sept. 948 There is no mail or other coach which runs between those towns.1891 Field 7 Nov. 693/1 It's hot till we are close to Garthorpe where our fox runs us out of scent.1967 Boston Traveler 1 June 5/6 Policeman Howard Park stopped a minister for passing a red light... ‘He who runs red light gets ticket.’2003 J. Miller Managem. Advice from World's Great Thinkers 120 The tongue runs faster when the brain is in neutral.
δ. 1500s ronnes, 1500s ronneth, 1500s ronth, 1600s rons. ?c1510 tr. Newe Landes & People founde by Kynge of Portyngale sig. Eij That same tree, ther yt holy crestendom or olye out ronnith.] 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 693/2 The potte ronneth over.1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. vi. sig. Iiiv The cow is wood. Hir tong ronth on patens.1563 B. Googe Eglogs Epytaphes & Sonettes sig. E.iii His Spurres with heeles he strykes, And forewarde ronnes with swyftye race.1667 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1906) 3 73 A vertuous youth rons great hazard [etc.].
(ii). Forms with metathesis.α. Old English irnð, Old English yrneþ, Old English yrneð, Old English–early Middle English irneð, Old English–early Middle English yrnþ, Old English–early Middle English yrnð, late Old English hyrnð, late Old English irneþ, early Middle English yrnaþ. eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) i. i. 8 Seo ea Danai irnð þonan suðryhte.OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) xxii. 10 Nu þænne ge on þa ceastre gað eow agen yrnð an man mid wæterbuce.OE Paris Psalter (1932) cxlvii. 4 He his spræce hider spowendlice on þas eorðan ærest sendeð, and his word yrneð wundrum sniome.?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 49 Hwilum þurh þa nosa hym yrnþ þæt blod, hwilum þane on arsganga sitt, hyt hym fram yrnaþ.a1225 ( Rule St. Benet (Winteney) (1888) i. 13 Swa hwilc idel swa heomon to geþonce yrnð & heomon gecoren byð, þæt hi taliað halig.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 14804 Þe ueȝereste welles stræm þe irneð on uolden.
β. early Old English iornð, Old English iorneð (Northumbrian), Old English (Mercian)–early Middle English eorneð, early Middle English eorned, early Middle English eornet, early Middle English eorneþþ ( Ormulum), early Middle English eornez, early Middle English eornð, Middle English eorneþ, Middle English eorneth, Middle English eornth. eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) cxlvii. 4 (15) Qui emittit eloquium suum terrę, uelociter currit sermo eius : se utsendeð gesprec his eorðan hreðlice eorneð word his.eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 127 Cursat, iornð.OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xxii. 10 Introeuntibus uobis in ciuitatem occurrit uobis homo : innfærendum iuh uel iw in ða ceastra togægnes iorneð iuh monn.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4165 All þiss middell ærdess lif Bi seoffne daȝhess eorneþþ.c1200 ( West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Hatton) xxii. 10 Eow angen eornð [OE Corpus Cambr. yrnð] an man mid wæterbuke.c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 723 Þis worlt went awei as þe weater þe eorneð.?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 247 Twa grindelstanes ne schulde namon twimmen..Þe uuere stan bitachneð hope þe eorneð [a1300 Caius eorned] & stureð hire ingode werkes.c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 642 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 318 Þare-þoruȝ eornth þat watur faste a-boute fram þe se. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 115 Þe brook..eorneth in to þe valey of Iosephat.c1410 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (BL Add.) (1865) I. 105 Eorneþ [a1387 St. John's Cambr.Þe streem of Egipte..ȝerneþ westward in to þe grete see].
γ. Old English ærneð, early Middle English erneþþ ( Ormulum), Middle English erneþ, Middle English ernnes. OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 17 Se nimð þone læstan dæl se nyhst þæm tune þæt feoh geærneð.] c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 13183 Ure wuke daȝȝ Bi twellfe timess erneþþ.c1330 Short Metrical Chron. (Auch.) l. 1397 in PMLA (1931) 46 134 Þe king of norþhunberlond Hadde al þe lond..Bitvix a water men clepeþ humber & scotlond þat erneþ þer vnder.c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 6730 He ouer-ernnes dounes & cuntre, Þe brod lond, and þe valays.] c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) cxlvii. 4 God..sendeþ his worde to þe erþe; hys worde erneþ swiftlich.c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 2728 Þe ȝonge kniȝth his bridel turneþ And to þe oþere syde erneþ.
δ. west midlands and south-western Middle English urneþ, Middle English urnth, Middle English vrneþ; English regional (Somerset) 1800s– urnth. a1300 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 3 Of þe þornes prikung, min hiued urnth a blode.c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 225 He urneþ in o pipe of bras.c1300 St. Katherine (Harl.) l. 303 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S.-Eng. Legendary (1956) 542 Of hire tumbe þer vrneþ ȝut holi oylle wel blyue.?1316 Short Metrical Chron. (Royal) l. 400 in J. Ritson Anc. Eng. Metrical Romanceës (1802) II. 286 The kyng of Northunberlonde Hade al the lond..Bituene a water that hatte Homber Ant Scotland ther yt urneth under.c1400 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Tiber.) (1882) V. 329 Urneþ [a1387 St. John's Cambr. Þat ryver hatte Dugglys..and..renneþ under þe citee of Wygan].1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) The water..urnth down his ditch.
2. Past tense. a. Strong. (i). Forms without metathesis.α. (Orig. 1st and 3rd singular) Old English– ran, Middle English raane, Middle English rane, Middle English rhan, Middle English þan (transmission error), Middle English–1600s rann, Middle English–1600s ranne; Scottish pre-1700 rane, pre-1700 rann, pre-1700 ranne, pre-1700 þane (transmission error), pre-1700 1700s– ran. OE Christ & Satan 711 Satan seolua ran and on susle gefeol.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1364 An bucc rann þær aweȝȝ.?c1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 110 Þe trace ran of here blod, changed ere fles & blod.?a1300 (a1250) Harrowing of Hell (Digby) (1907) l. 39 Hi beten me þat I ran ablode. ▸ c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 216 Þe blod ran of his fleys.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1009 Abraham he ran wel swiðe agon.c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xlix. 19 Ȝyf þou sest a þef, þou ran wyþ hym.a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) lviii. 4 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 189 With-outen wiknes I ran.c1440 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Thornton) 81 Thay rane faste to the roches.c1489 J. Skelton Dethe Erle of Northumberlande l. 124 in Poet. Wks. (1843) I. 11 Vpon this erle thou ran.a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 153 He raane to a stake.1535 D. Lindsay Satyre 3061 I ran to the Consistorie.1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. xviii. 46 Ye streets ran full therof.1622 (?a1513) W. Dunbar Poems (Reidpeth) (1998) I. 65 At thair croce aboundantlie rane wyne.1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre ii. xl. 97 Now it ranne dregs.1721 A. Ramsay Poems I. 30 She never ran sour Jute, because It gee's the Batts.1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. iii, in Poems 116 No sooner he began To round and redden, than away he rann.1891 Field 7 Mar. 347/2 Johnny Moor practically ran a single-handed course, as Brave Briton was unable to raise a gallop.1901 Shetland News 12 Oct. Hit ran apo' me ta hear da wye 'at da folk wid geng on.1952 J. R. Allan North-East Lowlands Scotl. vii. 208 I ran down and threw myself splash into the water.2003 C. Birch Turn again Home ii. 19 The little fluffy black dog ran about all over the place with its daft stump of a tail wagging like mad.
β. (Orig. 1st and 3rd singular) Middle English rone (in a late copy), Middle English–1500s roone, Middle English–1600s ron, Middle English–1600s ronne, late Middle English room (transmission error); English regional 1800s– roon; U.S. regional 1900s– ron (in African-American usage). c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 92 Euch wariet weouet..ronof þet balefule blod.a1250 Lofsong Lefdi (Nero) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 207 His blodi Rune..ron inne monie studen.a1275 St. Margaret (Trin. Cambr.) l. 119 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 38 Þe blod ron of hire fleisc wnderliche swiþe.c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 800** Þe terus ronne doun.a1400 (a1325) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Trin. Cambr.) (1887) App. G. 783 Blod þer ron &..muche folc þer deiȝede.a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 3755 Towarde þat broke fulle fast he ron.a1500 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Cambr. Add. 6864) (1911) l. 4306 Roone [a1450 Arun. They..Disespeyred, room hom to the toun].c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 9209 Terys on his chekes Ronen full rifely.1577 N. Breton Floorish vpon Fancie sig. Biij Out of dores I ronne.?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads vi. 38 The horse..ron The same way other flyers fled.1693 J. Coles Log of Monk 17 June in Mariner's Mirror 55 (1969) 86 We found sefrol french shepes..wech..Ron to SW.1881 S. Evans Evans's Leicestershire Words (new ed.) 272 Henry's cat roon off wi' her an' took to her, but shay's thisis kitlin.1909 in Dict. Amer. Regional Eng. (2002) IV. 668/1 De buttah melt; eh ron een 'e yeye an' 'im yez.
γ. (Originally plural and 2nd singular) Middle English rvnne, Middle English–1600s runne, Middle English–1700s (1800s– regional and nonstandard) run, 1600s (1700s North American) runn; Scottish pre-1700 runne, 1700s run, 1700s rune. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 216 Þoa he swatte as blodes dropen þe runnen to þe eorðe.c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2438 Þan runne þai away & saide alas. ▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms xlix. 18 If thou seȝe a thef, thou runne with hym.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 18952 Þai runnen til þe apostel hus.c1440 Privity of Passion (Thornton) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 205 Cho..sawe hir childe þus chargede with þis hevy birdene, & he runne al ouere with blode.c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 384 So runnun þay togedur.a1500 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 84 Reynall and Robyn-Hod runnon at the gleyve.?1566 W. P. tr. C. S. Curio Pasquine in Traunce 44 b I saw euery man run & I runne for company.c1592 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta iv. v You run swifter when you threw [etc.].1641 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. F. Biondi Hist. Civil Warres Eng. I. ii. 87 He runne so hard away.1648 Mercurius Pragmaticus No. 31 sig. Xx4 Standing against the doore, one runn his sword through the wynts of the doore up to the hilts.1705 tr. W. Bosman New Descr. Coast of Guinea xvii. 316 He immediately run away.1797 J. Beattie Scoticisms (new ed.) 19 Run and drunk are used as the preterites of run and drink. But ran and drank are better.1831 S. Lover Legends & Stories Ireland 1st Ser. 189 She run rootin' into every corner.1869 Ld. Tennyson Northern Farmer: New Style xiv Feythur run oop to the farm.1897 R. Kipling Captains Courageous vi. 136 My father he run his packet.1946 M. Mezzrow & B. Wolfe Really Blues 87 He..run his bankroll up to a couple grand.1954 V. Randolph Pissing in Snow (1976) ix. 17 The folks let him batch in an old shanty down by the blacksmith shop, and he run a tannery.1989 C. Reid Belle of Belfast City ii. i, in Plays: One (1997) 219 He run out of here like a scalded cat. Wouldn't speak to any of us for days after.2001 J. Paisley Not for Glory 88 He run awa, come back hucklin a metal barrel, luftit the machine, got hissell up oan the barrel, punted.
δ. Middle English renne, Middle English 1600s ren, late Middle English reine (in a late copy). a1300 in K. Reichl Relig. Dichtung im Eng. Hochmittelalter (1973) 484 On fif stedes of hys bodi þe stremes renne of blode.?a1425 (a1325) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Digby) (1887) l. 573 He name his douȝty ax..& toward him renne.?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 112 In case forsoþe þat soche a ventosite were..rered vp fro a venemouse mater and renne by þe membres wiþ stronge akþe, [etc.].1491 in J. T. Gilbert Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) I. 373 Part thereof ren out of his cowyrse.a1500 (?a1400) Firumbras (1935) l. 979 Swythe vp he sterte and renne hem a-ȝayne.a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 77 He made him to be sore beted and scourged tyll þe blode ren oute.a1600 ( Rec. Bluemantle Pursuivant (Julius) in C. L. Kingsford Eng. Hist. Lit. 15th Cent. (1913) 381 On the morne he reine to Blange, where he bode tyll the Duke come.1614 W. Adams Let. 26 July in A. Farrington Eng. Factory in Japan (1991) I. 202 [T]he king send a great boot..who..with fors ren against the littell boot and overthrew her that shee did sink.
ε. U.S. regional 1800s rin. 1882 Century Apr. 893 As I rin past her to get out o' Gar'ner's way, she fetched him with the ax.
(ii). Forms with metathesis.α. (Orig. 1st and 3rd singular) Old English arun (Northumbrian, perhaps transmission error), Old English–early Middle English earn, Old English–Middle English arn, Middle English arne. OE Lambeth Psalter cxviii. 32 Uiam mandatorum tuorum cucurri : weg beboda þinra ic arn.OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 41) 26 Dec. 6 An plegende cild arn under wænes hweowol.OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1014 On þissum geare..com þæt mycle sæflod geond wide þisne eard, & earn swa feor up swa næfre ær ne dyde, & adrencte..manncynnes unarimedlic getel.c1200 ( West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Hatton) xv. 20 His fæder he..agen hine earn [OE Corpus Cambr. arn; L. occurrens] & hine beclypte.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) l. 5976 Waȝes þar arne, streme þar vrne [c1275 Calig. vðen þer urnen, tunes swulche þer burnen].c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 8663 He at arn [c1425 Harl. atornde] as vaste as he miȝte.] c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 81 Hys bare flesch..arne alle a blode.
β. (Orig. 1st and 3rd singular) Old English ornun (Northumbrian, plural, perhaps transmission error), Old English–Middle English orn, early Middle English orin (perhaps transmission error), Middle English hourne, Middle English oorne, Middle English orne, Middle English ourn, Middle English ourne. eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) cxviii. 32 Uiam mandatorum tuorum cucurri : on weg biboda ðinra ic orn.eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xvi. 103 Ðonne orn he eft innto ðæm temple.OE (Northumbrian) Rushw. Gospels: Mark ix. 15 Expauerunt et adcurrentes saluabant eum : ondreordun & ornun [prob. read arnun] groetun hine.OE Lambeth Psalter lviii. 5 Neque iniquitas mea neque peccatum meum, domine, sine iniquitate cucurri et direxi : ne hit nis min unrihtwisnys ne synn min butan unrihtwisnysse ic orn & ic gerihtlæhte.a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 132 Side & wombe orn [?c1225 Cleo. ron] al o grure blode.a1275 St. Margaret (Trin. Cambr.) l. 91 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 29 Of is side orn adoun þe water ant te blode.c1300 St. James Great (Laud) l. 312 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 43 To toune he orn with Ioye i-nouȝ.c1300 St. Wulstan (Laud) l. 159 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 75 Þat folk wondrede ech-on, And þare-a-boute wel þicke ornen.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 27720 Ourne grete stremes of Romanisse blodes.c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 8371 Wepinde hii armed hom, þe teres orne [c1400 BL Add., c1425 Harl. ourne] adoun.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 52 Out of þin huerte orn þe flod.c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 80 For drede þo þe blodes dropen, Of swote of hym doun orne!c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 3893 Quiklich in-to a tour he orn.c1390 Ancrene Riwle (Vernon) (2000) 67 Þe blodi stremes oornen [a1250 Nero urnen] adoun.a1400 W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 656) (1873) C. xiii. l. 13 Ourne [a1400 Corpus Cambr. ran, c1400 Vesp. ron; Huntingdon ich for-ȝat ȝouthe and ȝorn in-to elde].c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) C. f. 52 Enuye & euile wil orne [a1425 Cambr. Ff.5.35 ernede] in þe jewis.
γ. (Originally plural and 2nd singular) Old English urnan (rare), Old English urne (2nd singular), Old English urnon, Old English urnun (rare), Old English wurnon (Northumbrian), late Old English urnen, Middle English hurne, Middle English urne, Middle English vrn, Middle English vrne, Middle English yrne (south-western); English regional (Somerset) 1800s– uurn. eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) xlix. 19 (18) Si uidebas furem, simul currebas cum eo : gif ðu gesege ðeof somud ðu urne [lOE Canterbury Psalter urne] mid hine.eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxiii. 491 Him urnon ealle hellwaran ongean.OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark vi. 55 Et percurrentes uniuersam regionem illam : & ðerh wurnon all lond ða ilca.] lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1083 Sume urnon into cyrcean & belucan þa duran into heom.lOE St. Nicholas (Corpus Cambr.) (1997) 94 Se biscop & þa þegnes urnen þa swiðe efstlice þiderweard; & eal swa hio comen to þære stræte þær þe hi wæron, þa wæron hi gelædde þanon.c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 16 Heo ða ðærto ȝeanes urnon & þa halȝæ ȝyrden gretton.a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 41 Alle hire strenies [read stremes] urnen fur berninde.?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 169 Þe swin ananricht urnen adun to þe sea & adrenhden ham seoluen.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13328 Vrnen þa streten mid blode-stræmen.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 676 Brutus..ferde riþt on his way; þe sipes hurnen [c1275 Calig. runden] swiþe.c1300 St. Margarete (Harl.) l. 137 in O. Cockayne Seinte Marherete (1866) 28 Olibrius..bihuld hou hure lymes yrne ablode.a1325 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 1 In fif steden..stremes hurne of blode.c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 6797 Man and woman vrn so dere.1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) Aay uurn [= I ran].
δ. (1st and 3rd singular) late Old English–Middle English ern, Middle English ernne. lOE Canterbury Psalter lviii. 5 Sine iniquitate cucurri et dirigebar : butan unrihtwisnesse ic ern & ic gereht wæs.a1325 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 2 Vt of mi side ern þe flod.c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 5984 His hors..ernne forþ.
ε. (1st and 3rd singular) early Middle English eorn, early Middle English oern. a1250 Wohunge ure Lauerd in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 281 Te swat as blodes dropes eorn dune to þe eorðe.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13008 Arður aneouste þat treo bieorn [c1300 Otho (bi)-vrne] abute and swa Arður & þe scucke biurnen hit þreie a-buten.a1325 Statutes of Realm (2011) vii. 60 Heo þat habbez suuche entre, fram þe time þat te writ of mort de auncestre furst oern, [etc.].
ζ. (1st and 3rd singular) early Middle English ærne. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 2264 Scip ærne to-ȝen scip.
b. Weak. (i). Forms without metathesis.α. Middle English rowned, Middle English runde, 1500s–1600s (1800s– regional) runned, 1700s run'd; English regional 1800s run'd, 1800s– runn'd; U.S. regional 1800s runded (in African-American usage), 1800s runn'd. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 676 His scipen runden [c1300 Otho hurnen] swiðe.a1425 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Linc. Inn) (1973) 206 Þey rowned to [a1500 Douce ronnen on] him wiþ gret hete, And as he sat at þe bord Or euer he spak any word Þay rowned alle to him anon And smyten of his hed wel sone.1586 D. Rowland tr. H. de Mendoza Pleasant Hist. Lazarillo (1672) ii. M 3 The one runned to one place, the other to another.1668 V. Greatrakes in R. Boyle Corr. 12 Sept. (2001) IV. 100 His grief..immediately skipped from under my hand, & went into his foote,..& to be briefe I pursued it from thence, till I runned it quite out of his toes ends.1739 G. Whitefield Wks. (1771) I. 59 He runned into one extreme lately, and now satan is driving him into another.1759 J. Newton Diary 12 Oct. in Deserted Village (1992) 60 Great part of a Vessel of small [beer, ale?] run'd out.1859 T. Hughes Scouring of White Horse vi. 140 I..runned and hollered all I knowed.1873 J. Spilling Molly Miggs (1903) 22 I turned round and runned away.1892 in Jrnl. Cork Hist. & Archaeol. Soc. 102/1 'Twas on the Kilworth mountains He runned his wild career.1929 T. Hardy Old Mrs Chundle 18 She hurried overmuch, and runned up the hill.1960 G. E. Evans Horse in Furrow xxii. 251 He [sc. the horse] runned the hossman, cat an' all.1974 A. MacLeod in Best Amer. Short Stories 1975 156 The dog runned around like he was crazy, moanen and cryen worse than the swiles does out on the ice.1999 J. Gallas Resistance is Futile 19 They loaded off and runned the tents and blacked billy.
β. Middle English rend, Middle English rende, Middle English rennede, Middle English rennyd, Middle English rennyde; English regional (Somerset) 1700s renn'd. c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Laud) (1901) l. 1274 Faste after horn he rende.c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 4315 A þys syde þe toun þat ryuer rend. ▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xviii. 7 Abraham..forsoþ rennyde to þe droue & toke þens acalf most tender & best.a1425 (a1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Gen. xxiv. 20 She..rennede [a1382 Bodl. 959 rennyd] aȝen to the pit.?a1425 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Claud.) (1850) Isa. i. 23 Gloss. If thou suest a theef, thou rennedist with him.1795 J. Wolcot Royal Tour ii. ix Now to the tavern renn'd 'Squire Rolle.
γ. late Middle English rynnyde; English regional 1800s rinn'd (Dorset), 1900s– rinned (Devon). c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 2965 Than sir Gawayn gretes with his gray eghne..That the chillande watire on his chekes rynnyde.1844 W. Barnes Poems Rural Life in Dorset Dial. 102 Two tears rinn'd down Ant's fiace.1958 Recorded Interview (Brit. Libr. Sound Archive) (Survey Eng. Dial.: C908) (MS transcript) Track 29 [Devon] He rinned up yonder, and he looked at me.
δ. U.S. regional 1900s– ranned (in African-American usage). 1986 in Dict. Amer Regional Eng. (2002) IV. 668/1 She ranned away.
(ii). Forms with metathesis.α. Old English ærdon (plural), Old English ærndon (plural), early Middle English ærde, early Middle English ærnde. Forms such as Old English ærdon, early Middle English ærde appear to show simplification of the medial consonant cluster.OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Corpus Cambr.) v. vi. 400 Mid þi ic ða gelomlice hider & ðider me hwyrfde.., þa ærndon [eOE Tanner geærndon, OE Corpus Oxf. geærdon] hi sume, & eft hwurfon.OE Battle of Maldon (1942) 191 He gehleop þone eoh þe ahte his hlaford..and his broðru mid him begen ærdon, Godrine and Godwig, guþe ne gymdon.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3236 He ferde on his stede..he igrap his spere..and he ærde [c1300 Otho hernde] to þon deore.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4954 Þurh þat lond he ærnde [c1300 Otho hearnde] & hæ[r]ȝede and hærmde.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13298 Þa eorles ærden to þan wuden; þa Romanisce after riden.
β. early Middle English arde, Middle English arnde, Middle English arnede, Middle English harnde. Forms such as early Middle English arde appear to show simplification of the medial consonant cluster.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6828 Heo riden & heo arnden [c1300 Otho ernde] forð mid Vortigerne.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 6265 Oueral hii arde [c1275 Calig. arnden] and slowen and barnde.c1300 St. Edward Elder (Laud) l. 52 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 48 His Men..Arnden bi þe weie.c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 1231 After horn he [sc. Aþulf] arnde [a1350 Harl. ernde; c1300 Laud. rende] anon Also þat hors miȝte gon.c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6202 He arnde [a1400 Trin. Cambr. harnde] vpe a lute hul.c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) 2021 Þe hors..arnede awai wiþ þe king.c1400 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (BL Add.) (1887) l. 11078 Arnde ouer [c1325 Calig. In a foul plodde..me him slong, & orne on him mid hor hors].1448 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Arms) l. 5005 in K. Brunner Mittelengl. Vers-roman über Richard Löwenherz (1913) 334 And stille they come, and nothyng arnde.
γ. early Middle English earde, early Middle English earnde, early Middle English earnede, early Middle English ernde, early Middle English hearde, early Middle English hearnde, early Middle English hernde, early Middle English hernede, Middle English ernede, Middle English ernned. Forms such as early Middle English earde, hearde appear to show simplification of the medial consonant cluster.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 4637 Leop he on his stede..Hamund hernede [c1275 Calig. arnde] vpward and oþer wile a-dunward.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 4954 Þorh þat lond he hearnde [c1275 Calig. ærnde] and sloh folk and barnde.c1300 St. Quentin (Harl.) l. 5 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 456 His men furde as roters, & ernde al aboute & defoulede so Cristene men þat hi neþerfte nowhar atroute.c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 6733 Hij of-ernned her stedes þo.] a1350 (?c1225) King Horn (Harl.) (1901) 1239 Efter horn he ernde him þohte is herte bernde.a1425 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Cambr. Ff.5.35) (1873) C. xix. l. 165 Ernede [c1400 Trin. Cambr. Enuye & euile wil orne in þe jewis].
δ. Middle English ornd, Middle English ornde. c1400 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (BL Add.) (1887) l. 11228 Ornd [c1325 Calig. Hii caste awei þe dosils, þat win orn abrod so].c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.) 419 He atornde [c1325 Calig. at arn], as vaste as he myȝte.]
ε. English regional (south-western) 1800s hirn'd, 1800s– hirnd. 1825 J. Jennings Observ. Dial. W. Eng. 105 She hirn'd, she vleed ta meet tha man Who corr'd er dear Jan's head.1873 W. P. Williams & W. A. Jones Gloss. Somersetshire 19 Hirnd..pret[erite]..to run.
ζ. English regional (south-western) 1800s– hurn'd, 1800s– urnd, 1800s– urn'd, 1800s– urned. 1842 G. P. R. Pulman Rustic Sketches 73 Then all th' cows hurn'd back agen.1847 ‘N. Hogg’ Let. 28 June in Lett. Devonshire Dial. 37 A yung humman urn'd by.1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. at Neck of the foot There was a bit of a risin' like jist 'pon the neck o' the voot like, where the wheel urn'd over'n.1890 J. D. Robertson Gloss. Words County of Gloucester 169 Urned, ran.
3. Past participle. a. Strong. (i). Forms without metathesis.α. Old English gehrunnen (rare), Old English gerunen (probably transmission error), Old English gerunnen, Old English–Middle English runnen, Middle English irunne, Middle English runnin, Middle English runnun, Middle English runnyn, Middle English yrunne, Middle English–1600s rune, Middle English–1600s runn, Middle English–1600s runne, Middle English– run; Scottish pre-1700 rune, pre-1700 runin, pre-1700 runne, pre-1700 runnen, pre-1700 runnin, pre-1700 running, pre-1700 runnyn, pre-1700 runnyne, pre-1700 runnyng, pre-1700 runyn, pre-1700 rvn, pre-1700 rvne, pre-1700 rvnnyn, pre-1700 rwn, pre-1700 rwne, pre-1700 rwnnyn, pre-1700 rwnnyng, pre-1700 1700s– run, pre-1700 1800s runn. eOE Metrical Dialogue of Solomon & Saturn (Corpus Cambr. 422) ii. 480 Ær se dæg cyme ðæt sie his calendcwide arunnen.] OE Paris Psalter (1932) cxviii. 70 Ys heora heorte nu her anlicast swa meoluc wese mægene gerunnen [L. coagulatum est sicut lac cor eorum].lOE Canterbury Psalter lxvii. 16 Mons coagulatus mons pinguis : dun gerenned uel runnen dun fett.c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 654 Heo sat on þe sunne, Wiþ tieres al birunne.] ▸ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Philipp. ii. 16 I haue not runnen in veyn. ▸ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 6126 He telth..hou his houndes have wel runne.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22224 Discord and strijf Ouer al þis werld be runnun rijf.?c1430 J. Lydgate Daunce Machabree (Huntington) l. 421 Maister of phisik..Ȝowre lyues cours..ys I-runne.c1480 (a1400) St. Mary of Egypt 1314 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 334 A place, quhare a burne had runnyn. ▸ ?a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 109 Quhill that hir glas be run and past.1514 Aberd. Reg. (1848) I. 88 And the said yeir be runnyne and compleit.1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius Gothick Warre ii. 53 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian When five and thirty dayes are runn out.1659 Maze 28 His honour had runne himselfe upon the same Rock.1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IV. xvi. 119 She is run up stairs, answered Obadiah, this very instant.1828 W. Irving Life C. Columbus IV. 261 They had run easterly since leaving Cape Cuba.1889 A. Conan Doyle Micah Clarke xxiv. 246 The lugger had been run into a narrow creek.1930 E. M. Brent-Dyer Chalet Girls in Camp v. 76 Nearer the lake were the two flag-poles, and the flags would be run up at six o'clock the next morning.1984 Times 1 Aug. 21/1 Boycott, however, was run out.2008 Ecologist July 67/1 The wort..is run off and the grain sprayed with water.
β. Middle English ironne, Middle English ironnen, Middle English irounne, Middle English jronne, Middle English ron, Middle English ronen, Middle English ronene, Middle English ronnen, Middle English ronnene, Middle English ronnon, Middle English ronnyn, Middle English ronyn, Middle English yron, Middle English yronne, Middle English yronnen, Middle English–1500s rone, Middle English–1500s ronn, Middle English–1500s ronne, late Middle English ronnens (transmission error); English regional 1800s ron (Cumberland); Scottish pre-1700 ron, pre-1700 rone, pre-1700 ronen, pre-1700 ronn, pre-1700 ronne, pre-1700 ronnyn, pre-1700 ronnyne, pre-1700 ronnyng, pre-1700 roun, pre-1700 roune, pre-1700 rounyn, pre-1700 rovne, pre-1700 rovning, pre-1700 rowine, pre-1700 rown, pre-1700 rowne, pre-1700 rownyn, pre-1700 royne, pre-1700 yronne. c1300 St. Eustace (Laud) l. 319 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 402 Þat bras was muche i-molte and to-gadere i-ronne.c1300 Childhood Jesus (Laud) l. 413 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1875) 1st Ser. 16 Anoþur giv is aftur i rounne.c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. ix. l. 82 He..is Ronnen in-to Religiun.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 1548 Þe mychel spire is ronnen aboute.c1400 ( in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1859) I. 364 The stedes colt is ronnon away.a1425 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Linc. Inn) (1952) l. 2688 Forþ he is wiþ þat yronne [c1400 Laud y-ȝarnd]. ▸ 1440 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 436 Ronnon, as mylke [a1500 King's Cambr. ronnyn as mylke or other lycoure], coagulatus.c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) 336 She was ful fer y-ronne in age.1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 273/4 The voyses haue ronnen in myn eres.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) x. l. 1085 Mony hors at ronnyng had so lang.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ii. viii. 61 Hir slydry body in hankis round all roun.1562 J. Mountgomery in Archaeologia (1883) 47 231 Wee have rone on pillgrimage.a1596 Sir Thomas More (1911) 81 Shreu.: This fellow was a principall broacher of the broile Fawk.: Sbloud I brocht none. It was broacht and half ronn out before I had a lick at it.1869 A. C. Gibson Folk-speech Cumberland 12 I'd ron me-sel' varra nar oot o' winnd.
γ. Middle English iren, Middle English irene, Middle English yren, Middle English yrenne, Middle English–1500s ren, Middle English–1500s renne, 1500s rennyng (Scottish). ▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. liv. 408 Þe mouþ[es] of þe veynes beþ irene togedres, and imade boistous and þicke.c1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 63 Ryght swift and good greihounde shuld go þat if he be wel late renne he shuld ouertake eny beest.c1430 in J. B. Sheppard Christ Church Lett. (1877) 6 As touchyng the remenent that es yren of your anuyte..the Abbot wolle pay no more.a1450 St. Etheldreda (Faust.) l. 463 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 293 A gret swellyng abouȝt my throte þer is..Were hit ybroke & þe mater ouȝt y-renne..myche eysse hit wolde do. ▸ a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 984 By than the shipp had renne frome the londe of Logrys many myles.a1500 (a1400) Ipomedon (Chetham) (1889) l. 4141 My houndes hath renne right wele.a1500 ( J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 614 Henry the Sext, of age ny fyve yere ren.a1500 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Chetham) l. 3544 Iren [c1330 Auch. Meche men preisede is stede þo, For he hadde so wel igo].c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xvv/1 Yf they be attaynted be the said peyne renne and leuyed of a M. marc.1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. lxi. [lxiv.] 205 [He was] in his det in a grete some of money, longe renne in arrerages.1527 Selkirk Burgh Court f. 125v Ay and quhill the saidis fyff ȝeris be full and togidder compleit and fullelie outrennyng.] 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes i. f. 127 When this Manes had taken his heeles and renne awaye from his maister.?a1600 Felon Sowe of Rokeby in R. Bell Anc. Poems, Ballads & Songs Peasantry (1857) 134 Ye wolde hav ren awaye, When moste misstirre had bin.
δ. late Middle English ryn; Scottish pre-1700 rine, pre-1700 1800s– rin; Irish English (northern) 1900s– rin. ▸ 1435 R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 36 Half a ȝere, thre monethis, & sum wekys ar our-ryn [L. effluxerunt].] a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 131 I wald I had ryn to I had lost hir!1650 J. Nicoll Diary (1836) 2 His tong [was] rin throw with ane het..boitkin.1650 in Trans. Dumfries & Galloway Nat. Hist. & Antiquarian Soc. (1975) 55 Or the morrow ane barrel contening fyftein pynts of aquavytie vnrine was dryed up, the barrell remayning haill and the place quhair it stuid remaynit dry.] a1894 R. L. Stevenson Weir of Hermiston (1896) v. 122 Only Hob..hunkered at the doorsill where the blood had rin, fyled his hand wi' it, and haddit it up to Heeven in the way o' the auld Border aith.1897 E. W. Hamilton Outlaws of Marches 129 Not that she'd ever hae rin the length of this.1929 in A. W. Johnston & A. Johnston Old-lore Misc. IX. ii. 75 Guid kens gin dere waas onything i' id ava, bit hid waas weel aneuch spoken o' an' rin apin.1988 W. Neill Making Tracks 50 Real life is rin bi The Bress frae the Boardin Schuils..no bi oor aulder, lowsser congregations.
ε. 1500s–1700s (1800s– regional and nonstandard) ran, 1600s ranne. 1594 O. B. Questions Profitable Concernings 31 She had rather her husband had ran out.1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso ii. lxi Those mischiefs into which we are ran.1669 J. Cosin Corr. (1872) II. 231 Swinbourne is ranne away 5 or 6000 li. in the King's debt.1729 T. Cooke Tales 36 He always thinks..his Race not ran.1827 D. Johnson Sketches Indian Field Sports (ed. 2) 116 He had been..ran over by a..tiger.1852 Southern Q. Rev. July 83 He said his aide had ran off with his horse!1874 G. W. Dasent Half a Life III. 258 As though she had ran a match.1920 J. C. Welsh Underworld 157 She was makin' oot that Mysie had gane wrang, and had ran awa' tae hide it.1947 Billboard 13 Sept. 132 Ball released after horses have ran.1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxxii. 295 The deceased is believed to have been ran over by a snowplough.2004 N. Turner Project Chick xxi. 189 He was so handsome and sexy to her that she could have ran over and tongue kissed him.
(ii). Forms with metathesis.α. Old English geurnen, Old English urnen, early Middle English urnan, Middle English vrne, Middle English vrnen. OE Phoenix 364 Þær se eadga [sc. the phoenix] mot eardes neotan.., oþþæt wintra bið þusend urnen.OE Ælfric De Temporibus Anni (Cambr. Gg.3.28) (2009) xiii. 96 [Se ðynna wæta] bið gefroren ær ðan ðe he to dropum geurnen sy.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 619 Þat lond is bi-urnan [c1300 Otho bi-vrne] mid þære sæ.] c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) cxviii. 32 Ichaue vrnen þe wai of þy comaundementz.
β. early Middle English hornen, early Middle English hourne, early Middle English hyȝouren, early Middle English iorne, early Middle English yorne, Middle English ȝorne. c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 1146 Feor ihc am i orne [c1300 Laud. hyȝouren; a1350 Harl. yorne; rhyme of horne].c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 9540 We for..ȝearsipe hinene beoþ at-hourne [c1275 Calig. heonene at-ærnden].c1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 77 Þe milde Lomb isprad o rode, heng bihornen al oblode.] c1300 St. Julian Hospitable (Laud) l. 8 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 256 Þo þis heort hadde longe I-orne, he bi-turnde him.c1300 Childhood Jesus (Laud) l. 657 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1875) 1st Ser. 23 Muche folk is þudere i orne, And þat picher bi holdeth ȝeorne.c1400 Psalter (Trin. Dublin) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xviii. 6 To his way to be ȝorne.
b. Weak. (i). Forms without metathesis.α. late Old English gerenned, Middle English renned. lOE Canterbury Psalter lxvii. 16 Mons coagulatus mons pinguis : dun gerenned uel runnen dun fett. ▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Psalms xviii. 6 He ful out gladide as a geaunt to ben renned [a1382 Douce 369(1) runne; a1425 Corpus Oxf. renned] þe weye, fro þe heȝeste heuene þe goyng out of hym.
β. 1500s ronned. 1527 [implied in: L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. Mj [It] causeth the ronned and congeled mylke to be..dyssolved frome the ronnynge togyder. (at runned adj.)].
γ. 1500s–1700s (1800s– regional and nonstandard) runned; English regional 1800s– arunned (Somerset), 1800s– run'd, 1800s– runnd. a1533 Ld. Berners tr. Arthur of Brytayn (?1560) lxxix. sig. Cxx He would fayne haue runned on hym to haue slayne hym.1538 T. Elyot Dict. Praeliganeum vinum, a praeligando, which I suppose to be so called..bycause it is fyrst runned or put into vesselles.1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie ix. 53 If God doe nowe and then cast vs downe, let vs consider that ye casting downe, will make vs to go much more swiftlie towardes..the heauenly kingdome.., than if wee had runned neuer so fast, and had neuer left galloping all the way.1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea in Wks. (1620) I. 485 He had euen runned on to his owne destruction.1634 Malory's Arthur (1816) II. 187 He..would have runned through sir Tristram.1751 C. Labelye Descr. Westm. Bridge 20 Iron Cramps, let into the Stones, and runn'd in with melted Lead.1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirlaugh II. 150 I'm not a goin' to hev' my pullen and lambs run'd away wi'.1887 T. Darlington Folk-speech S. Cheshire 322 I'm welly runned off my legs.1895 W. Raymond Smoke of War 202 Here you be then, for all the lies a-told that you'd a-runned away!c1937 J. Boatman Interview in C. L. Perdue et al. Weevils in Wheat (1976) 52 He was rested runned down by blood hounds and was caught in Greenville County.1965 J. M. Brewer Worser Days 94 If'n me an' my mama an' papa..hadn't a runned outen de house..we'd all been kilt.1998 Gay Times Aug. 134/2 (advt.) Gay owned and gay runned.
δ. English regional (Devon) 1800s– arinned. a1895 S. Hewett MS Coll. Devonshire Words in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1904) V. 116/1 To be arinned out, to be a bankrupt.
(ii). Forms with metathesis.α. Middle English arnd, Middle English yarned, Middle English yȝarnd. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 896 Quyk away he is y-arned.c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 2700 Fort he is wiþ þat y-ȝarnd [a1425 Linc. Inn yronne] And wiþ his launce meteþ a duk.c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 4350 Þe Gregeys habbeþher loges barnd And beþ for vs away arnd.
β. late Middle English yeornd. a1425 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Linc. Inn) (1952) l. 4319 Þe Gregeys hauiþ heore logges brent And buþ for ows away y eornd.
γ. English regional (south-western) 1800s– hirnd. 1825 J. Jennings Observ. Dial. W. Eng. 186 Dwont ye zee tha zond is âll hirnd out.1873 W. P. Williams & W. A. Jones Gloss. Somersetshire 19 Hirnd..part[iciple]..to run.
δ. English regional (south-western) 1800s– a-urn'd. 1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) They cowcumber vines be proper a-urn'd out.
I. To (cause to) move.
* Senses relating to locomotion involving the use of the legs, and uses deriving from these (frequently retaining some implication of the physical sense).† 12. transitive. U.S. To make a sudden demand upon (a bank) for funds; to take part in a run (run n.2 39a(a)) on. Cf. to run upon —— 6 at Phrasal verbs 2. Obsolete.Quot. 1825 refers to an attempt to rob a bank, and may illustrate a different sense.† 17. transitive. British colloquial. To get (something) hastily carried through. Obsolete.
1. † d. Coupled with another verb (in sense ‘to ride on horseback’), the two together being taken as including all the means by which a person may travel.† f. intransitive. allusively. To partake of the leg (as opposed to the wing) of a cooked chicken or other fowl. Obsolete. rare.
a. intransitive. To go with quick steps on alternate feet, never having both or (in the case of many animals) all feet on the ground at the same time; to make one's way or cover the ground in this manner.Frequently with various prepositions and adverbs; for idiomatic uses arising from such constructions see Phrasal verbs 1 and Phrasal verbs 2.to run in place: see place n.1 Phrases 2a(a). to run on the spot: see on the spot adv. 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > go swiftly on foot [verb (intransitive)] > run
yernc900
runOE
rasec1275
canter1765
pelt1831
shin1838
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. xxviii. 8 Et exierunt cito de monumento..currentes nuntiare discipulis eius : & eodun hreconlice from byrgenne..iornende beada uel sægca ðegnum his.
OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xviii. 7 He arn [L. cucurrit] him sylf to hys hryþera falde.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 39 (MED) Þe swin urnen..into þe sæ and druncnede hem seluen.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 3 Heo urnen on-ȝein him, al þa hebreisce men.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 12324 Summe heo gunnen urnen [Otho afote eorne].
c1300 St. James Great (Laud) l. 312 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 43 (MED) To toune he orn with Ioye i-nouȝ.
c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) 9/85 (MED) Þe tvo maidens hir biside..Bot ourn to þe palays ful riȝt.
c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 75 (MED) He..cried wiþ grete cry as a lyoun whan he rennes [?a1400 Rawl. rinnyeþ].
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xvii. 83 I soiourned nouȝte, but shope me to renne.
a1450 York Plays (1885) 255 (MED) We schall..freyne howe youre folkis fare þat are furth ronne.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vi. l. 628 Full law thai crap quhill thai war out off sicht, Eftir the ost syne rane in all thar mycht.
1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 632 Masid as a marche hare, he ran lyke a scut.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxvj Many were drowned in the Ryuer of Neccar, wher into they ran headlong.
1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Fiij As she runnes, the bushes in the way, Some catch her by the necke. View more context for this quotation
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 184 It is unlawfull [on the Sabbath]..to Runne, Leape, or tell Tales.
1659 D. Pell Πελαγος 300 As soon as hee saw the ship, hee ran down to the Sea side unto her.
1733 A. Pope Ess. Man ii. 27 As Eastern Priests in giddy Circles run.
1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IV. xvi. 119 She is run up stairs, answered Obadiah, this very instant.
1833 T. Hook Parson's Daughter I. iii. 44 Here, boy.., run and ask Jenkinson for the key of the coach-house.
1863 C. Reade Hard Cash I. 21 A hundred..men, ready to run..with the boats all the way.
1871 C. Kingsley At Last II. x. 36 The Coolie butler's child..ran in and out with the dogs.
1931 T. F. Powys Unclay i. 1 A fox..ran nimbly up the lane.
1948 B. Griffith Amer. Me ii. v. 173 I ran through the grass in the vacant lot real quick to church.
1987 R. Godden Time to Dance (1989) 76 After the first bruising wore off I could walk, even run again.
2002 J. S. Foer Everything is Illuminated 11 His girls ran to hide under opposite ends of his prayer shawl.
b.
(a) intransitive. In various figurative contexts, generally with the implication of rapid motion.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > move swiftly [verb (intransitive)]
lakeOE
flyOE
runOE
scour13..
jace1393
hie1398
spina1400
fleetc1400
glentc1400
stripc1400
suea1450
carryc1450
speed1488
scud1532
streek1598
winga1616
to clip it1616
hackney1617
swifta1618
whirryc1630
dust1673
whew1684
race1702
stroke1735
cut1797
spank1807
skid1815
speela1818
crack1824
skimmer1824
slap1827
clip1832
skeet1838
marvel1841
lick1850
travel1850
rush1852
zip1852
sail1876
rabbit1887
move1906
high-tail1908
to ball the jack1914
buzz1914
shift1922
giddap1938
burn1942
hoosh1943
bomb1966
shred1977
OE Homily: Larspell (Corpus Cambr. 419) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 240 Þa synna yrnað æfter þære earman sawle and hire þus to cweðað: ‘hwi noldest ðu, earme, betan ure synna?’
OE Prayers (Arundel 155) xvii, in Anglia (1889) 11 116 Pedes mei ad currendum in malum sequendo libidinem supramodum veloces fuerunt: fet mine to yrnenne on yfel fyligende galnesse ofer gemet swifte wæron.
c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 184 Let oþre acemin hare bodi þe eorneð biuoren hond; Abide we ure healent þe schal acemin ure efter his ahne.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 195 (MED) Þese beeþ my synnes þat renneþ after me.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 17251 (MED) Fra blis to blis mai þou noght rin.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 3383 (MED) Out of þe rake of riȝtwysnes ren suld he neuire.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. vii. 65 All that will in trowth ren Shall he saue.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 696/1 He ronneth aheed as his fantasye leadeth hym.
1579 S. Gosson Apol. Schoole of Abuse in Ephemerides Phialo f. 92v I beseech them to looke to their footing, that run ouershooes in al these vanities.
1629 J. Gaule Panegyrick 19 in Practique Theories Christs Predict. They..that follow their owne fancie, that run on their owne head.
1681 J. Flavell Method of Grace xxx. 517 We must not run so far from an error as to lose a precious truth.
1734 W. Whiston tr. Sozomen in Six Diss. i. 26 He appears to have been so affected..as to run as it were in a Sort of a middle Way.
1743 A. Pope Dunciad (rev. ed.) iv. 177 What tho' we let some better sort of fool Thrid ev'ry science, run thro' ev'ry school?
1821 Examiner 42/1 We must not..run too swiftly to our conclusions.
1852 Eng. Jrnl. Educ. July 249 How delighted men are..when they get two or three phrases which have not been running in harness for the last fifty years!
1913 E. M. Ingram Unafraid xvii. 293 ‘Because you love Irenya?’..‘You're running too fast! I haven't said so.’
1986 Times 1 Aug. 7 It won't be hard to find out. It's not something they can run and hide from.
2009 L. Jackson Malice xvi. 166 Rick Bentz is running around in circles, chasing down all of his ex-wife's old acquaintances, digging up the past.
(b) intransitive. spec. Of the tongue: to move rapidly. Usually with implication of talkativeness or indiscreet speech. Cf. wag v. 4b.
ΚΠ
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 7070 (MED) His large tonge..To suffren..to renne out of les..doth he..þat spoken haþ so large.
1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Jas. i. f. xxviii He..that letteth his tongue runne at large, which is a warbling membre and a slyppery.
a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) i. iii. sig. B.ijv Though your teeth be gone,..Yet your tongue can renne on patins as well as mine.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. i. 123 This tong that runnes so roundly in thy head. View more context for this quotation
1676 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Iliads ii. 223 Else 'gainst the king thy tongue would not so run.
1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. xxiii. 61 And so, belike, their Clacks ran for half an Hour in my Praises.
a1770 J. Jortin Serm. (1771) II. xi. 217 Vanity sets the tongue running faster then is decent.
1849 G. P. R. James Woodman I. viii. 152 ‘How your little tongue runs,’ said her cousin.
1860 G. A. Sala Baddington Peerage xliii The ladies' maid's tongue was sure to run nineteen to the dozen.
1891 G. Meredith One of our Conquerors II. ix. 225 Her father let his tongue run.
1908 W. H. Koebel Anchorage 49 A break-out doesn't seem to oil your tongue to run any more'n usual.
1998 Hindu (Nexis) 6 Oct. The resignation of a Cabinet Minister whose tongue ran too far.
c. intransitive. To travel or go about (hurriedly), esp. to distant places.In quot. c1300 punningly referring to Horn who has been far away.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > travel about or visit many places
runeOE
to go aboutc1300
passc1400
discur1557
dispace1588
perambulate1607
to get about1776
to go around1796
to get around1798
circulate1848
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > let or send out [verb (transitive)] > emit > copiously > in or as in a stream
runeOE
ayetOE
yetOE
hieldc1200
pourc1330
bleed1377
spouta1398
wella1398
outyeta1400
wellc1400
effundc1420
streama1425
shed1430
diffude?a1475
skail1513
peera1522
effuse1526
diffuse1541
flow1550
gusha1555
outpoura1560
brew1581
outwell1590
spend1602
spin1610
exfuse1612
guttera1618
effude1634
disembogue1641
profund1657
efflux1669
decant1742
profuse1771
sluice1859
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. v. 278 Þæt nænig Godes þeow biscopes gefera forlæte his ægenne biscop, & geond missenlice stowe fere & eorne [L. passim quolibet discurrat].
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. iv. 33 Swa..þæt he arn [L. discurreret] þurh cristenra folca gesomnunge geond ceastre & geond tunas on healfa gehwilce & þurh geleaffulra manna hus, to þon þæt he þara gehyrendra heortan to þære lufan þæs heofonlican eþles awehte.
c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 1146 Drink to horn of horne Feor ihc am i orne.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 511 He sette noght. his benefice to hyre..And ran to Londoun..To seeken hym a Chauntrye for soules.
?c1430 (c1383) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 22 (MED) Oþere prestis rennen out of oure lond ouer grete sees.
a1438 Bk. Margery Kempe (1940) i. 85 (MED) Thow he renne euery ȝer to Ierusalem, I haue no deynte of hym.
a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 38 (MED) Theder rynne all merchauntes fro euery side of the world.
1535 D. Lindsay Satyre 2862 For ane vnworthie Vickarage Ane Preist will rin to Rome, in Pilgramage.
1555 in W. Page Inventories Church Goods York, Durham & Northumberland (1897) 156 My charges in runnyng from Duresme to Yorke.
1617 in T. Mair Narr. & Extracts Rec. Presbytery of Ellon (1898) 99 Counterfeit bards and fuills that rynes [printed rymes] athort the countrey.
1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 342 These are such as runne from house to house, from Market to Market,..with packs and Fardels vpon their backes.
1676 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Iliads iii. 41 He In no one certain place himself can keep, But through the Ranks and Files runs busily, Just as a Ram runs in a Fold of Sheep.
1735 Lives Most Remarkable Criminals II. 402 Running from one Dancing-bout and Merry-making to another.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson I. Advt. p. x I have sometimes had to run half over London, in order to fix a date correctly.
1835 T. B. Macaulay in G. O. Trevelyan Life & Lett. Macaulay (1876) I. vi. 407 Our masters run from station to station at our cost, as vapourised ladies at home run about from spa to spa.
1871 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 56 I remembered people who..must run to Italy before [etc.].
1922 McClure's Mag. June 68/1 You are running all over the place looking for an emergency loan.
1990 M. Torgov St. Farb's Day i. 21 You know how some of these classy goyim are,..always running to their tennis clubs and golf clubs and yacht clubs.
(a) intransitive. Coupled with cognate verb (in sense 3a). Obsolete.In quot. c12752 perhaps alluding to the relative wealth or status implied respectively by travel on foot and on horseback.
ΚΠ
eOE Laws of Ælfred (Corpus Cambr. 173) v. 50 We settað æghwelcere cirican..ðis frið: gif hie fahmon geierne oððe geærne, þæt hine seofan nihtum nan mon ut ne teo.]
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3060 Eorneð and eærne and al þis lond bearneð and alle þa men slæð.
c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 1204 Ich wot ȝef huses schule berne, Ich wot ȝef men schule eorne oþer erne.
(b) intransitive. Chiefly Scottish. Coupled with ride. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 52 (MED) My lege lorde lyst..me to bidde Oþer to ryde oþer to renne to Rome in his ernde.
a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Trial of Fox l. 946 in Poems (1981) 40 Na reuand beistis nouther ryn nor ryde.
a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 647 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 115 Robyn redbrest nocht ran Bot Raid as a hensman.
1688 W. Scot True Hist. Families 65 A Son he had at that same tide, Which was so lame could neither run nor ryde.
1724 A. Ramsay Tea-table Misc. (new ed.) I. 159 O fy gar ride, and fy gar rin, And hast ye find these Traitors again.
1802 in W. Scott Minstrelsy Sc. Border I. 86 The Scots they rade, the Scots they ran.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. vi. vii. 391 Men riding and running, reporting and hearsaying.
e.
(a) transitive. To cause or force (a horse or other animal) to run (sense 1a), esp. when riding it; (in later use also) to force (a person) to move quickly.Sometimes spec. in the context of a race; cf. sense 4c(a).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > ride (a horse or other animal) [verb (transitive)] > ride (a horse) rapidly
runc1275
start1488
course1569
career1829
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting with hounds > hunt with hounds [verb (transitive)] > lead or drive hounds
run1883
hold1891
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4056 Summen ærnden heore stede.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 12324 Somme gon hors earne, somme afote eorne.
1504 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1900) II. 428 Item,..and to the boy ran the Kingis hors, xxviij. s.
1544 A. Cope Hist. Anniball & Scipio f. 102 He ranne his horse with the spurres into the myddell of the Romayne hoste.
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 169 Alexander.., as he was runnyng his horse, fell horse and man to the grounde.
a1605 R. Bannatyne Memorials Trans. Scotl. (1836) 110 Thai lap on and raid to Leith to rin thair horse and take the ayre.
1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (Rom. xiii. 11) As they that run their horses for a wager, spur hardest at the races end.
1681 Tryal J. Giles 17 A Cloak was thrown over my Head, then I found very rough hands upon my Shoulders, and they ran me into Jackanapes-lane.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Horse-racing Start him off roundly, and run him to the very Top of what he can do, during the whole Course or Heat.
1797 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 659/1 The place where they ran or breathed their coursers was called hippodromus.
1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop ii. xlvi. 54 Men running horses up and down the street for sale.
1875 Canad. Methodist Mag. Apr. 315 Seizing him by the coat collar, [he] ran him along the pier.
1883 Harper's Mag. Dec. 147/1 I forged on, fairly running the dogs.
1905 Texas Criminal Rep. 49 25 He ran his horse towards her and said ‘Look out.’
1939 A. Ransome Secret Water xii. 149 Roger had Bridget by the elbow and was running her along.
2004 E. M. Sharpe In Shadow of Dam iii. 86 [He] ran his horse down from Leeds to warn his father.
(b) transitive. figurative and in figurative contexts.
ΚΠ
1880 E. W. Hamilton Diary 2 Dec. (1972) I. 83 He expressed his belief that the suspension of the Habeas Corpus a month or two ago would have arrested the evil, and as things now are the only course to take is to ‘run’ two measures side by side the moment Parliament meets.
1898 W. S. Churchill Let. 5 Jan. in R. S. Churchill Winston S. Churchill (1967) I. Compan. ii. 854 We can run Tirah and Egypt in double harness.
1915 E. Phillpotts Old Delabole xiii. 103 He's got a will and a heart, and has the wit to run the two in double harness.
2005 G. Lewis Carson xvi. 197 Bonar Law still hoped it might be possible to run Lloyd George and Asquith in double harness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eating specific substances or food > eat specific substances or food [verb (intransitive)] > eat legs of animal
run1591
1591 J. Florio Second Frutes 57 Shall I give you some of this capon?..Will you flie or run? [It. Volete volare, o correre?]
1824 S. E. Ferrier Inheritance I. xiv. 150 It's the fashion now, when you help game or poultry, to ask—Pray do you run or fly?
g. transitive (reflexive). To thrust or hurl oneself against, into, etc., by running. Cf. sense 31b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > move swiftly in specific manner [verb (reflexive)] > move impetuously
throwc1330
launch1534
hurlc1540
shoot1577
run1605
fling1700
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 287 At thy commaund, I would with boysterous shock Goe runne my selfe against the hardest rock.
1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 23 Like a furious Tigres, who runnes herselfe amongst the weapons of the hunters.
1660 H. Fletcher Perfect Politician 202 These bold Fellows made no more ado, but..run themselves into a Church neer to the bridge.
1836 Rhenish Album iii. 28 I could resist no longer, and ran myself into the thick of the fight.
1889 Cent. Mag. Sept. 800/1 I..so paddled after him, all in the dark, Till I ran myself into a fence.
2003 M. S. Bowles Horses of Proud Spirit 176 The instant she walked in and closed the door, he [sc. a horse] turned in blind terror and literally ran himself into a wall.
h. intransitive. To move quickly (esp. over snow or ice) upon skis, skates, etc. Cf. sense 20c.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > skiing > ski [verb (intransitive)] > actions of skier
run1654
sidestep1894
herringbone1904
traverse1905
side-skid1906
side-slip1913
sitzmark1935
angulate1963
schuss1963
unweight1981
1654 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Bentivoglio Compl. Hist. Warrs Flanders vii. 101 They harness the whole length of their feet with sleek and narrow irons... The women there find no trouble at all in running upon the ice.
1838 New Sporting Mag. Mar. 155 He [sc. a skater] re-commences his exertions in an hour, and runs chiefly against time.
1869 H. E. Vandervell & T. M. Witham Syst. Figure-skating xi. 218 There is something grander in skating than merely running up and down the ice.
1935 Encycl. Sports, Games & Pastimes 563/1 Having acquired confidence, the ability to go fairly fast, and to run straight over moderate slopes without falling, the novice can now tackle the turns.
1998 Skiing Heritage Mar. 10/1 In the 1950s, a skier running fast had a much higher probability of falling.
i. intransitive. colloquial. To hurry to relieve oneself as a result of suffering from diarrhoea; to suffer badly from diarrhoea. Cf. run n.2 11.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > have excretory disorder [verb (intransitive)] > diarrhoea
skittera1400
squirt1530
scutter1565
squatter1598
squitter1611
shoota1642
skit1805
run1849
1849 J. H. Corneilson Jrnl. in C. R. Schultz Forty-niners 'round Horn (1999) viii. 209 [I] had to keep running all night and could not sleep any.
1852 I. A. Davis Jrnl. 13 Nov. in Trans. Oregon Pioneer Assoc. (1914) 447 Rained over night; been running over night with diarrhoea; stopped it with brandy and syrup 13c.
1966 A. E. Lindop I start Counting vi. 92 ‘I said to her..“if you lie down on that wet grass you'll come down with the running trots”—’ ‘And did she?’.. ‘She was run, run, run, run! All the time.’
1967 A. Wilson No Laughing Matter iii. 188 Suddenly she knew by sensation the meaning of that unattractive expression ‘it kept me running all night’... She was indeed kept ‘running all night’.
2003 J. Neugeboren Open Heart xii. 210 The doctor [I] saw was as scared as I was, and was running from his own diarrhea.
j. intransitive. Cricket. To run from one popping crease to the other in order to score a run; to act as a runner (runner n.1 1h) for a batter who is unable to do so through injury, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > bat [verb (intransitive)] > run for disabled batsman
run1855
1855 Laws of Cricket in F. Lillywhite Guide to Cricketers (ed. 8) 7 No substitute shall in any case be allowed to stand out or run between wickets for another person without the consent of the opposite party.
1888 Times 17 July 11/4 Mr. Woods seemed very anxious to run, but his companion kept him back or he might have lost his wicket.
1908 W. E. W. Collins Leaves from Old Country Cricketer's Diary xiii. 223 Once only in more than forty years, when I was hit badly on the knee-cap, I had a man to run for me.
1957 I. Murdoch Sandcastle x. 163 Donald had hit a ball shortly to mid-on, had decided to run, and had been almost run out.
2004 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 19 July 19 The crucial run-out of home captain Nick Knight (running for the injured Jonathan Trott).
k. intransitive. Of a person: to go running for exercise or recreation, esp. habitually. Cf. run n.2 1d.
ΚΠ
1866 ‘Argonaut’ Arts Rowing & Training ii. v. 128 At six weeks from the day more active training is resorted to... The crew rise at six o'clock, so as to row or run easily not later than seven.
1884 W. Blaikie Sound Bodies for our Boys & Girls ix. v. 134 If you run or exercise in any other way till you perspire, you should..rub the skin briskly with a coarse towel.
1922 H. Kemp Tramping on Life 169 We were forbidden to run for exercise, in our bathing suits, on the fine macadamized road that passed not far from our dwellings.
1968 Times 24 May (N.Z. Suppl.) p. viii/5 The caption refers to the runner as ‘a jogger out for his morning run’. In New Zealand the noun jogger is an acceptable..word because so many people..run for fitness.
1991 D. R. Koontz Cold Fire i. iv. 26 I'm a walker myself... I used to run every morning, but my knees started hurting.
2007 Trail Feb. 76/1 Cake. It's the main reason I run. If I didn't I'd be an enormous porker.
l. intransitive. To make haste to go about one's business, esp. to make preparation to leave; (also more generally) to leave, depart. Cf. to run along at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1873 Leisure Hour 30 Aug. 548/1 Shocking! wasn't it? But, dear me, I must run. Good-by.
1889 G. Atherton Hermia Suydam xi. 77 She shall meet him; remind me of it just before I leave. And now I must run. I have a case in court at ten o'clock.
1935 N. Mitchison We have been Warned ii. 202 I must run or the garden party will miss me.
1975 A. Bergman Hollywood & Le Vine xi. 164 ‘Helen, we'll be running,’ said Wohl... There was a final chorus of good-byes.
2009 L. K. Koegel & C. LaZebnik Growing Up on Spectrum ii. ii. 62 I see you're looking at your watch—do you have to run?
2.
a. To traverse, go over or through, by running.
(a) transitive. To pursue or follow (a certain way or course) in running. Also in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > move or cause to move swiftly in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > direct (one's way or steps) with haste
runOE
strain1579
urge1697
OE Lambeth Psalter cxviii. 32 Uiam mandatorum tuorum cucurri : weg beboda þinra ic arn.
OE Hymns (Durh. B.iii.32) xxxix. 4 in I. Milfull Hymns of Anglo-Saxon Church (1996) 201 Gemine gigas substantiæ, alacris ut currat viam : getwinre ormæte edwiste glæd þæt he yrne weg.
OE St. Mildred (Calig.) in T. O. Cockayne Leechdoms, Wortcunning, & Starcraft (1866) III. 426 Hire hind..þe hire ealne weg beforan arn ðonne hio on rade wæs.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) cxviii. 32 (MED) Ichaue vrnen þe wai of þy comaundementz.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 2529 (MED) Toward Fursyne hys [read he] ran hys cours.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xviii. §6. 69 He ioyid, for gladly he toke trauaile, noght agayn his will, at ren þe way of þis lif, noght to stand thar in, and that as geaunt.
1572 in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 23 Erle of Lenox..wes persuaditt..to rin a cours with England, attempting mony things innaturallie agains his native realme.
1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. i. sig. B3 Why should you runne an Idle counter-course Thwart to the path of fashion?
1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue ii. 330 Wee were fellowes and Companions in one Prison, and..had runne both of vs one and the same Carreere.
a1726 M. Ashley-Cooper tr. Xenophon Cyropædia (1728) I. ii. 169 I bid him..run and fetch this Letter; He ran his Way.
1808 W. Scott Marmion iv. xxi. 208 We ran our course,—my charger fell.
1881 S. R. Gardiner & J. B. Mullinger Introd. Study Eng. Hist. i. vii. 148 The members encouraged one another in running the Christian course.
1906 I. W. Adams Shibusawa xxi. 145 Here and there a spider paused, then ran his way.
1911 J. N. Larned Hist. Buffalo I. 201 He ran a brilliant career in public life, as state senator and congressman, for a number of years.
1938 S. Dakota: Guide (Federal Writers' Project) 252 Though mortally wounded and reeling with pain, he ran a lurching, swaying course until he dropped.
2003 Season to Remember (Columbus Dispatch) 28/1 Doss..ran a diagonal route toward the west goal line pylon.
(b) transitive. To traverse or cover (a certain distance) by running. See also to run a mile at Phrases 2n.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > [verb (transitive)] > traverse a distance or ground
runeOE
overcomeOE
meteOE
through-gangOE
passc1300
to pass over ——c1300
overpassc1325
tracec1381
travela1393
traverse?a1400
travelc1400
measure?a1425
walkc1450
go1483
journey1531
peragrate1542
trade1548
overspin1553
overtrace1573
tract1579
progress1587
invade1590
waste1590
wear1596
march1606
void1608
recovera1625
expatiate1627
lustrate1721
do1795
slip1817
cover1818
clear1823
track1823
itinerate1830
betravel1852
to roll off1867
eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) vi. xxx. 147 He his onfeng mid micelre unweorðnesse & hiene het iernan on his a[ge]num purpurum fela mila beforan his rædwæne.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6969 Þatt follc rideþþ onn an der..Þatt onn an daȝȝ..Erneþþ an hunndredd mile.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 1831 (MED) He was ded on lesse hwile, Þan men mouthe renne a mile.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 583 (MED) With o wynde he wolde renne a stadye.
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 30 (MED) Prelatis schulden not..make a pore man to renne two or þre þousand myles.
1555 R. Eden Of North Regions in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 270 They haue most swyfte horses: and such as runne .xxx. myles continually withowt rest or bayte.
1624 T. Heywood Γυναικεῖον iii. 134 He..came priuatelie into the Cittie of Homartes, hauing in wondrous short space runne 8000 furlongs.
1666 Poor Robins Char. France 25 Having ran three miles, he ran himself quite out of breath.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Courier Pliny,..and Cæsar, mention some of these, who would run 20, 30, 36 and in the Circus, even 40 Leagues per Day.
1774 Diarian Repository 526 We have..1341.577 yards run by the greyhound, when he had regained his lost ground.
1812 Sporting Mag. 39 53 Flying Childers..once run four miles in six minutes and forty seconds.
1892 Illustr. Sporting & Dramatic News 23 Apr. 209/3 He succeeded in running the distance in 16 sec.
1937 Life 1 Nov. 87/2 He [sc. a horse] runs seven miles a day, canters through sweet bluegrass, [etc.].
1969 J. H. Green Basic Clin. Physiol. xi. 66/1 It is possible to run a short distance (100 yards) without breathing.
1999 J. Robb Nineties xl. 295 Wobbling lager-swilling people who had never run more than ten metres in their lives.
(c) transitive. To go along, over, or through (a specified tract of ground, region, route, etc.) by running.In quot. 1648: to conduct a patrol of, to scour.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > move or cause to move swiftly in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > make (one's way) with a rush > rush through or over
run1600
oversweep1612
rush1860
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ii. 99 Well, well, but for mine owne part,..I will not rest till I haue runne some ground. View more context for this quotation
1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. 32 The next day in the morning Cortez went forth to run the fields.
1690 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) II. 98 Mr. Peregrine Bertie,..upon a wager, run the mall in St. James Park 11 times in lesse then an hour.
1766 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. i. 2 The same horse has also run the round course at Newmarket..in six minutes and forty seconds.
1847 L. Hunt Men, Women, & Bks. I. x. 178 Our companion, who had run the round of the great world.
1888 W. H. H. Murray Doom of Mamelons i. 11 God be praised that I reckoned the course aright and ran the trail straight from end to end.
1915 A. Castle & E. Castle Haunted Heart iii. vii. 260 Concini had..come almost running the length of the room toward his visitor.
1971 Sci. Amer. Sept. 84/2 Adult rats..learn to run a maze considerably faster..than their controls.
2004 D. Chaon You remind Me of Me (2005) 102 He had been late for work that morning..and he actually ran the last block to the el platform.
(d) transitive. Hunting. Of a quarry: to pass along or through (a particular cover, tract of land, etc.) while being pursued.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > thing hunted or game > action of game > [verb (transitive)]
to give the bay toc1515
bay1575
make a bay at1579
to fling off1711
run1781
to stand before ——1827
fault1873
blink1876
1781 P. Beckford Thoughts on Hunting ix. 132 A wet night frequently produces good chaces; as then, the game never like to run the cover, or the roads.
1814 Sporting Mag. 44 87 Being headed on the Ipswich road, he again ran the same cover, on his way to Somes-Wood.
1869 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 673 The fox ran the railway for two miles, and got among a herd of deer in Stanford Park.
1901 J. L. Randall Hist. Meynell Hounds I. ii. 27 At last they discovered that he [sc. a fox] ran the top of a hedge, and Mr. Meynell had five couples of hounds posted at that point.
1977 Field 24 Mar. 475/2 They ran to Rocky Hill, beyond which the fox ran the road and on to Crowan Beacon.
2003 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 5 Apr. 12 They put a fox off..and, after some uncertainty when he ran the road, hounds settled to the scent.
b. To do or perform by running.
(a) transitive. To execute, perform, or complete by running or riding. Frequently in figurative contexts.The earliest instances relate to the encounter of two opponents in jousting (cf. course n. 3).to run the gauntlet: see gauntlet n.2 a.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > [verb (transitive)] > accomplish a distance in travelling
travelc1400
run1440
accomplish1550
make1564
gain1733
1440 R. Repps in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 22 The qwych knyght wyl renne a cours wyth a sharpe spere for his souereyn lady sake.
1494 in J. Gairdner Lett. Reigns of Richard III & Henry VII (1861) I. 394 Thenne therll of Suffolke and Sir Edward A Borough ran the vi. furst courses.
1552 King Edward VI in J. O. Halliwell Lett. Kings Eng. (1846) II. 53 Afterward there was run a match at tilt, six to six, which was very well run.
1594 (a1555) D. Lindsay Hist. Squyer Meldrum l. 453 in Wks. (1931) I. 158 Ane better cours than they twa ran, Was not sene sen the warld began.
1628 J. Earle Micro-cosmogr. xviii. sig. D9 Commonly his race is quickely runne.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost viii. 88 By thy reasoning this I guess, Who..supposest That..Heav'n such journies [should not] run, Earth sitting still. View more context for this quotation
1749 T. Smollett Regicide v. viii. 75 Soon shall our short'ned Race of Life be run.
1872 A. C. Steele Broken Toys xxviii. 96/1 She felt to be fading away into some other identity, something..which must run a long journey with a knife in its heart.
1922 P. D. Haughton Football & how to watch It vii. 157 After a team has perfected a play in signal practice, the next step is to run the play against real opposition.
2008 C. M. Tyler And You invited Me In 203 Jett could give me a quick hug on the field when I ran a touchdown.
(b) transitive. To perform or go upon (an errand); to carry (a message) for someone.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > carrying out > execute, perform, or carry out [verb (transitive)] > an errand, message, etc.
doa1275
run?a1513
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 68 His erandis for to ryne and red.
1574 A. Gilby tr. Test. Twelue Patriarches f. 51v My father Iacob appointed me to runne of all mesuages and errandes.]
1613 T. Jackson Eternall Truth Script. i. iii. 44 Homer..tels vs how Iris by day, and Sleepe by night, runne errands for the greater Gods.
1637 S. Rutherford Let. in Joshua Redivivus (1664) 54 Gladly would I put Christ in my room..and let me be but a servant to run errands, & doe by his direction.
1716 A. Ramsay Battel 7 Fatigu'd with running Errands all the Day.
1790 J. Haslewood Secret Hist. Green Rooms II. 3 She was engaged by a French Milliner..to run messages.
1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lxiv. 586 The Prince's grandfather..ran errands for gentlemen, and lent money.
1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany xviii. 300 Idle hangers-on, who subsist upon the casual profits of..carrying luggage, or running messages.
1918 L. E. Ruggles Navy Explained 96 It is the duty of the messenger to run errands for the deck officer or executive officer while on watch.
1968 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 21 Nov. 3/5 A nipper is a boy or man who boils the billies, runs messages, buys lunches, and does similar jobs.
2007 W. Sheed House that George Built 14 He hit the streets and began, of course, to run errands and sell newspapers.
(c) transitive. To complete (a race). Chiefly figurative, esp. with reference to reaching the end of one's life, career, etc.Sometimes hard to distinguish from sense 4b.
ΚΠ
1566 T. Drant Wailyngs Hieremiah in tr. Horace Medicinable Morall sig. L Our race is run, our dayes are don.
a1635 R. Sibbes Brides Longing (1638) 100 Saint Paul, in the last Epistle that ever hee made, when hee had runne his race, and fought his fight.
1663 G. Williams Descr. Four Admirable Beasts 17 When their race is run, and their glass is out.
1754 London Mag. July 329/1 Thy life's fair sun, Just reach'd its destin'd moon; Fate gave the word, its race was run; Was run, alas, so soon!
1830 Olio 4 12/1 Mourn, hapless Rajah! mourn thy son! His day is past—his race is run!
1901 MacMillan's Mag. Dec. 137/1 Old Europe, now and again we think, has run her race.
1958 Times 14 July 10/7 The shades of life are gathering round. Your day is done, your race is run.
2005 C. Sampson Slam iv. 149 When Leo did not make a three on the seventeenth or a two on the eighteenth..his race was run.
(d) transitive. Cricket. To score (a run); to accumulate (a score) by running. Also: to score from (a stroke) by running. Cf. to run out 20a at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > bat [verb (transitive)] > score runs
fetch1735
run1752
to knock up1837
to knock off1851
to run out1856
to hit off1857
rattle1860
compile1884
to hit up1895
slog1897
1752 Game at Cricket in New Universal Mag. Nov. 581/2 If in running a notch, the wicket is struck down by a throw..it’s out.
1816 W. Lambert Instr. & Rules Cricket 35 The Striker should be careful and attentive in running both his own and partner's hits.
1849 Laws of Cricket in ‘Bat’ Cricketer's Man. (1850) 56 The striker shall have all [the runs] which have been run.
1878 Sussex Archaeol. Coll. 28 80 Cricket grounds are not larger now than then, and yet the batsmen ran their hits.
1881 Standard 28 June 3/1 Three byes were now run.
1911 R. C. Givins Jones Abroad xxxiii. 415 The Kobes went to the bat and Maitland was called third. He ran a quick score of ninety-seven.
1971 Times 19 July 6/4 Although Glamorgan ran a bye, Surrey won by one run.
2005 D. Fraser Cricket & Law xiii. 135 Pakistan ran a bye off the last ball to win.
3.
a. intransitive. To ride on horseback, typically at a quick pace; to gallop. In later use only more explicitly as to run on horseback or the like. Now rare.In some early instances perhaps partaking of sense 1e.Sometimes spec. in the context of a race; cf. sense 4a.In quot. c12752 contrasted with ride, the latter apparently denoting riding at an ordinary pace.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > ride a horse (or other animal) [verb (intransitive)] > ride rapidly
runeOE
drivec1300
scurry1580
tantivy1681
to ride triumph1761
jockey1767
tivy1842
spank1843
rocket1862
to let out1889
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) v. vi. 400 Þa ongunnan ða geongan biddan þone bisscop.., þæt he him alefde þæt hio ærnan moste & gecunnian, hwelc heora swiftost hors hæfde [L. ut cursu maiore equos suos inuicem probare liceret].
OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i. 17 Þonne ærnað hy ealle toweard þæm feo; ðonne cymeð se man se þæt swift[ost]e hors hafað to þæm ærestan dæle.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4637 Leoup he an his stede..Hamun arnde upwarð & oðer while adunward.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6828 Heo riden & heo arnden forð mid Vortigerne.
c1300 St. Edward Elder (Laud) l. 52 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 48 His Men pleiden and Arnden bi þe weie.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 8404 (MED) So þai wenten, þai metten a kniȝt Arnand wiþ al his miȝt.
c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) 3036 (MED) Esclandar is oway fleinde, Ouer þe dounes fast erninde.
a1400 (a1325) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Trin. Cambr.) (1887) App. H. 804 (MED) Mid his sper longe he arnde toward þe dere.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 4202 (MED) Þe manly knyȝtes ren on horse-bake.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 30 Lucas ran to hym with a sherpe spere that was grete, and he gaff hym suche a falle that the horse felle downe to the erthe.
a1500 (a1450) Generides (Trin. Cambr.) 3825 (MED) Came Natanell as fast as he myght ride, Chasyng an hart as he come Reynyng.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Macc. v. 2 Then were there sene..horsmen runninge to and fro in the ayre.
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 346 That sprightly..Dowglas, that runnes a horsebacke vp a hill perpendicular. View more context for this quotation
1652 C. Cotterell tr. G. de Costes de La Calprenède Cassandra 3 There appeared ten or twelve fresh well mounted Knights, running towards them at full speed.
1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 286 The Dragoons immediately get a Horseback, and run for it, as they were ordered.
1891 Eng. Hist. Rev. 6 214 The king tried to recover the lost ground, by running on horseback through the streets of Berlin.
1935 M. A. Otero My Life on Frontier v. 55 His ability to shoot an arrow entirely through a buffalo when running on horseback.
b. intransitive. spec. To ride in a tournament, to tilt or joust; esp. to charge with a lance or spear at a mark or object. Now historical.to run at the ring: see ring n.1 4a. to run full tilt: see tilt n.2 3c.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > jousting or tilting > joust or tilt [verb (intransitive)]
playeOE
bourdisec1320
joustc1330
copec1350
tourney1390
coup?a1400
joustenc1400
to joust of warc1400
to run togetherc1410
bourda1500
to fight at barriers1532
runa1533
to run at (the) tilt1548
jostle1580
tilt1595
to break a treea1600
to run (or ride) a-tilt1608
to run tilt1831
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > jousting or tilting > tilt at [verb (transitive)]
runa1533
tilt1796
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. Arthur of Brytayn (?1560) cxii. sig. G*ii Than Hector caused a faire quintayne to be pyght vp in the myddes of the cyte, & therat ran these yonge knyghtes.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. vj The kyng ranne neuer openly before, and there wer broken many staues.
1550 in Hist. MSS Comm.: MSS Duke of Rutland (1905) IV. 359 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 2606) LXIII. 301 For a spere wyche he lent..to runne at the glove with, and was broken, iijs.
1579 in C. T. McInnes Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1978) XIII. 292 For certane sand led and laid in the Abbay clois to the kingis majestie to ryn at the ring.
c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 98 To se Quha fairest runis and oftest taks the ring.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 156 To run at the Gloue in a open place before all the people.
1686 London Gaz. No. 2142/3 After which they ran at the Ring, and the Marquis de la Chastre got the Prize.
1777 J. Richardson Diss. Eastern Nations 169 The public challenger or Mantenedor..ran at the ring, or tilted with all who entered the lists.
1853 W. G. Simms Vasconselos xiv. 184 The young knights and squires..were to run at the ring, joust with blunt spears, and smite the Turk's head.
1881 R. Macgregor Pastimes & Players xiv. 176 In 1254, the young Londoners..met together one day to run at the quintain for a peacock.
1999 J. Wood Wooden Images iii. 79/2 The groom would run at the quintain while carrying home the bride.
2005 L.-R. Betcherman Court Lady & Country Wife ii. 42 At court Sir James was always on hand to dance in a masque or run at the ring.
4.
a.
(a) intransitive. To compete or take part in a running or riding race; frequently with for (a prize, trophy, etc.). Also figurative.Also in prepositional passive with for.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing on foot > race on foot [verb (intransitive)]
runeOE
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > race [verb (intransitive)]
run1565
race?1739
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxvi. 502 Færð ðonne micel folc to [i.e. at the racetrack], and yrnað ealle endemes, ða ðe hiora ærninge trewað.
OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 5 Hii qui in stadio currunt omnes quidem currunt, sed unus accepit bradium : ða ða ðe in spyrde iornað allo wuted' iornað ah an onfoað ðone sig.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Cor. ix. 24 Thei that rennen in a furlong, alle forsoth rennen, but oon takith the priys?
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. iii. l. 3385 Yif a man renneþ in þe stadie..for þe corone, þan lieþ þe mede in þe corone for whiche he renneþ.
a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 65 (MED) He þat rennyþe for þe gamen, he enforsuþe hym yn all his myght to ren swyftly.
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 49v Yf the game be onse wonne, no man wyl set forth hys foote to ronne.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Celes, a horse runnyng for a price or game.
1599 A. Hume Hymnes sig. B2v So lang as in the race, Of mortall men I rin, I cannot..Abstaine fra..sin.
1684 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Peebles (1910) 113 A plain plait..to be run for..upon the second Thursday of May.
1713 London Gaz. No. 5151/4 A Plate of 40l. Value was to be run for.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Horse-racing We will only here suppose a Horse set to run for a Plate.
1837 ‘Nimrod’ Chace, Turf, & Road iii. 281 He runs in front, it is true, for he can run to win.
1849 M. H. Ballantyne Stories about Greece 191 On being asked if he would run in the Olympic race, he answered, ‘Yes, if I have kings for my antagonists.’
1876 Country 28 Dec. 598/2 The long steeplechase challenge cup will be run for on Jan. 30.
1910 P. Robinson tr. Fr. Thomas of Celano Life St. Clare 62 For forty years Clare had run in the race of the most high Poverty, and now..she was nearing the prize of her supernal vocation.
1958 Times 16 June 3/5 Capitaine Corcoran..was scratched from the French Derby to run for the King Edward VII Stakes.
2003 C. Whitehead Colonial Educators ix. 171 [He] ran in the 110 yards hurdles for Great Britain at the 1908 Olympic Games.
(b) intransitive. With complement indicating the competitor's finishing position, or (in Horse Racing, Coursing, etc.) the quality of the animal's performance (as to run a good (also great) horse, dog, etc.).
ΚΠ
1777 Racing Cal. 30 Apr. Ld Clermont's Antoinette..and Sir C. Bunbury's Fairstar..ran a dead heat.
1795 S. Chifney Genius Genuine 23 You know he ran a good horse in his trial, for you rode him.
1797 London Evening Post 30 Sept. The second [race] was a dead heat between Werter and Pepper-pot, and Stamford ran third.
1831 Sporting Mag. Sept. 397 She ran a good game creature, and if she leaves the turf to-morrow, it is a credit to her.
1845 Hull Packet & E. Riding Times 28 Mar. 8/5 Mr. Newton's brd. d. [= brindled dog] Butcher ran a good dog, in a match with Smooker.
1856 C. J. Lever Martins of Cro' Martin 221 She's out of Crescent that ran a very good third for the Oaks.
1857 Daily News 15 June 3/5 Early Bird ran a great horse again under weight.
1862 Penny Illustr. Paper 7 June 366/1 A flat race of 440 yards was decided in favour of Mr. Hunt... Mr. George ran second.
1870 Field Q. Mag. & Rev. 1 138/2 Primrose ran a great mare, but going along the canal side she took the bit in her teeth and overpowered her rider.
1897 Daily News 20 Feb. 9/2 Gallant ran a great dog.
1929 Times 31 July 6/1 He ran a very good horse, and as it was he was beaten by less than a length.
1984 Cincinnati Mag. Dec. 60/1 Ike..held the dubious distinction of betting on two horses in the same race to win—and they ran a dead heat.
1999 Sun 27 Mar. (They're Off Suppl.) 2/4 On his last outing, he ran an eyecatching fifth in the Cheltenham Gold Cup.
b. transitive. To compete or take part in (a race, chase, etc.). Frequently figurative and in figurative contexts (cf. race n.1 4a).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > race (a race) [verb (transitive)]
run1542
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f.181v His father willing him at the games of Olympia to renne the race emong ye others.
1586 E. Hoby tr. M. Coignet Polit. Disc. Trueth xxxviii. 170 One with whom he ran a race, had suffred him to win the wager, by his swiftnes.
1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet ii. iii. 66 If thy wits runne the wildgoose chase, I haue done. View more context for this quotation
1610 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. IX. 91 Upoun occasioun of ane horse race whiche wes then run at Cumnoke.
1663 S. Pepys Diary 30 July (1971) IV. 255 The great foot race run this day on Banstead downes.
1752 tr. Frederick II Suppl. Mem. House Brandenburg 61 They find means to spin out the cause from time to time, till they ruin their adversary, and are left to run the race by themselves.
1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music III. 534 The comparative speed of two coursers is best known by their running a trial.
1856 Leisure Hour 5 803/2 She flew along the green sward and ran races with Harry.
1873 H. Spencer Study Sociol. ii. 39 The Derby has been run in a snowstorm.
1926 N.Y. Times 24 July 6/3 Friedjof Nansen, the form horse in the opener, ran his race.
1980 S. Trott When your Lover Leaves (1981) 17 What marathon are you going to run?
2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 5 Oct. 48/1 He watched the local youths run their ancient foot-race.
c.
(a) transitive. To enter (a horse, etc.) in a race; to pit against another. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > betting > bet on [verb (transitive)] > pit (lives) against each other
run1715
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > ride horse in race [verb (transitive)] > enter horse for race
start1732
run1797
nominate1859
saddle1884
1715 Boston News-let. 29 Aug. 2/2 (advt.) Any Person or Persons shall be welcome to Run his Horse.
1751 F. Coventry Hist. Pompey the Little i. xiii. 116 Nothing is esteemed a more laudable Topic of Wagering, than the Lives of eminent Men; which, in the elegant Language of Newmarket, is called running Lives.
1797 Encycl. Brit. V. 499/2 For this reason, no gre-hound of any value should be run at this course.
1812 Sporting Mag. 39 287 Who, to use the jockey phrase, run the lives of their respective fathers against each other.
1838 G. R. Gleig Chelsea Hosp. II. ii. 260 You laugh at my grey mare... I will run her against your chestnut for a pistole.
1892 Pictorial World 16 Apr. 695/1 An owner runs his horse ostensibly to win.
1936 ‘Riff’ & ‘Raff’ They're Off! v. 40 A..relation of my own was running a horse with no less a person than our super-star jockey in the saddle.
1995 J. Bolus Derby Fever xi. 150 His stable elected to run the colt in the Jersey Derby instead of the Preakness.
2005 W. Murray Dead Heat xxi. 215 You're asking me to run him against some of the best three-year-olds in the country with just three races under his belt.
(b) transitive. British colloquial. To introduce or push (a person) in society. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > courtesy > courteous act or expression > use courteous actions or expressions to [verb (transitive)] > introduce
enseam1607
to introduce into the acquaintance of1659
produce1686
run1897
1897 ‘Ouida’ Massarenes ix. 98 ‘Everybody does [know them] through you, or rather through your wife.’.. ‘Oh, we run 'em, yes.’
1900 E. Glyn Visits of Elizabeth (1906) 101 I asked her why she had invited her, then. And she said her sister-in-law..made a point of it, as she was running them.
1931 E. F. Benson Mapp & Lucia iii. 67 She wanted to run her, to sponsor her, to arrange little parties for her.
d. transitive. To contend with or match oneself against (a person, etc.) in a race; to race against.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > race (a race) [verb (transitive)] > race (a person)
run1786
race1809
1786 R. Burns Poems 120 Ye..ran them till they a' did wauble, Far, far behin'!
1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel II. xii. 284 Perhaps you will like to..leap a flea—run a snail.
1874 McBride's Mag. Oct. 439/1 I'll run you to Basset Cottage for half a crown!
1981 F. Deford Everybody's All-American iv. 56 ‘Will you run me, sure 'nuff?’ Gavin..said, ‘I'd rather race the one and only Narvel Blue than I would play Duke.’
2008 E. S. Sears George Seward vi. 109 A confident Reed offered to give Seward a 5-yard start and run him for any amount more than £10 a side.
e. transitive. With various adverbs: to press (close, hard, etc.) in a race or (more generally) in competition or rivalry of any kind. Also with to followed by an indication of the closeness of a race. Cf. sense 9c.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > compete with [verb (transitive)] > press hard in competition
pinglea1522
run1795
1795 S. Chifney Genius Genuine 43 Escape was run very hard the first day by a horse that was publicly known to run but very moderately.
1803 W. Pick Turf Reg. I. 452 Lady Ann won the first heat from Aimwell, and ran him very near for the third.
1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. ii. 43 Your quagmire-scene runs it very close.
1833 Sporting Mag. Jan. 197/2 Rowton..gave the mare no less than 18lb., and ran her to a dead beat [perh. read heat]!
1865 W. M. Thackeray in Daily News (1896) 27 Jan. 4/7 Who will one of these days run you hard for the Presidentship.
1906 20th Cent. July 42 The Germans..are now running us hard to become the greatest trading nation.
1921 A. E. T. Watson Great Year 58 Vice Reine, benefiting by a previous experience and a selling allowance, ran him to a neck.
1992 Folk Roots Sept. 46/2 If there's nothing here to quite match Johnnie Allan's Promised Land, Rod Bernard runs it close with a hymn to Merseybeat.
2008 Mirror (Eire ed.) (Nexis) 2 Aug. 7 Raven's Pass ran him close but he [sc. a horse] deserves to be the champion miler.
5.
a. intransitive. Without necessary implication of speed: to go about freely, without being restrained or checked in any way; to range about, around, etc. Also with adjective complement.
(a) Of a person.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > freedom of action or from restraint > have freedom of action [verb (intransitive)] > be completely unchecked
runeOE
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxv. 497 Ða dysegan..irnað hidres ðidres dwoligende under þæm hrofe eallra gesc[e]afta.
OE Judgement Day II 230 Þær synn[g]e eac sauwle on lige on blindum scræfe byrnað and yrnað [L. errantes].
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. 220 (MED) I haue seyne charite..Ryden and rennen in ragged wedes.
a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. l. 5502 (MED) Was it nat pite that a knyht so good Sholde among beestis renne, sauagyne & wood.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 499 Thys meanewhyle ran sir Trystramys naked in the foreyste.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Tim. v. B They are ydell, and lerne to runne aboute from house to house.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 64v He did..cast of, and leat renne at all auentures his soonne.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Rodeur, a vagabond,..highway-beater; a rolling stone, one that does nought but runne here and there.
1661 T. Blount Glossographia (ed. 2) at Ule The common people run about the streets singing Ule, Ule, Ule, Three Puddings in a Pule.
1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 265 People..run all together promiscuously, sick and well.
1782 F. Burney Cecilia IV. viii. vii. 296 Run about and divert yourself, 'tis all you have for it.
1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! xxix She runs about all day long after Mrs. Leigh.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 77 We are resolved..not to let them run about as they like.
1923 B. Tarkington in B. C. Williams O. Henry Prize Stories of 1923 (1924) 218 You talk as if you thought I was going to let you run around to vaudevilles with Charlie because you let me go to this party.
1963 R. F. Gray Sonjo of Tanganyika iii. 44 Young boys..are allowed to run naked until they are old enough to herd goats.
2005 V. Seth Two Lives (2006) ii. ii. 60 His grandfather..let him run about in his treasured orchard.
(b) Of an animal. Sometimes spec. (chiefly Australian and New Zealand): (of livestock) to range over open pasture, to graze.
ΚΠ
OE Prognostics (Tiber.) (2007) 306 Asinos clamantes aut solutos currere [in somnis qui uiderit], aliquam litem aduersarię significat : assan clipiende oððe untiende [read untiede] yrnan sume sace wyðerwyrdnysse hit getacnað.
lOE St. Neot (Vesp.) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 131 An fox..þær arn geond dunen & denen wunderlice beseonde mid egen hider & þider, & færinge becom to þære stowe.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 127 Ȝef an wod liun urne ȝeont þe strete, nalde þe wise bitunen hire sone.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. 453 (MED) In wilde wildernesse wexeth wilde bestes..rennenge with-out creperes [read croperes].
c1430 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 326/2 Gif a greuhund be fundyn rynnande in the forest, the forster aw..to sende him to the king.
1482 R. Cely Let. 26 Sept. in Cely Lett. (1975) 177 Lette hym ron in a parke.
a1529 J. Skelton Tunnyng of Elynour Rummyng in Certayne Bks. (?1545) 190 The hennes ron in the mashfat.
1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 40 Letting their sheepe runne at large.
1607 G. Markham Cavelarice i. 25 They let their Colts runne with their Mares, till they couer their Dammes.
1652 Edwards' Treat. conc. Plague 18 in A. M. Rich Closet Suffer not any Doggs, Catts, or Pigs to run about the streets.
1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 176 Worms..running betwixt the Bark and the Stem.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 343 In those boundless tracts,..where he [sc. the horse] runs at liberty.
1848 E. J. Wakefield Handbk. N.Z. 249 We have about 1400 [sheep] running in the Upper Motueka Valley.
1856 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 17 ii. 485 The flock runs, through the summer, on the seeds and grass.
1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 263 The station..where the cattle were running.
1932 A. Bell Cherry Tree viii. 103 The joy of working a young horse you..had known from the time it ran free and wild in the meadow.
1975 Country Life 9 Oct. 942/1 The Prescelly sheep run together in the Castlemartin range as a composite flock.
1991 H. Gold Best Nightmare on Earth ix. 128 The black Haitian pigs..ran free.
b. transitive. To go about in or through (a place).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > move or cause to move swiftly on foot [verb (transitive)] > run in or over
run1724
1724 Universal Jrnl. 6 June 2/2 Every Member..shall in his Right Hand hold a drawn Sword, and in his Left a lighted Taper, and in that Manner shall run the Streets, filling the Air with..Cries.
1735 Sportsman's Dict. at Buck Hunting In parks where they [sc. deer] are inclosed, the sport is not so diverting..unless they break out and run the country.
1806 tr. F. de Pons Voy. Eastern Part Terra Firma III. x. 120 It never entered into their ideas that a man could pretend to any respect but when..running the streets with a sword by his side.
1820 W. Scott Monastery II. x. 301 I will not see a proper lad so misleard as to run the country with an old knave, like Simmie and his brother.
1861 Temple Bar 3 334 Many..would sooner let their children run the streets than pay a penny.
1900 Recreation Dec. 475/1 There should be a law to prevent bird dogs from running the fields while birds are nesting.
1953 D. Grubb Night of Hunter 267 Children running the lanes, lost sheep crying in the wind while the shepherd drank and feasted in the tavern.
1976 National Observer (U.S.) 22 May 10/3 Their daughters are too busy running the streets and smoking joints to do any baby-sitting.
2008 C. A. Connolly Saving Sickly Children i. 17 Concerned about the gangs of unsupervised children running the streets of New York..Brace hoped to intervene.
c. transitive. To allow to range or feed at large; to graze (cattle, sheep, etc.); (chiefly Australian and New Zealand) to keep (livestock). Also (occasionally) intransitive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [verb (transitive)] > pasture
leasowc950
feed1382
pasturec1400
grassc1500
graze1564
to put out1600
summer1601
impasture1614
depasture1713
run1767
range1816
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [verb (transitive)] > pasture
leasowc950
feed1382
pasturec1400
to put to grass1471
grassc1500
to turn out?1523
graze1564
impasture1614
put1620
depasture1713
run1767
to run out1851
1767 J. Lewis Uniting & Monopolizing Farms 8 Off-lands, to run young cattle, &c., upon.
1795 R. Atkins Jrnl. 15 Feb. in Austral. National Dict. (1988) 549/1 By the sale of the late farms it appears many people run upon the Hawkesbury.
1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. i. 343 A few farmers..still think it beneficial to run their horses in an inclosed field through the night.
1862 R. Henning Let. 28 Aug. (1966) 95 He is going to run some sheep on the station, and I dare say will do very well.
1892 Cornhill Mag. Oct. 384 A large number of milch-cows were run in the woods.
1912 Centennial Hist. Oregon IV. 407/2 They run hundreds of head of stock upon their ranch.
1930 L. G. D. Acland Early Canterbury Runs 1st Ser. x. 241 The dry cattle were run further out than the sheep.
1940 Bulletin (Sydney) 10 July 17/1 ‘What y' goin' t' do, Paddy?’ Sam wanted to know. ‘Run poultry?’
1989 Independent 29 Apr. 29/1 It is a big farm..running 5,500 Swaledales and Blackfaces.
2000 E. L. Uys Riding Rails (2003) 90 They ran cattle, kept horses, and raised crops on lands where shots still rang out in range wars.
d. transitive. Originally and chiefly Australian. Of land: to constitute suitable grazing ground for (a particular kind of animal, or a specified number of animals).
ΚΠ
1840 Port Phillip Gaz. (Melbourne) 24 Oct. 1 (advt.) A splendid Cattle Station..capable of running at least six hundred head of cattle and two thousand sheep.
1897 W. J. Barry Past & Present 243 Rees secured for his firm..a splendid country, capable of running 100,000 sheep.
1901 M. Franklin My Brilliant Career ii. 10 Mother felt dubious of her husband's ability to make a living off a thousand acres, half of which were fit to run nothing but wallabies.
1922 Farming Opportunities Union S. Afr. (rev. ed.) xi. 154 10,000 morgen of ground..capable of running 1,000 head of cattle.
2004 R. Johnson Sentenced to cross Raging Sea xiii. 163 Numbla Munjie was capable of running 20,000 sheep.
e. transitive. To release (a ferret) to go after its prey. Frequently with through.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting specific animals > [verb (transitive)] > hunt rabbits > with ferrets > send ferret down hole
run1866
1866 I. E. B. Cox Facts & Useful Hints Fishing & Shooting 64 Polecats..prove the best rabbiters... Run them with a cord and collar.
1871 Bazaar, Exchange & Mart 29 Nov. 609/2 If ‘La Houpe’ would keep a couple of good ferrets and constantly run them through the holes the rats frequent, they will soon disappear.
1892 R. Payne-Gallwey Lett. to Young Shooters 2nd Ser. xxv. 396 Ferrets should not be run after four o'clock, as they are night feeders.
1943 R. M. Lockley Inland Farm xvii. 175 Every Sunday we have run the ferrets through the stacks, and that has scared the rats away.
1960 H. C. Barkley Rat-catching for Use of Schools iii. 35 If she says there is a rat in, there is one without any doubt; if she says there is not, it is no good running a ferret through the hole.
2010 www.falconryforum.co.uk 4 June (O.E.D. Archive) Becky went with me and ran the ferret. We didn't find anything in the first field and ditch.
f. transitive. To search (a ditch, drain, etc.) for rats using dogs. rare.
ΚΠ
1911 Chambers's Jrnl. June 370/1 In ‘running’ a ditch or drain with a few good terriers, it is absolutely necessary that they work quietly.
6. † c. intransitive. To have recourse to a practice, expedient, etc. Obsolete.
a. intransitive. To hasten to some goal, object, or fate; to rush or hurry to do something. Also (occasionally) without construction: to make haste, to stir oneself.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > proceed rapidly [verb (intransitive)] > hasten or hurry > to some end or object
runOE
hurry1602
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > recourse > have recourse to [verb (transitive)] > specifically a course of action
runOE
goOE
drawc1275
to found to1352
resorta1425
tirvec1425
to fall on ——1634
to fall into ——1668
to fall back on1777
OE Rule St. Benet (Corpus Oxf.) Prol. 2 Godes ege ic eow tæce; yrnað and onettað, þa hwile ðe ge lifes leoht habban, þylæs ðe deaðes þystra eow gelæccen.
OE tr. Chrodegang of Metz Regula Canonicorum (Corpus Cambr. 191) lxxix. 322 For þi þonne is to gehicgenne us eallum geleaffullum þæt we to þam wuldre [sc. of heaven] geleaffullice yrnan [L. curramus].
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 14115 Þe waterr tacneþþ uss mann kinn. Þatt erneþþ till hiss ende.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 34 (MED) Me ofte eorne to schrift of his sunne.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. xii. 1 We..by pacience renne to the stryf..purposid to vs.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 848 (MED) Þe stronge kniȝttes of þe halle Quyk ronnen [Lin-I ronnon] to armes alle.
a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xii. l. 403 (MED) Anon to Armes they ronne ful faste.
a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Fiiii By robbynge they rynne to, in manus tuas quecke.
1589 ‘Marphoreus’ Martins Months Minde To Rdr. sig. C3v Leauing the auncient game of England (Trumpe),..[they] are running to their Ruffe.
1637 J. Milton Comus 13 What need a man..Run to meet what he would most avoid?
1654 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Bentivoglio Compl. Hist. Warrs Flanders 89 The people..run almost from all places to assist his cause.
1702 R. Steele Funeral Pref. sig. A2v 'Tis Habitual to 'em to run to the Succour of those they see in Danger.
a1839 J. Smith Comic Misc. (1840) 297 He at six, who runs to mix In Palais Royal follies.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. xi. 158 ‘Boys,’ says I, ‘run now! dig! put! jest when ye want to!’
1932 T. E. Lawrence tr. Homer Odyssey x Strange how the world loves this man and runs to do him honour as soon as he arrives at any part or place.
1964 P. Feeny Fight against Leprosy ix. 91 He rushed into his work on Molokai... He saw suffering and ran to alleviate it.
2003 Express (Scotland) (Nexis) 4 Oct. 14 The 50-odd MSPs, who so willingly ran to condemn Mr Swinburne's language.
b. intransitive. To go or resort to a person or thing, esp. for help, support, or guidance. to come running to a person: see come v. Phrases 3b(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > recourse > have recourse to [verb (transitive)]
fang855
runOE
to take to ——?c1225
seeka1300
goc1390
to have (one's or a) recourse toc1405
recourse?a1425
suit1450
to take (also make or make one's) recourse to (also into)c1456
repairc1475
to fall to ——1490
recur1511
to take unto ——1553
flee1563
betake1590
retreat1650
to call on ——1721
devolve1744
to draw upon ——1800
to draw on ——a1817
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxxii. 453 Ða geseah herodes þæt eall seo iudeisce meniu arn to Iohannes lare, & his mynegungum geornlice gehyrsumedon.
OE Homily (Corpus Cambr. 421) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 255 Heo..fram þe [sc. God] acerdan and to me [sc. the Devil] urnan, and ic heo mine leahtras lærde, and heo me hyrdon georne.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 221 Ðanne we ðus brennen, Bihoueð us to rennen To Cristes quike welle.
a1425 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Laud) (1884) xxvi. 5 For i ronne til my hiler, not to þo kastels, to seke help.
a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 120 (MED) Þerfore, sires, rynneþ ycheone of you to youre prelates for to make confession of youre synnes.
1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. gg.iv Let vs therfore renne to..Marye the moder of god.
1574 J. Baret Aluearie To Rdr. sig. *.5 Perceyuing what great trouble it was to come running to mee for euery word they missed.
1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke Pref. Then was I forced to runne to the workes of manie.
1603 R. Parsons Let. 6 July in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1906) 2 217 In such case..the English Cath. shalbe forced to runne to the K[ing] of France for assistance.
1681 Heraclitus Ridens 15 Feb. 1/1 I am just running to a State Water-caster, to resolve me a Horary Question.
1725 J. Glanvill tr. Horace in Poems 206 Leave running to thy Mother's Arms Who now art fit for Man's.
1762 O. Goldsmith Life R. Nash 62 [They] hired the crier to cry the game down; upon which A—e came running to me to stop it, after he had cried it once.
1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 52 Some ran to parritch [i.e. porridge], some to kail; Some ran to claret, some to ale.
1871 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 91 Even Mommsen himself..cannot get or give a lively notion of ancient Rome, without running to the comic poets.
1910 H. Weysz tr. A. Schnitzler Duke & Actress in Poet Lore July–Aug. 274 He must run to some woman of the street, that's what he likes best.
1927 Frederick (Maryland) Post 16 May 6/1 I guess the old hell cat's been spying on one of us..and is running to the boss with her knitting bag full of scandal.
1995 Sugar June 30/3 If anyone needs a shoulder to cry on, they'll come running to you for some good advice.
2002 B. Mukherjee Desirable Daughters vi. 104 We Indians don't run to psychiatrists for every problem.
ΚΠ
c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 612 (MED) For grete Iewes galwes weire greiþed, Þat euer to Robbyng Ronne ryf.
c1400 Burgh Laws (Bute) c. 19 in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Rin He..may ryn thrw delay to resonable essoigneis.
a1425 (c1333–52) L. Minot Poems (1914) 27 (MED) Whilum war ȝe wight in wede To robbing rathly for to ren.
c1460 Tree & 12 Frutes (McClean) (1960) 92 (MED) We shuld renne to þe remedye of prayeris.
a1535 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iv. xi, in Wks. (1557) 265/2 Here was it..sayd..that though saint Iames do saye yt faith without good workes is dead, he should not therby runne to his old glose & say [etc.].
a1591 H. Smith Serm. (1593) 547 Moses thinking of his death, runneth to wisdome as a remedie against death.
1646 J. Tombes Apol. Two Treat. Infant-baptisme Postscript 118 Mr Blake seems to runne to his old shift, that God promiseth Church-priviledges upon condition.
1664 T. Killigrew 2nd Pt. Cicilia & Clorinda ii. v, in Comedies & Trag. 280 Without thy friendship, my despair had run to his old remedy, wounds.
7. † b. transitive. Navy. To record (a person) as having deserted. Cf. run adj. 3. Obsolete.† c. transitive. U.S. To leave a hotel, etc., without paying for (one's board). Obsolete.
a. To move rapidly away (from somewhere).† (b) transitive. To flee or escape from (a place, country, etc.); to desert from (a ship). Obsolete.
(a) intransitive. To retire or retreat rapidly (from a place, person, etc.); to flee, take to flight; to abscond; (chiefly Navy) to desert. Cf. to run away 1 at Phrasal verbs 1, to run away 2a at Phrasal verbs 1.In quot. OE1 referring to flight on horseback.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > go away suddenly or hastily
fleec825
runOE
swervea1225
biwevec1275
skip1338
streekc1380
warpa1400
yerna1400
smoltc1400
stepc1460
to flee (one's) touch?1515
skirr1548
rubc1550
to make awaya1566
lope1575
scuddle1577
scoura1592
to take the start1600
to walk off1604
to break awaya1616
to make off1652
to fly off1667
scuttle1681
whew1684
scamper1687
whistle off1689
brush1699
to buy a brush1699
to take (its, etc.) wing1704
decamp1751
to take (a) French leave1751
morris1765
to rush off1794
to hop the twig1797
to run along1803
scoot1805
to take off1815
speela1818
to cut (also make, take) one's lucky1821
to make (take) tracks (for)1824
absquatulize1829
mosey1829
absquatulate1830
put1834
streak1834
vamoose1834
to put out1835
cut1836
stump it1841
scratch1843
scarper1846
to vamoose the ranch1847
hook1851
shoo1851
slide1859
to cut and run1861
get1861
skedaddle1862
bolt1864
cheese it1866
to do a bunkc1870
to wake snakes1872
bunk1877
nit1882
to pull one's freight1884
fooster1892
to get the (also to) hell out (of)1892
smoke1893
mooch1899
to fly the coop1901
skyhoot1901
shemozzle1902
to light a shuck1905
to beat it1906
pooter1907
to take a run-out powder1909
blow1912
to buzz off1914
to hop it1914
skate1915
beetle1919
scram1928
amscray1931
boogie1940
skidoo1949
bug1950
do a flit1952
to do a scarper1958
to hit, split or take the breeze1959
to do a runner1980
to be (also get, go) ghost1986
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > withdraw from an engagement or promise
runOE
withdraw1340
waivec1386
to pass from (also of, fro)c1449
recoil1481
to go back1530
recant1585
resile1641
shirk1778
renegea1849
slink1853
welsh1870
to throw over1891
OE Battle of Maldon (1942) 191 He gehleop þone eoh þe ahte his hlaford..and his broðru mid him begen ærdon [perh. read ærndon], Godrine and Godwig, guþe ne gymdon.
OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Judges (Laud) iv. 17 in S. J. Crawford Old Eng. Version of Heptateuch (1922) 404 Sesirra arn of his agenum cræte [L. ut Sisara, de curru desiliens, pedibus fugeret] fram ealre þære fyrde, geegsod þurh God.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 14621 Bruttes gunnen irnen; heo leopen ut of walle.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 281v Þis wilde goot haþ ablenesse and lightnesse to renne and to fle.
a1425 (c1333–52) L. Minot Poems (1914) 19 (MED) Ful redles may ȝe ren, With all ȝowre rewful rout.
1509 Kynge Rycharde Cuer du Lyon (de Worde) sig. G.i The folke of the countre gan renne And were fayne to voyde and fleune.
1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 174 O fulis, quhairfoir tak ȝe flycht, Rinnand fra Christ?
a1594 R. Greenham Wks. (1612) 608 Nothing can make him to..abandon his generall, runne from his colours, and forsake that profession which he had made of Pietie.
c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1851) II. 231 The Lord Sey and Collonell Godvyne ar totally defeat..and forced to ryn to Allisberry.
1758 J. Blake Plan Marine Syst. 20 The time and place when, and where he entered, died, run, or was discharged.
1781 T. Jefferson Let. 9 May in Papers (1952) V. 623 They broke twice and run like Sheep.
1826 W. N. Glascock Naval Sketch-bk. II. 35 You're the last man in the ship I thought would have run.
1834 Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. 4 Jan. 391/3 My feet's cauld, my shoon's thin; Gie's a piece, and let us rin!
1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxxii. 282 He did not care to face Mrs. O'Dowd and Amelia, and own to them that he was about to run.
1914 ‘Bartimeus’ Naval Occasions (1915) xxii. 209 He is a recovered deserter. He ‘ran’, after eight years' service and stainless record.
1940 Times 27 July 4/7 With the enemy ‘running like rabbits’, as one of them said, they were sorely disappointed when the order came to withdraw.
1981 L. Deighton XPD xl. 318 ‘We ran,’ said Stein softly. ‘We ran, Colonel.’
2006 R. Greener Lacy Confession xxii. 196 Djemmal-Eddin marshaled his forces in retreat, having no choice but to run from the advancing army of Russians.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away from [verb (transitive)] > run away from
of-runOE
to show (a person) a (clean or fair) pair of heels (also one's heels)1370
to show (a person) the (or one's) backc1450
overrun1583
run1606
shuna1616
bail1775
society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > liberation > set free [verb (transitive)] > escape
run1606
society > travel > travel by water > seafaring life > [verb (transitive)] > desert ship
run1873
jump1875
to break ship1905
1606 J. Marston Parasitaster ii. i. sig. D2 I will liue by raking cockles out of kennels, nay, I will run my Countrey, forsake my religion.
1608 G. Chapman Conspiracie Duke of Byron v. sig. G4 A lusty courser..when (his headstall broken) Hee runnes his prison.
1685 R. Hawkins Perjur'd Phanatick sig. F2 He promising them, that Sir John Croke, and himself would force me to run the Country, ere long.
1776 T. Vaughan Hotel ii. i. 22 My mother went out a-washing; and, when with-child of me, a few shirts being missing from one of her customers, out of pure modesty, she fairly run the country.
1826 A. M. Porter Honor O'Hara (1827) I. vi. 166 Never attempt to run the county, Sophy!..for any fool may track you.
1873 Temple Bar Jan. 234 He had come out to New Zealand as a sailor boy, had run his ship and joined a woodcutter's gang, [etc.].
1889 W. Westall Birch Dene III. ii. 38 I should have to run the country if he wor to dee.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > seafaring life > [verb (transitive)] > desert ship > describe as having deserted
run1728
1728 Encouragem. & Increase Seamen Consider'd 15 He is either Run on the Ships Books, or Discharg'd Sick with a Query.
1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random I. xxiv. 224 He afterwards caused him to be run on the ships books, whereby he lost all his pay.
1767 J. Moore Let. 27 July in Hawke Papers (1990) (modernized text) 414 He..procured two to answer their names to prevent the clerk of the cheque's running them.
1810 Sporting Mag. 35 291 I told him I had run him on the books; he said that I ought to have discharged him to Sombrero.
1833 in United Service Mag. (1834) Jan. 100 Being left behind at Fernando Po, (but which the Lieutenant treated as desertion, and had him run on the ship's books).
ΚΠ
1896 W. D. Howells in Cent. Mag. Apr. 612/2 It will be quite enough for the hotel-keeper if they run their board. I shall have to pay for it.
1899 W. D. Howells Ragged Lady xxv. 213 It struck me that he might have been running his board, and had used this drowning episode as a blind.
8. † b. intransitive. To move through or over a country with hostile intention, esp. with an armed force as an act of aggression. Also with on, upon. Cf. overrun v. 5a. Obsolete.
a. intransitive. To rush at, on, or upon a person with aggressive or hostile intention; to make an attack on or upon. Formerly also with other prepositions, as †to, †up. Also figurative.Sometimes in prepositional passive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make an attack upon [verb (transitive)] > make hostile approach to
runOE
to seek on (also upon)c1230
pursuec1300
yerna1400
seek1487
visitc1515
coast1531
accost1597
to come at ——1601
to make against ——1628
to make at ——1637
tilt1796
rush1823
to come for ——1870
to move in1941
bum-rush1988
OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Maccabees (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 104 An his geferena..arn to anum ylpe... He arn mid atogenum swurde betwux þam eorode middan, and sloh æfre on twa healfa..oð þæt he to þam ylpe com.
lOE St. Nicholas (Corpus Cambr.) (1997) 94 Se Godes deorling Nicolaus arn swiðe deorflice uppan þan cwellere & abræd þæt nacode swurd of his handum.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 387 (MED) Opon þe king þai ourn anon As his dedliche fon.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 5632 (MED) In a rage on hire he ran Riht as a wolf which takth his preie.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 15786 (MED) Þai him vn-sett on ilk side..Wit maces and wit neues smert vn-rekenli on him ran.
c1475 tr. C. de Pisan Livre du Corps de Policie (Cambr.) (1977) 59 (MED) If a sheparde had an hounde that wolde renne upon his shepe, anon he wolde geue him a grete stroke with a staffe.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lix. 205 Huon ranne at hym.., & strake him with his spere.
1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia v. sig. Kv They ranne at euer-each other hand and foote.
1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge v. v. sig. K3 (stage direct.) They run all at Piero with their Rapiers.
1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 95 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors He run upon him and cut off his head.
1701 D. Defoe Let. to Mr. How 29 You run upon me with ill Language.
1716 B. Church Entertaining Passages Philip's War i. 9 To run upon them with their Hatches.
1781 D. Williams tr. Voltaire Dramatic Wks. II. 301 He pierced the furious boar who was running at him.
1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism i. 17 The..popery that was furiously run upon by the sceptics of the last age.
1889 A. Conan Doyle Micah Clarke xxiii. 232 He ran at me and kicked me.
1917 C. E. Scott China from Within vii. 245 One of our best preachers was run upon by a gang of village bullies.
1919 C. R. Brown Story Bks. Early Hebrews iii. ix. 260 Before he could extricate himself Joab ran upon him and pierced his heart with three darts.
2002 E. Cruickshanks et al. House of Commons 1690–1715 V. 575/1 Elliot ran at Stewart with his sword, fatally wounding him before he even had time to rise from this chair.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > invasion > invade [verb (intransitive)] > overrun or harry
harryc893
runc1275
thorough-runc1275
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6986 Þurh þi lond heo ærneð & hærȝieð & berneð.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 9191 Þe king of scotlonde Worrede him bi norþe, & orn vpon is lond.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 62 (MED) Malcolme of Scotland kyng ȝit on Inglond ran.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xix. 306 (MED) Geder alle vitaile..that whan thei renne thourgh the londe thei fynde nought to take.
1562 J. Shute tr. in Two Comm. Turcks ii. f. 18 v Then the Turckes were oute of doute of Scanderbeg, and so ran ouer his countre at their pleasure.
1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Rotteynen, to Roade, or Run through a Countrie.
c1651 in C. H. Firth Scotl. & Commonw. (1895) 22 The enemie..did take in the strongest holds, and rinne over the kingdome.
1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely i. 42 Having gain'd the Fort, they could safely run over all the Peninsula that lies between the Mure and the Drave.
1729 W. Webster tr. L. Maimbourg Hist. Arianism II. vii. 64 Without difficulty he ran over the country, which he laid waste as he pleased.
9.
a. transitive. To pursue, chase, hunt (game, etc.). Also figurative and in extended use.to run to earth: see earth n.1 Phrases 7a. to run to ground: see ground n. 8f.In quot. c1450 as part of a proverbial phrase: see Phrases 4c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunt [verb (transitive)] > hunt on horseback or vehicle
runc1450
gallop1582
ridea1852
c1450 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 186 (MED) Sum of yow holdith with the fox and rennyth hare.
1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope ii. vii Dogges..haue grete luste to renne and take the wyld beestes.
a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. B.iv Here is a leysshe of ratches to renne an hare.
1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie xiv. 35 The first is that he neuer accustome his houndes to runne a Hinde.
1615 E. Grimeston tr. P. d'Avity Estates 89 A great Huntsman and a great Faulkoner, These know at what time the king will hunt or hawke, or run a stag.
1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) i. 17 When Deer, after being hard run, turn head against the Hounds, we say, they Bay.
1752 F. Gentleman Sejanus v. i. 62 Now with full Cry ye run me to a bay, And snarling strive who takes the foremost Bite.
1798 J. Middleton View Agric. Middlesex xvii. 472 They..run him [sc. a bullock] for many hours.
1812 Sporting Mag. 39 185 A fox was run on Saturday..by Sir W. W. Wynne's hounds, for upwards of one hour.
1841 G. Catlin Lett. N. Amer. Indians I. xxvii. 219 On this journey we saw immense herds of buffaloes; and although we had no horses to run them, we successfully approached them on foot.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm III. 878 Pointers are very apt to run sheep when hunting.
1900 W. F. Drannan Thirty-one Years on Plains (1901) xxi. 300 I met about thirty Kiowa Indians going out to run the buffalo near there.
1903 E. Œ. Somerville & ‘M. Ross’ All on Irish Shore 7 'Twas afther he [sc. a dog] was run by thim dogs yestherday, and 'twas your ladyship's dog that finished him.
1963 G. F. G. Stanley Louis Riel 5 There could be no room for selfish individualism when the métis ran the buffalo.
2004 Star News (Wilmington, N. Carolina) (Nexis) 12 Dec. 12 c I mostly hunt rabbits... But I keep buckshot in my pocket in case the dogs run a deer.
b. transitive. Originally Hunting. To follow or pursue (the scent or trail of an animal, person, etc.). Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting with hounds > work done by hounds > action of hounds [verb (transitive)] > follow scent or trail
scenta1425
run1593
drag1773
road1841
quest1842
1593 G. Markham Disc. Horsmanshippe iii. sig. D4v Then woulde I aduise you, not to make your match to hunt the Hare after the dogges, but rather to runne trayne sents made with a Catte.
1607 G. Markham Cavelarice iii. 10 Then laying on fresh dogges..make your Horse run the traine with good courage and liuelinesse.
1681 London Gaz. No. 1608/4 There will be also a Plate given for Hounds running a Train-scent of four Miles.
1781 P. Beckford Thoughts on Hunting vi. 80 You say, you should like to see your young hounds run a trail-scent.
1840 J. Colquhoun Moor & Loch 127 To teach a dog to run the track of a man upon the bare mountain, and either to guide or carry the benumbed wretch home.
1841 Sydney Herald 21 Jan. 2/6 Lieutenant Christie and his party..had been running his track with an aboriginal native for three days.
1857 W. Whewell in I. Todhunter William Whewell (1876) II. 411 The dynamical-heat men are running their scent very eagerly.
1890 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 148 548/1 Hounds are running a high scent through a stiff country.
1922 G. Frankau Love Story A. Brunton i. 27 She heard a burst of hound-music.., knew that they were running a breast-high scent.
1928 Times 10 July 12/3 I have seen them [sc. wild dogs] running the trail only in the case of a buck wounded by myself, and out of sight.
2002 R. L. Aschom Winter Run 134 The note of their voices changed..more like barking than the long, baying note they used when they were running the track.
c. transitive. To constrain, inconvenience, or cause hardship to (a person); to put to some trouble or difficulty; to press, drive at. Usually with adverb, as hard, close, etc. Frequently in passive. Cf. hard-run adj. at hard adv. Compounds 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > disadvantage > uselessness > inconvenience > affect with inconvenience [verb (transitive)]
trouble1516
misease1530
incommodatea1575
inconveniencea1656
run1697
incommode1702
disannul1794
disconvenience1821
to put about1825
to put out1851
to jerk around1877
to bugger about1921
to dick around1944
to fuck around1955
to bugger around1961
to screw around1967
to fuck about1975
to cock around1990
to dick about1996
to cock about2009
1697 T. D'Urfey Intrigues at Versailles iv. ii. 45 L Briss. If you grow resty, farewel t'ye. Tonn...Resty! gad I think I have some reason, I'm sure I'm run hard.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones III. vii. iv. 25 I was hard run enough by your Mother for one Man; but after giving her a Dodge, here's another..follows me upon the Foil.
1767 J. Wedgwood Let. 27 May in Sel. Lett. (1965) 54 The Ministry were run very hard yesterday in the House of Lords. They carried their point by a Majority of three only.
1798 C. Smith Young Philosopher III. 96 He never was so hard run for money.
1821 W. Scott Pirate III. v. 110 Bryce..now saw himself run so close, that pleading to the charge became inevitable.
1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well I. xi. 255 I shall be hard run unless I can get a certain sum of money.
1844 Ladies' National Mag. (Philadelphia) Mar. 125/2 Of late, I have been so closely run for money to meet my business and accommodation paper..that [etc.].
1892 Temple Bar Sept. 53 Both author and artist were notoriously always run for time.
1908 G. O. Draper More viii. 189 The average retailer is hard run to earn a decent living.
1936 Pacific Reporter 51 32/2 [He] told her that he had some litigation pending..and that he was hard run for money.
10. † c. transitive. Australian colloquial. Without construction: to harass, to subject to excessively harsh treatment. Obsolete.
a. transitive. With various prepositions, and also with object complement. To bring, lead, or drive into a specified state or to a specified action by running; to affect in a particular way by running. Frequently reflexive. Also figurative.to run (a person) ragged: see ragged adj.1 7b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring (a person or thing) into a state or condition > by talking, working, running, etc.
run1548
work1599
talk1600
look1611
whip1635
speak1684
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > move or cause to move swiftly on foot [verb (transitive)] > bring to specific state by running
run1548
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > move swiftly on foot [verb (reflexive)] > affect by running
run1548
1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. I v Sum also [were] seen in this race all breathles to fal flat doun, and haue run themselues to death.
a1592 R. Greene Sc. Hist. Iames IV (1598) iv. i. sig. H Feare not, ile run all danger out of breath.
1637 J. Shirley Gamester 111 His lordship's bones are not well set;..they will run him quite out of all.
1666 Poor Robins Char. France 25 Having ran three miles, he ran himself quite out of breath, for then he fell down and died.
1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 111 To foresee that Warwick by running so a-Head, would at last run himself out of Breath.
1802 L. Engelbach Let. in Naples & Campagna Felice (1815) xvii. 337 As to the refreshments, I have almost run my legs off to get you the rum.
1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. 293 We may wander even on kend grun; so I may run myself wrong in Gallowa, a land I weel ken.
1834 J. Webb Farmer's Guide 133 If they [sc. calves] are closely confined..and let out where they have room to gallop about, they will run themselves to a state of madness.
1850 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 11 ii. 600 To use the ordinary phrase used by farmers, ‘they run all the flesh off their bones’.
1917 Outing Aug. 632/1 Half-a-dozen deer..ran the gauntlet, having first run the keepers into a state of collapse.
1989 R. Whiting You gotta have Wa (1990) xii. 264 They would..run themselves silly for two hours.
2009 D. E. Lieberman et al. in F. E. Grine et al. First Humans viii. 89/1 Allowing hunters..to run their prey into exhaustion.
b. transitive. To force or drive (a person or thing) out of a place, association, etc., esp. by collective action (such as pursuit by a crowd or mob). Also with other prepositions and adverbs.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > let or send out [verb (transitive)] > expel
afferreOE
warpc1000
outdriveOE
wreakc1100
to cast out1297
to cast fortha1382
out-chasec1395
flecchea1400
to shoot forth, out, awaya1400
propel?1440
expulse?a1475
scour1488
out-thrust1532
to catch forthc1540
propulse1548
pulsec1550
unplant1552
to turn out of ——1562
extrude1566
detrude?1567
eliminate1568
deturbate1570
detruse1571
unroost1598
to put by1600
deturb1609
bolt1615
run1631
disembogue1632
out of1656
expel1669
rout1812
to manage (a person) out of1907
1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes 4th Intermeane 63 in Wks. II I would rather..the fine Madrigall-man, in rime; to haue runne him out o' the Countrey, like an Irish rat.
1822 J. Flint Lett. from Amer. 309 Arresting a free negro, with a view to run him out of the State.
1857 N. Pidgeon Life, Experience, & Jrnl. (1864) i. 88 There was a vast multitude in the Park to see John Rowe the beardy prophet; the crowd ran him off the place.
1890 Lippincott's Monthly Mag. Mar. 312 He ran two men out of the regiment.
1901 W. N. Harben Westerfelt xvi. 220 He was here the night they run him off.
1911 T. Dreiser Jennie Gerhardt i. 10 A man run us away.
1924 H. Croy R.F.D. No. 3 xi. 189 He's got to be run out.
1949 W. Gann Tread of Longhorns v. 57 The city rulers felt that the marshal should have stopped the jail delivery, and for his failure to do so, he was run off the job.
1992 N.Y. Times 14 Sept. b4/1 They didn't have anything wrong with them, other than they hung black people on the weekends and ran Jews out of town.
2009 T. Galloway Mean Little Deaf Queer iii. 216 She threw a book at the good doctor and her older three boys ran him off the property.
ΚΠ
1846 L. W. Miller Notes Exile Van Dieman's Land 330 In order to discover the real Simon pures, and compel them to ‘fork over’, the whole were continually ‘run’, as it was termed, for months.
1888 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms xix He thought I wanted to have my own way, and he made it up to take it out of me, and run me every way he could.
1892 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Nevermore xiv. 137 You have been what the people here would call ‘running me’,—that is, putting me to work above my strength, insulting me habitually as well.
11.
a. transitive. Originally North American. To put forward or set up as a candidate for election to a position, seat, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > choose for office [verb (transitive)] > propose as candidate
purposea1382
nominate1560
propound1573
to put up1573
propose1675
run1765
to hold up1813
1765 S. Purviance Let. 20 Sept. in D. Rothermund Layman's Progr. (1961) 185 The only plan I would recommend is to run Dr. Chune (Kuhn), some other popular Lutheran or Calvinist in Webb's place.
1792 A. Hamilton Let. 10 Oct. in Papers (1967) XII. 544 Either Governor Clinton, or Mr. Burr,..is to be run in this quarter as Vice President in opposition to Mr. Adams.
1825 J. K. Paulding John Bull in Amer. v. 85 [They] talk of running him for the next governor.
1868 Law Times 19 Sept. 373/1 If the majority run three, the minority may run two candidates as safely as one.
1919 Internat. Horseshoers' Monthly Mag. July 7/2 We have made it a part of our policy to run educationists as candidates for the administrative bodies of the country and Borough Councils.
1988 Hamilton (Ont.) Spectator 19 Apr. b8/1 The party will run 50 to 55 candidates in the next election.
2002 W. Kennedy Roscoe 117 He doesn't know it yet, but we plan to run him against you on an independent line.
b. intransitive. Originally U.S. Frequently with for. To stand or offer oneself as a candidate for a position, seat, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > choose for office [verb (intransitive)] > offer oneself as candidate
stand1542
to put up1705
offer1766
run1806
candidate1848
campaign1884
announce1892
1806 Balance & Columbian Repository 4 Nov. 346 Benjamin Austin..is nominated to run for Congress in Boston.
1824 National Advocate (N.Y.) 27 Jan. We judge that Mr. Adams will not run for President, from the fact that out of the New-England States he has but little strength.
1834 D. Crockett Narr. Life x. 140 I know'd I had a man to run against who could speak prime.
1879 Nation 28 Aug. 139/2 He delivered..what was no doubt a powerful exposition of the propriety of clergymen's running for office.
1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 4/2 In 1905 he ran for judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
1967 G. F. Fiennes I tried to run Railway iii. 16 There's a job going as Assistant District Superintendent at Burntisland. Do you want to run for it?
1989 S. Bellow Theft 36 A Southern boy who went to Congress and even ran in a few presidential primaries.
2004 World Soccer Dec. 18/1 When Joan Laporta ran for the presidency of Barcelona [Football Club] he promised change.
c. intransitive. Originally U.S. To base one's election campaign on (formerly upon) a specific issue, policy, etc.
ΚΠ
1860 N.Y. Herald 29 Dec. 4/6 Messrs. Winchester and Farrar ran upon the issue of resistance within the Union, co-operation of the Southern States [etc.].
1888 L. Grover in H. H. Bancroft et al. Hist. Oregon II. iv. 114 He ran on the issue of the missionary settlers against the Hudson's Bay Company.
1911 F. von Reithdorf tr. M. Kullnick From Rough Rider to President iii. 61 If he had run on a liquor platform, he must always work for the interests of the breweries.
1956 Newsweek 21 May 17/1 A political unknown named Sumter Lowry, who ran on the single plank of preserving segregation, got 130,000 votes.
1999 N.Y. Times 4 Nov. b11/2 The Democrats, again and again, tried to run on a bossism kind of issue, and it didn't work.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > banking > bank [verb (transitive)] > make sudden demand on bank
to run upon ——1719
run1825
1825 Bangor (Maine) Reg. 3 Nov. (heading) Running the bank.
1826 W. S. Cardell Elements Eng. Gram. vi. 70 The brokers run the bank severely.
1854 Weekly Wisconsin (Milwaukee) 22 Nov. A merchant..who had been in the habit of running the Banks for coin.
1868 Bankers' Mag. June 923 Those who, in the event of even a threatened storm in the commercial horizon, are so apt to ‘run the bank’.
13. transitive. U.S. colloquial (originally Navy). To tease, make fun of, ridicule; to josh, ‘rib’. Cf. to run on —— 3 at Phrasal verbs 2, to run upon —— 7 at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > be annoyed or vexed by [verb (transitive)] > annoy or vex > tease
tease1627
rag1749
lugger1782
gammon1801
tig1805
fun1811
run1828
ride1891
rawhide1895
to bust (a person's) chops1953
stir1972
to pull a person's chain1975
1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. To run hard, to press with jokes, sarcasm or ridicule.
1832 E. C. Wines Two Years & Half in Navy II. x. 194 Here the party began to ‘run’ each other on their fatigue.
1860 J. G. Holland Miss Gilbert's Career 349 Now what's the use of running a feller?
1883 Wallace's Monthly June 347/1 Don't, don't... They'd never stop runnin' me an' boastifiin over me.
1920 ‘M. Brand’ Trailin'! xxiii. 199 ‘You'll have to crop those whiskers, Lawlor.’..‘Crop 'em? Chief, you ain't maybe runnin' me a bit?’
1940 A. Murray November Hereabout 79 [He] had an awful head o' hair; and he was always runnin' me because I didn't have no head o' hair to speak of.
14. Sport.
a. transitive. Chiefly Association Football. To keep (the ball) moving along the ground with slight touches while running; to move (the ball) by dribbling.
ΚΠ
1835 J. Davis Hist. Welsh Baptists 146 He fixed on a plan, to run the ball among the congregation, and to kick it into the minster's face.
1875 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 25 Jan. 4/6 Derby secured a goal, Cox running the ball up the ground.
1899 Baily's Mag. Sept. 213 I was running the ball, hitting and trying to avoid an adversary coming up on the off-side.
1906 Thin Red Line (2nd Battalion Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders) Dec. 118/2 Hockey tournament... The Leicesters ran it down to the Argylls quarters and kept it in action there, but without seriously threatening the goal.
1964 Guardian 7 Oct. 14/2 Irvine ran the ball out of play after a perfect pass by Towers.
2010 Times (Nexis) 17 May 56 With York massed in the Oxford penalty area, Potter ran the ball clear and..slotted the ball past Ingram.
b. transitive. Chiefly Rugby and American Football. Of a player: to run while carrying (the ball); (of a team, etc.) to attack by running while carrying (the ball), as opposed to kicking or throwing it forward.In American Football, esp. on a running play.
ΚΠ
1876 Country 26 Oct. 390/2 The London forwards soon ran the ball down to the opposite goal.
1882 Meteor 30 Nov. 140/1 Bradbury, Shaw, and Gilmour ran the ball into our twenty-five, but Allen, by some fine play, recovered the loss.
1930 Boys' Life Nov. 61/1 The Tech runner dropped behind his rapidly forming interference and ran the ball back to the fifteen-yard line.
1948 Athletic Jrnl. Sept. 15/1 The center can rush the passer. The latter, unable to run the ball, is apt to wind up smeared for a loss.
1976 Southern Evening Echo (Southampton) 1 Nov. 14/1 Their pack's work rate improved, better possession was achieved, and the whole team combined well and ran the ball hard at the opposition.
1993 Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey) 4 Dec. 32/1 The Giants can run the ball better than any team in the NFL and have an offense that is rated eighth in the league.
2006 J. D. Briley Career in Crisis xiii. 238 Jeff Rouzie intercepted Sullivan's third pass of the drive and ran it down to the Auburn 5-yard line.
2009 C. James Game Day 214 As for the game itself, both teams like to run the ball, creating a good old-fashioned slugfest on the field.
15. intransitive. U.S. To tout for a boarding house, hotel, etc. Cf. runner n.1 2f. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > request > request or ask for [verb (transitive)] > petition or appeal for > votes, custom, etc.
canvass1812
run1866
pull1896
1866 Sailors' Mag. & Seamen's Friend June 317/1 The crimps who run for sailors' boarding-houses will find it hard to pursue their calling, and escape detection and punishment.
1891 C. Roberts Adrift in Amer. 228 I went with him to the house he was running for.
1910 Ann. Rep. Commissioners District of Columbia I. 278 There are those who ‘run’ for different hotels in the vicinity of depots and steamboat wharves.
16.
a. transitive. To prosecute (a person) for an offence; to sue (a person) for damages. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > carry on or institute (an action) [verb (transitive)] > sue or institute action against
pleada1325
implead1387
follow1389
pursue1454
process1493
to put in suit1495
to call (a person) unto the law?a1513
sue1526
suit1560
prosecute1579
to fetch a person over the hips1587
trounce1638
law1647
prosecute1656
action1734
to fetch law of1832
court1847
chicane1865
actionize1871
run1891
1891 ‘A. Thomas’ That Affair II. viii. 138 I shall run that woman for infringement of literary rights.
1892 Belgravia June 126 I shall be run for hideous damages, and—well, ruined.
1951 N. Balchin Way through Wood xiii. 186 Threaten to run him for big damages. The courts don't like rich co-respondents.
b. transitive. Chiefly Military and Navy slang and Criminals' slang. Originally: to hand (a person) over to the police. Later: = to run in 14 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > information > informing on or against > inform on or against [verb (transitive)]
wrayc725
meldeOE
bimeldena1300
forgabc1394
to blow up?a1400
outsay?a1400
detectc1449
denounce1485
ascry1523
inform1526
promote1550
peach1570
blow1575
impeach1617
wheedle1710
split1795
snitch1801
cheep1831
squeal1846
to put away1858
spot1864
report1869
squawk1872
nose1875
finger1877
ruck1884
to turn over1890
to gag on1891
shop1895
pool1907
run1909
peep1911
pot1911
copper1923
finger1929
rat1932
to blow the whistle on1934
grass1936
rat1969
to put in1975
turn1977
society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > charge, accuse, or indict [verb (transitive)]
wrayc725
forwrayOE
beclepec1030
challenge?c1225
indict1303
appeachc1315
aditea1325
appeal1366
impeachc1380
reprovea1382
arraigna1400
calla1400
raign?a1425
to put upa1438
present?a1439
ditec1440
detectc1449
articlec1450
billc1450
peach1465
attach1480
denounce1485
aret1487
accusea1500
filea1500
delate1515
crimea1550
panel1560
articulate1563
prosecute1579
impleada1600
to have up1605
reprosecute1622
tainta1625
criminatea1646
affect1726
to pull up1799
rap1904
run1909
1909 E. Wyrall Spike iii. 17 In tramp language, to be ‘run’ is to be handed over to the police.
1919 Athenæum 18 July 632/2 ‘Running a man’ means bringing a charge against him for orderly room.
1930 J. Brophy & E. Partridge Songs & Slang Brit. Soldier: 1914–1918 157 Let them spades alone or I'll run yer.
1933 ‘G. Ingram’ ‘Stir’ xii. 188 Was any of you monkeying with the cocoa last night?.. If I find out who it was, I'll run 'im and make it 'ot for him.
1989 R. Jolly Jackspeak 244 To run someone or run him in is the same as putting him in the rattle, ie. placing that person on a formal charge.
2000 G. V. Higgins At End of Day (2001) 152 The cops naturally knew this, and they ran me.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > completing > complete (an action or piece of work) [verb (transitive)] > bring to an end or conclusion > hastily
run1891
1891 Daily News 15 July 3/1 He said that was the time when the Tories took the opportunity of running their jobs.
** Senses relating to travel, transportation, or conveyance by other means.
18. † c. transitive. Of a moving object: to pass through (a certain distance) in the course of its motion. Obsolete.
a. intransitive. Of a celestial object: to move across the sky. More generally: (of any object) to move through space.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > move [verb (intransitive)] > specific
runOE
yernc1055
wadea1400
roll?a1500
ridea1586
trepidate1623
OE Ælfric De Temporibus Anni (Cambr. Gg.3.28) (2009) i. 76 Æfre heo [sc. seo sunne] bið yrnende ymbe ðas eorðan , & eal swa leohte scinð under ðære eorðan on nihtlicere tide, swa swa heo on dæg deð bufon urum heafdum.
OE Genesis A (1931) 138 Him arn on last, þrang þystre genip, þam þe se þeoden self sceop nihte naman.
OE Blickling Homilies 93 Mona biþ adwæsced; & beoþ þeostra forþ gewordene ofor ealle world; & steorran yrnaþ wiþersynes ealne þone dæg.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22695 (MED) Þe cludes to þe se sal rin For to hid þam þar-in.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 23588 (MED) Sun and mon, and water and stern..rinnes nu wit ras sa yern.
a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) in Centaurus (1968) 12 220 (MED) Clowdis..somtime on þe sky Renneþ to-gidre vp an hy.
a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. i. sig. m.iiv Sterres..Rennynge in the ayre dredfull to beholde.
1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory iii. ix. sig. gv Where the sonne & ye other starres renne in theyr speres.
1646 S. Danforth Almanack 9 A Solar month..consisting of 30 dayes, 10 houres & 30 min: in which time the sun runneth through the 12th part of the Zodiack.
1675 E. Sherburne tr. M. Manilius Sphere 24 'Twixt this, and Heavens Mid-Circle, where the Sun, And six Lights more 'gainst the bright Zodiack run.
1698 J. Keill Exam. Burnet's Theory Earth ii. 41 A heavy body runs down fifteen foot in a second.
1733 A. Pope Ess. Man ii. 21 Instruct the Planets in what Orbs to run.
1757 T. Gray Ode I iii. iii, in Odes 11 Oft before his infant eyes would run Such forms, as glitter in the Muse's ray.
1829 London Encycl. XVII. 285/2 If the stone was carried as high as the orbit of the moon, being there let fall, it would run through fifteen feet in a minute.
1878 Christian Treasury 34 261 The earth..runs through space to do its master's bidding.
1939 D. Reuel Connecticut River 57 I may watch how automatic and aloof The stars run through the zodiac of these grey latitudes.
1992 Independent (Nexis) 26 Oct. 14 The Earth runs through the path of two old comets this month.
2008 U. K. Le Guin Lavinia 45 They saw a shooting star run across the sky and fall into the forest.
b. transitive. Of a celestial object: to traverse or complete (its course).
ΚΠ
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. iii. 118 Þæræfter on þam circule Lucifer uparist..; he yrnð nigon ger hys ryne.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 8 The yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) Prol. l. 2 The brighte sonne The ark of his artificial day hath ronne The ferthe part.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xx. 558 At mydday to turne agane The sone, that rynnis the cours all playn.
1564 N. Haward tr. Eutropius Briefe Chron. ii. sig. E.iv That Fabricius..who wyth more difficulty can be made to forsake honesty, then the Sunne can be stopte to run hys course.
a1649 W. Drummond Poems (1656) 133 The Sun..Through Skies twelve Posts as he doth run his course.
1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes II. iv. xiv. 38 When thrice five times the circling sun His annual course of light had run.
1885 R. S. Ball Story of Heavens v. 113 The dimensions of a planetary orbit are so stupendous that the planet must run its course very rapidly in order to complete the journey within the allotted time.
1896 F. E. Sawyer Notes & Half-notes 21 Each star, each sun, each planet ran its course In time and tune with some great thrilling chord.
1906 Chambers's Jrnl. 22 Sept. 674/1 Many stars have risen and run their orbit since those words were penned.
1998 C. F. von Weizsäcker in J. M. Templeton & K. S. Ginger Spiritual Evol. x. 131 Do not the stars in the skies run their course simply in accordance with the laws of mechanics?
ΚΠ
1706 H. Ditton Inst. Fluxions ix. 216 The Motions of descent in these Curves being equable, the spaces run in the same time will be as the Velocities.
1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. i. §46. 97 The Spaces run by a heavy Body, in its fall, are as the Squares of the Times.
1848 Parl. Gazetteer Eng. & Wales 1845–6 III. 230/2 The spaces run by a moving body, urged by a uniform continued force, are as the squares of the times during which it moves.
19. † g. transitive. To undertake (a voyage) in time of war without the protection of a convoy. Also to run it in same sense. Also: to sail (a vessel) without a convoy. Cf. running adj. 5. Obsolete.
a. intransitive. Of a boat or other waterborne craft (or those on board): to sail, esp. swiftly or easily. In technical use frequently spec.: to sail directly downwind (sometimes more fully to run before the wind). Also in figurative contexts. Cf. run n.2 30b.to cut and run: see cut v. 41.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > [verb (intransitive)] > swiftly
crowd937
runOE
shootc1540
scud1582
winga1616
gale1692
ramp1856
society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > make progress > move swiftly
crowd937
runOE
boom1617
to cut a feather1627
with a bone in her mouth (also teeth)1627
snore1830
spank1835
ramp1856
to step out1884
foot1892
OE Maxims I 184 Idle hond æmetlan geneah tæfles monnes, þonne teoselum weorpeð, seldan in sidum ceole, nefne he under segle yrne. Werig sceal se wiþ winde roweþ.
OE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (Tiber.) (1980) i. i.16 Wulfstan sæde þæt he gefore of Hæðum, þæt he wære on Truso on syfan dagum & nihtum, þæt þæt scip wæs ealne weg yrnende under segle.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1046 Tugon þa up heora segel & urnon west to Axamuðan.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 676 Brutus..ferde riht on his wei; his scipen runden [c1300 Otho hurnen] swiðe.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xxvii. 16 We rennynge into sum yle..vnnethe myȝthe gete a litil boot.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 24 The Schip which on the wawes renneth.
1429 in Sc. Hist. Rev. (1957) 31 145 The flot was rinning about the Moill.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 984 By than the shipp had renne frome the londe of Logrys many myles.
1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) iii. 307 Hauen of the see, to whyche the gylty renne with truste.
c1595 Capt. Wyatt in G. F. Warner Voy. R. Dudley to W. Indies (1899) 6 The next day,..runninge to make the lande, wee founde it to be the Groyne.
1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events Pref. As in a full sea, I hoyse up sayles, and run at large.
1660 J. Dryden Astræa Redux 7 With full spread Sails to run before the wind.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 12 The Currents of the Gulf of Venice made us run a head a pace.
1745 P. Thomas True Jrnl. Voy. South-Seas 121 We kept running along-shore, with an easy Sail.
1790 W. Bligh Narr. Mutiny on Bounty 85 We sailed from Coupang, exchanging salutes..as we ran out of the harbour.
1827 O. W. Roberts Narr. Voy. Central Amer. 34 We..got under weigh and ran down the inner passage.
1856 Leisure Hour 5 334/2 With a fair wind we ran past the Bird rocks.
1885 Law Rep.: Appeal Cases 10 411 On that day she deviated from the course of the voyage and ran for Mauritius.
1925 S. Kaye-Smith George & Crown ii. i. 157 As the boat ran by, the echoes of the engine sent up clouds of herring-gulls from the rocks.
1964 F. Chichester Lonely Sea & Sky (1967) xxx. 349 I was running before a gentle breeze.
1976 P. Kemp Oxf. Compan. Ships & Sea 938/1 A short bearing-out spar used..to bear out the clew of the jib on the opposite side of the mainsail when running before the wind.
1988 Chess Dec. 20/1 The Western press supported him from a very young age, and so he was always running with the wind.
2009 T. Pynchon Inherent Vice vii. 109 A topmasted schooner, running along full-spread before a fresh breeze.
b. intransitive. To sail or be driven on, upon, or on to the shore, rocks, etc.; to come aground or ashore. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > grounding of vessel > be aground [verb (intransitive)] > go aground > accidentally
runc1275
to fall on shorea1400
strike1518
shore1600
to run agrounda1616
embanka1649
strand1687
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 5842 Þa scipen urnen a ðen lond.
1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance xxx. f. 71 They be..by contrarye wyndes constrayned to runne on quycke sandes or rockes.
1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 6v Least I chaunce to..runne a grounde in those Coasts.
1600 R. Hakluyt tr. A. de Mendoça Let. in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) III. 364* The ship..returned to the coast..where it ran on ground.
1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso i. xxix. 50 My inordinate desire..which hath made me run upon the Rock which you see.
1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. v. 301 The Ships..were running ashore and bilging on the Rocks.
1755 C. Charke Narr. Life 228 We were run a little aground, so that we were positively obliged to sell the best Part of our Furniture to make up some Deficiencies.
1856 Leisure Hour 5 349/1 A West Indiaman had run on the rocks.
1870 C. M. Yonge Cameos c, in Monthly Packet May 436 They had no escape but to run aground.
1921 Times 3 Dec. 7/7 Submarine C3 broke adrift in a gale..and ran ashore.
1991 A. Campbell Sidewinder iv. 56 His yacht ran onto the reef and was badly holed.
2004 C. Connelly Attention All Shipping (2005) 180 Nearly a century earlier the Earl of Abergavenny had run aground and broken up costing 260 lives.
c. transitive. To cause (a waterborne craft or its occupants) to move in a specified direction. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > direct or manage ship [verb (transitive)] > in specific manner
shoota1450
run1533
to shoot toc1540
push1657
to crowd (a ship) off1743
sweat1890
surf1965
1533 T. More Answere Poysened Bk. iii. v. f. clxxviii Mayster Maskers own argument hath cutte of his cable rope, & lost his anchore, & runne his shyppe hym self agaynst a rocke.
1542 T. Elyot Bibliotheca Impingere nauem, to run the ship on a rock.
1578 W. B. tr. Appian of Alexandria Aunc. Hist. Romanes Warres ii. 359 The enimie fledde, and ranne themselues a ground, where they were eyther taken or burned.
1603 M. Drayton Barrons Wars i. lv. 19 [They] some vnknowne harbor suddainly must sound, Or runne theyr fortunes desperatly on ground.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. i. 4 Speake to th'Mariners: fall too't, yarely, or we run our selues a ground. View more context for this quotation
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 127 [They] cut their Cables, and runne the Galley a shoare.
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 352 To..run the Ship a Shoar to save our Lives, and so stranding our Vessel, spoil both Sloop and Cargo.
1775 B. Romans Conc. Nat. Hist. E. & W. Florida App. 7 The stream will run you out in such a manner [etc.].
1816 M. Keating Trav. (1817) II. 168 Our Palinurus now ran us ashore.
1855 J. D. Burn Autobiogr. Beggar Boy vi. 92 Our jolly old captain ran the Fame foul of a brig.
1873 W. Black Princess of Thule xxii. 356 The boat was run in to her moorings.
1901 M. Franklin My Brilliant Career xxiv. 207 The recent ‘going bung’ of a building society—his sole remaining prop—had run him entirely ashore.
1926 Times 6 Oct. 14/1 The plan was to run her alongside first one and then the other vessel.
1986 P. Matthiessen Men's Lives (1988) ii. viii. 101 I ran the boat southward down the coast.
2002 Ministry Jan. 34/1 They..managed to run their boat aground..and found themselves stuck on a sinking vessel.
d.
(a) transitive. To pursue or follow (a certain way or course) in sailing. Also: to follow the line of (a coast, etc.).
ΚΠ
a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Fourth Bk. Aeneas (1554) iv. sig. Aivv By Gods purueyaunce it blewe, and Junos helpe The Troiaynes Shyppes (I thynke) to runne this course.
1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio Hist. Uniting Portugall to Castill 183 Hauing run all the coast of Algarues.
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. iv. iii. 148 You are more Easterly or Westerly, by running or sailing that Course and Distance.
1775 E. Burke Speech Resol. for Concil. Colonies 13 Others run the longitude, and pursue their gigantic game along the coast of Brazil.
1852 W. H. G. Kingston Mark Seaworth xv. 168 We ran the coast at a respectful distance, for fear of some sunken rocks and shoals.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Right sailing, running a course on one of the four cardinal points.
1911 H. K. Job Blue Goose Chase xiii. 199 The boat ran a sort of zig-zag course, back and forth across the river.
1978 C. H. Whedbee Outer Banks Myst. vi. 55 The British ship had, unknowingly, run a course parallel with that of the Polly.
1997 R. Grigar Plugger iii. 37 I hopped into my boat and ran the shoreline.
(b) transitive. To traverse or cover (a certain distance) by sailing.
ΚΠ
1555 R. Eden Two Viages into Guinea in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 350 Runnynge southwest in the sea, [we] dydde runne .xii. leaques.
a1661 W. Brereton Trav. (1844) 4 As the master of the ship conceived we ran seven leagues in a watch, in four hours.
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. iv. ii. 146 So many Knots as the Ship runs in half a Minute, so many Miles she saileth in an Hour.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. vi. 34 We had a..gale blowing right a-stern: So that we generally ran from forty to fifty leagues a day.
1775 R. Chandler Trav. Asia Minor i. 2 We had run one hundred and seventy knots in the last twenty four hours.
1867 W. T. Adams Outward Bound viii. 129 The log-slate would indicate the total of nautical miles the ship had run after taking her departure.
1920 in R. Scheer Germany's High Sea Fleet iv. 47 The ship ran 28 or 29 miles. The destroyers had only caught up a little.
1994 San Francisco Chron. (Nexis) 13 May a3 The ship ran 263 miles at an average speed of 11.4 knots.
(c) transitive. To sail at (a specified speed); (also) to sail while performing (a particular manoeuvre).
ΚΠ
1813 Edinb. Ann. Reg. 1811 4 ii. 2/1 The ship was then running nine knots.
1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt xxii. 312 While they were running short tacks, a false manœuvre..exposed them..to imminent danger.
1913 A. Castle & E. Castle Chance the Piper 77 The schooner..was running short tacks half a mile off.
1977 P. O'Brian Mauritius Command ix. 238 We was well ahead, running nine-ten knots by the time the moon was well up.
2005 Ukrainian Times (Nexis) 15 Nov. The motor ship is capable of running seven knots.
e. transitive. To outsail (a vessel or its occupants). Chiefly in to run out of sight. Now rare.to run the cutter: see Phrases 2r.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > [verb (transitive)] > sail faster than
outsail1580
to run out of sight1624
outsteam1861
1624 A. Chester in J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia 128 It being but a faire gale of wind, we edged towards her to see what she was, but she presently set saile, and ran vs quickly out of sight.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. v. 177 The Centurion so much outsailed the two prizes, that we soon ran them out of sight.
1797 S. James Narr. Voy. 217 The Hound then ran us out of sight in the space of four glasses.
1839 J. H. Frere tr. Aristophanes Knights 33 in Metrical Version of Acharnians, Knights & Birds (1840) I shall..steer away before the wind, and run you out of sight.
1880 Glasgow Herald 6 July 4/7 No doubt Australia and some other English schooners would run the cutter, but a Chatham flat, with plenty of canvass, would run the Australia and all the schooners ever built.
1895 R. D. Evans Jrnl. 22 May in Sailor's Log (1901) xxix. 367 We came over the bar just behind the Lucania, and the way she ran us out of sight was amusing.
1925 W. C. Williams In Amer. Grain (1956) 8 The caravel Pinta began to run before it at the same time, and Martin Alonzo ran her out of sight.
f. transitive. With adverbial complement. To sail close to (another ship) so as to take up the position indicated by the complement. Now chiefly historical. to run on board: to collide with; = to run aboard at Phrasal verbs 1. Cf. sense 33b.
ΚΠ
1699 W. A. Cowley Voy. round Globe vi, in W. Hacke Coll. Orig. Voy. i. 44 We came up also with a Scotch Ship, who steered so, that we ran him on Board on his Quarter.
1796 True Briton 25 Oct. A French privateer..run us alongside within pistol-shot.
1831 W. H. Harrison Tales Physician 2nd Ser. 89 Having..succeeded in crippling her, I ran her alongside, and threw myself upon her deck.
1905 A. T. Mahan Sea Power in Relations to War of 1812 II. xiv. 236 The ‘Saucy Jack’ began an engagement with the nearer [vessel], and ten minutes later ran her alongside.
1963 C. Lloyd St. Vincent & Camperdown i. 24 His first attempt to run her on board failed because the big ship's bowsprit passed over the frigate's quarter-deck.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > [verb (intransitive)] > sail without convoy
to run it1766
society > travel > travel by water > [verb (transitive)] > of ships: accompany vessels > sail without convoy
run1813
1766 Ann. Reg. 1765 185/1 The fleets to and from Leith are obliged to run it—no Convoy being yet appointed for the Scotch trade.
1804 Ld. Nelson Let. 20 Mar. in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) V. 469 The only merchant-ship bound to England..is so well armed as to be able to run it.
1813 G. J. Bell Comm. Laws Scotl. (1826) I. 621 (note) We have determined on running the Nancy.
1826 G. J. Bell Comm. Laws Scotl. (ed. 5) I. 620 It is important to know whether a ship is to wait for convoy, or to run the voyage.
1838 W. Bell Dict. Law Scotl. 871 A vessel which in time of war does not sail with convoy, is technically said to run the voyage.
h. transitive. Originally North American. To travel along (a stretch of a river or stream); (in later use esp.) to navigate (fast-flowing water, as rapids, etc.) in a small boat. Formerly (occasionally) with down. Cf. shoot v. 4a(b).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > [verb (transitive)] > sail through dangerous water
shoot1622
run1781
1781 P. Turnor Jrnl. in Jrnls. S. Hearne & P. Turnor (1934) 351 The Canadians run this fall down, enter on the south side and cross directly to the north.
1801 A. Mackenzie Voy. from Montreal (1903) ii. vii. 240 A rapid succeeded, which was so violent that we did not venture to run it.
1839 J. K. Townsend in R. G. Thwaites Early Western Trav. (1905) XXI. xv. 358 Here Mr. M'Leod and myself debarked, and the men ran the dall.
1875 ‘M. Twain’ Old Times Mississippi ii, in Atlantic Monthly Feb. 222/2 Each of our pilots ran such portions of the river as he had run when coming up-stream.
1892 Field 28 May 783 We have run most parts of the Wye in a coracle.
1922 T. M. Longstreth Laurentians v. 80 We ran the river for an hour,..and then..crossed to another stream.
1976 New Yorker 3 May 44/2 If I thought I had one chance in ten of going into the river, I wouldn't run the rapid.
2004 Boston Globe (Nexis) 24 Oct. (Travel section) m2 Every November, daredevil kayakers run the white-water river at Tallulah Gorge State Park.
20.
a. intransitive. Esp. of a vehicle: to move by means of wheels turning in contact with the ground. In early use frequently more explicitly to run on wheels. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > movement of vehicles > move or go along [verb (intransitive)] > go along on wheels
runc1350
roll1655
wheel1721
OE Rune Poem (transcript of lost MS) 69 [Ing] wæs ærest mid Eastdenum gesewen secgun, oþ he siððan est [read eft] ofer wæg gewat, wæn æfter ran.
c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 69 (MED) Þe locustes..shullen haue..þe voice of corres charres þat ernen in batayle.
c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 102 (MED) Where renneþ þe chare of þe iiij cardinal vertues?
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 609 Ane cren thai haf gert dre vp hey Rynand on quhelis.
1528 Rede me & be nott Wrothe sig. diiiiv Fortune with prestes runneth on wheles, So that some have after their heles, A scoare of yemen taule and stoute.
1582 R. Parsons First Bk. Christian Exercise i. v. 58 The noyse of their wynges lyke the noyse of manye chariottes running together.
1611 Bible (King James) Nahum ii. 4 The charets shall rage in the streets,..they shall seeme like torches, they shall runne like the lightnings. View more context for this quotation
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 345/2 A Shaloone..is a kind of Diminutive Coach, which runneth upon two Wheels, and holdeth two people.
1725 New Canting Dict. Rotan, a Coach, or Waggon, any thing that runs upon Wheels.
1772 Oxf. Mag. Sept. 117/2 It is calculated to take off all friction in wheel carriages, or in short every thing which runs on axles.
1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 551/2 A moveable carriage..running on lower side-rails.
1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting ix. 432 The wagon runs heavily.
1902 S. F. Edge & C. Jarrott in A. C. Harmsworth et al. Motors & Motor-driving (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) xv. 338 The car was running on the iron rim [of the wheel].
1963 Billboard 16 Mar. 3/2 The vehicle ran off an embankment, struck a tree and came to a halt in a creek.
2009 Huddersfield Daily Examiner (Nexis) 6 Jan. 3 Leo's pram ran into the road and she managed to stop it.
b. transitive. To cause (a vehicle, etc.) to move in this way. Also figurative and in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > driving or operating a vehicle > drive a vehicle [verb (transitive)] > into, against, or through something
run1646
1646 S. Rutherford Divine Right Church-govt. iii. 27 If..Rulers command to run Carts amongst a multitude of young Children, whence killing of some might fall out; [etc.].
1683 Tryals High-treason 9 They should run this Cart athwart the Lane, and so stop the Coach.
1751 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 13 June (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1753 Another..point..is, not to run your own present humour and disposition indiscriminately against everybody.
1793 T. Hastings Regal Rambler 64 [He] ran one of the wheels foul of a garden wall.
1849 H. Martineau Introd. Hist. Peace i. v. 53 The mob..running the chariot against a wall, they all got out and walked.
1872 W. Black Strange Adventures Phaeton iv. 46 He once or twice..pretty nearly ran us into a cart.
1888 Times (Weekly ed.) 30 Mar. 7/4 To show..how very easily they could run a coach and four through their proclamations whenever they chose to do it.
1904 E. Jepson Admirable Tinker xi. 205 He seized his bicycle, ran it along the road some fifty yards, [etc.].
1915 A. S. Neill Dominie's Log i. 21 A poor devil of an engine-driver ran his express into a goods.
1970 J. Porter Rather Common Sort of Crime iv. 42 She got back to Shangrila and ran the car into the garage.
2006 D. Peterson Jane Goodall ii. 25 He..raced west to St. Lazaire and ran the truck off the end of the quay.
c. intransitive. Of a sleigh, toboggan, etc.: to slide or move on runners. Of a person: to travel by means of such a mode of transport.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of play, actions, or postures > [verb (intransitive)]
run1685
pike1956
freestyle1977
sandbag1985
1685 W. Clark Grand Tryal xxxviii. 327 Where before we sail'd, now in a trice We run in Sledges all along the Ice.
1769 F. Brooke Hist. Emily Montague I. xli. 195 The open carriole is a kind of one-horse chaise, the covered one a chariot, set on a sledge to run on the ice.
1834 Parterre 1 173/2 Like the rasping of a saw, or a sleigh running over bare ground.
1887 M. Roberts Western Avernus 187 Upon the hilly streets in town, boys and girls were..running down hill in sleighs, ‘coasting’ as they call it, with swift velocity.
1938 Times 23 Nov. 15 So easy was the sledge running that often the dog lines were dragging along the ice.
1994 W. R. Hansen Geenland's Icy Fury vi. 48 Under the right snow conditions the toboggan ran smoothly and fast.
d. transitive. Of a vehicle: to traverse or cover (a certain distance) along the ground.
ΚΠ
1713 Brit. Curiosities App. 132 The Flying-Coach is a Stage-Coach that is drawn by 6 Horses, and will sometimes run 90 or 100 English Miles on one day.
1769 Town & Country Mag. Aug. 394/2 The invention of a carriage that was to contain one person, and run twenty miles in an hour.
1833 Jrnl. Steam Transport & Husb. Dec. 53/1 It [sc. a steam carriage] ran about 250 miles, at the average rate of ten miles an hour.
1861 Temple Bar 1 345 The engine had run more than 10,000 miles.
1907 Commerc. Motor 9 May 243/1 On the occasion of the trip undertaken by the writer, the distance run by the car reached some 65 to 70 miles.
1990 G. W. Hilton Amer. Narrow Gauge Railroads 139 The engine..ran 35,100 miles on passenger trains in a six-month period.
2010 Econ. Times (Nexis) 13 Apr. GM vehicles that ran 15,000 km on bio-diesel.
e. transitive. To drive a vehicle in such a way as to force (another person or vehicle) off the road, into a ditch, etc.
ΚΠ
1919 Psychol. Rev. 26 477 [The driver] ran us into the ditch after having struck us broadside.
1976 C. Egleton State Visit xiii. 120 Some cowboy of a truck driver ran us off the road.
1994 Fiddlehead Autumn 63 I was passing through in my old Buick when he ran me off the road with his fancy John Deere skidder.
2005 Guardian 29 Sept. (Technol. section) 3/3 All the familiar racing modes of past Burnout games are present: road rage, in which you run rival racers off the road; [etc.].
21.
a. intransitive. Esp. of a ball or other round object: to roll along on a surface. Said also of dice when thrown.Quot. c1425 may belong at sense 73b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > move progressively in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > roll along
trendlea1225
rolla1393
trindlec1400
runc1425
trundle1631
bowl1759
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 838 Ȝif on haue Ioye, anoþer suffereþ wo, Liche as þe bonys renne to and fro.
1577 R. Stanyhurst Treat. Descr. Irelande ii. f. 8/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I To run at libertie vncontroulde, like a bowle that runneth in a smooth allye without any rub.
1593 A. Munday tr. C. Estienne Def. Contraries 88 [They] make as small account thereof, as of balles running along the pent-house of a Tennis court.
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1015 Thinking the stone whiles it runnes along the ground, to be some wilde beast.
1611 T. Middleton & T. Dekker Roaring Girle sig. F4v His bowles run with a wrong byas.
1704 J. Toland Lett. Serena iv. 156 When a Bowl runs on the Green, and the Definition of Motion is ask'd.
1775 C. Jones Hoyle's Games Improved 203 He that stops either Ball, when running, loses one.
1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. II. vi. ii. 22 The action of external obstacles not immediately obvious, as the friction and the resistance of the air, when a ball runs on the ground.
1875 Encycl. Brit. III. 675/2 When the player's ball runs into a pocket without striking a ball.
1922 R. Lynd Sporting Life vii. 60 He fell on the ground, and rolled over in agony, while the ball ran on to his wicket.
1961 E. Brown Knave of Clubs 15 The ball ran down from the plateau green almost halfway back to the tee.
1992 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) (Nexis) 11 Aug. Massive rocks and boulders ran down the hills followed by tonnes of mud.
b. intransitive. Billiards, Snooker, and Pool. To cause the ball to roll in a specified direction. Frequently with through. See also to run through 4 at Phrasal verbs 1.to run a coup: see coup n.3 3.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > billiards, pool, or snooker > [verb (intransitive)] > actions or types of play
carambole1775
string1814
cannon1825
to make a baulk1839
star1839
push1851
to play for safety1857
run1857
carom1860
to knock the balls about1864
miscue1889
snooker1889
break1893
break1893
scratch1909
to call one's shot1953
1857 ‘Capt. Crawley’ Billiards (ed. 2) ix. 92 If he name a canon and make it, and afterwards run into a pocket, he counts all the points made.
1885 Billiards Simplified (1889) 122 The proper way to play the stroke is to run through the red.
1935 Times 23 Apr. 6/5 Smith..gained on a penalty when Davis ran through the black.
2010 ezinearticles.com 15 Jan. (O.E.D. Archive) The best thing..is to run through the red into the top pocket.
c. transitive. Bowls. To cause (the jack) to be knocked away from the other balls, or in a specified direction.
ΚΠ
1861 Chambers's Encycl. II. 289/1 The last player frequently endeavours to run the jack, by playing straight at it with such force as to [etc.].
1893 H. J. Dingley Touchers & Rubs 81 He sees a sma' post on the back, So he roars out, ‘Just run the Jack.’
1934 Times 10 Sept. 4/7 He played to run the jack to the ditch, but only partially succeeded.
2004 Sevenoaks Chron. (Nexis) 23 Apr. 53 Staples played a tenacious bowl to run the jack to her two back woods.
d. transitive. Croquet. To play through (a hoop) or up to (a peg).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > croquet > play croquet [verb (transitive)] > types of play or stroke
croquet1858
roquet1859
run1863
spoon1865
wire1866
to get the rush (on a ball)1868
rush1868
to peg out1869
cut1874
split1877
peel1914
1863 M. Reid Croquet i. 7 The front of a bridge is that side, from which the player must proceed, in passing through or running it.
1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 608/2 In match play the hoops and pegs are set and run as in the diagram.
1966 D. Miller & R. Thorp Croquet iii. 32 To win the game, one side must run all the hoops each way, with both its balls and then hit the peg.
1995 S. Boga Croquet 78 Bonus stroke, an extra stroke earned by running a hoop or making a roquet.
e. transitive. Chiefly Golf. To cause to roll along the ground, playing surface, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > move or cause to move progressively in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > cause to roll along
wallowa1380
rolla1398
revolve?a1425
trollc1450
bowl1580
trundle1598
run1889
1889 W. T. Linskill Golf iv. 32 In ‘running’ the ball with the iron..keep the hands forward in advance of the club head.
1890 H. G. Hutchinson in H. G. Hutchinson et al. Golf (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) 129 If we like, we too may run the ball up, with either cleek or iron.
1905 Times 11 Sept. 10/4 Taylor ran the ball just a yard distant from the hole.
c1930 R. L. P. Bell Diary S. Afr. Journey 37 They generally ran the ball along the deck, but more often they threw it as if they were trying to break a bottle.
1978 Pacific Stars & Stripes 17 July 24/4 Owen..failed to run the ball over the last hollow that separated him from the flag.
2000 A. Cranfield & L. S. Moy Straight Pool Bible vi. 90 Draw with running english..to run the cue ball around ball D for a shot at ball C.
22.
a. intransitive. Of a fish (or other aquatic animal): to swim rapidly, esp. in a short rush (towards bait, after being hooked, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > [verb (intransitive)] > swim
run?1527
floata1599
scull1850
fina1861
?1527 L. Andrewe tr. Noble Lyfe Bestes sig. ti Percus is of diuers colours & swift in ronnynge in ye water.
1594 H. Plat Jewell House 54 [The fish] will run forwarde and mash themselues in the tramell.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 104/1 When Fish run away with the Bait in his Mouth.
1726 Gentleman Angler 155 To Run, this is properly applied to a Jack or Pike in Trowling, who, when he has seized the Bait, runs to his Harbour to pouch it; after which he runs again.
1736 Compl. Family-piece ii. ii. 269 You must remember in Snapping, that you never give a Fish Time to run.., but hook and draw him out directly.
1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions I. 465 Whales..blow strongest, densest, and loudest, when ‘running’.
1880 F. Francis Bk. Angling (ed. 5) iv. 103 The pike made a splendid fight, often running to weed.
1890 Fishing 3 May 206/1 Although a good number of fish ran at the bait, they invariably turned away without touching it.
1918 Outing July 242/1 I loosened the reel and it began to sing as the salmon ran down stream some two hundred feet.
1998 Salmon, Trout & Sea-Trout Feb. 10/3 The fish did everything expected of a sea trout, then ran clean across the river.
b. intransitive. Of fish: to pass in numbers up (or down) a river, esp. as part of a mass migration. Frequently with up. Cf. run n.2 7.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > [verb (intransitive)] > migrate
run1743
migrate1998
1743 M. Catesby Nat. Hist. Carolina II. p. xxxiii Herrings in March leave the salt waters, and run up the rivers.
1764 H. Grace Life & Sufferings 27 If it happens to be bad Weather, the Fish run up the Rivers for Shelter.
1806 M. Lewis Jrnl. 22 Feb. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1990) VI. 336 These women informed us that the small fish began to run which we suppose to be herring from their discription.
1881 Amer. Naturalist 15 178 Of these species, the quinnat and blue-back salmon habitually ‘run’ in the spring, the others in the fall.
1892 Longman's Mag. Nov. 88 The season when the eels are ‘running’.
1934 National Geographic Mag. Feb. 211 There are four distinct species of salmon which run up the Columbia: the chinook, silver, sockeye, and chum.
1968 I. W. Cornwall Prehistoric Animals & their Hunters ii. 55 Migratory fishes, such as salmon and trout..are enabled to run up throughout the summer to their far spawning beds in the headwater streams.
1999 Sport at Home & Abroad 11/2 It provides superb fly fishing..through August and September when a steady stream of salmon and grilse run.
c. intransitive. Of a torpedo: to pass through the water.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > naval weapons and equipment > use naval weapons and equipment [verb (intransitive)] > of torpedo: pass through water
run1872
1872 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Sentinel 28 Dec. The Lay torpedo runs at the surface of the water, where it can be struck by shot.
1914 F. T. Jane Your Navy as Fighting Machine xiii. 100 The ‘balance chamber’. This regulates the depth at which the torpedo will run.
1984 B. Gugliotta Pigboat 39 57 When he functioned as torpedo officer, his two fish ran hot, straight, and normal.
2000 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 16 Aug. a4 It was sunk by one of its own torpedoes, which ran errantly in a circle.
23.
a. transitive. To land or smuggle (illicit or contraband goods); to bring into a country illegally and secretly.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > illegal or immoral trading > trade in (goods) illegally or immorally [verb (transitive)] > smuggle
contraband1615
smugglea1687
run1695
to run the cutter1870
1695 C. Davenant Ess. Ways & Means supplying War 80 All substantial Merchants will acknowledge, that Stealing Customs, and Running Goods, is against their Common Interest, because such as have that Art, are not upon an equal foot of Trade with the rest.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Smuggle To Smuggle Goods, to run them ashore, or bring them in by stealth, without paying the Custom.
1710 London Gaz. No. 4737/3 Goods run from on Board one of the East-India Company's Ships.
1757 Case R. Toler 14 There was a Scuffle between Lindsay and a Sailor on board, about three Shillings the Sailor gave Lindsay to let him run Tobacco.
1837 R. Ellis Laws & Pract. Regulations Customs I. 199 The vessel or boat, adapted for the purpose of running goods.
1887 G. M. Fenn Devon Boys xxxi. 269 It was a smuggler running a cargo.
1934 C. Carmer Stars fell on Alabama 155 He started runnin' liquor just to get money to carry his girl to parties.
1987 Digger 9 Oct. 3/2 [They] contacted him with a view to running hash into Scandinavia.
2004 Independent 10 Mar. (Review section) 6/3 People who could go on to commit murder and plant bombs, who would go on to be convicted of running guns.
b. transitive. To (attempt to) pass through (a blockade) by eluding the blockading forces, esp. in order to convey supplies or goods. Cf. runner n.1 9.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > operations or manoeuvres > perform operation or manoeuvre [verb (intransitive)] > run blockade
run1826
1826 Let. 21 June in Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 28 Sept. We have loaded her with jerked beef, for Havana, with the intention of running the blockade.
1849 J. Winsor Hist. Duxbury, Mass. 161 An attempt would be made to run the embargo, on the part of some vessels in Duxbury.
1893 F. Peel Spen Valley 331 If they were only lucky enough to run the blockades.
1906 W. T. Davis Plymouth Memories of Octogenarian 82 The brig Hope was the next Plymouth vessel to ‘run the embargo’.
1991 Britain's Gulf War 27/1 A remarkable multinational naval force that was authorised..to stop and search vessels suspected of running the UN blockade.
c. transitive. colloquial (originally U.S.). To go past (a signal requiring one to stop, esp. a red light). Cf. jump v. 10b.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > driving or operating a vehicle > drive a vehicle [verb (transitive)] > drive a motor vehicle > drive past a red traffic light
run1935
crash1937
jump1938
1898 Proc. Railway Signaling Club 1897–8 76 On the Michigan Central what would you do with a man who had run a signal?
1935 Harper's Mag. June 60/2 Perhaps we even ‘ran’ a light, relying on the waiting cars to continue to wait until we were out of their way.
1951 Tuscaloosa (Alabama) News 28 Jan. 1/7 Mitchell..had been arrested on charges of reckless driving and running a stop sign.
1978 Guardian Weekly 15 Jan. 13/2 Cairo drivers run red lights and drive the wrong way down one-way streets.
2005 K. Ascher The Works: Anat. of City i. ii. 36 A T-shaped metal rod..which goes up when a train runs a signal.
24. transitive. To bring or convey in a vehicle or vessel; to transport.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > transport of goods in a vehicle > transport goods in vehicle [verb (transitive)]
drawc1300
freight1540
consign1653
run1701
haul1741
ship1857
travois1908
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > transport or convey in a vehicle [verb (transitive)] > by wheeled vehicle > in a motor car
run1701
motor1896
chauffeur1917
1701 W. Paterson Proposals Council of Trade 181 As much as we are obliged to pay to them for running the real Species, when it is found necessary to carry it out.
1736 J. Swift Let. 25 May in Wks. (1763) XI. 160 I would use all the safe Means to reprint London Books, and run them to any Town in England that I could.
1827 E. I. Spence Dame Rebecca Berry III. vii. 152 There are always plenty of smacks there..that would run you over to France.
1864 G. S. Bradley Jrnl. 18 Nov. in Star Corps (1865) 184 All the cars are taken south, and the people along the road have undoubtedly run off a good deal of their stuff, still there is plenty of forage left for us.
1875 All Year Round 17 Apr. 71/2 We have got a barrow here which we could lay him on, or..we might run him down to St. George's in a cab.
1920 R. A. White Sunny Boy at Seashore 31 Sunny and I can run it [sc. a suitcase] over to her in the car.
1952 ‘M. Innes’ Private View iii. 60 Better run you home first... It will save you five minutes.
1980 T. Jones Adrift 158 I ran Johnny over to the airport in the dinghy.
2002 M. Daughtry Gray Cavalier xii. 209 They..ran the supplies up the rail line to Stony Creek.
25.
a. intransitive. Of a ship or vehicle: to make regular journeys from place to place, or between two places; to make such a journey as part of a schedule; to ply.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > public passenger transport > travel on (public vehicle) [verb (intransitive)] > ply on a certain route (of vehicle)
run1736
1736 London Evening Post 30 Dec. (advt.) In the Summer Season the Coach runs three Times a Week.
1794 Scholes's Manch. & Salford Directory 191 The Birmingham Hawk Post Coach, runs from the above inn every evening at nine o'clock.
1825 New Monthly Mag. 15 20/2 Steam-boats will run from Toulouse..in 32 hours.
1852 L. F. Stuart Let. 22 June in R. Stuart et al. Stuart Lett. (1961) I. 353 He..is now the owner of a steamboat running between Buffalo and Green Bay.
1887 C. B. George 40 Years on Rail v. 88 The train..ran from Waukegan to Chicago and return every day.
1940 Railroad Mag. Apr. 49/1 Owl , street-car or train that runs late at night.
1990 ‘B. Vine’ Gallowglass iv. 34 He said he'd get a bus back. There's one that runs twice a day.
2001 Routing Feb. 11 The frequent W3 bus service runs from just outside the station to the Palace entrance.
b. transitive. To cause or arrange for (a vehicle, ship, etc.) to make regular journeys from place to place, or between two places. Also (occasionally) intransitive.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > driving or operating a vehicle > drive a vehicle [verb (transitive)] > to a certain place
run1764
1764 Jackson's Oxf. Jrnl. 31 Mar. Samuel Borton..Runs Neat Four-Wheeled Post-Chaises..at Seven-Pence a Mile.
1791 London Recorder 17 July 1/2 (advt.) The Proprietor at York runs Coaches to Hull, Scarborough, Whitby, and other places.
1859 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 20 ii. 314 Cheap trains had been run.
1869 Bradshaw's Railway Man. 21 177 The company authorized to run over the Mid-Kent, the West End of London and Crystal Palace,..and the West London Extension.
1891 Murray's Mag. Mar. 401 They no longer run steamers there.
1925 Amer. Mercury July 349/1 The railroad was running half-hourly trains to the city in the morning and from the city in the afternoon.
1983 M. Du Plessis State of Fear 4 The police are intimidating the people from the townships who run combi-bus taxis.
2009 Evening Herald (Plymouth) (Nexis) 16 Sept. 3 His firm..has just secured the tender to run a ferry from Stonehouse's Admiral's Hard to Mount Edgcumbe.
26. intransitive. To make a journey for the purpose of a short stay or visit. Chiefly with down, over, or up.Formerly also transitive in †to be running it: to be in the course of such a journey (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > make short journey or excursion, esp. for pleasure
to go abroadc1400
to make an errandc1400
to look out1551
jaunt1647
out1653
trip1664
to make or take a step1670
to step up1758
run1759
excursion1792
excursionize1866
tripper1959
1759 Universal Mag. Nov. 227/1 They used generally to run down to Cape Breton, and there take on board a large quantity of coal.
1774 N. Nicholls Let. 27 Aug. in Corr. Gray & N. Nicholls (1843) 175 I wish at my return very much to run down to you before I sit down to stagnate on the bank of my lake.
a1817 J. Austen Northanger Abbey (1818) I. vii. 84 How long do you think we have been running it from Tetbury, Miss Morland? View more context for this quotation
1831 Countess Granville Lett. (1894) II. 115 I wish you could have run over for a week.
1861 A. Trollope Framley Parsonage III. vii. 122 No poor lad that ever ran up from Oxford for a spree in town got so lectured.
1885 C. M. Yonge Two Sides of Shield I. x. 168 He says he would run over to see me if it were not for the dragons.
1921 G. B. Shaw Back to Methuselah iii. 136 Why not run over and join me for the afternoon?
1964 Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 26 Feb. (1970) 76 As we drove off, he said: ‘Why don't we run by and see the Valentis?’
1972 D. Sutton in R. Fry Lett. I. 53 During the 1910s Fry had formed the habit of running over to Paris.
2002 P. Sprinkle Who invited Dead Man? xx. 166 Right now, I thought I'd run over and see Pooh. She doin' okay?
*** With reference to the movement of immaterial objects, abstractions, or phenomena.
27.
a. intransitive. To pass or move quickly from point to point; to spread in this way. In later use usually with a preposition.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > move swiftly [verb (intransitive)] > from point to point
runeOE
eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) cxlvii. 4 (15) Qui emittit eloquium suum terrę, uelociter currit sermo eius : se utsendeð gesprec his eorðan hreðlice eorneð [lOE Canterbury Psalter irneð] word his.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) cxlvii. 4 (MED) God..sendeþ his worde to þe erþe; hys worde erneþ swiftlich.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22224 (MED) Discord and strijf Ouer al þis werld be runnun rijf.
c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1644 As swifte as pelet out of gonne Whan fire is in the poudre ronne.
c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1651 Suche a smoke gan out wende..That the ferther that hit ran The gretter wexen hit be-gan.
c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1903) II. 2 Thess. iii. 1 Pray ye for ws, that the word of God rin, and be clarifijt.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. vi. sig. F4v That cruell word her tender hart so thrild, That suddein cold did ronne through euery vaine.
1655 N. Culpeper et al. tr. L. Rivière Pract. Physick i. xi. 38 We say that the understanding doth run from one thing to another.
1697 J. Lead Fountain of Gardens II. 326 This word run through me, as a burning stream, saying, [etc.].
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. x. 404 [The fire] was..running along a wooden cornish, which..would immediately communicate the flame to a great distance.
1792 Ann. Reg. 1789 Hist. Europe 6/1 The new doctrine ran like wild-fire through the nation.
1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxx. 416 Numbness..followed by tingling pains running along the course of the nerves.
1855 M. Arnold Balder Dead iii. 183 Squalls Ran black o'er the sea's face.
1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xxv. 433 A shout rose, ‘He flies—he flies!’ A panic ran along the Pompeian lines.
1934 Mod. Psychologist June 17/1 The teachings of Freud and his disciples..ran like prairie fire over the world.
1987 R. Ingalls End of Trag. 81 A chill ran over her scalp.
2009 New Yorker 8 June 117/2 The ambiguous tremor of otherness that runs through the body when..a particular sound overwhelms the reasoning mind.
b. intransitive. spec. Of a statement, rumour, etc.: to spread rapidly; to pass quickly from mouth to mouth; to be or become widely current.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > publish or spread abroad [verb (intransitive)] > spread or be current
springOE
spreadc1300
to go abouta1325
quicka1400
risea1400
runa1400
walkc1400
stir1423
voice1429
fly1480
to go abroad1513
to come abroad1525
wandera1547
divulge1604
to get abroad1615
to take aira1616
to make (also do) the rounds1669
to get about1740
reach1970
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 4709 (MED) Of þe bysshope þe fame ran Þat he was an holy man.
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 310 (MED) What, is þis Arþures hous..Þat al þe rous rennes of þurȝ ryalmes so mony?
a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) 1674 (MED) The newe fame ran This mene whil with ful swift passage Vnto Thebes.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xv. 236 (MED) The tidinges ran so thourgh the contrey that the kynge aguysanx it herde.
a1540 R. Barnes Lawfull for Priestes to marry Wiues in W. Tyndale et al. Wks. (1573) ii. 330/1 There runneth a greate voyce of mee, that I haue maried a wife.
1574 J. Davidson in C. Rogers Three Sc. Reformers (1874) 108 Thir novells through the countrie ran.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iv. iii. 183 There ran a Rumour Of many worthy Fellowes, that were out. View more context for this quotation
c1676 in 12th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1890) App. v. 33 The niewse runs as if the Dolphin should marry the Ellector of Bavaria's daughter.
1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 261 This Notion run like Lightning thro' the City.
1779 A. Hamilton Let. 1 Oct. in Papers (1961) II. 194 In haste I snatch up my pen..to give you the news as it runs.
1853 M. Arnold Scholar Gipsy in Poems (new ed.) 209 Two hundred years are flown Since first thy story ran through Oxford halls.
1865 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia V. xviii. vii. 181 There run reports that make me shudder.
1910 L. Stratford Edward IV ix. 167 In England the report ran that Edward was dead.
1969 W. H. Auden City without Walls 63 Rumours ran through the city That the Tsar's bodyguard Was not house-trained.
2003 A. Swofford Jarhead 87 For a few years now I've been hearing funny rumors running around the Marine Corps.
c. intransitive. Of a sound: to spread or pass rapidly; to be taken up or repeated in quick succession.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > audibility > be or become audible [verb (intransitive)] > spread
runc1405
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1121 A Forest..In which ther ran a rombul in [v.r. and] a swough As thogh a storm sholde bresten euery bough.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. 283 Þe cri and þe noise ran Þrouȝ-oute þe hoste anon fro man to man.
c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1683 Hys trumpe of golde he..blew..as lowde as any thunder That euery wight hath of hit wonder So brode hyt ran.
1590 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Canticle of Victorie l. 3 What high triumphall hymne..resounds, In our archt temples faire? what noise runs longst our streets?
1645 J. Milton On Christ's Nativity: Hymn xix, in Poems 9 No voice or hideous humm Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 64 Soft whispers run along the leavy Woods. View more context for this quotation
1715 A. Pope Temple of Fame 27 And a low Murmur runs along the Field.
1791 A. Radcliffe Romance of Forest I. ii. 39 As he walked over the broken pavement, the sound of his steps ran in echoes through the place.
1856 A. P. Stanley Sinai & Palestine (1858) i. 103 There was a shout which ran down the long file of horsemen.
1888 Mrs. Notley Power of Hand I. vi. 67 A general assent ran from lip to lip.
1921 L. Colcord in E. J. O'Brien Best Short Stories 1921 (1922) 96 A distant moaning sound ran through the upper air, vague yet distinctly audible.
1945 J. Betjeman New Bats Old Belfries 39 On villa'd hill and on Sir Gilbert's spire... Long run the thunder of the bells through all!
2004 S. Augarde Various 85 A soft ripple of sound ran through the crowd.
28.
a. intransitive. Of a thought: to come suddenly into (formerly †in, †to) the mind.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > idea, notion, or concept > come to mind, occur [verb (intransitive)]
comeeOE
runOE
to come to mindOE
occur?a1500
to move to mind?a1525
to come, fall under, lie in one's cap1546
to take (a person) in the head1565
present1585
overpass1591
to come in upon a person1638
suggest1752
to come up1889
OE Seven Sleepers (Julius) (1994) 51 Þa þa he..þær gestod dreorig and swigende, þa arn him fædunga [read færunga] to geþance þæt he swiðe micelne truwan hæfde þæt his magas þagit on þære byrig leofodon.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 2577 (MED) In hir þouȝt wele it ran, On hir was biȝeten a barn.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 8536 Hyt ran hym weyl yn þoȝt Þat þe abbot [had] inspyracyun.
a1425 (a1396) R. Maidstone Paraphr. Seven Penitential Psalms (BL Add. 39574) 13 in M. Day Wheatley MS (1921) 20 (MED) Drede rennith in my thoght Þat thow wil a-wreked be.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 10308 (MED) In my mynde a-noon yt ran To calle memoyre vn-to me.
1538 tr. Erasmus Prepar. to Deathe sig. Divv Of theyr owne accorde, they shall renne into his memorie, as thinges famyliar vnto the mynd and soule.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 297 Par aventure this ranne in Phocions hedde, yt menne ought not to..put assured truste..in luckie chaunces.
1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 181 Upon the first sight thereof, it run into our imagination, that they were the Cosaques.
a1784 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherd in Sc. Wks. (1938) 187 'Twas love, not marriage, ran into her mind; She sought, she meant no more but to be kind.
1842 J. T. Irving Quod Corr. I. i. 22 It would keep running into my head, that if she were out of the way how well I could get on.
1893 E. Roberts Owen Rees xiii. 80 Well, I did not intend it, Robat, but the illustration ran into my mind.
1909 W. C. Williams Let. 10 Mar. (2009) 158 Just as soon as anything of real live interest runs into my mind I'll do my best and send the results.
1982 T. Enright tr. M. O'Guiheen Pity Youth does not Last xxii. 79 It ran into my head then that if I had this machine, I could take all those stories away with me.
2005 L. R. Blaine Wagons & Wives viii. 184 I heard this awful screaming. A thousand terrible thoughts run into my mind.
b. intransitive. Of a thought, idea, sensation, etc.: to be persistently or recurrently present in the mind or memory. Also with through.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > idea, notion, or concept > come to mind, occur [verb (intransitive)] > persistently
rollc1435
run1578
hammer1593
1578 in T. Proctor Gorgious Gallery sig. Ciiiv The foolish fansies that still run in my minde.
1602 B. Jonson Poetaster ii. i. sig. C These Courtiers runne in my minde still. View more context for this quotation
1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. iii. 74 A point that was alwayes running in my head.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 119 This Thought run long in my Head.
1725 E. Haywood Fatal Secret in Secret Hist. III. 221 The various Turns of disorder'd Emotions which run through her troubled Mind after the Departure of the Messenger.
1810 W. Scott Let. 19–20 Sept. (1932) II. 373 I have not the least doubt that several of the passages must have been running in my head.
1862 J. Tyndall Mountaineering in 1861 vi. 47 The extravagant analogies which then ran through my brain.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 288 The annoyance of having a tune, a line of poetry, or a phrase ‘running in the head’.
1916 Fortn. Rev. July 122 I wonder..if you could help me to recover a quotation which has been running in my mind for some days.
1988 E. Segal Doctors xxxiii. 502 All of this ran through his mind as they were standing at the nurses' station stoking up on caffeine.
2009 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 9 Apr. a17 Suddenly this picture started running in my mind of this being in front of my office in the Capitol.
c. intransitive. To form or be present in the mind as an impression or (esp. vague) recollection. Frequently with it and that-clause.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > remain in the mind [verb (intransitive)]
steekc1425
to ring in (or about) a person's ears1541
remaina1616
run1627
to stay with1942
1627 J. Ussher Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. cxxii. 384 This general peradventure might run in St. Hierom's memory.
1694 L. Echard in tr. Plautus Comedies Pref. sig. a 4 Notwithstanding my restless care of concealing this Gold, it strangely runs in my Head, that all the World knows of it.
1749 G. G. Beekman Let. 25 Nov. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) I. 95 It Runs in my mind that Some time past I sent you a Piece of Stript Blankits.
1798 A. J. Dallas Rep. Cases U.S. & Pennsylvania 2 356 Another says, ‘it runs in his head, that he, also, saw the prisoner there’.
1854 A. E. Baker Gloss. Northants. Words II. 189 It runs in my head that I've heard something about it.
1915 Jrnl. Abnormal Psychol. 10 12 It runs in my head now that the man [in the dream] was my father.., though I am not sure about this.
a1969 E. McK. Dirksen Educ. of Senator (1998) x. 123 It runs in my mind that the hearings they held and the testimony they took were never published.
2004 Observer (Nexis) 7 Mar. (Business section) 18 I would not go to the stake on this one but it runs in my mind that, Milanese or no, he can take or leave football.
d. intransitive. Of a person or the mind: to go back in recollection, forward in anticipation, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > memory > retrospection, reminiscence > look back, retrospect [verb (intransitive)]
to look backward?c1450
to look back1529
to look backwards1598
recoila1616
retrospect1664
run1692
revert1820
reverie1832
to think back (on or to)1901
to job backwards1907
1692 J. Washington tr. J. Milton Def. People Eng. xii. 238 You run back to William the Conqueror.
1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane Ded. I hardly have patience to run back to his having saved his own Country.
1753 E. Haywood Hist. Jemmy & Jenny Jessamy I. xiii. 138 What romances have you been reading!—we are not sure running back to the days of Oroondates and Statyra.
1822 W. Hazlitt Table-talk (1869) 2nd Ser. iv. 89 The mind..runs back to what was so..feasible at one time.
1842 Niles' National Reg. 26 Nov. 207/2 My mind ran forward to distant days, when this now almost desolate place will teem with human beings.
1899 H. S. Edwards His Def. 63 My mind ran all the way up from childhood to those happy days of ours.
1933 B. E. C. Davis Edmund Spenser i. 27 It is more than likely that his mind ran back to the friendly remonstrance of his old friend.
1968 Times 15 Aug. 7/4 My mind runs back to those searching little eye tests they used to give us in the Royal Air Force.
1995 A. Taylor Mortal Sickness vii. vi. 204 Williamson, his mind running ahead to lunch, had already turned to go.
e. intransitive. Of thoughts, the imagination, etc.: to wander or rove freely.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > inattention > mental wandering > wander in thought [verb (intransitive)]
wanderc1400
transcur1528
gad1538
rove1549
ramble1616
to go, or to be, a-wandering1700
run1801
1801 Burnisher 14 Feb. 103 For some time after, her thoughts ran in a happy strain.
1822 H. Ainslie Pilgrimage to Land of Burns 142 That frank communicative knowledge, before which, the thoughts run rompishly loose.
1898 Homestead (Des Moines, Iowa) 15 July 4/4 I permitted my imagination to run so far that I could taste the Rambo apples which once grew on some of the trees.
1937 N. B. Cuff Child Psychol. xii. 223 The child both lets his mind run and constructs situations which would be pleasing if they actually existed.
1997 L. J. Francis Personality Type & Script. ix. 45 Picture a wedding banquet that has remained particularly fixed in your memory and allow your imagination to run.
29.
a. transitive. To incur, meet with, encounter, undergo (a particular (esp. unpleasant) fate or circumstance). Cf. to run into —— 3 at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [verb (transitive)] > encounter or experience
ymetec893
findeOE
meetOE
counterc1325
overtakec1390
limp?a1400
tidea1400
runa1450
to fall with ——?c1475
onlightc1475
recounterc1485
recount1490
to come in witha1500
occur1531
to fall on ——1533
to fall upon ——1533
beshine1574
rencontre1582
entertain1591
cope with1594
happen1594
tocome1596
incur1599
forgather1600
thwart1601
to fall in1675
cross1684
to come across ——1738
to cross upon (or on)1748
to fall across ——1760
experience1786
to drop in1802
encounter1814
to come upon ——1820
to run against ——1821
to come in contact with1862
to run across ——1864
to knock or run up against1886
to knock up against1887
OE tr. Theodulf of Orleans Capitula (Bodl.) xxxiii. 369 Leohtre is þam bearnum maga swingcela to geþolianne, þonne Godes yrre on to beyrnanne [L. quam Dei iram incurrere].
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. ii. 22 Ne he eac in nænigre leasunge synne ne georn [OE Hatton bearn; L. nec falsitatis incurrebat peccatum].]
a1450 (c1409) in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 34 (MED) Ay more and more rerage we renne.
a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 49 (MED) A man..nedith norisshyng and drynkes..And yf he vse that to oft or to scarce, he rynneth debilite of siknesse.
1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue i. ii. ii. 113 That I might not..be punished as a Vagabond, and runne the censure of a wandring Rogue, I applyed my selfe to [etc.].
1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng Restored 4 The most remarkable Stone-Heng hath sadly run the same Fate.
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 211 The Compositer..runs different fortunes, either of good or bad Copy, viz. well or ill writ.
a1745 J. Swift in Wks. (1765) XIII. 326 When espous'd, he ran the fate That must attend the marry'd state.
a1822 P. B. Shelley With Guitar in Fraser's Mag. (1833) Jan. 79 Many changes have been run Since Ferdinand and you begun Your course of love.
1978 E. A. Weiss Queen & I vii. 80 If you run the misfortune of having a queenless hive, treat the hive normally while you arrange to purchase a new queen.
1989 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 13 Jan. a15 Is it that Castro..is fearful of running the same fate as Pinochet has?
2007 J. Burke & T. Humphrey tr. J. Montalvo in 19th-cent. Nation Building xi. 239 If you start by now throwing stones at Socrates, you risk running the fate of Anytus and Meletus.
b. transitive. To expose oneself, or be exposed, to (a chance, a risk, danger, etc.). See also Phrases 2d.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > endanger [verb (transitive)] > put at risk > run the risk or brave the dangers of
undergoc1315
venture1548
hazard1550
to venture on (also upon1557
run1592
dare1604
endanger?1611
risk1673
to run the venture of1723
court1930
to go nap on1959
1592 H. O. tr. V. Figueiro Spaniards Monarchie sig. C Thus desperatlie she resolueth, that seing the dice was cast, she would runne fortunes hazard.
1642 C. Vernon Considerations Excheqver 89 I was resolved..to runne all the hazards of envy.
1655 R. Fanshawe tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad vi. 133 Spying what Risk her deare Armada ran, At once with Anger, and with feare, grew wan.
1675 W. Temple Wks. (1720) II. 333 He who goes to Sea, or to War, runs a Venture.
1707 tr. M.-C. d'Aulnoy Diverting Wks. 431 The King had run a thousand Risco's since his confinement in the Cage.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 167 I had run so much Hazard.., nor had I any Mind to run any more Ventures.
1785 G. Washington Let. 22 Aug. in Papers (1994) Confederation Ser. III. 194 A Man must travel with a pair of money scales in his pocket, or run the risque of receiving gold at one fourth more by Count, than weight.
1806 H. Siddons Maid, Wife, & Widow III. vi. v. 150 I would have put myself to every inconvenience, and ran all hazards of retarding the progress of my own good fortunes.
1847 C. Brontë Jane Eyre II. ii. 22 We run a chance of being busy enough now.
1860 B. Jowett in Ess. & Rev. 392 We run a danger..of wasting time.
1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 12/3 While traveling on top of a stagecoach one ran the same chance of picking an undesirable seatmate that one runs today when riding on a railroad train.
1956 H. L. Mencken Minority Rep. 179 The danger that a soldier ran in the field was the danger of a duellist with sword in hand.
1976 Daily Mirror 16 July 2/3 The 300 British citizens left in Uganda ‘know the risks they are running, and have assessed them,’ he said.
2004 J. Weiner Little Earthquakes 356 You're getting snipped... I'm not running the risk of this happening again.
**** More generally, with reference to motion through, along, or in contact with a surface, substance, etc.
30. intransitive. To revolve or turn round on or as on an axis.In early use chiefly with round or about.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > revolve or rotate [verb (intransitive)]
wharvec888
turnOE
runOE
to turn aboutOE
to turn roundc1450
to go roundc1460
revolute1553
gyre1598
veer1605
to come about1607
circumvolve1626
circumgyre1634
to turn around1642
roll1646
revolve1660
circulate1672
twist1680
circumgyrate1683
rotate1757
gyrate1830
OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 6 Nov. 247 Ða sona þa he þære cweorna nealæhte ond þæt corn þær onlægde, þa orn seo cweorn ðurh godcunde miht.
OE Homily: Sermonem Angelorum Nomina (Corpus Cambr. 419) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 227 Ne [on þysne dæg] mylnum nis alyfed to eornenne ne on huntað to ridenne ne nan unalyfedlic weorc to wyrcenne.
a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 99 (MED) Þe whel ȝe torneþ to wo, fro wo into wele þat were, in þe ronynge rynge of þe roe þat renneþ so rounde.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 1548 (MED) Quen sa fele yeier ar wroken oute, þe mikel spere es rune aboute.
c1426 J. Audelay Poems (1931) 113 (MED) Þer is a brenyng wel, A þosand tymys an our about doþ ren.
1522 Worlde & Chylde (de Worde) (1909) sig. A.iii A newe game haue I founde Se this gynnne [sic] it renneth rounde.
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Spondilus, a wherue, whyche is a rounde thynge of stone, or wodde, or leadde, put on a spyndell to make it runne rounde.
1603 A. Willet Ecclesia Triumphans vii. 36 As the Prophet saw one wheele runne within another, so the life of the Saints should be round and currant.
1658 tr. G. della Porta Nat. Magick vii. xxxii. 206 There is made a rundle, with a Latin-navel upon a point,..that it may run round freely.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 86 I had no possible Way to make the Iron Gudgeons for the Spindle or Axis of the Wheel to run in.
1771 Encycl. Brit. III. 935/2 The balance-wheel G, whose pivot runs in the pieces A.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 509 In which case the wheel will have liberty to run.
1852 C. Tomlinson Cycl. Useful Arts (1854) I. 485/1 Hollow centres for the spindle to run in.
1906 W. W. Beaumont Motor Vehicles & Motors II. xxxiv. 567 The front wheels run on pivoted axles.
1958 Times Rev. Industry Aug. 32/1 The spindle..runs in pre-loaded taper roller bearings.
2002 P. D. Jeans Bodger (2003) xix. 190 I..put some oil into each of the wheels until they were running smoothly again.
31.
a.
(a) intransitive. Of an object (esp. a weapon) with a point or sharp edge: to pass easily and quickly through something, to a certain point, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > strike with sharp weapon [verb (intransitive)] > of weapon: penetrate
runc1330
sinkc1330
seize1590
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) v. 220 Þæt swurd þe ðæra cildra lima ðurharn becom to þæra moddra heortan.]
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 3459 (MED) A dint he ȝaf him so hard, Þe launce ran þe brini þurth.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 4557 (MED) As liȝtliche as hit had ibeo wax, ran þe strok þanne of ys ax Chayne & tre þorȝoute.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 16838 (MED) A spere..Thoru his side vnrekenli apon his herte it rane.
c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 2793 The rosselde spere to his herte rynnes.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 31 (MED) Thise nayles so thay ryn Thoro..Thise bordis ichon.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) viii. 21 [He] strake hym..with such force that the spere ran throw parte of hys body.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iii. ii. 172 Looke, in this place ran Cassius Dagger through. View more context for this quotation
1648 A. Burgess True Doctr. Justif. iii. 22 When Saul was angry with Ionathan, and run a Javelin at him, he escaped, and that run into the wall.
1703 J. Shirley tr. J. Fernández Honour of Chivalry I. xlii. 183 The furious Sword ran through his right Side.
1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ at Run The hunting spears run into, or pierce the bears, venabula intrant ursos.
1854 J. E. Cooke Virginia Comedians I. xlvii. 254 It is calculated to displease a man to have a good short sword run through his midriff.
1882 T. D. Sullivan Poems 182 Ere he touched the bloody ground Saxon spears ran redly through him.
1907 J. B. Cabell Gallantry 236 His foot stamped as his sword ran deep into Cazaio's belly.
1962 S. Wynter Hills of Hebron xvi. 195 A nail ran through her foot and she paid no attention to the wound.
2006 T. D'Souza Whiteman 49 The blade ran through it as if it were a cheese rind. Yes, the machete was sharp.
(b) intransitive. figurative. Of a sensation, emotion, etc. Cf. sense 27a.
ΚΠ
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 324 (MED) Thilke firy Dart Of love..Thurgh him into the herte renneth.
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 214 No likerous lust was thurgh hire herte yronne.
a1500 tr. R. Rolle Mending of Life (Worcester) 54 (MED) Other seyn and best seyn that contemplacioun is a joie renne thurgh a mannes herte.
a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) viii. l. 4884 This [sc. an arrow] is ane off my ladyis pynnys; Hyr amowris thus till my hart rynnys.
a1631 J. Donne Poems (1650) 91 Straight her beauty to my sense shall runne.
1697 C. Hopkins Boadicea iii. i. 32 Your looks and words run through me, and I feel Something fore-boding some unheard of ill.
1804 Boston Weekly Mag. 1 Dec. 21/1 A cold chill ran to her heart.
1850 T. W. Allies See of St. Peter vii. 153 There is one point which runs right into the heart of him who is charged with the care of souls, and day by day leaves its sting there.
1907 A. Blackwood Listener 339 His voice and his words ran through me like a knife, and I felt ready to drop.
1982 D. Langford Space Eater xxx. 300 A fine needle of pain ran into a finger of mine that was curled up safe in my fist.
2006 A. M. Libby Blood Confession 173 The sight of it ran through me like a spear.
b. transitive (reflexive). To thrust oneself on or upon a sword, spear, sharp point, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > [verb (reflexive)]
runa1400
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 7770 (MED) Þan drogh saul self his suord And ran him-self a-pon þe ord [Trin. Cambr. ran euen vp on þe ord].
1592 A. Munday tr. E. de Maisonneufve Gerileon of Englande: 2nd Pt. xxiii. sig. Bb3 Hee ranne himselfe vppon his owne sword.
a1652 A. Wilson Hist. Great Brit. (1653) 258 As a sad Catastrophe to all his Miseries, he ran himself upon his Sword.
1687 A. Behn Amours Philander & Silvia 255 He was readier, from his own natural sweetness of Disposition to run himself upon his own Sword.
1700 G. Booth tr. Diodorus Siculus Hist. Libr. Suppl. 790 Some..say, that he set the end of the Spear against the Wall, and attempted to run himself upon the point.
1819 J. W. Croker tr. Mem. Embassy Marshall de Bassompierre 73 Having finished this melancholy elegy, he ran himself upon his sword, and died on the spot!
1876 ‘P. Peppergrass’ Spaewife (new ed.) xi. 164 Dashing forward, as if he would run himself on his adversary's point.
1911 A. A. Locke Seymour Family (1914) iv. 89 These [verses] he sent to her and then ran himself upon his sword.
2007 M. Mirley Closing Helix iii. v. 232 ‘I shall run myself on my sword if they don't,’ he had said.
c. transitive. To stab or pierce (a person). Usually with through (also in, †into, †to) and an indication of the part of the body affected. Cf. to run through 1 at Phrasal verbs 1.In quot. 1599 figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > wound > wound with sharp weapon
woundc760
stickOE
snese?c1225
stokea1300
steekc1300
bearc1330
stangc1340
chop1362
broach1377
foinc1380
strikec1390
borea1400
dag?a1400
gorea1400
gridea1400
staira1400
through-girdc1405
thrustc1410
runc1425
to run throughc1425
traversec1425
spitc1430
through-seeka1500
stitch1527
falchiona1529
stab1530
to stab (a person) in1530
stob?1530
rutc1540
rove?c1550
push1551
foxa1566
stoga1572
poniard1593
dirk1599
bestab1600
poach1602
stiletto1613
stocka1640
inrun1653
stoccado1677
dagger1694
whip1699
bayonetc1700
tomahawk1711
stug1722
chiv1725
kittle1786
sabre1790
halberd1825
jab1825
skewer1837
sword1863
poke1866
spear1869
whinger1892
pig-stick1902
shiv1926
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > cut or penetrate (of weapon) [verb (transitive)] > strike with pointed weapon
prickOE
pritchOE
snese?c1225
threstc1275
stokea1300
bearc1330
stangc1340
broach1377
foinc1380
borea1400
dag?a1400
gorea1400
gridea1400
slot?a1400
staira1400
through-girdc1405
thrustc1410
runc1425
to run throughc1425
traversec1425
spitc1430
through-seeka1500
to run in1509
stab1530
to stab (a person) in1530
accloy1543
push1551
stoga1572
poacha1616
stocka1640
stoccado1677
stug1722
kittle1820
skewer1837
pitchfork1854
poke1866
chib1973
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. 2502 (MED) Cruel Pirrus ran hym to þe herte.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lix. 205 He ranne hym clene throw the body with his spere.
1599 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet ii. iii. 13 He is alreadie dead.., runne through the eare with a loue song. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) ii. i. 62 Ile run him vp to the hilts, as I am a soldier. View more context for this quotation
c1670 A. Wood Life (1848) 27 Col. Greaves escaped very narrowly, being run into the body.
1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 475. ¶1 The next Morning he received a Challenge..and before Twelve a Clock was run through the Body.
1770 H. Brooke Fool of Quality V. xvii. 166 One of the ruffians..came behind and ran me through the back.
1809 J. Roland Amateur of Fencing 114 With as great propriety you might run him through the body before he is on the position of the guard.
1890 Sat. Rev. 23 Aug. 227/1 Ormonde..ran two of the cowards through the body.
1921 J. Farnol Martin Conisby's Vengeance xxviii. 256 More by good fortune than skill I ran him in the arm and shoulder.
1984 D. Eddings Castle of Wizardry x. 139 Of course I didn't kill him. All I did was run him through the leg.
2002 R. Cohen By Sword (2003) vi. 129 The ball [i.e. bullet] missed, and McBane ran him through the buttocks.
d. transitive. To thrust or force (a weapon, sharp point, etc.) through or into (also in) a solid object, a person's body, etc. Also with adverb.In early use also (occasionally) without construction: †to make a thrust with (a weapon) (obsolete)
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impelling or driving > pushing and pulling > push and pull [verb (transitive)] > push > cause to penetrate by pushing
thrusta1400
runc1485
job1573
sock1843
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Knychthede (1993) ii. 12 To ryn a spere, to excercis wapnis, and othir habiliteis of honour quhilk appertenis to nobless.
c1500 Lyfe Roberte Deuyll 463 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 237 So throughe one of theyr bodyes hys sworde [he] dyd runne.
1595 T. Playfere Most Excellent Serm. 23. Chapter Luke sig. B8 The diuell runneth his hornes into Christ his crosse, and there they stick fast.
a1600 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 232 He that ran the speir best, he gat ane speir..deliuerit in to him witht gilt harnis.
1648 Mercurius Pragmaticus No. 31. sig. Xx4 One runn his sword through the wynts of the doore up to the hilts.
1674 J. Wright Mock-Thyestes in tr. Seneca Thyestes 99 Faith I'le run this Pin i' your bum.
1734 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. II. 198 He drew out his dagger, and run it into the thigh of the beast.
1786 R. Burns Poems 34 She'll..rin her whittle to the hilt, I' th' first she meets!
1820 W. Scott Monastery III. xii. 342 If you had run a poniard into him.
1892 A. Oldfield Pract. Man. Typogr. xxi. 160 To do this, run four pins from the back of the tympan right through.
1902 Dial. Notes 2 244 To run a needle or brier in the finger.
1924 L. Clifford Eve's Lover 83 ‘Oh, no, Percy,’ she exclaimed, and nearly ran the hatpin into her head.
1958 P. Gibbs Curtains of Yesterday 14 While this damn cathedral was being built men were..running cold steel into one another's bellies.
2006 M. Frazer Play of Knaves xix. 239 While he lay there on his back,..whoever it was ran a dagger through his throat at the base.
32.
a. intransitive. To slide, slip, or move easily or freely; to allow of being moved in this way. Also figurative.Generally with reference to the movement of an object which is restricted in some way, as by being confined to a particular track or groove, threaded along a rope, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > move progressively in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > easily or freely
slidec1374
runc1400
rolla1500
slip1680
lapse1798
shimmer1904
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 857 Rudelez rennande on ropez.
c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §2. 4 This ring rennyth in A Maner turet, fast to the Moder of thyn Astrelabie, in so Rowm a space þat hit desturbith nat the instrument to hangen aftur his rihte centre.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 91 Where the two bokettys henge by one corde rennyng thurgh one polley.
1538 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 227 For..ane slot to the kingis chalmer dure rynand on ane plait with thre stapillis.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum at Knot Knotte whiche runneth to, called a rydynge knotte, capulum.
1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 605 To shoot the boords together..that one might runne within another.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 170 A Basket which they let down by a Rope that runs in a Pully.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. x. 415 The sails are of matt..; they run upon the mast with hoops.
1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle II. 684 In a whim gin the ropes run upon two wheel pullies over the shaft.
1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 666/1 These variations will be more frequent..when the ball runs very loose in the piece.
1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia II. viii. iv. 325 Actual neck-halter, but it seems to have been tarry, and did not run.
1889 ‘Mrs. Alexander’ Crooked Path II. x. 280 Life ran smoothly in its ordinary grooves.
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 679/1 The sharp edge of the needle ran in the middle of the spiral groove when the cylinder was rotated.
1936 Mariner's Mirror 22 17 Loops of slighter rope..attached at intervals to sixteen horn rings threaded and running on the head-rope.
1971 C. J. White Introd. Coal Mining Industry v. 40 Some [coal conveyors] consist of endless chains or steel bands, running in a framework of steel girders.
1993 Independent on Sunday 4 Apr. 8/6 The rope runs through a metal snaplink..at the top of the wall.
b. transitive. To cause (an object) to slide, slip, or move easily or freely. Also figurative.
ΚΠ
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 294 He Runs the Carriage under the Plattin..Then he Runs in the Carriage again... Then he Runs out the Carriage.
1765 Museum Rusticum 3 242 The poles thus prepared, the handfuls of teazels must be put on them, by running the small end through the handful.
1861 Temple Bar 1 475 It was not possible..to stifle thought, or run it in governmental grooves.
1879 Man. Siege & Garrison Artillery Exercises 254 To fill the cylinder with oil, run the carriage up to the stops.
1906 Blackwood's Mag. Apr. 533/2 Running a pull-through down the barrel of his rifle.
1922 G. W. Ogden Bondboy ix. 160 She got up and closed it gently, and ran up the window-blind and opened the window-sash.
1978 P. McCutchan Blackmail North xv. 155 The descent gear was laid out, the wire-cable ladder pushed over the lip of the pothole and run down.
2000 D. Adebayo My Once upon Time (2001) iv. 86 I parked my car up in the guest car park, ran my key card through a groove, and went in through the main doors.
c. transitive. spec. To hoist up, draw down, etc. (a sail, flag, or curtain).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > insignia > standard > [verb (transitive)] > fly or hoist flags, etc.
stretchc1400
to put outa1450
show1488
wear1558
to set out1573
to set up1585
to put abroad1625
fly1655
hoist1697
rehoist1765
run1815
1815 P. M. Freneau Coll. Poems Amer. Affairs I. 90 We ran up the colors to liberty true, And gave them a shot, with a tow-row-dow.
1837 F. Chamier Arethusa III. xii. 324 The felucca ran up some square sails, and once more tried to escape before the wind.
1866 F. Moore Women of War 55 National colors were run down the flag-mast at Fort Sumter.
1891 Eng. Illustr. Mag. Oct. 69 Studding sails were run aloft.
1926 ‘N. Shute’ Marazan iv. 104 I took off the balloon foresail and ran up the staysail in its place.
1964 Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 21 May (1970) 143 They had already provided a flag pole and we ran up the flag while they all gave the Pledge of Allegiance.
1997 J. P. Walsh Serpentine Cave (1998) 133 Matthew, having dropped anchor by the pot lines, and run up the mizzen sail to head them up into the wind, stood by.
2009 Belfast Newslet. (Nexis) 10 Apr. The flag of 3 Commando Brigade was run down..at the British headquarters in Lashkar Gah.
d. transitive. Theatre. To move (a flat or other piece of scenery) on, off, etc., typically by sliding it along a groove or on wheels.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > the staging of a theatrical production > stage [verb (transitive)] > arrange or move scenery
set1781
run1831
1831 J. Boaden Life Mrs. Jordan I. ix. 201 English play and farce, demanding a constant succession of scenes called flats, run on suddenly for the frequent changes of place.
1889 N.Y. Tribune 14 July 10/5 Nearly all scenes..are mounted on wheels which enable them to be easily moved upon the stage, hence the compound verbs ‘run-on’ and ‘run-off’, which are in universal use in the theatre. The word ‘move’ is scarcely ever heard.
1921 G. C. D. Odell Shakespeare from Betterton to Irving I. iv. 109 The second scene is ‘Ambrosio's House’, and may with equal certainty be attributed to a second ‘flat’ scene run in, on the second groove, behind the first.
1997 D. Bond Stage Managem. (ed. 2) 148/2 Watch your top, instruction to stagehand when running a flat to avoid overhead obstacles such as lines, cables etc.
33. † b. transitive. To drive by violent impact. Obsolete. rare.
a.
(a) transitive. To thrust, push; esp. to push violently or forcibly in a specified direction, to drive, dash. Chiefly with against, into, or through.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impelling or driving > impel or drive [verb (transitive)] > forcibly
chase1340
rushc1384
runa1425
swingc1540
hurricano1702
barge1903
zap1967
the world > movement > impact > impinge upon [verb (transitive)] > cause to impinge > forcibly or violently
knocka1340
runa1425
rap1440
jowlc1470
dauda1572
sousea1593
bedash1609
bob1612
hit1639
bump1673
bebump1694
boup1715
bonk1929
prang1952
the world > movement > impelling or driving > pushing and pulling > push and pull [verb (transitive)] > push > with force or violence
thrustc1175
thrutchc1275
thringa1300
threstc1300
stetec1330
chok?a1400
runa1425
chop1562
tilt1582
jam1836
swag1958
a1425 (a1399) Forme of Cury (BL Add.) 195 in C. B. Hieatt & S. Butler Curye on Inglysch (1985) 142 Take fyges iquarterid, raysouns hool, dates and almaundes hoole, and ryne hem on a spyt and roost hem.
a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 37 Take fyggus quartle, and raysyns, þo Hole dates, almondes, rine hom also On broche of irne.
1589 G. Gifford Eight Serm. v. f. 90 They striue and indeuour against God, no wiselier, then if one should run his head against a thicke wall of brasse to breake through it.
1667 S. Pepys Diary 23 Sept. (1974) VIII. 446 The glass was so clear that she thought it had been open, and so run her head through the glass.
1691 Arraignm., Trials, & Condemnation Sir R. Grahme 93 The Captain run his Hands into his Coat-Pockets, to feel for Papers, as I suppose.
1700 T. Brown Amusem. Serious & Comical iii. 21 There a Fat Greasie Porter, runs a Trunk full Butt upon you.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 268. ⁋6 I..chanced to run my Nose directly against a Post.
1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants 19 The House-maid may put out her Candle by running it against a Looking-glass.
1821 Sporting Mag. 8 233 He..run his napper against a stone wall.
1884 Times 18 Jan. 6/1 In the struggle..one of the constables ran his head through a pane of glass in the door.
1903 A. A. King in C. V. DeLand Hist. Jackson County xiv. 225/2 The turkey ran his head into a brush heap and supposed he was safe.
?a1958 F. B. Farris From Rattlesnakes to Road Agents (1985) 41 As they jumped over a brush fence he ran his ramrod into Westfall's eye.
2006 J. L. Burke Pegasus Descending (2007) xviii. 321 I ran Lefty Raguza's head into the corner of the pool table.
(b) transitive. In various figurative contexts with reference to driving one's head against or into something. Esp. with reference to repeated and fruitless effort, or to exposing oneself to danger or trouble.In quot. 1523 as part of an extended metaphor suggesting conspiracy.to run one's neck in a noose: see noose n. 2b.
ΚΠ
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxv. f. 56/2 They began to murmure and began to ron togyder thre heedes in one hood [Fr. mettre trois testes en vng chapperon].
1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 527 He went in a geere in fury, and in a vaine ambition to runne his head against a wall.
1589 J. Lyly Pappe with Hatchet D iij b All the desperate & discontented persons were readie to runne their heads against their head.
1620 I. C. Two Merry Milke-maids i. ii. sig. C1v I knew not what to doe, vnlesse I shud run my head into a commoditie of Hempe, and that I must take vp at the Gallowes too.
1786 J. Wesley Let. 8 Aug. (1931) VII. 339 I do not take it kindly that he should run his head against me.
1866 Bankers' Mag. May 530 Many dangers of individual judgment in business matters are avoided; the ship-building company at all times avoiding to run its head against a wall.
1868 A. Bowman Young Nile-voyagers xvii. 192 He's one of a sort given to run their heads into trouble when they need to be cool.
1912 Mrs. R. Fedden Sign ii. 12 Jaume's not the man to let a stranger run his head into danger.
1986 Economist (Nexis) 29 Nov. 54 Local reforms will quickly run their heads against the wall if the central government does not make some countrywide changes.
1999 K. Sedley St. John's Fern (2002) xii. 140 If you do run your head into trouble, they'll protect you.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impelling or driving > impel or drive [verb (transitive)] > by impact or force > violent
runc1515
bang1877
wham1925
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cix. 372 It ranne vnder the water .iii. or .iiii. of the other old shippes.
34.
a. intransitive. Of a plant: to spread in a creeping or climbing manner, esp. rapidly or excessively; (also) to send out runners.In quot. c1425 of a representation of a plant.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > grow in a specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > climb, creep, or spread
spreadc1300
runc1425
creep1530
ramp1578
clamber1601
couch1601
crawl1637
gad1638
climb1796
ramble1858
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxix. 366 Ða heht he him beresæd bringan, gif wen wære, þæt þæt wexan wolde..oþþe willa wæs ðæs uplican gifendes, ðæt ðæs wæstmes eard þær wære upp eornende [L. ut illius frugis ibi potius seges oriretur].]
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 656 (MED) Þe riche kaxenyng, þe lusty tablementis, Vynnettis rennynge in þe casementis..To rekne hem alle I haue as now no tyme.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) v. l. 30 (MED) As the graffe vpspryngyng gynneth renne, The molde aboute his stokke & hym vpgrowe Wel vp ouer the graffryng stede.
c1450 Mandeville's Trav. (Coventry) (1973) l. 1889 (MED) On þe trees hit renneth vp there Wilde vynes as though it were, And such beries bere he As growen here on an yve tre.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Salicastrum, a kynde of wylde vyne runnyng vpon willow trees.
1568 W. Turner Herbal iii. 2 The herbe groweth about ditches..and rinneth after the maner of a vyne alonge.
1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. iv. 77 Indian Cress... Either that..bearing a spike of small white flowers: or that which hath a large bell flower, the plant running along the ground.
1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 31 It runs upon the Ground, after the manner of Ground-Ivy.
1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. i. 10 The ivy and the briony..ran mantling among the broken capitals of some columns.
1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 96/1 There is a kind [of ivy] which never runs or creeps upon other plants.
1860 Cultivator Oct. 322/2 The [strawberry] plants have run and covered the ground, but have been taken out where they were too thick.
1928 A. Stringer Woman at Dusk 106 Wounds may be left to silence and to time, And over buried wrong the ivy runs.
2003 C. Harstad Got Shade? 134 In a site with consistent moisture, strawberry species will run and flower freely.
b. intransitive. Of a plant: to shoot up or grow quickly or excessively; to bolt. Cf. to run up 1a at Phrasal verbs 1. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > grow or vegetate [verb (intransitive)] > grow abnormally or unseasonably
spirt1584
boll1601
sprout1675
run1725
button1767
bolt1889
to set to seed1897
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at July For if the first [cauliflowers] run, they will not be quite unfit for Use.
1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. i. Add. 17 As soon as the turnips or ruta baga begin to run or shoot in spring.
1876 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 8 Aug. 88/2 The autumn planting of Cabbages from seed sown in July is regarded with suspicion by many cottagers, the fear being that the plants will ‘run’.
1907 Garden 13 July 338/3 Special attention is paid to..the culture of the best sorts that do not run or bolt with rapid changes of weather.
35.
a. intransitive. Of the eye: to glance, look quickly. Of a person: to give a rapid glance (with the eye); to scan. Cf. to run over —— 2b at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (intransitive)] > glance or look quickly
glent1303
gliffc1330
gleam1340
blenka1375
keekc1405
glidec1425
gliffen1489
runa1500
glish1570
glance1582
to glance one's eye, look1590
blink1592
squint1610
reflect1611
teet1710
glisk1720
glint1888
a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 103 Sothly, whos applis [i.e. pupils] now wrappen and rynneth, now theder and theder.
1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie v. 26/2 Our eyes runne heere and there, vp and downe, wee bee at our wittes ende.
1611 Bible (King James) 2 Chron. xvi. 9 The eyes of the Lord run to and fro throughout the whole earth. View more context for this quotation
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. ii. vi. 66 Run with your Eye along the Parallel Lines.
1757 E. Burke Philos. Enq. Sublime & Beautiful iv. xiii. 140 When we look at a naked wall,..the eye runs along its whole space, and arrives quickly at its termination.
1878 Scribner's Monthly 15 800/2 She ran down the first page of her letter.
1890 W. C. Russell Ocean Trag. II. 248 His eye swiftly ran from line to line.
1938 R. Graves Coll. Poems iv. 154 This plate retells the history Whenever an eye runs in that direction.
1983 D. Nevin Dream West iv. 326 Quickly he ran down the page and turned it.
2004 S. Coote Napoleon & Hundred Days i. 8 The glittering eyes ran quickly down the page and fastened on the word ‘Allies’.
b. transitive. To cast or pass (the eye, one's gaze, etc.) rapidly along, down, over, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > scan or look over > of the eye
run1664
glide1822
1664 S. Blake Compl. Gardeners Pract. 110 I have run my eye over Culpeppers Physician and other Herbals, and I found that the name and description of this herb was not there.
1712 I. Newton Let. 22 Apr. in Corr. (1975) V. 273 I have run my eye over the two proof sheets & approve your corrections.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Printing By running his Eye along both, he easily spies where Corrections are to be made.
1775 C. Johnston Pilgrim 253 Having ran his eye over the letter, he desired my friend to stay there.
1828 Examiner 37/1 The reader runs his eye down a couple of columns.
1890 W. C. Russell Ocean Trag. I. iii. 53 I..caught myself running my glance round.
1941 ‘N. Blake’ Case of Abominable Snowman xv. 165 He had entered the pantry just after four o'clock, to run his eye over the tea-tray.
2001 K. Lette Nip 'n' Tuck 24 My sister..ran her critical eyes the length of my body.
36. intransitive. To come into or pass through the hands (literal and figurative) of a person, animal, or organization.
ΚΠ
1577 M. Hanmer tr. Socrates Scholasticus ii. xxv, in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 277 Yet were there no threats or cruelty that coulde recouer the thinges once blased abroad, because they had runne through many hands.
1639 R. Ward Animadversions of Warre i. xliv. 107 It is an Office of great importance, and diversity of things runne through his hands.
1691 tr. Present State Europe Feb. 67 Neither is it requisite that their Contributions should run through many hands.
1721 R. Bradley Philos. Acct. Wks. Nature 175 Being Subject..to have the Benefit run only into a few Hands.
1785 W. Henry Let. 25 Mar. in Pennsylvania Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1907) 31 502 Your French pamphlet..has run through a number of able hands.
1871 H. Smart Cecile I. iv. 72 He was now high in his office,..with considerable patronage, more or less indirectly, running through his hands.
1903 Sandusky (Ohio) Evening Star 20 Feb. 3/5 Fred Frey was [i.e. played] a young doctor..looking for victims and by chance a fellow called Pimbuffel ran into his hands.
1914 Current Opinion Apr. 295/2 By the time that ‘The Black Arrow’..had run through Mr. McClure's hands, he [sc. R. L. Stevenson] was becoming an international figure.
1974 F. D. Homer Guns & Garlic (1975) iv. 103 Joe Valachi's activities show that a lot of money ran through his hands.
2001 Evening Standard (Nexis) 18 Dec. 15 24 per cent [of the money] runs through the hands of two firms.
37.
a. intransitive. Originally: †to fray (obsolete). Later: (of fabric, a stitch, etc.) to unravel, come undone; (of a stocking, tights, etc.) to ladder.Apparently Scottish in early use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or detachment > loosening or unfastening > be loosened, unfastened, or undone [verb (intransitive)] > become untwisted or unravelled
feazea1577
untwind1592
untwine1592
to weave out1641
run1642
unravel1815
disentwine1875
1642 in W. Mure Select. Family Papers Caldwell (1854) I. 94 Taffata sarsenet, such as will not run & scatter in the threads for thinnes.
1759 Let. 20 Feb. in Brit. Linen Co. (Sc. Hist. Soc.) (1996) ii. 109 To prevent the thin goods being run at the bleaching or as you [in England] call it frayed.
1874 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 22 897 By this means a firmly made fabric is produced, for if there were no traverse, then on the breakage of any of the threads the work would run or untwist.
1916 Petersburg (Va.) Daily Progress 12 Oct. 8/6 (advt.) Garter top of lisle, guaranteed not to run.
1960 E. P. Begner Son & Heir ii. ix. 164 One garter had come off her girdle, three stockings had run in succession after she put them on, [etc.].
1988 Miss B Burda Summer 35/2 To prevent the stitches running, brush them with colourless nail polish.
2004 T. Mirvis Outside World (2005) i. 15 God..caused her to trip. He caused her stockings to run.
b. intransitive. Of bark: to peel off easily from a tree. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > become uncovered [verb (intransitive)] > be lost as an outer layer > be lost as skin, husk, or bark > of bark: to strip easily
run1731
slip1788
1731 D. Eaton Let. 2 May (1971) 135 We shall view the saplins at Oakly Wood on Wednesday and have the sale day on Saturday, bycause the bark runns very well.
1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 26 These trees..were winter-cut..before the bark would run.
1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 1096 Where the wood is to be barked,..the beginning of May may be the most proper, as it will then generally run the best.
1861 Amer. Agriculturist July 194/3 Hemlock and oak bark will ‘run’ during most of July, and may be peeled at any time unoccupied by other labor.
1906 Gardeners' Chron. 1 Dec. 367/1 Every stem can be grafted, whether the bark will ‘run’ or not.
1950 Brit. Agric. Bull. 3 104/1 A straight, clean stock stem,..the bark of which runs easily when the bud is inserted.
38.
a. transitive. To pass (something) over, through, under, etc., esp. lightly.
ΚΠ
1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery ix. 102 Run a red-hot Fire-shovel over it, to brown it.
1775 G. Stuart tr. J. L. de Lolme Constit. Eng. ii. xvii. 233 He..ran the edge of his hand, with great quickness, along his neck.
1842 S. Lover Handy Andy x. 99 He ran his fingers through his Macassar-oiled ringlets.
1860 Sci. Amer. 14 Apr. 243/2 We take the red staff with water paint on it, and run it over the face of the stone.
1890 Chambers's Jrnl. 1 Nov. 694/2 Running the fingers along the keys of a piano.
1910 Cosmopolitan Jan. 239/1 The young man..ran his dry tongue along his lips.
1971 A. MacLean Bear Island (1972) x. 224 I ran the beam of the torch over the paint locker.
1981 Cook's Mag. Jan. 52/2 Cut away the unwanted sections by running the knife under them.
2000 P. Vincent Mountain Bike Maintenance 21/1 Run a screwdriver through the gaps in the brake blocks to remove small stones.
b. transitive. With the implication of cleaning, tidying, etc., in a hurried or cursory manner.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > move or cause to move progressively in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > cause to move along easily
slidec1537
run1846
1846 Punch 11 54/2 To run a comb through his hair to restore the ‘parting’.
1867 Atlantic Monthly Feb. 157/2 I'll only take time to run a comb through my hair, and then back again.
1902 A. Henry Island Cabin (1904) vi. 124 ‘I thought you scrubbed it [sc. the cabin] every day.’ ‘I just run a mop over it.’
1948 A. Christie Taken at Flood i. xvi. 95 I know service isn't up to much nowadays—but I still think they run a mop under the furniture.
1975 W. J. Burley Wycliffe & Pea-Green Boat viii. 115 I cook a meal for him occasionally and I run a vacuum over the place.
1987 M. Dorris Yellow Raft in Blue Water (1988) xiii. 226 Aren't you going to run a brush though your hair.
2004 Newcastle (New S. Wales) Herald (Nexis) 9 July 67 You see them at the marina, sipping chardonnay..while they cheerily run a chamois over their gleaming pride and joy.
c. intransitive. Esp. with over. To go over a surface (with a brush, mop, etc.).
ΚΠ
1873 Eng. Mechanic 10 Jan. 405/3 It is..necessary to run over the centre of the sheet with a wet sponge at intervals.
1908 Success with Poultry (ed. 6) 45/1 It is advisable..after spraying your house to run across it with a brush smoothing it up.
1969 Guardian 17 July 11/5 When you've..hoovered the landing..you could just run over Mr Neville's carpet.
1997 What's New in Building (Nexis) Dec. 7 The cleaners just run over the floor with a damp mop to bring it back to prime condition.
39. intransitive. Of a drill or other boring tool: to swerve or deviate out of true. Of a hole made by such a tool: to be deformed as a result of such deviation.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > change of direction of movement > change direction of movement [verb (intransitive)] > diverge from course > specifically of things
wryc1374
awry1604
run1846
tangent1920
1846 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. II. 549 The single chamfered drill..is also more disposed of the two, to swerve or run from its intended position.
1894 M. Merriman & H. S. Jacoby Text-bk. Roofs & Bridges III. xi. 299 The drill may ‘run’ or get out of place.
1908 F. H. Colvin & F. A. Stanley Amer. Machinists' Handbk. (1909) 51 The straightway or Farmers drill..is less likely to run than the twist-drill.
1922 H. D. Burghardt Machine Tool Operation II. 38 If..a hard spot or a blowhole is encountered..the hole is likely to ‘run’.
1963 Gen. Engin. Workshop Pract. (ed. 3) 63/2 The small holes cannot be drilled actually touching each other, as the drill would be likely to run from one hole to the next.
40. transitive. To check (a net, trap, etc.) for captured animals.
ΚΠ
1872 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 16 198 The boats used in the salmon-fishery are large ‘sampa’ for running the nets.
1880 Harper's Mag. May 855/2 The boatman..turns directly back and runs the net—passing the cork line through the hands—readily detecting the presence of the fish.
1921 Hunter Trader Trapper Jan. 122/2 The next morning before school I would run the traps and often did this until way late in the winter. One winter I caught 28 mink, several dozen skunks and several hundred muskrats.
1967 Boys' Life July 50/3 We saw Indians running nets they had set for sturgeon.
2004 J. Varley Red Thunder x. 91 He would take them out on the water to run the trotlines and crawdad traps.
II. To (cause to) flow, and related senses.
* With reference to liquids.† 45. intransitive. Of a container: to allow liquid to escape; to leak; to overflow. Obsolete.More commonly with out or over: see to run out 1b at Phrasal verbs 1, to run over 1b at Phrasal verbs 1.† 48. transitive. Scottish. To allow (liquid) to flow from a container, generally in order to sell it; esp. to draw (ale, wine, etc.). Cf. runner n.1 29. Obsolete.
41.
a. intransitive †Of a liquid: to coagulate, solidify (obsolete). Esp. of milk: to curdle, to form curds. Cf. to run together 2a at Phrasal verbs 1 and also run adj. 8. Now rare (chiefly regional in later use). Sc. National Dict. (at Rin) records the sense ‘(of milk) to curdle’ as still in use in the Northern Isles in 1968. Cf. also yearn v.2, earn v.3 (apparent reflexes of the Old English metathesized form) still current in regional use (chiefly northern and Scots).In Old English chiefly as (prefixed) past participle. It is unclear whether the prefixed past participle forms gerunnen, geurnen (compare quots. eOE1, eOE2) represent the prefixed or the unprefixed verb, i.e. run v. or yern v., as formally they may belong to either.In quot. lOE figurative, although the precise meaning is unclear.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [verb (intransitive)] > curdle or become curdled
runeOE
loppera1300
curda1398
to run togethera1398
quaila1425
trout1483
lop1570
turn1577
quar1578
curdle1586
caille1601
to set together1608
set1736
whig1756
shill1876
clabber1880
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > be thick enough to retain form [verb (intransitive)] > coagulate
runeOE
curda1382
congealc1400
clotterc1405
clodder1499
cludder1540
yearna1568
quar1578
curdle1586
clot1591
coagulate1600
clod1639
concoagulate1666
earn1670
set1736
keech1863
eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) cxviii. 70 Coagulatum est sicut lac cor eorum : gerunnen is swe swe milc heorte heara.
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xxx. 230 Swa lange seoð [betan] on cetele & wylle oþ þæt hio sie eal tosoden & þicge geurnen.
lOE Canterbury Psalter lxvii. 16 Mons coagulatus mons pinguis : dun gerenned uel runnen dun fett.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. vii. 150 Blood..anon as it is out of þe body, anon it renneþ and turneþ to cluddes.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 65v Talouȝ renneþ anon when it is take out of þe body and Iset in colde aier.
a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 15 (MED) Take thykke mylke of almondes clere..Do hit soþenne in a canvas þenne, In soþun gar hit on hepe to renne.
1588 B. Dowe Dairie Bk. Good Huswiues sig. B, in T. Kyd tr. T. Tasso Housholders Philos. (new ed.) When the Milke is wel run, then breake your Curds, and with a boledish speedily withdraw the whey from the Curdes.
1614 T. Adams Diuells Banket vi. 324 If you put a drop thereof into milke, it runneth to curdes!
1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. vi. 177 It will run into Lumps, and curdle like Yolks of Eggs.
?1760 M. Bradley Brit. Housewife 430 Mix in the Egg with this, and stir it carefully else it will run to Curds.
1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. at Yyrne Milk is still said to rin..when it breaks and forms into knots, in making of pottage, puddings, &c.
1861 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 22 i. 49 The temperature at which the milk is ‘set’, or ‘run’, as it is called in Gloucestershire.
1888 S. O. Addy Gloss. Words Sheffield 195 When milk is put into a saucepan over a fire and it curdles it is said to run.
b. transitive. To cause (milk, etc.) to coagulate or curdle. Also with together. Formerly also: †to make (cheese) from milk in this way (obsolete).Cf. also yearn v.2, earn v.3 (apparent reflexes of the Old English metathesized form) still current in regional use (chiefly northern and Scots).In quot. lOE figurative, although the precise meaning is unclear.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > give consistency to [verb (transitive)] > coagulate
thickc1000
runlOE
quaila1398
congealc1400
curd?a1425
thickenc1425
coagulec1550
clumper1562
curdle1585
clutter1601
quarl1607
coagulate1611
posseta1616
sam1615
concrete1635
earn1670
clotter1700
cotter1781
OE Lacnunga (2001) I. xlii. 24 Seoð ealle ða in meolce, & hwilum þa meolc geren mid cysbybbe [read cyslybbe], & ðige hy.]
lOE Canterbury Psalter lxvii. 16 Mons coagulatus mons pinguis : dun gerenned uel runnen dun fett.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 111v Saturnus with his coolnesse & drinesse renneþ þe matiere þat is conceyued in þe modir & makeþ it þicke.
a1450 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) xvii. cxxxviii Suche humoure is strongeliche ifastened & ronne bi vertu and myȝt of hete.
a1592 R. Greene Frier Bacon (1594) sig. A4 She turnd her smocke ouer her Lilly armes, And diued them into milke to run her cheese.
1684 T. Creech tr. Theocritus Idylliums xxix. 142 Some bore the Pails, and some did run the Cheese Hot from the Cow.
c1736 S. Pegge Alphabet of Kenticisms (1876) at Runnet The herb gallium..runs the milk together, i.e. makes it curdle.
1792 Bee 9 May 38 Run milk, press the curd slightly, and run off the whey.
1858 C. L. Flint Milch Cows 253 When the dairy has been at seventy degrees the best temperature at which to run the milk will be eighty-four degrees.
1909 Ann. Rep. Dairymen's Assoc. Ont. 1908 72 Some of the makers were running their curds a little on the sweet side.
1959 V. E. Cheke Story Cheese-making Brit. ii. 27 The makers..were warned against ‘running’ (renneting) the milk under conditions which made the curd take too long to come.
42. † e. intransitive. Of a flood: to subside, go down. Obsolete. rare.
a. intransitive. Of liquid, or a body of liquid: to flow, esp. in a specified direction.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)]
runeOE
flowa1000
fleetc1175
stretchc1275
slide1390
fleamc1465
pour1538
slip1596
streek1598
strain1612
put1670
rindle1863
slosha1953
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)]
runeOE
flowa1000
fledec1175
farea1325
yern1340
fleamc1465
coursea1533
cool1545
roll1697
spend1735
eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) i. i. 8 Seo ea Danai irnð þonan suðryhte.
OE Crist III 1114 Þær blod ond wæter bu tu ætsomne ut bicwoman.., rinnan fore rincum, þa he on rode wæs.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 963 Swa swa þet wæter reonneð to Crulande.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 18093 Se waterr stræm Aȝȝ fleteþþ forþ & erneþþ Towarrd te sæ.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 5075 Vrnen..teares ouer hires leores.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 11228 (MED) Hii caste awei þe dosils, þat win orn [v.r. ornd] abrod so.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Reeve's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 356 On the nose he smoot hym with his fest Doun ran [v.rr. ranne, run] the blody streem vp on his brest.
c1450 Treat. Fishing in J. McDonald et al. Origins of Angling (1963) 163 (MED) Ye schall angle..weyr þe watur restith by the banke & þe streme renneyth nye þer-by.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 870 Therewith the tearys began to renne downe by hys vysayge.
a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 70 Þe blood for gladnesse rynnys yn þe veynys.
?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxiiiiv All maner of grasse that the lande flode ronneth ouer is yll for shepe.
1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias xvii. 40 b Part of the water..did runne downe uppon theyr breasts.
1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 258 The rivers that runne into the Ocean.
1639 T. de Gray Compl. Horseman ii. v. 90 It begetteth a fluxible humour, which..falleth to running downwards towards its center.
1720 D. Defoe Life Capt. Singleton 208 The Flesh began to heal, and Matter to run.
1779 Mirror No. 37 The brook which runs through my garden retires into a hollow dell.
1815 G. Cockburn Voy. Cadiz & Gibraltar II. 281 Rivulets of lava ran from the crater.
1862 Temple Bar 6 402 He thrashed his naked back, until the blood ran.
1910 H. H. Peerless Diary 16 July in Brief Jolly Change (2003) 148 I have heard it stated that water will not run uphill.
1982 P. Barker Union Street iv. 162 Tilting the frying pan so that the fat ran evenly across it.
2009 C. Valente Palimpsest 227 All that fishy golden oil ran down my throat.
b. Applied to things likened to flowing liquid.
(a) intransitive. figurative and in figurative contexts. See also to run in the blood at blood n. Phrases 2e.
ΚΠ
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xx. 471 Forðy [nan mo]n ne mæg oðsacan þæt sum good ne sie þæt hehste, swa swa sum micel æwelm and diop, and irnen m[æneg]e brocas and riða of.
OE Ælfric tr. Basil Admonitio ad Filium Spiritualem 50 Hwær bið his gafspræc..and his ungemetegode hleahter? Hi beoð þonne alede and hi urnon him fram swa swa yrnende flod.
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 81 (MED) Hlauerd..let ðane wellstream..of ðine swete mildce iernen to me.
c1400 (?c1380) Pearl 874 (MED) A hue from heuen I herde þoo, Lyk flodez fele laden, runnen on resse.
c1460 Tree & 12 Frutes (McClean) (1960) 24 (MED) Sum river of compunccioun first to renne be þat..pitte of my soule forto wassh a way þe filth.
1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. H2 As long as moneye runneth, they will applye gentle and easie potions.
1643 J. Caryl Expos. 3 First Chaps. Iob i. 156 He labours all he can, to find which way the streame of every mans affections runs.
1649 R. Baxter Saints Everlasting Rest (new ed.) ii. v. 219 This is Gods great design, in permitting these pretious spirits of divine Truths, to run in the veines of infirm Language.
a1770 J. Jortin Serm. (1771) III. i. 7 When the thoughts have been long used to run in another course.
1802 Orthodox Churchman's Mag. Sept. 192 Knowing, as we do, the hereditary orthodoxy, which runs in his veins.
1868 J. H. Newman Verses Var. Occasions 145 Who lets his feelings run In soft luxurious flow.
1881 S. R. Gardiner & J. B. Mullinger Introd. Study Eng. Hist. i. iii. 49 Thought still ran in very definite channels.
1921 R. F. Dibble Albion W. Tourgée 128 The current of life ran smoothly for Tourgée in 1902, but the next year brought renewed troubles.
1945 R. Linton Sci. of Man in World Crisis 203 The stream of history runs between banks.
2005 J. Sutherland Stephen Spender 442 Money ran fluidly from account to account.
(b) intransitive. spec. With reference to the flow or fluency of speech, verse, etc. Cf. run n.2 27a.
ΚΠ
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. Introd. 94 Her yrneð up se æftra stream þære godcundan spræce, se cymð of þære rynelan þæs gastlican æsprynges &..gæþ þurh þa ofergyldan weoloras þæs eadigan..weres sancte Gregories.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Fluens A style runnyng copiously.
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xxii. 213 Such composition makes the meetre runne away smoother.
1628 J. Earle Micro-cosmogr. xxv. sig. E9 His Verses run like the Tap.
1632 H. More tr. G. Piatti Happines Relig. State iii. xi. 457 S. Cyprian hath a neate & copious style,..and (as S. Hierom's censure is of him) his speech runnes sweetly and quietly on, as a cristal-fountaine.
1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 405. ¶3 The Hebrew Idioms run into the English Tongue with a particular Grace and Beauty.
a1800 W. Cowper Epist. to R. Lloyd in Poems (1980) I. 56 That Matthew's numbers run with ease, Each man of common sense agrees.
1850 Southern Literary Messenger Jan. 62/2 We recollect to have read ‘Curiosity’..with an entire persuasion that its decasyllabic verses ran quite as smoothly as those of Pope himself.
1894 Cambr. Rev. 22 Nov. 86/2 Their tale runs with an ease and fluency which has the merit of never growing monotonous.
1912 G. Saintsbury Hist. Eng. Prose Rhythm iii. 48 Though the prose runs quite fluently there is no attempt at poetic rhythm.
1996 K. J. Leeder Breaking Boundaries v. 163 In the best texts there is something frantic about the independence and force with which the language runs on.
c. intransitive. With various complements. Also figurative.
ΚΠ
c1330 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Auch.) (1966) l. 308 (MED) Þilke þat beþ maidenes clene, þai mai hem wassche of þe rene; þe water wille erne stille and cler.
c1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 87 (MED) Late hit ren thorgh the cloth so oft þat hit ren clene.
1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid vii. Prol. 19 Reveris ran reid on spait with watteir broune.
1684 A. Behn Love-lett. between Noble-man & Sister 95 He..says his Blood runs hotter and fircer in his Veins than any others do's.
1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 102 b It is not all Waters..that are good..; some running partly clear, and partly foul.
1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera i. x. 14 The Blood runs cold at my Heart with the very Thought of it.
1818 J. Keats Endymion ii. 78 Who Look full upon it feel anon the blue Of his fair eyes run liquid through their souls.
1835 R. M. Martin Hist. Brit. Colonies IV. vi. 488 The river was..about fifty yards wide, eight feet deep, and running a strong current.
1893 H. P. Liddon et al. Life E. B. Pusey I. xiii. 299 Time had allowed the lecturer's thoughts to run clear, or at least comparatively clear.
1924 A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl i. iv. 31 We have our baths in the morning, and the water doesn't run very hot then.
1956 R. Macaulay Towers of Trebizond x. 113 The stream ran brown like a Scotch burn.
1989 R. Kenan Visitation of Spirits 167 He heard a rebel yell, and his blood ran chill.
2009 Belleville (Ontario) Intelligencer (Nexis) 6 Jan. 3 It uses municipal water that is not recycled so the water runs fresh every time.
d. transitive. To flow in or along (a certain course).
ΚΠ
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 59 Þe strengþe and þe flood of þe see Hellesponticus..may nouȝt wiþstonde þe course and þe strengþe of þe strong stremes þat renneþ [c1410 BL Add. eorneþ] þat course.
a1450 Mandeville's Trav. (Bodl. e Mus.) 5 (MED) At his entre into see he comyth with so gret fors rennende his cours that it puttyth awey the cours of the watyr of the see.
1600 J. Pory Gen. Descr. Afr. 44 in tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. [The river] Gambea..runneth a crooked course, receiuing many lesser riuers thereinto.
1706 I. Watts Horæ Lyricæ ii. 256 A Stream of Harmony ran soft along..: Softly it ran its Silver Way.
1832 Hazard's Reg. Pennsylvania 17 Nov. 308/1 It would..seem, that..there was a vast valley at this place, through which the Schuylkill river ran its peaceful course.
1872 A. Domett Ranolf & Amohia xxiv. 447 The river ran its calm career, From the spent freshet's fury once more clear.
1919 R. J. Robinson Ambulance Company 113 iv. 31 A beautiful valley through which a tiny stream ran its merry way.
2003 Vancouver Province (Nexis) 29 Oct. a25 The river ran a course between two buildings and now there's a 60-foot gap where it ripped through.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > change in level of water > [verb (intransitive)] > recede or subside
ebbOE
wanec1290
withdrawa1300
run?a1425
?a1425 Constit. Masonry (Royal 17 A.i) l. 537 in J. O. Halliwell Early Hist. Freemasonry in Eng. (1844) 32 Noees flod wes alle y-ronne.
f. intransitive. Originally North American. Of ice, driftwood, etc.: to be carried along upon the surface of a river or other body of water, esp. in such a way as to be a hazard to navigation.
ΚΠ
1758 C. F. Post 2nd Jrnl. 6 Dec. (1759) 60 We swam our Horses over the River, the Ice running violently.
1806 M. Lewis Jrnl. 28 May in Hist. Exped. Lewis & Clark (1814) II. App. 518 The river..rose one foot ten inches; drift-wood running in considerable quantities.
1867 A. D. Richardson Beyond Mississippi xi. 145 Reaching the Missouri again, I found the ice running so heavily, that it was impossible to cross.
1903 News (Frederick, Maryland) 11 Mar. The current is swifter and more driftwood is running than at any previous time during the present rise.
1949 J. J. Honigmann Culture & Ethos Kaska Society 44 The Indians living on the north bank..complained that when the ice was running they could not cross the river.
2004 Maryland Gaz. (Nexis) 28 Jan. a11 Mr. Jones..wrestled with the boat as it labored back through the channel. ‘The ice is running,’ he said.
43. intransitive. Of the sea, the tide, etc.: to course or flow, esp. in a specified way; to swell, surge. Frequently with complement. Also figurative and in figurative contexts.to run high: see high adv. Phrases 5a.
ΚΠ
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1014 On þissum geare..com þæt mycle sæflod geond wide þisne eard, & earn swa feor up swa næfre ær ne dyde, & adrencte..manncynnes unarimedlic getel.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 5976 Vðen þer urnen, tunes swulche þer burnen [c1300 Otho Waȝes þar arne, streme þar vrne].
c1300 St. Clement (Laud) l. 508 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 338 (MED) Euere orn þe se after heom wel faste at heore helene bi-hinde.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) 6269 (MED) He sagh þe see ranne in twyn.
c1450 Mandeville's Trav. (Coventry) (1973) 1242 A stonding water þere is, iwys, The Deede See callid hit ys, For hit renneth nat but stant still.
a1500 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 192 (MED) Wawes boþe wild & wode..rynneth on euery syde.
1597 G. Buchanan Comm. Virgil Aeneid v. l. 193 in Trans. Edinb. Bibliogr. Soc. (1957) 3 285 Quhair yair runneth a stark tyde.
1607 E. Sharpham Fleire ii. sig. C3 I prithee..informe vs how the tide of opinion runs on vs.
1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. x. 48 A Tide gate is where the tide runneth strongest.
1694 Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. 21 The Sea runs lofty.
1717 tr. A. F. Frézier Voy. South-Sea 293 The Sea running high..made us fear, because the Coast is foul.
1781 W. Cowper Retirem. 453 The tide of life..May run in cities with a brisker force.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §259 The tides ran so remarkably short at this time, that our buss did not float at high water.
1814 W. Scott Diary 28 Aug. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1837) III. viii. 247 The surf running heavy up between the island and the adjacent rock.
1820 Earl of Carlisle Misc. 87 Strong as the tide of fashion ran, the infatuation at length ceased.
1869 M. Burrows Constit. Progr. i. 5 The Reformation..set the tide running in the opposite direction.
1910 R. Kipling Rewards & Fairies 233 The tides run something furious here.
1986 T. Enright tr. T. O'Crohan Island Cross-talk 156 A heavy sea was running and the currach could not carry her sail.
2002 D. Lundy Way of Ship (2003) ii. 92 The tide running north and the effects of leeway were shoving the vessel back.
44.
a. To cover with a flow of liquid.† (a) transitive. To overspread with liquid; to inundate. Only in passive. Obsolete. rare.In Old English with dative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid which has been emitted > overflow > [verb (transitive)] > with
runOE
overflowa1616
OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. viii. 24 Erat autem illis uentus contrarius ita ut nauicula operetur fluctibus : sæ wæs þonne heom wind wiðerweard swa þætte þe scip wæs urnen yðum.
c1500 (?a1437) Kingis Quair (1939) lv (MED) Thy brestis wete Were with the teres of thyne eyen clere, All bludy ronne.
(b) transitive. To flow with (a specified kind of liquid). Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (transitive)] > flow with
runa1225
to flow with1382
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. 170 (table of contents) Wiþ þon gif mon blode ane utyrne.]
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 41 He him sceawede ane welle of fure and all hire strenies [read stremes] urnen fur berninde.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 5793 A land rinnand bath honi and milk.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 185 (MED) He had made a conduyt vnder erthe so þat the iij welles at his list, on scholde renne mylk, Anoþer wyn, & anoþer hony.
a1464 J. Capgrave Chron. Eng. (Cambr.) 69 The cherch of Oure Lady in Transtibir, where the welles runne oyle and wyn on that day that Crist was bore.
1565 A. Golding tr. Ovid Fyrst Fower Bks. Metamorphosis i. f. 2v Then streames ran milke, then streames ran wine.
1588 J. Harvey Discoursiue Probl. conc. Prophesies 75 The brother kill his brother, That the streets of Troy shall run blood.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iii. ii. 187 At the Base of Pompeyes Statue (Which all the while ran blood). View more context for this quotation
1684 A. Wood Life 2 Oct. At the same time the conduit ran clarret.
1734 N. Crouch Gen. Hist. Earthquakes 43 It rained Blood in Piedmont, and at York the Fountains ran Blood.
1766 Jester's Mag. Apr. 197/1 Oh! that my Mouth were that Center-Arch, and that the River ran Claret.
1811 W. R. Spencer Poems 81 His lips, his fangs, ran blood.
1817 W. Gifford tr. Persius in Satires of Juvenal & Persius II. 88 When vindictive ire Inflames the bosom; when the veins run fire.
1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xlii. 60 All the brooks ran gold.
1931 A. Bryant King Charles II iii. 135 Bells pealed, fountains ran wine.
2002 S. Marion Hollow Ground (2003) v. 81 That's how it was like in Egypt... Frogs hopping all over creation... Of course then the river ran blood.
(c) intransitive. Esp. of a surface or channel: to flow or stream with (formerly †a, †mid, †on, †of) a liquid; to be awash or wet with. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > condition of being or making very wet > be or become very wet [verb (intransitive)] > be very wet
runc1225
adrenchc1230
swima1542
float1725
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > let or send out [verb (intransitive)] > be emitted > emit copiously or in a stream
runc1225
streamc1390
spout?a1425
diffude?a1475
pour1539
pump1836
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 92 (MED) Euch wariet weouet..ronof þet balefule blod.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 13328 Vrnen þa streten mid [a1300 of] blode-stræmen.
c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Laud) l. 382 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 422 (MED) Al þe stret a-watere orn ase it were a gret flod.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 9018 (MED) King Aroans..held him so bi þe code, Þat mouþe and nose him ran a-blod.
c1425 (c1400) Prymer (Cambr.) (1895) 25 (MED) His bodi ran al on blood.
c1450 King Ponthus (Digby) in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1897) 12 30 (MED) Ther they slewe so many of theym within a whyle that all the felde ran of bloode.
a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) 1996 (MED) The chambre flore Alle ranne on blode.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lix. 206 Þe place ran lyke a ryuer of blode.
1611 Bible (King James) Lament. i. 16 Mine eye runneth downe with water. View more context for this quotation
1644 K. Digby Two Treat. i. xxxii. 282 He vsed to grind his handes against the walles..in so much, that they would runne with bloud.
1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 425 Those fat and fair Objects that make their mouths run a-water so.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Founder [The horse] has a dry Cough..; his Nose runs with white phlegmatic Matter.
1797 Encycl. Brit. III. 74/2 The body of the patient, which is running with sweat.
1801 W. Scott in M. G. Lewis Tales of Wonder I. xxi. 131 He came not from where Ancram Moor Ran red with English blood.
1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales I. 77 The mud walls ran down with damp.
1877 N. F. Davin Irishman in Canada viii. 362 When the fierce wild heat of the passions could make their veins run with lightning no more.
1902 C. G. Harper Cambr., Ely & King's Lynn Road 73 Lips running with the thin slobber of the drunkard.
1968 P. H. Newby Something to answer For v. 160 His face and neck ran with sweat.
1990 I. M. Banks Use of Weapons (1992) ii. 221 The gutters ran with clear water..; pipes from buildings ran or dripped with the melt.
2009 S. Waters Little Stranger vii. 196 The walls were running with more ashy water where Mrs Bazeley and Betty were scrubbing at them.
b. To release a flow of liquid.
(a) intransitive. To discharge or emit liquid. Also in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid which has been emitted > emit liquid [verb (intransitive)]
runa1170
moisture1610
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. 170 (table of contents) Gif mon for roppes untrumnesse utyrne.]
a1170 ( [implied in: Bounds (Sawyer 639) in M. Gelling Place-names Berks. (1976) III. 715 Of þam steorte on þone yrnendan mor, of þam yrnandan more on ælfsiges mor. (at running adj. 17a)].
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 6375 Him gunnen glide teores, & urnen his æȝene.
?a1300 Dame Sirith l. 281 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 13 (MED) Pepir nou shalt þou eten..And gar þin eien to rene.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Reeve's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) Prol. l. 36 Many a yeer..is passed henne Syn þt my tappe of lyf bigan to renne.
a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 781 (MED) His haire moutes, his eghen rynnes.
c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 59 (MED) If þat an empostyme be to broken and renne ouer a moneþe day, þanne he turneþ in to vlcus.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 696/1 I lyke hym nat, his eyes be ever ronning.
1579 S. Gosson Apol. Schoole of Abuse in Ephemerides Phialo f. 87v Launce the sore frendly and let it runne.
1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge iii. iv. sig. F4 I haue taken a murre, which makes my nose run most patheticallie.
1662 R. Mathews Unlearned Alchymist (new ed.) 94 One of her leggs grew as big as three leggs, and did also break and run.
1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. vi. 262 [It] causes the Nose to run like a Tap.
1803 T. Tovey Things, as They Were i. 10 For them no more the cyder tap will run.
1863 C. Chesebro' Peter Carradine xxxii. 285 Them black heifers is wheezing... And their eyes running like as I never see cattle's eyes afore.
1932 R. Lehmann Invit. Waltz i. v. 74 The sweep's children,..their noses running, their dirty faces.
1966 D. Scott in K. Ramchand & C. Gray West Indian Poetry (1972) 49 Don't look at the sun too long,..makes your eyes run.
1998 A. Sealy Everest Hotel (1999) 39 Arré , you've left the tap running!
(b) transitive. To discharge (liquid).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid which has been emitted > emit [verb (transitive)]
wellc1400
runa1450
exonerate1615
a1450 Late Middle Eng. Treat. on Horses (1978) 141 Ȝif an hors yen renneþ water al terus, þen schalt þou make a striccatory.
1604 B. Jonson His Pt. Royall Entertainem. sig. D4v Mine eyes run teares of Ioy.
a1635 T. Randolph Amyntas iv. viii. 87 in Poems (1638) To see my wound run blood Faster then you drop teares.
1737 H. Bracken Farriery Improved x. 164 To make the Nose run a thin Lymph or watery Humour.
1766 Compl. Farmer at Purging Horses..subject to swelled legs, that run a sharp briny ichor.
1897 Jrnl. Homœopathics Nov. 252 [The ulcer] broke and ran a thin, bloody discharge.
1921 Philippine Jrnl. Sci. 19 290 The lymph vessels..ran lymph on being wounded.
1995 E. E. Hale First captured, Last Freed xi. 116 That almost forgotten fantastic land where people..had faucets that ran hot water.
(c) intransitive. With at. To discharge fluid from a particular part of the body, esp. as a symptom of disease.
ΚΠ
OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) ii. 38 Eft wið þon þe man þurh hys argang blode ut yrne genim wegbrædan seaw, syle him drincan.]
1587 L. Mascall First Bk. Cattell 226 Some sheepe wil runne at the nose like a thin water.
1673 R. Almond Eng. Horsman 124 If he run at Nostrils, give him a Drink made of Anniseeds, Turmerick, Brandy, [etc.].
1795 tr. C. Vial de Sainbel Exper. & Observ. Glandered Horses 107 in Wks. C. Vial de Sainbel The former [horse] caught the disease, and ran at the nostrils, 52 days afterwards.
1842 ‘Nimrod’ Horse & Hound 342 The animal..runs at the eyes and nose, and smells very offensively.
1871 Southern Farm & Home Dec. 72/2 His horses, after feeding on clover pasture, slobber and run at the mouth.
1913 W. Hutchinson Common Dis. vi. 120 Everybody runs at the nose a little in the winter months.
1954 W. Deedes tr. M. Makal Village in Anatolia iv. 105 He was running at the eyes, his lips were dirty, his teeth were yellow, he was covered with grime.
2005 J. Hitt Off Road x. 210 Ultreya brays and drools and runs at the nose intolerably when we suggest walking straight.
(d) intransitive. Of a tree: to secrete or discharge sap. Cf. running n. 27b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > plant substances > be or have plant substance [verb (intransitive)] > emit sap
run1670
bleed1675
1670 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 5 2076 Whether a Glass, fitted to both ends of a Root..will be and continue always full of Sap, or only whilest the Tree runs, or how long?
1834 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 31 May 335/3 When the snows melt, and the maple trees run How the springs murmur.
1891 Bull. (Vermont Agric. Experiment Station) Sept. 113 The maple begins to ‘run’ or bleed in late winter or early spring.
1911 Louisiana Planter & Sugar Manufacturer 25 Mar. 193/3 The sap is collected once or twice a day, according to how freely the trees run.
2006 N. Perrin in G. Schmdit & S. M. Felch Spring 83 I have never seen maples run harder than they did on March 11th, 1977.
c. intransitive. Of a pipe, channel, etc.: to allow the free flow of liquid. Now rare.
ΚΠ
c1450 in J. P. Collier Trevelyan Papers (1857) 67 The Coundite rennyth not as I wene.
1644 K. Digby Two Treat. i. ix. 74 There is required a weight of water in double Geometricall proportion, to make a pipe runne twice as fast as it did.
1683–4 A. Wood Life 24 Jan. Very cold, the quil would not run.
1798 C. Hutton Course Math. II. 237 If the shorter leg be immersed into a vessel of water, and the syphon set a running as above, it will continue to run till all the water be exhausted out of the vessel.
1845 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 6 ii. 573 The drains..were running very fast yesterday morning, and have continued running ever since.
1854 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 15 ii. 267 Some land has been thus drained more than twenty years ago, and still runs well.
1907 Minutes Evid. Royal Comm. Congestion Irel. in Parl. Papers (Cd. 3319) XXXV. 225/2 When they [sc. drains] are cleaned out they won't run for more than five or six years until [sic] they close up again.
1915 Domest. Engin. 15 May 190/1 The tank..will not run. When the ballcock is disconnected it runs well.
d. transitive. To cause or allow (liquid) to flow, esp. in a specified direction; to convey by flowing. Also with complement. (In quot. 1844 figurative)
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (transitive)] > spread by allowing to flow
run1665
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > ditching or drainage > ditch [verb (transitive)] > drain otherwise
sewer1565
run1665
land-drain1767
pipe-drain1796
sough1797
mole-drain1844
tile-drain1844
well point1867
the world > matter > liquid > action or process of extracting > extract liquid [verb (transitive)] > into another vessel
overdraw1662
run1728
tank1886
1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 53 If you take any glutinous substance and run it exceedingly thin upon the surface of a smooth glass or a polisht metaline body.
1675 Accomplish'd Lady's Delight 112 A Ladle of Brass to run the [melted] Sugar upon the Seeds.
1693 J. Ray Three Physico-theol. Disc. (ed. 2) iii. v. 302 Elevating and landing up depressed places by the Waters of Rivers, and depressing the higher by running the Water over them.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Copper The melted Matter [is] run into a kind of Molds.
1792 Ann. Agric. 17 22 A deeper outfall would provide a remedy..but aggravate the latter, by running all the water out of the country when most wanted.
1844 E. B. Browning Wine of Cyprus xx Yet that shadow..ran Both our spirits to one level.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem.: Org. (1862) ii. §3. 101 A small portion of water, run through a fine sieve, to keep back any portions of sand.
1896 Chem. News 11 Dec. 283/2 The outlet-tap..may be turned on, and so run the liquid away.
1916 St. Nicholas Mar. 462/2 They put the ship into a huge dry-dock, run the water out.., and then scrape it.
1956 W. R. Keithler Formulation of Cosmetics xlii. 304 Run the water into a separate container.
1994 Harrowsmith Mar. 87/1 Run the water through each tap until you detect the odour of chlorine.
2002 R. Gunesekera Heaven's Edge iii. 88 I wanted to run the water to the ants. A little trench quickly filled.
e. transitive. To allow water to pass through or from (a sluice); to flush.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > cause to flow [verb (transitive)]
roll1566
drive1569
pour1665
run1791
flow1885
1791 J. Smeaton Hist. Rep. Ramsgate Harbour vi. 48 He..left directions to run the Sluices once in 24 hours.
1839 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 2 76/2 The sluices have been run to night.
1891 M. l'Anson Vision of Misery Hill 32 Miners swear..Tom Bowers still holds Misery Hill, And nightly runs the sluices.
2007 J. M. Volo & D. D. Volo Family Life 19th-cent. Amer. v. 104 Eight men ran the sluices all day.
f.
(a) transitive. With complement: to cause (a container) to become full, half-full, etc., of a given liquid.
ΚΠ
1872 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 31 May 590/1 To line the well with a temporary cylinder of sheet or cast iron, and by means of several furnaces to run it full of cast metal.
1905 Fibre & Fabric 13 May 322/3 Close the gates and run the washer about half full of warm water.
1957 Lebanon (Pa.) Daily News 20 May 1/7 Alone in my cabin, I ran the basin full of water.
1980 M. A. Smith Legacy of Lake (2000) xix. 171 He ran the sink full of steaming hot water.
1991 M. Harris Lost & Found ii. 113 Thus resolved, he closed his office door, went into his lavatory, ran the basin full of hot soapy water, and washed his hands for five minutes.
(b) intransitive. Of a container: to be in the process of being filled with a liquid.
ΚΠ
1970 J. Cassavetes Faces 297 The sink is running, a trickle of water.
2005 E. R. Frank Wrecked xxi. 185 She's holding a plastic razor in one hand and shaving cream in the other, and the tub is running.
g. transitive. To cause water or other liquid to flow over (something) by holding or placing it under a tap, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (transitive)] > cause to flow (away) > over something held under a tap, of water
run1875
1875 Bradford Observer 1 Apr. 6/5 A proper charge..is..placed in a movable wooden tank, which is run under the tap of a vessel containing nitro-glycerine.
1907 Amateur Photographer 3 Sept. 216/2 Run it [sc. a plate] under the tap and transfer it to the fixing bath.
1921 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 448/2 To run one's hands under the tap.
1972 A. Bramson Soap (1975) 18 Run the abused member under cold water.
2002 C. Bennett & J. Gottesfeld Flight vii. 69 Martha ran her hands under the faucet and dried them on a dishtowel.
h. transitive. To operate (a tap, etc.) so as to allow water to flow from it.
ΚΠ
1883 Proc. Canad. Inst. 1 No. 5. 426 I have found it necessary to run the tap a considerable time to collect any appreciable quantity [of ammonia in the water].
1958 J. Cannan And be Villain iv. 90 The women..had been running the taps in scullery.
1986 J. Wilson Amber xi. 95 I wash my hands, running the taps loudly.
2009 E. Begley Guide to Sustainable Living vi. 101 In the bathroom, you're just running the faucet to wash your hands or wash your face.
i.
(a) intransitive. Of (the water for) a bath: to be poured out. (Chiefly in continuous tenses.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > washing oneself or body > wash oneself [verb (intransitive)] > bathe > fill a bath with water > of bath: be in process of being filled
run1908
1908 Metrop. Mag. June 672/1 The servant calls you in the morning and informs you that your bath is running.
1919 H. Walpole Jeremy v. 136 Suddenly sunlight was in the room, the bath-water was running, the canary was singing and Hamlet was scratching upon his door.
1991 B. Leigh Catch of Hands 22 I went indoors and up to the nursery bathroom where I could hear David's bath running already.
(b) transitive. To pour out (water for a bath), to pour (a bath).
ΚΠ
1908 Amer. Mag. May 83/1 When he's ready to begin I run his bath water for him.
1910 M. Van Vorst Girl from his Town xxi. 232 The young man had gone to his dressing-room and begun running his bath.
1919 A. F. Wilson Township Line 12 One man brings the robe, And one man runs the bath, And one man lays the clothes.
1974 ‘M. Allen’ Super Tour vi. 225 Be a good boy. You can begin by running me a hot bath.
2004 Eve Dec. 155/3 Run a mood-boosting bath with energising potions.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid which has been emitted > overflow > [verb (intransitive)] > of a vessel
overfloweOE
runc1225
overruna1450
to run over1530
shed1601
overbrim1607
to set over1608
to well over1843
c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 560 (MED) Þe crohe eornen i þe fur.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. l. 505 (MED) A Tonne, whanne his lye arist, Tobrekth and renneth al aboute.
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 297 In case you powre into them any liquor, it appereth whether they leake and runne or no.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 502 [He] carries it to the river..to see if it would hold water, and finding it to runne, came backe.
1732 C. O'Begly Eng. Irish Dict. 589/2 A vessel that runs, soiġṫeaċ ag ḋéanaḋ droiċḋín.
1798 J. Ebers New & Compl. Dict. German & Eng. Lang. II. 519/1 Das Faβ leckt, the Cask leaks, runs.
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2003/1 A mold is said to run if the metal makes its way along the parting, or in any other way appears on the outside edges of the flask.
46. † a. intransitive. To spread on being applied to, or poured upon, a surface. In early use also with abroad. Also figurative. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > spreading or diffusion > [verb (intransitive)] > on being applied to a surface
run?c1450
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > away > in different directions > when applied to or poured on a surface
swimc1400
run?c1450
swill1896
?c1450 in G. Müller Aus Mittelengl. Medizintexten (1929) 41 (MED) Take a drope of þe surripe and do it vp-on þin nayl, and ȝif it stonde stille and renne not on brood, it is well.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 146v Yf the droppe runne abroade.
1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts i. 40 Thou art runne abroad as water, that is spilt.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Pears You may know..by the drops of Syrup you shall put on a Plate, if they do not run.
1752 E. Moxon Eng. Housewifery (new ed.) 102 This is a paste that seldom runs if it be even roll'd.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 937 Outlying spots..may be observed where the fluid has ‘run’ during its application.
b. intransitive. Of ink, dye, or other coloured liquid: to spread or diffuse, esp. so as to obscure or spoil a design (typically one printed on fabric or paper). Of a fabric, garment, etc.: to undergo a (usually undesirable) change in coloration as a result of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > [verb (intransitive)] > run
run1560
strike?1790
crock1855
bleed1862
1560 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli 2nd Pt. Secretes Alexis of Piemont 66 Stiepe them [sc. pieces of cloth] in the said iuice two or three times, and at euery time..let them be flatte to the intent that the colour ronne not at one side.
1711 tr. N. Lémery New Curiosities Art & Nature i. xi. 161/2 If the Colours will run or spread put in a little Ox Gall.
1735 J. Barrow Dict. Polygraphicum II. at Varnish Pass them [sc. the edges of a print] over with a small pencil dipt in common size..to secure the colours from running.
a1756 E. Haywood New Present (1771) 268 When the colours, with bad former washings, are run into the white ground.
1811 Belfast Monthly Mag. July 60/1 Pounce, or size, is applied to the paper, that the fresh ink may not run.
1867 J. R. Lowell Lett. I. 427 Beg her not to wash them too hard, or they may run.
1889 E. Lynn Linton Thro' Long Night i. xvii Here and there, when the colours were not quite fast, there were blotches as if the thread had ‘run’ and stained the cloth.
1907 Strand Mag. Sept. 308/1 He looks like a striped thing that has run in the wash.
1913 M. M. P. Muir tr. E. Lassar-Cohn Chem. in Daily Life viii. 159 Water colours..cannot be used in the open air, as if they get wet the colours run.
1990 A. Jerrehian Oriental Rug Primer (ed. 2) v. 102 Look at the edges of these areas to make sure that none of the adjoining darker colors have run.
2005 D. L. Dudley Bicycle Man vii. 105 The book's cover was still damp, and it was blotchy where the dye had run.
c. intransitive. Of paint, varnish, etc.: to trickle or seep beyond the area of a surface to which it is applied, usually as a result of having been applied too thickly.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > in small quantity
sickerc897
stilla1300
bleedc1305
distilc1400
trail1470
trinkle1513
trickle1526
gozle1650
run1786
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > in small quantity > slowly or through pore-like openings
weesec1000
oozea1398
weeslea1555
run1786
seep1790
1786 T. Baldwin Airopaidia lxiii. 256 Such Varnish will set, i.e. will not run, but keep its Place on the Silk, in four Hours. The Silk may then be turned, and varnished on the other Side.
1871 Family Treasury 696/2 In one instance, the paint had run, and the trickling was upward in reference to the present position of the stone.
1903 Consolidated Libr. XIII. 3987 Do not take up too much varnish on the brush at one time and do not let the varnish run down the sides and form streaks.
1958 R. C. Whitman First Aid for Ailing House (ed. 5) i. 19 If the paint is too thick or the gun is too close to the surface, the paint will run or sag.
1981 P. Carey Bliss ii. 94 She didn't look well. Her mascara ran over one eye.
2006 D. Macfarlane Beyond Basics 124 Use short bursts to keep the paint from running, and add more than one coat if necessary.
d. transitive. To wash (colour) from (something). rare.In quots. used in figurative context.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > dye [verb (transitive)] > remove dye
mealy1667
discharge1727
run1850
strip1896
1850 E. B. Browning Sonnets from Portuguese viii, in Poems (new ed.) II. 445 Frequent tears have run The colours from my life.
1906 Methodist Rev. Mar. 296 Floods of tears have run the colors from life's fabric.
47. † d. intransitive. English regional (Lancashire) Of a furnace: to be emptied of its contents. Obsolete. rare.
a. intransitive. To flow as the result of melting; to become fluid; to melt and flow. Also figurative. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > as a result of melting
runa1500
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) lvii. §8. 206 And fall in till hell, as wax that rennys meltand at þe fire.
a1613 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) 88 Called the runinge Coale; for that when it first kindleth it melteth and runeth as wax, and groweth into one Clod.
1672 J. Dryden Conquest Granada ii. iv. i. 121 'Twas long before my stubborn Mind was won; But, melting once, I on the suddain run.
1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. i. 10 When your two ends are throughout of a good Heat, and that the inside of the Iron be almost ready to run.
1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants 52 You ought also to snuff them close to the Tallow, which will make them run.
1758 A. Reid tr. P. J. Macquer Elements Theory & Pract. Chym. I. 62 If Sulphur be applied to Copper made perfectly red-hot, the metal immediately runs.
1852 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 13 ii. 284 It forms a varnish..not liable to run in hot seasons.
1884 C. G. W. Lock Workshop Receipts 3rd Ser. 206/2 The enamel melts; or, to speak technically, it ‘runs’.
1906 M. Maddocks Good Housek. Family Cook Bk. 156 Grate strong cheese over the top of the loaf and bake in the oven until the cheese runs and glazes the top.
1969 Metal Sci. & Heat Treatm. 11 25 The silver begins to run at 1130℃ and spreads completely at 1300℃.
2005 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 13 Nov. (You section) 80 Cook the pancetta or bacon until the fat begins to run.
b. transitive. To form (molten metal) into ingots, pigs, etc., by allowing to flow into moulds; †to smelt (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > other metalworking processes
burnishc1325
rockc1400
leadc1440
braze1552
run1650
stratify1669
shingle1674
snarl1688
plate1706
bar1712
strake1778
shear1837
pile1839
matt1854
reek1869
bloom1875
siliconize1880
tumble1883
rustproof1886
detin1909
blank1914
anodize1931
roll1972
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > extract from ore > smelt
try13..
smelt1543
run1650
reduce1666
eliquate1759
resmelt1804
beneficiate1873
1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. viii.176 The two brazen pillars.., of bright brass, in the clay ground, which probable served him for moldes to run the melted metall therein.
1699 W. Dampier Voy. & Descr. i. iv. 70 The Tonquinese understand how to run Metals.
1727 in 6th Rep. Deputy Keeper Public Rec. (1845) App. ii. 118 A new way of Calcining, Melting, and Running Copper Ores.
1775 tr. A. Y. Goguet Origin Laws, Arts, & Sci. (new ed.) II. ii. iii. 134 Some have believed, that the Egyptians had the secret of melting marble and stones in the same manner nearly that we run metals.
1838 Penny Cycl. X. 386/1 Instead of melting and running the metal at once from a large furnace, earthen crucibles are used.
1884 C. G. W. Lock Workshop Receipts 3rd Ser. 356/1 Until the crystals..are fit to be melted, and run into pigs for market.
1904 T. Turner Lect. Iron-founding ii. 39 Run the metal into pigs in sand moulds.
1997 D. L. Rhodes in R. Flint & S. C. Flint Coronado Exped. Tierra Nueva iii. 52 The liquid metal was run into ingots or blocks, perhaps weighing from two to five pounds.
c. transitive. To form (an object) by allowing molten metal to flow into a mould and then solidify; = cast v. 51. Also in extended use and figurative contexts.In quot. 1690: (reflexive) to cast a metal representation of oneself.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > found or cast (object)
blowc1000
yetOE
cast1496
found1562
run1690
pour1873
1690 W. Walker Idiomatologia Anglo-Lat. 384 He run himself in brass.
a1744 in Trans. Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæol. Soc. (1908) 8 35 The Fire will be so intense that they can run a Sow and Pigs once in about twelve hours.
1751 S. Whatley England's Gazetteer Buckstead,..where were run the first pieces of cast iron that were ever made in England.
1868 C. B. Norton & W. J. Valentine Rep. to Govt. U.S. on Munitions of War at Paris Universal Exhib. 1867 119 The quantum necessary for running a cannon of certain dimensions.
1886 C. Hazard Mem. J. L. Diman ii. 40 He seems, least of all men, run in the mould of any particular school.
1906 E. L. Heermance Democracy in Church 131 One of the great virtues of Congregationalism is that it is not run in the mould of a mechanical uniformity.
1913 Engin. Mag. June 339/1 The large castings are run in brick molds built up on the shop floor and braced with curbs.
2002 M. J. Abadie Everything Candle Bk. ii. 21 If the candles are to be run in a mould, you may commence at once.
ΚΠ
a1744 in Trans. Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæol. Soc. (1908) 8 38 When the Furnace is fit to run, as they term it..they make a long Furrow through..a level Bed of Sand.
e. intransitive. Of soil, sand, etc.: to take on a fluid or clayey consistency by combining with water. Also transitive: (of water) to combine with (soil, etc.) to form such a material. Also with to. Cf. to run together 2b at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1774 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. 29 Nov. (1778) Now, the frost, snow, and rains, having run the soil to mortar, it slides.
1848 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 9 ii. 548 They are filled up with fine soil from the surface which has been run with the frost.
1848 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 9 ii. 558 It is the nature of these soils..to run like lime with the first little shower.
1921 Archit. Rev. Jan. 10/2 If the soil is a fine sand, which is liable to run when filled with water.
1977 Farming in Zambia Oct. 4/2 This causes the soil to run when the rain comes, excluding air from the soil and forming a hard crust when dry.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > providing or serving drink > [verb (transitive)] > take from cask or cellar
run1554
uncellar1611
discask1615
broach1649
spile1772
ullage1881
pull1910
1554–5 Aberdeen Burgh Rec. in A. J. Mill Mediaeval Plays in Scotl. (1927) 151 Sax barrell of beir..that wes runin in my hows.
1557–8 in R. Adam Edinb. Rec. (1899) I. 270 xx quartis of wyne til be run on broche upone the said Croce.
1580 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1882) IV. 159 That na..persoun..tak vpoun hand..to rin, vent, top or sell..any..aill.
1645 in W. B. Cook & D. B. Morris Stirling Guildry Bk. (1916) 59 As also gives hir tollerance to rin the wynes she presentlie hes within hir sellar.
1662 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Peebles (1910) 53 That no outland man hes friedome to rin tar in Edinburgh.
1717 A. Ramsay Elegy Lucky Wood vi She ne'er ran sour jute.
49. transitive. Frequently with with. To apply molten metal, cement, etc., to the joints or gaps in (something), in order to create a seal or to impart solidity. Cf. to run in 5 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > set or fasten with specific material
yeta1387
run1657
sulphur1867
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > clad or cover [verb (transitive)] > fill in gaps
stop1388
beamfill1469
stuff1601
caulk1616
run1657
strike1668
fog1678
chinse1770
sneck1792
darn1801
pug1820
chink1822
grout1838
fillet1843
gallet1851
slush1875
putty1879
spackle1950
1657–8 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 97 New running and repairing the leads in the new building.
1735 J. Price Some Considerations Stone-bridge Thames 5 The Stones well cramp'd..together, run with Lead.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §274 It is..impracticable..that the whole of the circle could be run at once.
1837 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 1 12/2 [They] are to be connected by spigot and faucet joints run with lead.
1875 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 7 Jan. 13/1 It will be well..to pave the bottom either with bricks or pebbles, and run the joints with cement.
1914 Water Chron. July 32/1 It is proposed to lay the pipe at night..and to run the joints, and backfill the pipe during the day time.
1958 Hesperia 27 148 Each side of the abacus was secured by two heavy iron clamps.., run with lead.
2006 Struct. Engineer 20 June 27/3 Foundation plates..bolted into a stone foundation..using four Lewis bolts run with lead.
** With reference to solids (chiefly in the form of grains, particles, etc.).† 50. intransitive. Of substances: to combine, coalesce. Of a single substance: to combine or merge with another (with to). Also figurative. Obsolete.In quot. OE2 with reference to the coalescence of the dust of the grave at the resurrection.Only in Old English.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > combine [verb (intransitive)] > coalesce
runOE
incorpora1618
incorporate1625
coalesce1652
coalize1697
symphytize1871
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) ii. 196 Sceawa nu on anum æge, hu þæt hwite ne bið gemengd to ðam geolcan & bið hwæðere an æg. Nis eac cristes godcundnyss gerunnen to ðære menniscnysse; ac he þurhwunað þeah a on ecnysse on anum hade untotwæmed.
OE Prudentius Glosses (Boulogne 189) in H. D. Meritt Old Eng. Prudentius Glosses (1959) 21 Prisca effigies [renascitur] puluereo coeunte situ : ærre ansyn, conglutinante togædere rynnendum, .i. sepulcro moldstowe stowlicere moldan.
51.
a. intransitive. Of an hourglass: to allow the contained sand to pass from one compartment to the other. Frequently figurative, with reference to the (approaching) end of a period of time.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > instruments for measuring time > [verb (intransitive)] > allow sand to run through (of hourglass)
run?1507
to run down1689
?1507 C. Brandon et al. Iustes of Maye (de Worde) sig. A.ii In her hande was Of halfe an houre with sande rennynge a glas.
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 109 And lat Fortoun wirk furthe hir rage,..Quhill that hir glas be run and past.
1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4198 in Wks. (1931) I Quhen the glasse of his glorye wes roun.
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 25 I should not see the sandie howre-glasse runne But I should thinke of shallowes and of flatts. View more context for this quotation
1649 R. Baxter Saints Everlasting Rest (new ed.) iv. v. 674 Look on thy glass, see how it runs.
1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters i. 196 They are rendered..decrepid and old before half their glass is run.
1779 J. Boswell Let. 22 Oct. in Life Johnson (1791) II. 306 But my sand-glass was now beginning to run low, as I could not trespass too long on the Colonel's kindness.
1874 J. T. Micklethwaite Mod. Parish Churches 179 The sand-glass..has only one fixed time to run.
1918 G. E. Griffin Ballads of Regiment 71 His guard is done, his glass has run, Oh, lay him gently down.
2009 San Francisco Chron. (Nexis) 25 July b1 The hourglass has run low for me and for the team.
b. intransitive. Of sand in an hourglass: to pass from one compartment into the other. Frequently figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > instruments for measuring time > [verb (intransitive)] > pass through (of sand in hourglass)
run1557
1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes sig. R.iiv I saw, my tyme how it did runne, as sand out of the glasse.
1581 G. North tr. H. Estienne Stage Popish Toyes 65 When you haue turned the houre Glasse of your owne errours, you shall finde how many sandes of sorrowe doth runne in mischiefe to the last minute.
1609 W. Shakespeare Pericles xxii. 1 Now our sands are almost run . View more context for this quotation
1705 J. Dunton Life & Errors iv. 311 The last sands in his Life were run, and there was no turning the Vital-Glass.
1794 R. Burns Red, Red Rose ii, in P. Urbani Select. Scots Songs 17 While the sands o' life shall run.
1821 W. Scott Pirate III. xiii. 309 The hour glass is turned for us..our sand is running fast.
1891 F. W. Robinson Her Love & his Life vii. v The sands of life had run very low in the glass.
1900 H. James Soft Side i. 32 The flower would have been gathered and the trick played—the sands, in short, would have run.
1960 J. Barth Sot-weed Factor iii. v. 568 Mrs. Twigg would..set her hourglass running..when the sand had run 'twas off to bed and no lingering!
2006 Atlanta Jrnl.-Constitution (Nexis) 1 Nov. 2 d He will be 61 years old by the time the next Ryder Cup is contested, and the sand is running low in his hourglass.
52. † b. intransitive. Mining. Of loose earth: to slip or fall in; to collapse. Cf. to run in 6 at Phrasal verbs 1. Obsolete.
a. intransitive. Of sand, soil, or other granular matter: to flow, esp. in a specified direction; to trickle.
ΚΠ
OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 269 [Cum de sepulcri tumba pulvis ebulliat, et..sensim] scaturiat : erumpat uel ferueat, up hrinneþ [OE Digby up rynneþ] uel wapelaþ.]
?c1640 W. Rowley et al. Witch of Edmonton (1658) iv. i. 43 All the golden Meal runs into the rich Knaves purses, and the poor have nothing but Bran.
1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. iii. 170 The sand by running out of one cavity into the next, doth make the severall parts of the wheel lighter or heavier.
1730 in Pract. Husbandman & Planter (1733) I. 123 To lay it in dry Sand.., a Layer of Liquorice, and a Layer of Sand; so that the Sand runs all over it, and amongst it.
1782 E. Hargrove Hist. Knaresbrough (ed. 3) 74 The grinder..turned round the upper stone with a rapid motion, while the meal run out at the sides.
1828 London Jrnl. Arts & Sci. 2nd Ser. 1 308 The earth running in amongst the carrots prevents their heating.
1866 H. W. Dulcken tr. H. C. Andersen Stories for Househ. 23 The flour ran out in a stream from the castle to the windows of the soldier's house.
1920 Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Engineers 46 637 In many places the soil ran through the cracks like soft ice cream.
1961 W. H. Gass Pedersen Boy in In Heart of Heart of Country (1968) 30 The flour ran off the scoop and fell across the rim of the cup.
2010 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 17 Jan. If your soil runs through your fingers with ease and feels grainy it probably has a high sand content.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [verb (intransitive)] > fall in
flounder1774
run1802
slough1897
1802 J. Mawe Mineral. of Derbyshire Gloss. s.v. When the earth falls, and fills up shafts or works, it is said to run.
1860 Eng. & Foreign Mining Gloss. (new ed.) 21 Run—When excavations fall together.
1888 J. H. Collins First Bk. Mining & Quarrying (ed. 2) 122/2 When the parts of a mine or excavation fall together, they are said to ‘run’.
III. To (cause to) continue, proceed, or last; to (cause to) pass into a particular state.
* Uses relating to the passage of time.† 56. intransitive. To occur, esp. as part of a sequence or cycle. Obsolete.
53. intransitive. Of a period of time: to come to an end, elapse, be complete. Later also: (of a legal instrument) to cease to apply, to expire. Chiefly in past participle. Now chiefly Law and literary.
ΚΠ
OE Phoenix 364 Þær se eadga [sc. the phoenix] mot eardes neotan.., wunian in wonge, oþþæt wintra bið þusend urnen.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 13183 Ure wuke daȝȝ Bi twellfe timess erneþþ.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 10927 (MED) Fiue thusand yeir was runnun Efter þis werld it was bigunnen.
c1439 Chancery Proc. Ser. C1 File 9 No. 131 After þe yeres of hise prentishode runnon, þe seid besecher..noo thenge can hafe of the seid Thomas..bot if he will [etc.].
c1480 (a1400) St. Matthew 497 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 204 Of his elde quhene rownyn war be reknyne fyfe & thretty ȝere.
a1500 (a1450) in C. Monro Lett. Margaret of Anjou (1863) 110 (MED) The day prefixte of yor payment is past and ronne.
1539 in Vicary's Anat. Bodie of Man (1888) App. ii. 105 The somme of v li, for ij quarters fully ronne at the natiuitie of saint Iohn Baptiste.
1561 R. Norvell Myroure of ane Christiane f. 13 Thy tyme is runne finished and compleit.
1610 A. Willet Hexapla in Danielem 283 From Daniels time vntill now there are not aboue 2200 yeares runne.
1656 in J. A. Clyde Hope's Major Practicks (1937) I. 22 Tack..set from thrie yeirs to thrie yeirs, ay untill 19 yeirs be rune.
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 379 The Night was almost run.
1792 F. Sayers Poems 109 When his warlike years have run in glory, Give him a happy death in fields of blood.
1853 Legal Observer 4 June 83/1 The Vice-Chancellor said, the deposit constituted a debt and not a trust,..and that therefore as the Statute [of Limitations] had run, the debt was barred.
1885 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 255 Forty-two years have run since ‘the Disruption’, and yet the embers of that strife are not quite cool.
1924 R. Graves Compl. Poems (1999) 203 [He] stood bare-headed in the sun Till seven times seventy days had run.
1954 Yale Law Jrnl. 63 518 By deferring trial until the statute of limitations ran, the Clark court eliminated that troublesome creature, the unknown claimant.
2009 L. VanderVelde Mrs. Dred Scott 112 Before even two years had run,..the Ojibwa would come to regard the treaty as inadequate.
54.
a. intransitive. Of time: to pass or go by. Formerly also: †(of the time of day, or date) to have reached a certain point (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > [verb (intransitive)]
overgoeOE
agoeOE
goOE
forthgoOE
runOE
overdrivea1275
farea1325
overmetea1325
walka1325
passc1330
slidec1374
yern1377
to pass overa1382
wastec1385
waive1390
to pass awaya1400
overseyc1400
drive?c1450
to drive ona1470
slevea1510
to roll awaya1522
to roll overa1522
to wear out, forth1525
flit1574
to pass on1574
to run on1578
overhie1582
wear1597
overslip1607
spend1607
travel1609
to go bya1616
elapsea1644
to come round1650
efflux1660
to roll round1684
lapse1702
roll1731
to roll around1769
to roll by1790
transpire1824
to come around1829
tide1835
elabe1837
tick1937
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 371 Ne sceal nan man cepan be dagum on hwilcum dæge he fare.., forðan þe God gesceop ealle ða seofan dagas, þe yrnað on þære wucan oð þysre worulde geendunge.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11251 All þiss middell ærdess ald. Eorneþþ aȝȝ forþ wiþþ ȝeress.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 11178 (MED) Þe tide þat bringes al to fine, Ran wit þis to monet nine.
c1500 (?a1437) Kingis Quair (1939) clxxi (MED) Ane houre and more it rynnis ouer prime.
1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 40 Because the tyme doth so faste ronne, and I have also other matters to intreate on.
1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxvii. 147 The time to preuent it, is almost runne to farre.
1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies vi. ii. 435 Noting by those figures the yeare that did runne.
1634 J. Ford Chron. Hist. Perkin Warbeck iii. sig. E3 How runnes the time of day?.. Past tenne my Lord.
1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 154 The Time of Instance shall not commence or run until after Contestation of Suit.
1777 S. Johnson Let. 6 Sept. in Wks. (1843) I. 518/1 The time has run away, as most time runs, without account, without use, and without memorial.
1867 W. H. Dixon New Amer. xi. 125 A few months ago (time runs swiftly in these western towns) Denver was a wifeless city.
1921 G. R. Askwith Industr. Probl. & Disputes 210 Time was running fast, and it was decided a pronouncement must be made.
1978 D. T. Rodgers Work Ethic Industr. Amer. (1979) vi. 171 In southern Italy..time ran more slowly than in Galicia.
2006 J. McDevitt Odyssey xviii. 154 The real world..with its quantum effects, time running at different rates depending on whether you're standing on the roof or in the basement.
b. intransitive. With preposition or prepositional phrase (esp. against or in favour of), usually expressing the extent to which the passing of time is favourable or unfavourable to a particular person or thing. Cf. sense 73b.
ΚΠ
1752 A. McDouall Inst. Laws Scotl. II. ii. x. 139 In temporary conventional reversions..the time runs against minors.
1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) II. 153 Where twenty years have elapsed..and the time has begun to run against the ancestor.
1844 T. Hare Rep. Cases Chancery II. 112 If the vendor made any addition to the abstract first delivered, a new period of fourteen days would run in the purchaser's favour.
1868 Littell's Living Age 11 Jan. 122/2 Nations are longer-lived than any individual; time is always running in their favour.
1918 G. B. Hurst With Manchesters in East 54 Perhaps their hears were not sufficiently in the struggle to welcome further sacrifice of life, with the time already running in their favour.
1939 J. E. Davies Let. 25 Sept. in Mission to Moscow (1941) ix. 460 Time is running now to Hitler's advantage instead of against him.
2007 Irish Times (Nexis) 13 Oct. (Mag.) 10 Turning out a great piece of work even when time is running against you.
55. † d. transitive. To reach (its end point). Obsolete.
a. intransitive. Originally: (of a period of time) to last. Later more generally (of an activity, agreement, condition, etc.): to continue, go on; to remain operative or effective. Frequently with prepositional phrase indicating duration; also with simple complement.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (intransitive)] > endure, remain, persist, or continue
bidec893
lastOE
through-wonOE
ylasta1000
standOE
runOE
lastlOE
beleavec1200
abidec1275
cleavec1275
durec1275
dwell13..
endurec1386
perseverec1390
continuec1400
contunec1400
tarrya1450
remainc1455
perdure?a1475
rest1474
permanec1485
succeed1486
perpetuate1530
persist1531
demur1547
perduratea1558
weara1568
to hold it out1585
to hold out1585
abye1590
contain1592
live1592
perennate1623
to draw overa1700
exist1754
linger1764
to hang it out1939
the world > action or operation > continuing > continue doing or keep going in a course of action [verb (intransitive)] > continue (of an action or operation)
runOE
to go fortha1382
to go or run on wheelsc1547
proceed1885
to wear on1886
the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > continuity or uninterruptedness > have continuity [verb (intransitive)]
yernc900
runOE
continue1751
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. i. 66 Þonne we þas tida todælað and ælcum geare gyfað ane tid on þam circule þe yrnð nigontyne gear, þonne beoð þær fif to lafe.
OE Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Laud) 70 Seo seofoðe yld ys þe yrnð mid þisum sixum fram Abele þam rihtwisan oð þissere worulde ende.
c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 1943 This wekede custome is so longe I-ronne Til that..Kyng Eegeus Mote syndyn his owene sone.
a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 143 (MED) Provided alway that no man be harmyd..in the arrerages..wich shall renne aftir þat resumpcion.
1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount f. 24v If..the disease bee olde or hath runne longe, giue the pacient..this glister.
1573 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 226 And swa hes ordanit the said Parliament to ryn and be continewit quhill the last day of August.
1656 in J. A. Clyde Hope's Major Practicks (1937) I. 15 The lords comissioners..declares this parliament to rin with all summonds of treasone..and wther causs particular and generall.
1677 A. Yarranton England's Improvem. 20 Their way of Dealing I knew, and what Security they took, which was impossible should run long.
1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis iii. iii. 140 This grant by lease, is called a Set for Tin or Copper, and runs for one and twenty years certain.
a1826 A. H. Judson in J. D. Knowles Life (1830) x. 220 The fever..had run seventeen days when the blisters were applied.
1838 Daily Commerc. Bull. (St. Louis, Missouri) 9 Mar. (advt.) The lease runs to the 1st of October next.
1850 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 4/1 Must his exclusion run only during the currency of other parts of his sentence?
1893 Strand Mag. 6 217/1 Her contract..had two years more to run.
1936 D. Carnegie How to win Friends & influence People ii. x. 228 The tenant's lease still had four months to run.
1988 F. Spalding Stevie Smith ii. 27 Apart from a fifteen-minute break, lessons ran from nine until one-thirty.
1994 H. Burton Leonard Bernstein iv. xxx. 315 Bernstein's contract was to run for an astonishingly long period, twenty years.
b. intransitive. Of memory, recollection, etc.: to extend or go back in time.Chiefly in various legal expressions with reference to a point in time beyond which memory is conventionally deemed not to extend (see time of memory n. 2 at memory n. Phrases 4); earliest in time that no mind runneth. [Compare Anglo-Norman de temps dount memoire ne court (early 15th cent. or earlier) and other uses of courir ‘to run’ with reference to time.]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > memory > retrospection, reminiscence > look back, retrospect [verb (intransitive)] > of memory: go back
runa1449
a1449 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) ii. 76 The Maier and Citeseyns..have ben seised of all maner jurisdiccion..of tyme that no mynde renneth.
c1465 in Trans. Bristol & Gloucs. Archeol. Soc. (1900) 23 200 (MED) These ben for certayn all the pedegrees..of the manor of Estchaldefeld..fro the tyme of Kyng Harry is day the thirde, and before fro tyme that no mynde rynneth.
?1530 St. German's Dyaloge Doctoure & Student viii. f. xx The lymytacion of a prescripcyon generally taken is from the tyme that no mannes mynde rennyth to the contrarye.
a1638 R. Brownlow Rep. Diverse Cases: 2nd Pt. (1651) 26 The unity of the possession ought to be of time, that the memory of man doth not run to the contrary.
1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. Introd. 76 That it [sc. a custom] have been used so long, that the memory of man runneth not to the contrary.
1861 Temple Bar 2 299 The memory of Puffin ran not to the contrary.
1897 Law Jrnl. Rep. 66 432/1 Cases in which a prerogative mandamus had, from time whereof memory does not run to the contrary, been alone the effective remedy.
1969 Harvard Law Rev. 83 p. vii Our..institutional memory runs not to a time when the Review was so late in its publication schedule.
1987 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 29 Nov. vii. 37/1 The current Copyright Act provides for the issuance of an injunction.., and so did its predecessor act of 1909, and the American memory runs not to the contrary.
c. transitive. Of a disease, phenomenon, etc.: to follow (a particular course). See also to run its course at Phrases 2a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [verb (transitive)] > pursue or follow a course
run1763
1763 in F. Fawkes & W. Woty Poet. Cal. I. 95 Life will run a cheerful course Of sunshine all the year.
1791 R. Jackson Treat. Fevers Jamaica iii. 38 This form of fever..seemed to consist of two diseases, which ran a separate and independent course.
1819 R. Thomas Mod. Pract. Physic (ed. 6) 507 When suppuration and ulceration had taken place, it [sc. consumption] run even a more rapid progress than in England.
1881 S. R. Gardiner & J. B. Mullinger Introd. Study Eng. Hist. i. v. 97 Lollardism, too, ran much the same course.
1918 W. Walker Hist. Christian Church 378 In December, 1545, it [sc. the Council of Trent] at last actually began its sessions, which were to run a checkered and interrupted course till 1563.
1998 M. Coyne Crowded Prairie 189 The genre..ran a course parallel to human life, with the difference that its birth and death cannot be exactly determined.
ΚΠ
1806 Monthly Rev. June 128 Had the treaty been permitted to run its term, England would gladly have rectified that inequality.
1854 S. T. Dobell Balder xvi. 68 The doom has run its date, the hour is here!
1856 S. T. Dobell Eng. in Time of War 40 At last the curse has run its date! The heavens grow clear above.
ΚΠ
OE On Concurrents (Harl. 3271) in H. Henel Stud. zum Altenglischen Computus (1934) 49 Gif þu wille witan hu fela concurrenta yrnan on geare [L. quot concurrentes sint in omni anno], wite hwilce dæge ix kalendas aprilis beo. Gif he bið on sunnandæg, ðonne yrnð an concurrent on geare.
OE Regularis Concordia (Tiber.) (1993) xxviii. 53 Hymni..qui per totum annum currunt, dominicis diebus siue noctibus temp[o]re quadragesimali celebre[n]tur : þa ymnas..þe þurh eall gear yrnað sunnandagum oþþe nihtum timan lenctenlicum beon gesungenne.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 24897 (MED) Þou sal nu hete..to do þam at vnderstand For to halu þis ilk fest dai..In hali kirc rinnand bi yer [i.e. recurring every year] Als geten was ur lauedi dere.
?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 112v, in Middle Eng. Dict. at Rennen Redenesse, ecchinge, scabbe, sebel, vngula: alle þese rennen in one course, for one of hem is cause of anoþer.
a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 90 (MED) In his story rynneth a fair and straunge thyng.
57. intransitive. Of a person: to become advanced in age or years (formerly also with †on). Only in past participle. Now rare (historical in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > age > old age > be or seem old [verb (intransitive)] > grow old
oldeOE
eldc1175
to fall in (also to) agea1398
forlive1398
hoara1420
runa1425
age1440
veterate1623
senesce1656
olden1700
wane1821
to get on in years1822
senilize1841
a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 4495 Ther is sette to kepe..A Rympled vekke ferre Ronne in age.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 7790 (MED) In þe artis callid liberal He lernyd was and expert a-riȝt..Al-be þat he was ronne fer in age.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 904 (MED) Chyldre..offter han thys ryver wonne Than folk that ben on [v.r. in] age ronne.
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. ii. ix. 161 Howbeit he was waik, and fer rvn in ȝeris.
?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. g.iiv Youre grace beyng nowe sumwhat runne in yeares.
1907 A. H. Thompson in W. Shakespeare Trag. Richard III 14 Aldis Wright points out that this phrase [sc. ‘struck in years’] means ‘well gone’ or ‘far run’ in years.
58.
a. transitive. To allow (a bill or account) to accumulate for a certain time without making any payment; to accumulate (a debt). Cf. to run up 2b at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > owe [verb (transitive)] > repay debt > delay or arrange a new schedule
attermine1413
run1451
reschedule1959
1451 J. Fastolf in Paston Lett. & Papers (2005) III. 133 I pray you..that ye do your part to resseyve my dewtees of such commoditees your sylf, quarterly and dayly as it ys ronne, and not to suffre my officers resseyve it and delyuere it you.
1453–4 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Mar. 1453 §58. m. 7 It shall be lefull to..John..for the arrerages of the same ronne aftir the seid .xxiij. day of Aprille..the seid tenementes entre, and..distreyne.
1786 J. Trusler London Adviser & Guide 27 The best method is, never to run a bill with a baker, but pay for the bread as it is left.
1793 J. Trusler Life I. v. 63 They..had not only spent the money they had brought with them, but had run a debt that greatly embarrassed them.
1861 Temple Bar 1 277 A lady-customer who ran such heavy bills.
1867 J. H. Millar Poems 114 Then doth it seem to me that we do run A debt with nature which we cannot pay.
1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 87 It is found a great safeguard against debt..not to run long accounts.
1918 Outlook 16 Jan. 77/1 (advt.) I ran accounts with tradesmen who knew me and knew I was good for it.
1996 F. Leonard Thousand Blunders iv. 109 Peterson had run a debt of $16,600 with FWS on an earlier contract in Manitoba.
b. intransitive. Of a bill or debt: to accumulate or remain unpaid.
ΚΠ
1819 Metropolis (ed. 2) II. xvii. 243 The master of the house begged it as a favor that she would please to let the bills run.
1884 Minutes 49th Session Erie Ann. Conf. Methodist Episcopal Church 23 The Churches think it is as well to let the debts run a while.
1897 J. H. Gillett Treat. Law Indirect & Collateral Evid. ii. 66 Men do not ordinarily let debts run, accumulating interest, when they have money in the bank with which to pay them.
1938 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 23 Oct. ii. 13/2 (advt.) You didn't reduce the principal at all, but let the debt run.
1983 E. P. Hoyt Davies xx. 169 Davies was quite content to let the HIW bills run.
59.
a. intransitive. Of a play, film, exhibition, etc.: to (continue to) be presented to the public. Frequently with prepositional phrase or simple complement indicating the period of time during which this continues. Cf. run n.2 41a, run n.2 41b.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > [verb (intransitive)] > of a play: be played continuously
run1709
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > film show > be shown [verb (intransitive)] > continue being shown
run1914
1709 S. Centlivre Man's Bewitch'd Pref. sig. A5 It seems a certain Author has enter'd a Caveat against all Plays running to a sixth Night.
1761 tr. Voltaire Crit. Ess. Dramatic Poetry 49 The play ran forty nights.
1808 E. Inchbald Every One has his Fault Remarks 4 in Brit. Theatre XXIII Having, on its first appearance, run, in the theatrical term, near thirty nights.
1828 Examiner 85/2 The piece..will run the season.
1876 Lowell (Mass.) Daily Citizen 19 Aug. Three of the six months that the Centennial Exhibition runs have passed.
1890 Sat. Rev. 22 Nov. 574/2 The play now running at the Lyceum.
1914 Evening Gaz. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) 14 Aug. 3/2 (advt.) This picture ran at The Vitagraph Broadway Theater..for two solid months.
1976 Oxf. Compan. Film 646/1 Rodgers and Hammerstein's stage musical, which opened in New York in 1959 and ran for four years.
2009 Old House Interiors Jan.–Feb. 14/2 The show [sc. an exhibition] runs from Jan. 23 to Feb. 1 at the Park Avenue Armory.
b. intransitive. With for or simple complement. Of (part of) a play, film, video recording, etc.: to last the specified length of time.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > film show > be shown [verb (intransitive)]
run1905
unreel1915
play1919
screen1940
1905 Muscatine (Iowa) Jrnl. 15 Dec. 7/6 The picture runs about thirty minutes.
1916 Munsey's Mag. Nov. 240/1 The first act ran two hours.
1953 Billboard 31 Jan. 56/4 The show ran for almost three hours and included such acts as [etc.].
1976 Oxf. Compan. Film 743/1 The first part, running about 3½ hours, was released as The Wedding March.
2004 Time Out N.Y. 16 Dec. 222/1 David Lean's gargantuan romantic bauble..runs more than three hours. Call it ‘Not-So-Brief Encounter’.
60. Originally U.S.
a. intransitive. Originally: (of a newspaper or magazine article) to be published or printed, esp. in serial form in successive issues. Later more generally: to appear, be published or printed; (in extended use, of a news story, item of information, etc.) to be made public through any mass medium.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > publishing > be published [verb (intransitive)]
to come forthlOE
to come out1529
to see the light1535
appear1711
run1831
publish1928
1831 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 16 Aug. Lady Morgan has an excellent article running through both numbers [of the magazine].
1859 Belfast News-let. 8 Dec. It is now stated that the Cornhill Magazine is to have three serial stories running at once.
1915 R. W. Kauffman In Moment of Time ix. 235 The advertisement ran for several days in several papers, but brought no response.
1974 Publishers Weekly 18 Nov. 12/3 Janet Flanner's introduction to ‘London Was Yesterday’..will run in the February issue of Travel & Leisure.
1982 Sunday Intelligencer 4 July a9/2 This story ran on our local stations for the 6 o'clock news.
2009 ‘R. Keeland’ tr. S. Larsson Girl who played with Fire xxi. 352 The article ran as a feature in an evening paper.
b. transitive. To publish or print in a newspaper or magazine (originally esp. in serial form); (in later use more generally) to make public (a news story, advertisement, etc.) through any mass medium.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > publishing > publish [verb (transitive)]
to put forth1482
to put out1529
to set forth1535
promulge1539
to set abroada1555
present1559
to set out1559
utter1561
divulge1566
publish1573
print?1594
emit1650
edition1715
edit1727
to give to the world1757
to get out1786
to send forth1849
to bring out1878
run1879
release1896
pub1932
society > communication > broadcasting > television > broadcast by television [verb (transitive)]
telecast1931
run1973
screen1973
1879 Publishers' Weekly 12 Apr. 444/1 Mr. Bentley..held back the volume to run the story through his magazine.
1884 B. Nye Baled Hay 202 The business manager..hated to lose old Balshazzer's whole trade, for he wouldn't run any of his ads unless he would take them all according to his contract.
1916 J. London Let. 31 Oct. (1966) 479 Please send me as many prints or proofs..of this letter of mine (if you run it).
1950 Time 16 Jan. 65/3 With his vigorous news pages, Dana ran blistering editorials against Boss Tweed, the Credit Mobilier and the Whisky Ring.
1952 H. Innes Campbell's Kingdom ii. 189 They had run the story of Campbell's Kingdom as a news item on the front page.
1973 N.Y. Law Jrnl. 20 July 4/3 During the last gubernatorial election campaign.., the incumbent ran some 3,000 television commercials on twenty-two different television stations.
2009 New Yorker 12 Oct. 44/2 Time ran a cover story on the return to the simple life.
** Other uses, with reference to being in or entering a state or condition.
61. † c. intransitive. Of a tax, tithe, etc.: to be in effect, to be applicable or collectable. Obsolete.
a. intransitive. Of a ruling, proclamation, writ, etc.: to have force, validity, or (esp. legal) authority; to be recognized; to be effective.In later use frequently figurative and in figurative contexts, esp. with writ.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > rule of law > [verb (intransitive)] > be or remain valid
runa1325
prescribe1445
attacha1626
speak1837
a1325 Statutes of Realm (2011) vii. 60 Heo þat habbez suuche entre, fram þe time þat te writ of mort de auncestre furst oern, [etc.].
1413–19 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 227 (MED) The forsaid tenantz..aren destreyned by the kyngges Baillife from terme to terme for the rerages of the countes of the same Sir Richard, for dyuerse writtes þat rennyth a-yens hym yn the Cheker.
a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 231 (MED) God bringe doun þis fendis pryde and helpe þat Goddis word renne.
a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 131 (MED) Now the statute renneth that he hath drawen them to the worldly estates.
1579 J. Stubbs Discouerie Gaping Gulf sig. C7v Eyther must our Elizabeth goe..into a forrain kingdome where her writt doth not runn..or els [etc.].
1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 589 That writs out of the Kings Courts, should in certaine cases have no place nor runne among them.
1689 T. Rymer View Govt. Europe 51 The Process and Decrees of the Court ran in the Emperor's name.
1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 78 In all these..the king's ordinary writs..do not run; that is, they are of no force.
1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 116/2 The covenant will not run, that is, it will not bind the assignee, nor pass to him.
1852 C. J. Lever Daltons xiii Not knowing that they were in another land where the King's writ never ran.
1899 Times 10 Jan. 10/1 May not the condemnation of some services signify their transfer to rooms in which episcopal authority does not run?
1932 J. Dewey in Are Sanctions Necessary to Internat. Organization? 33 Within each state where the laws run, there is substantial agreement.
1981 G. Priestland At Large (1983) 122 I have a sneaking primitive feeling..that God's writ does not entirely run at sea.
2003 Russ. Rev. 62 328 The inability to ensure that Moscow's writ ran across the whole territory [of Russia].
b. intransitive. Of money: to have currency, to pass current; to be in circulation. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > circulation of money > be in circulation [verb (intransitive)]
gangOE
run1399
pass1475
servec1475
go1504
to pass, go, or run current1596
to take vent1641
circulate1691
float1778
1399 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1399/1/17 ijm pound of the monay now rynnande.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 14038 (MED) Þis riche man lent to þat tan An hundreth penis suilk als ran.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 157 (MED) Whan þat money hath ronne so longe þat it begynneth to waste, þan men beren it to the Emperoures tresorye.
a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 370 (MED) The parte lettyng shold pay..shillings of sterlynges of lawfull and vsuell money rynnyng in Inglond.
a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 2560 Ten penneys..Þat in to Rome for mone ran, Haffande þe emperouris crowne.
a1631 R. Cotton in J. Howell Cottoni Posthuma (1651) 297 The said Royall of Eight runnes in account of Trade at 5.s. of..English money.
1662 in J. Simon Ess. Irish Coins (1749) 130 All sorts of small silver moneys of the denominations of or running for groates..or under.
1706 Boston News-let. 29 Apr. 4/1 Our Assembly have Issued out from the Treasury 7000 Pound in Paper Notes, to run for Six Months.
1877 J. Harvey Paper Money 134 All bills of exchange, promissory notes, all currency, i.e. paper running current, is promise to pay sovereigns.
1888 Notes & Queries 7th Ser. 6 338 Are not these the Spanish ‘pillar dollars’; and did they not run current in England as crown pieces?
1905 C. A. Hindlip Brit. East Afr. vi. 63 A young, rising, white colony, whose trade will in the future be with white countries where the English coinage runs.
1961 J. Beckwith Art of Constantinople v. 129 All the traffic of Asia and the Near East..came naturally to Constantinople; her currency ran in India and in England.
ΚΠ
1429–30 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1429 §47. m. 6 At alle tymes when poundage hath ronne.
c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 126 Whenne scutage renneth generally thorowgh all Inglonde.
1605 E. Sandys Relation State of Relig. sig. N4 Their annuities and tenths, doe stille runne currant.
1656 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 214 Parliamt hath setled upon the Ministr of this place all the tythes running within the Liberties.
d. intransitive. Of a custom, expression, etc.: to be current or prevalent; to be in general use. Cf. running adj. 29b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > be generally applicable [verb (intransitive)] > be general or prevalent
pass1475
runa1500
tain?1536
to go for current1596
to pass for current1596
prevail1617
obtain1619
a1500 ( Vision E. Leversedge in Notes & Queries Somerset & Dorset (1905) 9 33 To persecute and smyt the people for the synne that dayly renyth a mong them with the infirmyte and plage of pestilence.
a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1965) II. 151 And sophistic argumentis agane the devin sapiens at rynnis amang clerkis.
1561 Rec. Dumfries Burgh Court in Protocol Bk. M. Carruthers (1956) 6 As richt and custome of the realme in sic lyk caiss ryniss aucht and suld.
1605 R. Verstegan Restit. Decayed Intelligence viii. 241 Some names deryued from the Hebrew..do now run generally in comon vse among all.
1678 G. Mackenzie Laws & Customes Scotl. ii. xxvi. 534 Though moveable Tennents cannot be witnesses, yet Cottars may, as the custom now runs.
1749 Grounds & Rudiments Law & Equity 39 Such custom may not be granted or established by grant of the crown..but is juris non scriptum, and made by the people of such a place only, where the custom runs.
1842 R. Armitage Dr. Hookwell II. vi. 176 He..anxiously flies to his list of precedents and adjudged cases to show..how the practice ran.
1892 Sat. Rev. 17 Sept. 340/1 A standard authority in every country where the English language runs.
1914 Proc. Iowa State Bar Assoc. 20 126 The Governor would name the man Selected by us as the custom ran.
1963 M. Khadduri Mod. Libya vii. 195 The practice ran that such agreements, if they were of technical nature or minor importance, were concluded by the executive alone.
2006 C. Haenni Holy Women around Jesus x. 99 This necessitated the choosing of a following or vocation somewhat in keeping with the forefathers—as the custom ran.
62.
a. To pass into or out of a certain state; to become, turn, grow, etc.Esp. with reference to a change for the worse, in the direction of disorder, insanity, etc.
(a) intransitive. With various prepositions (in later use chiefly into and to; see also to run into —— 1a at Phrasal verbs 2, to run to —— 1 at Phrasal verbs 2).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > be transformed [verb (intransitive)]
wortheOE
awendOE
golOE
turnc1275
changec1300
runc1384
to run into ——c1384
fare1398
writhea1400
transmewc1400
returnc1475
transume1480
convert1549
transform1597
remove1655
transeate1657
transmute1675
make1895
metamorphose1904
shapeshift1927
metamorphize1943
metamorphosize1967
morph1992
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Eph. iv. 13 Til we rennen alle, in vnyte of feith..into a parfyt man.
1397 in J. Slater Early Scots Texts (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinb.) (1952) No. 35 He sal ryn in forfetur agaynis his kyng.
a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 320 So depe was hir wo bigonnen And eek hir hert in angre Ronnen.
a1500 W. Nassington Speculum Vitae (Sloane) in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) II. 38 (MED) So sleghly he can his acountes sette, That his lorde rennes in his dette.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Esdras iv. 26 Many one there be, that renne out of their wyttes..for their wyues sakes.
?1572 R. Sempill Premonitioun Barnis of Leith (single sheet) Yai suld all rin by yair mynd.
1597 T. Beard Theatre Gods Iudgements ii. xxxii. 360 Like as these cursed monsters ranne too much out of frame in their vnbridled lusts.
1604 B. Rich Souldiers Wishe to Britons Welfare 34 Where it [sc. force] beares more swaie then vnderstanding, it runnes to confusion, and to destruction in the end.
1642 R. Baker tr. V. Malvezzi Disc. upon Tacitus ix. 65 To..be forced to cut off the part, by letting it runne to a Gangrene or Convulsion.
1680 W. Allen Perswasive to Peace & Unity (ed. 2) Pref. p. xxvi What..should have been done to have kept things from running to so great an extream.
1708 J. Swift Sentiments Church of Eng.-man ii, in Misc. (1711) 145 It is not a bare Speculation that Kings may run into such Enormities as are abovementioned.
1794 W. Combe Hist. Thames I. 90 Taste has run into the contrary extreme of frippery and filigrane.
1827 Monthly Rev. Feb. 125 ‘Masther’, who suffered his affairs to run into irretrievable confusion.
1881 F. B. Thurber Coffee iii. 10 If the inner skin of the bean be broken, it will generally run to powder when dried.
1910 S. R. Crockett Love's Young Dream xviii. 141 You and mother and all about this house have run out of your wits about this slip of a girl!
1918 Business Digest 13 Feb. 201/2 Legitimate expansion quickly runs into pure inflation.
1939 S. Young tr. A. Chekhov Sea Gull i. 20 That cannot be before long centuries of the moon, the shining dog star, and the earth, have run to dust.
2005 I. Hont Jealousy of Trade 123 Honor could incite emulation but could not restrain it from running into excess.
(b) intransitive. With simple complement.Some of the more established uses with particular complements, as amok, mad, etc., are treated in the entries for these words. See also Phrases 2.
ΚΠ
a1425 Rule St. Benet (Lansd.) (1902) 13 (MED) Þai caste þair mantil and rennis a-mise.
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 90 (MED) Y wolde that profound..scoling in logik..and lawe were not left bihinde..for without him..prechingis rennen arere.
a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) l. 7895 (MED) And in your seruyse he come ne hade, He shuld not now haue ronne madde.
?a1525 (?a1475) Play Sacrament (stage direct.) , in N. Davis Non-Cycle Plays & Fragm. (1970) 73 Her he renneth wood, with þe Ost in hys hond.
c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 78 Let Weirds rin wod, let furious faits be fearce.
1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge ii. iv. sig. Ev I am not mad? I run not frantic?
1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. xxxiii. 306 They will run behind with me two or three Quarters, and then they will seek some occasion to take away their children.
1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa ii. iii. 191 Seeing Nini preferr'd, [he] was ready to run mad.
1741 J. Parry True Anti-Pamela 202 She call'd me a great many scandalous names. In short, I was ready to run crazy.
1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams I. xi. 263 Can you recollect her virtues, her innocence..and not run distracted with remorse?
1803 Censor 1 Feb. 24 Is it any wonder..that this gentleman and many others are running behind hand?
1833 T. Creevey Let. 22 July in J. Gore Life & Times (1934) 386 Suppose I was to run stuffy and not tell you where I have just been.
1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 192 The boats..are built of thin planks, running very fine fore and aft.
1922 E. R. Eddison Worm Ouroboros iii. 41 We of Witchland are not run lunatic, my Lord Corinius, that we should do this gladness to the Demons.
a1980 H. M. Pachter Weimar Études (1982) iv. 168 The state had run berserk; its evil side had been cut loose from Reason of State.
1988 A. Hollinghurst Swimming Pool Libr. i. 19 The conversation did run a bit thin.
2005 Times (Nexis) 15 July (Times2 section) 2 Have you run quite mad? Can you really get so excited about a book?
b. transitive. To bring (a person or thing) into a particular situation, state, or circumstance; to cause, persuade, or drive (a person) to take a particular action, adopt a particular position, etc. Also with object complement, as to run (a person) crazy, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring (a person or thing) into a state or condition
set971
haveOE
wendOE
to bring onc1230
teemc1275
putc1330
run1391
casta1400
laya1400
stead1488
constitute1490
render1490
takea1530
introduce1532
deduce1545
throw?1548
derive?c1550
turn1577
to work up1591
estate1605
arrive1607
state1607
enduea1616
assert1638
sublime1654
to run up1657
1391 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1391/5 Oucht..that suld ryn ony man in prejudice of thair heritage.
a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 113 (MED) Willam Aldelinys sone ran Morices sone to harme.
1618 T. Adams Happines of Church ii. 359 Distressed worldlings cry out, it was my owne folly that ran me into this danger.
a1625 J. Fletcher Pilgrim iii. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ggggg4v/2 These wild woods, and the fancies I have in me, Will run me mad.
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. iii. §7 For whatever is required as a duty, is such as the neglect of it runs men upon damnation.
1682 J. Bunyan Holy War 91 Atempted to run the Town into acts of Rebellion against our Prince. View more context for this quotation
1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. xlvii. 169 Who..had rioted away a great Part of his Masters Goods and Money, and had run his own Credit out of Doors.
1747 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 24 Nov. (1932) (modernized text) III. 1057 I should have avoided many follies and inconveniences which undirected youth ran me into.
1774 S. Johnson Let. 4 July in J. Boswell Life (1791) I. 437 I have done worse to Lord Hailes than by neglecting his sheets: I have run him in debt.
1828 Examiner 701/1 She had been running him into debt.
1845 Amer. Rev. Aug. 180/2 There is the dismal moan again! I must go down and stop that, or it'll run me crazy sure enough!
1879 H. L. Eads Shaker Serm. 149 Were he not a philosopher his very ignorance would run him mad.
1919 H. C. Sheppard Psychol. made Practical ix. 242 To let the energies of the intellect and emotions run us to distraction and perdition.
1942 L. Vollmer in Sat. Evening Post 22 Aug. 12/3 Fink's meanness had run his wife out of her head.
1988 Nature 4 Aug. 371/2 Successive governments have run us into a state which is shameful.
2003 Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin) (Nexis) 24 June 1 a He always said they ran him crazy. That was his main problem—stress.
2006 Bradenton (Florida) Herald (Nexis) 13 Dec. (Sports) 1 She never used her physical disabilities to get out of practice. I ran her crazy because I wanted her to show me that she really wanted it.
63. intransitive. To proceed, carry on, ensue; to turn out, work out.
ΚΠ
a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 6282 If god nyl done it socour But lat renne in this colour.
1542 T. Becon New Pollecye of Warre sig. E.ijv Is no prouision to be made for the conseruacion of the Christen publique weale, but let all thynges ronne at hauocke?
1593 R. Bancroft Suruay Holy Discipline xviii. 207 Thus farre then the matter runneth well: for our worshipfull Deacons.
a1623 W. Pemble Introd. Worthy Receiving Sacrament (1628) 43 Like desperate Bankrouts to let all things runne at adventure.
1705 tr. W. Bosman New Descr. Coast of Guinea iii. 31 After this all our Affairs run at random.
1833 Universalist (Boston) 26 Oct. 171/1 In such a way, God in his providence, permitted things to run, that at length, [etc.].
1880 Harper's Mag. Sept. 646/2 If you would wed, Just get a girl who lets things run.
1913 E. W. Sargent Technique of Photoplay (ed. 2) xix. 123 You cannot tell precisely how the action will run unless you are intimately acquainted with the direction methods of the man who will produce your script.
1982 B. Massey tr. J. Cieslik & M. Cieslik Lehmann Toys 142/3 It is impossible to say today just how things ran, but less than six months later E. P. Lehmann was in the market with a patent of his own.
2007 Canning Times (Perth, Austral.) (Nexis) 20 Mar. 11 Why not let the matter run for a couple of years and then have the referendum.
64. intransitive. Esp. with to. Of a variety of flower, domestic fowl, etc.: to alter in colouring (esp. over the course of successive generations) in the manner specified. Cf. to run to —— 7 at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > be different [verb (intransitive)] > deviate or diverge from a standard, rule, etc.
digress1571
run1765
1765 Treat. Domest. Pigeons 57 Rejecting those [birds] that ran from the feather, and judiciously matching the good coloured ones together.
1837 W. Herbert Amaryllidaceæ 369 Carnations, which have run to red, very seldom revert to the white-stripe.
1865 J. Salter Chrysanthemum ix. 43 Every sport should be thoroughly tested in different soils before it can be really considered fixed, as many have been known to run back when planted in rich compost.
1887 Garden 12 Nov. 436/1 Here..they [sc. Pentstemons] all turn or ‘run’ to red-purple.
1891 Gardeners' Chron. 12 Sept. 311/2 Phlox Flambeaux,..of a bright pale orange carmine colour, but with a fatal tendency to run to a pale colour.
1923 W. Hooley Poultry-craft viii. 257 For the production of a glossy green cockerel a bird of the exhibition stamp would be selected, but not green pullets, as mating with the latter type would tend to run to red hackles in the progeny.
IV. To (cause to) be disposed or arranged; to arrange, set, configure.
* With reference to physical location or arrangement in space.
65.
a. intransitive. To extend, stretch; to form a continuous line or boundary; to have its course.Usually with adverb or prepositional phrase indicating position or direction.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > point or lie in a direction [verb (intransitive)]
goeOE
wendOE
runOE
stretchc1400
strike1456
extend1481
point?1518
address1523
passc1550
tend1574
trend1598
conduce1624
direct1665
verge1726
shape1769
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > longitudinal extent > extend longitudinally [verb (intransitive)]
runOE
stretchc1400
range1600
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > form continuous boundary [verb (intransitive)]
run?a1425
OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 196) 22 Dec. 265 Æt þam [sc. gyldenan scride] wæron gyldene hors, and on þam wæron þa wealdleðer swa upgetiged swa swa hig urnon to heofenum up.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 177 (MED) Þat see of Caspye..renneth be the desert at o syde of the contree.
1525 Anothomia in tr. H. von Brunschwig Noble Experyence Handy Warke Surg. sig. Bjv/2 There be iij, materyall circles yt ronne about the iye.
1572 T. Twyne tr. Dionysius Periegetes Surueye World sig. A Lybia is seuered from Europe..by ye mouth of Nilus, chiefly where the northsyde of Egypt runneth along.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 59 Two peers loftye run vpward From stoans lyke turrets.
1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies iii. xviii. 177 They have a long cord that runs fro one side [of a river] to th'other, & thereon hangs a basket.
1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid ii. xi. 88 Those Wounds, which deeply run into the body, are very dangerous.
1681 R. Knox Hist. Relation Ceylon iv. ix. 160 We had found the great Road that runs down towards Jafnapatan.
a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 140 A very deep rupture in the side of Libanus, running at least seven hours travel.
1759 A. Butler Lives Saints IV. 379 The solitary convent of Manjarez, situated in the mountains which run between Castile and Portugal.
1790 F. Burney Diary Aug. (1842) V. 150 A band of musicians were stationed in a long bower running across the garden.
1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 86 A balustrade runs round the building.
1855 F. H. Ramsbotham Princ. & Pract. Obstetr. Med. (new Amer. ed.) 79 The..Umbilical Cord..is a rope-like cord running from the navel of the child into the body of the placenta.
1892 Speaker 3 Sept. 289/2 The high road..runs at right-angles to..the lane.
1921 R. Stead Daring Deeds Great Mountaineers xv. 187 The Bristenstock is made up of thirty or forty main ridges, running up towards the top.
1942 Foreign Affairs 20 317 The Stalin Line..runs along the Dniester and then..in the direction of Zhitomir and Korosten.
1974 J. I. M. Stewart Gaudy (1975) vi. 101 Three long tables ran in parallel down the hall.
2006 Cage & Aviary Birds 1 June 10/3 A line running under the beak down the chest, as though the feathers had a parting.
b. transitive. To cause to extend in a specified direction or take a specified course.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > longitudinal extent > [verb (transitive)] > lengthen
elongc1420
protend?a1475
lengthen1555
extend1569
produce1570
prolong1574
elongate1578
carry1587
run1630
continue1667
to run outa1670
prolongate1671
1630 H. Hexham Hist. Relation Siege of Busse 22 Wee began a new sapp..towardes the enemies halfe moone,..running our aproaches by oblique lines, windings and turnings.
1668 in M. Wood Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1950) X. 52 Quher he hes runn ane uther dyke to the citiedaill wall.
1713 J. Addison in Guardian 6 July 1/1 A slip of fine Linnen..run in a small kind of ruffle round the uppermost Verge of Womens Stays.
1736 T. Lediard Life Marlborough III. 82 A Trench of Fascines and Earth being run thro' the Morass.
1788 7 May in J. P. Larkins Acct. Passage Ship Warren-Hastings (1789) 17 Run a Warp of two Hawsers to the NE with the Kedge, warped her to it.
a1859 J. Austin Lect. Jurispr. (1879) II. liii. 887 A road or canal is run by authority of parliament through the lands of private persons.
1869 E. J. Reed Shipbuilding vi. 100 An intermediate frame..is run down from the upper deck to the third longitudinal.
1880 A. Whamond Hist. Scotl. i. 14 From thence to the Firth of Clyde he ran a line of forts as a defence against the Caledonians.
1932 T. H. Robinson Hist. Israel I. xi. 247 David..did little more to defend Jerusalem than to run a wall across to cover the breaches in the two Jebusite walls.
1967 P. Honey Househ. Electr. 65 Never run flexes under a carpet.
2002 J. McGahern That they may face Rising Sun (2003) 255 My father got him out of the river by running a rope beneath his arms.
66. transitive. To pass (a rope, line, or the like) between two points, through an aperture, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition or fact of being interjacent > be or make interjacent [verb (transitive)] > place (a thing) between > from one point to another
stretcha1225
run1627
1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. v. 21 Cat harpings are small ropes runne in little blockes from one side of the ship to the other.
1740 W. Stukeley Stonehenge 45 All [the beads] had holes to run a string thro'.
1748 tr. N. A. Pluche Spectacle de la Nature V. xiv. 316 When we will raise a Burden by the fixed Pulley, we run a Rope over the Wheel.
1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxvi. 85 In all directions athwart-ships, tricing-lines were run, and strung with hides.
1849 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 10 i. 272 The smaller cord to be run through a noose at the free end.
1903 Mod. Engin. Pract. 8 41 It is necessary to run a steel rope between the poles, and to hang the conductor from this.
1956 R. C. Evans On Climbing iii. 52 He..runs his rope through a snap-link clipped to the..piton.
2009 J. Chiaverini Lost Quilter iii. 79 Another man ran a heavy chain through loops in the iron bands around her ankles.
67. transitive. North American. To determine, fix, or mark off (a boundary line). Frequently in to run the line or lines, to run the bounds. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > form continuous boundary [verb (intransitive)] > determine boundary
ride1455
to rid (the) marches1466
to redd the marchesa1500
butt1523
to beat the bounds1570
to run the line or lines1639
procession1724
1639 Rec. Mass. Bay (1853) I. 254 Mr John Oliver, Mr Robert Keayne, & Richard Sadler are appointed to run the bounds betweene Boston & Linn.
1640 in G. A. Schofield Anc. Rec. Ipswich (Mass.) (1899) I. Full power [is] given to them..to run the lyne and make the bounds, between Salem and Ipswich.
1660 in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1877) XIV. 168 Mr. John Gardner of Salem, being desired..to Run the bounds betwixt Bostone, Charlestowne and Lynn vppon a Nor. Norwest lyne.
1708 S. Sewall Diary 28 Mar. (1973) I. 592 I agreed with Major Thaxter to run the Line of my 300. Acres of Land.
1741 in Acts & Resolves Mass. Bay (1905) XIII. 14 Ordered that Mr Allen be added to the Committee appointed..to run the bounds between Hopkinton and Holliston.
1764 T. Hutchinson Hist. Colony Massachusets-Bay, 1628–91 (1765) i. 208 The lines between..the governments..have been run.
1809 E. A. Kendall Trav. Northern Parts U.S. I. ii. 15 The boundaries are usually determined, or in the technical phrase, the lines run, by a land-surveyor.
1892 A. C. Gunter Miss Dividends (1893) 63 Ever since he ran the lines in Nebraska when that State was a howling wilderness.
1907 E. B. Crane Hist. Homes & Inst. Worcester County, Mass. I. 374/2 Jacob Root..was one of those chosen to run the bounds between Colchester and Hebron in 1710.
1928 A. Nevins Fremont II. xxv. 442 The Chief Executive..had in June, 1849, appointed him a commissioner to run the boundary line with Mexico.
1991 F. W. Cadle Georgia Land Surv. Hist. & Law viii. 273 The commissioners..began at the northwest corner of Georgia and ran the line eastwardly.
68. transitive. To form (a line or other mark) on a surface by drawing, tracing, cutting, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > marking > mark [verb (transitive)] > make (a mark)
annotate1598
run1680
1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. xii. 214 The quick coming about of the Work may draw the edge of the Chissel into it inwards, and run a dawk on the Cilinder, like the Groove of a Screw.
1796 B. Donne Ess. Mech. Geom. vi. 61 Run a diagonal line DB [across the trapezium], and let fall the perpendiculars AE, CF.
1805 Shipwright's Vade-mecum 219 Proceed to run some lines to shew the shape of the body in the sheer plan.
1845 Encycl. Metrop. XXV. 301/1 It is requisite to..determine the position of the ship before running a new base.
1895 E. Rowe Hints on Chip-carving 27 This is best obtained by running lines and bevelling edges on a waste bit of wood before commencing to carve.
1909 Radford's Cycl. Constr. IX. 302 Place the length true with the edge of the board and run a mark down the paper.
1951 Pop. Sci. Mar. 191/2 Run a groove around the inside for a drawer bottom.
1997 A. Bridgewater & G. Bridgewater Boxes & Chests 30/2 Run a pencil guideline up and over the curves to mark the center of the wood thickness.
69. † b. transitive. To make (a garment) by sewing quickly or simply; = to run up 7c(b) at Phrasal verbs 1. Obsolete. rare.
a. transitive. To draw (a piece of thread, ribbon, etc.) longitudinally through something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > sew or ornament textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > trim > with ribbon or braid > thread with
run1699
slot1922
1699 A. Boyer Royal Dict. Lacer un Ruban,..to run a Ribbon through.
1727 J. Swift Let. 1 Feb. in Misc. Pieces (1789) 1 The workman is forced to run a gold thread through the middle [of the cloth], and sell it as Indian.
1837 Miss Watts Ladies' Knitting & Netting Bk. 5 Sew the sock up, and run a ribbon through the bottom of the legging to tie it.
1867 Young Englishwoman June 313/1 Run a piece of silk folded three times double through the stitches at the bottom of the purse.
1908 M. E. Morgan How to dress Doll v. 48 Ribbon is run through neck and sleeves.
1966 Post-Crescent (Appleton, Wisconsin) 11 Feb. a9/7 Run ribbon through beading and stitch to skirts.
2006 M. Stanley Simply Fabulous Knitting 73/2 Run coloured thread through the fabric to keep a straight line.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > sew or ornament textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > sew > quickly
run1709
to run up1828
whang1855
1709 S. Centlivre Busie Body Prol. 29 The Fleet-street Sempstress.., That runs spruce Neckcloths for Attorney's Clerks.
c. transitive. To darn or work (an area or piece of fabric) with thread of a specified kind. Formerly also without construction: to darn (the heel of a stocking or sock) with extra thread in order to strengthen it. Now rare. Sc. National Dict. (at Rin) records the sense ‘to strengthen the heels of stockings’ as still in use in various parts of Scotland in 1968.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > sew or ornament textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > sew > repair or mend > darn in order to strengthen
run1802
1726 N. Amhurst Terræ-filius (ed. 2) II. xlvi. 97 Long muslin neckcloths run with red at the bottom.
1802 D. Wordsworth Jrnl. 24 Dec. (1941) I. 186 I have been..running the heel of a stocking.
1852 Ladies' Compan. June 318/2 The scallops..are first to be traced, and then run with this cotton, until a raised surface is produced.
1875 L. M. Alcott Eight Cousins xvi. 188 Uncle Alec engaged..to have a new set [of socks] at once, so that she could run the heels for him.
1907 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 5 Feb. 12/6 It is a good plan to run the heels and toes of silk and lisle stockings with fine, soft silk before wearing them at all.
1922 M. Ashmun Including Mother vii. 130 She..turned the hem and ran it with two rows of darning-stitch.
d. transitive. To sew or stitch together, etc., quickly or lightly, sometimes spec. by taking a number of stitches on the needle at a time. Cf. to run up 7c(a) at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > sew or ornament textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > sew > sew together > other
mitre1644
run1815
loop-stitch1853
faggot1883
saddle-stitch1929
1815 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. I. xiv. 461 They..run (as a sempstress would call it) loosely together..the two membranes on that side.
1829 Young Lady's Bk. 306 The outline of the leaves..being run round, each separate leaf is done with fine glazed cotton.
1869 Manch. Weekly Times 18 Dec. Suppl. 407/3 Not an edge was visible in the white silk lining, each being turned in and run together.
1921 E. Epstein Constructive Needlework 93 Cut out and run together on the wrong side, working an occasional back-stitch.
2010 www.craftworldonline.com 28 Jan. (O.E.D. Archive) Use long stitches to run them [sc. pieces of cloth] together.
70.
a. transitive. With various prepositions and adverbs. To allow (printed matter) to extend to the point or in the manner specified. Also in extended use. See also to run on 5b at Phrasal verbs 1, to run out 11 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. ix. 216 It is not improper to use a Comma..where figures are put after the matter, instead of running them to the end of a line.
1885 Publishers' Weekly 9 May 543/1 Breaking up the editorial and news pages into columns instead of running the matter across the page.
1900 Inland Printer Mar. 876/2 Run the matter to a full page, at least, with the cut in the center.
1926 M. Perkins Let. 1 Feb. in M. E. Perkins & J. Baughman Sons M. Perkins (2004) 63 We are not like the large-page magazines, which run the text back into the advertisements.
1992 R. K. Turner in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Dramatic Wks. VIII. 117 When he could afford to, Compositor B ran the line out to the column's right margin, then carried down the excess to a new line.
1992 W. T. Loomis Spartan War Fund iv. 37 Other inscriptions from the same place and period do not run the text to the right edge of the stone.
b. intransitive. With various prepositions and adverbs. Of printed matter, or matter to be printed: to extend to the point or in the manner specified. In later use occasionally also without construction: to be printed without abridgement. See also to run in 16 at Phrasal verbs 1, to run on 5a at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printed matter > arrangement or appearance of printed matter > appearance of printed matter [verb (intransitive)]
run1888
1888 World (N.Y.) 6 May 18/1 One tailpiece was used, whenever the text ran far enough above the bottom of a page to require any tailpiece at all.
1906 Ann. Ophthalmol. 15 623 This arrangement..allows the text to run uninterruptedly, so that desired subjects are more readily found.
1928 Amer. Speech 4 135 If news is ‘heavy’ on a ‘tight day’ and is permitted to ‘run’ in length practically as written, [etc.].
1990 InfoWorld 21 May 70/2 You would..use Anim Move to specify the frames you want the text to run in.
2004 T. Wolfe I am Charlotte Simmons xxxii. 648 A swath of paragraphs printed two columns wide ran to the bottom of the page.
71.
a. transitive. Building. To form (a moulding, esp. a cornice) in plaster or cement.
ΚΠ
1813 ‘T. Martin’ Circle Mech. Arts 487/2 When the mould is ready the work of running the cornice with it is commenced.
1837 T. L. Walker Hist. & Antiq. Manor House & Church Great Chalfield 23 These bosses..are run in plaster with a dark core.
1893 J. P. Allen Pract. Building Constr. xxi. 337 Cornices, and other ornamental mouldings,..are ‘run’ in plaster by means of ‘horsed mouldings’, running on a wood ground fixed on the wall, truly horizontal, the required depth of the cornice.
1966 C. Lloyd Building Constr. 115 (caption) Cornice mould run in situ in coarse plaster, using a sheet zinc profile.
2004 D. Flaharty in Preserv. Hist. Archit. (new ed.) xxiii. 247/2 A local plasterer ran the plain cornice and band ribbon.
b. transitive. To cover, fill, or pack with plaster, cement, or the like. Cf. to run in 5 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > clad or cover [verb (transitive)] > plaster
teer1382
pargeta1398
plastera1400
tirea1400
spargetc1440
tarras1485
spargen1512
pargen1536
sparge1560
cast1577
through-cast1611
parge1637
emplaster1649
run1849
slur1885
1849 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 10 i. 238 The floors of the chamber story to be run with plaster on laths.
1867 T. Connolly in Rep. Artisans Visit Paris Universal Exhib. i. 258 [The stones] are laid dry on each other, and afterwards run with plaster.
1884 Southern Dental Jrnl. 3 513 Insert small pieces of wire or pins in the impression made by the teeth before running the cast.
1906 Concrete July 191 The space between the core and the mould being then run with mortar.
1956 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 46 84 Its foundations..consisted of cobbles closely packed together and run with mortar.
1992 I. Cramb Art of Stonemason 53/1 The ends are pinned into the wall with slate or tile, and run with cement grout.
72. transitive. Bridge. To take an uninterrupted succession of tricks in (a particular suit); to play (one's cards) or take (a number of tricks) in this way. Cf. run n.2 49b.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [verb (transitive)] > actions or tactics > take tricks
run1913
1913 M. C. Work Auction of To-day 21 A long suit..will soon be found unless the Declarer can at once run a suit of considerable length.
1913 M. C. Work Auction Devel. iii. 156 Should the Declarer attempt to run his Hearts before establishing his Clubs the play would be as follows.
1976 Country Life 29 Jan. 250/1 South drew trumps..then ran three Club tricks.
2006 S. Auken I love this Game xi. 136 If you return anything but a diamond, declarer can simply ruff his heart loser in dummy and then run his trumps.
** With reference to arrangement or disposition in a non-physical sense.
73.
a. intransitive. With adverb, prepositional phrase, or simple complement. To have a specified character, quality, arrangement, form, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [verb (intransitive)] > have a specific character
run?c1225
taragec1407
to be cast in a (particular) moulda1547
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 36 Al þis ilke vreisun efter hire fif heste blissen eorneð bi fiue [= consists of five parts]. tele inþe antempnes & þu schalt finden inham gretunges fiue.
1593 in R. S. Phœnix Nest 39 I see no reason to impart my right, Before that God and men agreed be, To let all things run in communitie.
1656 R. Sanderson 20 Serm. 72 Nor did his will run cross to his judgment, but was led by it.
1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall iii. 31 Nor only these concealed peeces, but the open magnificence of Antiquity, ran much in the Artifice of Clay.
a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husb. (1757) I. 239 Wheat and barley that is then to fill must run thin.
1789 H. L. Piozzi Observ. Journey France I. 283 The apartments..run in suits like Wanstead house.
1821 L. Hunt in Examiner 29 July 473/1 His hair was brown, with a tendency to run in ringlets.
1854 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 15 i. 228 They are apt to run hairy in the wool, big in the bone.
1890 Graphic 20 Sept. 314/1 German traditions of obedience run on different lines entirely.
1920 H. M. Lamon & R. R. Slocum Mating & Breeding Poultry iv. 80 The barring on the lower breast and toward the thighs is apt to run pretty wide.
1987 B. Porter Origins Vigilant State (1991) v. 72 Liberal Britain was being policed by..men from its fringes, where that sort of liberalism ran very thin.
1998 Meat Trades Jrnl. 20 May 3/4 Predictions on BSE are running in line with scientific data.
b. intransitive. spec. Of one's luck, fortune, fate, etc.: to be as specified (as favourable or unfavourable). Of cards, dice, etc.: to fall favourably, unfavourably, etc.
ΚΠ
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 27 Youre bagges been noght filled wt ambes as But with sys cynk. that renneth for youre chaunce.
a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 1754 Ryght now renneth my sort Fully to dye or han a-noon comfort.
c1489 J. Skelton Dethe Erle of Northumberlande l. 140 in Poet. Wks. (1843) I. 11 Tyll the chaunce ran agayne hym of Fortunes duble dyse.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. lviv When kyng Henry perceiued that the dice ranne not to his purpose, he abstained from the assault.
c1555 Manifest Detection Diceplay sig. C.i Onles it be..that the roughnes of the bord, or some other stay, force them [sc. dice] to stay and run against their kind.
1597 G. Markham tr. G. Pétau de Maulette Deuoreux clxviii. f. 29 It is Impossible their chaunce should runne amisse.
1637 J. Shirley Example sig. F3v You can tell which hand Is fortunate, how ha the Dice runne hitherto?
c1650 (a1500) Eger & Grime (Percy) (1933) 1373 And fra fortune against him rin [etc.].
1709 D. Manley Secret Mem. (ed. 2) II. 104 He could not win one Game of me. The Cards ran prodigiously on my side.
1753 Discov. J. Poulter (ed. 2) 4 Luck running bad that Day, Tobin, Hurst, and I went on the Sneak.
1824 Tales Amer. Landlord I. vii. 126 I threw up the game when the cards appeared to be running in my favour.
1863 Daily Cleveland (Ohio) Herald 5 Dec. He has never lost many guns himself, his luck usually running the other way.
1919 S. G. Bltyhe Hunkins xiv. 152 Cards were running poorly, and nobody won or lost much [printed must].
1974 Times 20 Apr. 11/2 Cards had been running against the Americans.
1994 Outdoor Canada May 46/1 For every boss tom that comes straight to the gun, 10 birds, if not more, depending on how your luck is running, will detour around you.
c. To be of a specified (average or maximum) size, price, proportion, yield, etc.
(a) intransitive. With at, to, and other prepositional constructions. See also to run to —— 4a at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > be the mean [verb (intransitive)] > average
run1638
average1914
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > have spatial extent [verb (intransitive)] > be of specific size
run1749
1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. viiiv If escuage renne by auctoryte of parlement to any somme of money.
1638 L. Roberts Merchants Mappe of Commerce cclxiv. 221 Here is..an Exchange found and practised, but not for any forraigne part, saving England,..commonly running at 8 d. upon the pound.
1749 Scots Mag. Oct. 487/1 A black, moist, and spungy soil, which runs to four, five, or more feet deep.
1763 W. Gordon Universal Accountant I. i. vi. 56 The pound Tron weight runs from 20 to 24 ounces generally.
1778 J. Carver Trav. N.-Amer. xix. 510 The bush runs to the height of ten or twelve feet.
1799 S. Murray Descr. Part Scotl. vii, in Compan. Scotl., Lakes & Craven 208 The venison of the wild deer is delicious, very fat, and runs to a great size.
1813 ‘T. Martin’ Circle Mech. Arts 116/2 Their size runs from about 27 to 30 inches the longest way, by 20 to 22 in width.
1884 7th Biennial Rep. Michigan State Board Corrections & Charities 76 At present prices on rations are running at a per capita of less than 10 cents.
1917 Land & Water 8 Feb. 14/2 The boars in this part of the world run to a big size.
1971 Daily Tel. 26 Oct. 1/8 Unemployment benefit is running at about £6,900,000 a week.
1994 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 8 Aug. b4 With prices running from about $15 to $52 a kilogram, the clientele deserves to be demanding.
2006 Managem. Today Jan. 5/2 Unions have dwindled into irrelevance in the private sector—membership is running at less than 20%.
(b) intransitive. With the amount, size, etc., as simple complement. In later U.S. use also with indirect object: to cost (a person) a specified amount.
ΚΠ
1615 G. Markham Countrey Contentments ii. iii. 100 This..will notwithstanding make a pure fine linnen, and runne at least two yards and a halfe in the pound.
1730 Let. to Sir W. Strickland relating to Coal Trade 17 The Profit of these Voyages must run but low.
1763 W. Gordon Universal Accountant I. iv. 235 In Jamaica and in most parts of America it [sc. the price of commission] runs about 10 per cent. for sales and remittances.
1827 W. S. Cardell Philos. Gram. Eng. Lang. 105 Forty runs of yarn..which yarn runs forty knots to the pound.
1849 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 10 ii. 425 It ran eleven and a half fleeces to the tod all the way through.
1882 J. Southward Pract. Printing 16 A face of the size appropriate to a type running ten to the inch.
1924 Sci. Amer. Sept. 213/1 This means that the ore runs approximately four and one-half tons per gram of radium.
1953 J. R. Ingalls Teen Talk 58 Of course, Frank, but—but it'll run you about sixty dollars.
1978 National Geographic Nov. 623/1 Last autumn arrests [of illegal immigrants] were running 80 a week.
1986 G. Keillor Lake Wobegon Days 244 A good pipe freeze could run a guy a few hundred bucks for new plumbing.
2003 C. Black Franklin Delano Roosevelt iii. xiv. 607 Letters and telegrams to the White House were running a hundred to one in the President's favor.
d. intransitive. Of a person: to act or behave in such a way as to go against an approved code of conduct, stricture, trend, etc. Also with contrary, cross, etc.In early use perhaps with the sense of rapid motion in view.
ΚΠ
1542 Dyalogue Defensyue for Women sig. E.iii With ragynge and raylynge, they ronne agaynst ryght.
1599 E. Topsell Times Lament. viii. 106 Salomon..called him a foole, that running against iudgement destroyed himselfe.
1636 P. Heylyn Coale from Altar ii. 31 It is not any want of understanding..which makes some men run crosse to all publick Order.
1682 G. Vernon Life P. Heylyn 156 Being therein accused for violating his Subscription and running cross to the publick Doctrine of the Church of England.
1711 J. Swift Examiner No. 25 Had they suspected which way the popular Current inclined, they never would have run against it by that Impeachment.
1762 Ld. Kames Elements Crit. II. xvi. 197 An imperfect imitation is a venial fault, compared with that of running cross to nature.
1818 N. Bangs Reformer Reformed i. 33 Whenever the Hopkinsians suffer their free willing minds to be guided by the line of truth, they run directly against their system.
1897 J. E. Nesmith Life & Work F. T. Greenhalge vii. 235 In his choice of Mr. Burbank, he ran contrary to the wishes of many in his own party.
1912 J. H. Choate in John Bigelow (Century Assoc.) 15 Twice I ran strongly counter to his fixed views.
1987 J. Curran K2 (1989) ii. xi. 133 Why do people seem to run against well tried and proven methods of climbing on the three big ones..which extract such appalling death tolls?
2002 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 9 Sept. 1 Politically, how can you survive if you run against public opinion?
e. intransitive. Of a document, statement, story, argument, etc.: to have a given tenor or purport; to be worded or expressed in a specified manner.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > be expressed in specific style [verb (intransitive)]
run1567
1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. xxviii, f. 307v He would not by any meanes descend to any particularitie of his purpose, but his words ran general, which were, that [etc.].
1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 2203/2 He must nedes be indited..of treason, whose enditement did runne much after this fashion.
c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme cv. 21 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 163 I giue in fee (for soe the graunt did runne) Thee and thine heirs the Cananean ground.
1624 in S. R. Gardiner Documents Impeachm. Duke of Buckingham (1889) 136 It was thought fitt the acquittance runnes in these wordes.
1681 H. More Plain Expos. Daniel 72 The sense may run thus, An Host shall be given [etc.].
1738 A. Pope Satires of Horace ii. vi. 157 Once on a time (so runs the Fable) A Country Mouse [etc.].
1746 J. Hervey Medit. (1818) 250 Surely it brought a message to surviving mortals, and thus the tidings ran, [etc.].
1827 R. Pollok Course of Time I. ii. 42 Thus the prohibition ran,..in terms of plainest truth.
1862 Temple Bar 5 164 I know not how his proper official title ran.
1922 E. S. Middleton Unity & Rome ii. ix. 166 A part of the letter ran as follows.
1940 G. Arthur Concerning Winston Spencer Churchill 108 The immortal hero of Khartum—so ran an odious whisper—was addicted to the brandy bottle.
1966 Classical Philol. 61 86/2 Summarized, the paragraph runs this way: [etc.].
2001 ‘J. Carroll’ When Lightning Strikes xxii. 261 Lightning Girl Claims to Have Run Out of Juice, the headline ran.
f. intransitive. Of affairs, circumstances, etc.: to have a specified course or tendency.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > be or remain in specific state or condition [verb (intransitive)]
siteOE
won971
beOE
standOE
liec1374
rest1429
steadc1500
erdec1540
run1635
welter1847
stop1976
1635 T. Heywood Hierarchie Blessed Angells vi. 349 Tell me, on the earth how matters runne.
1659 T. Lushington Resurrection Rescued 30 Things running as they did against our Saviour.
1724 J. Swift Let. to Molesworth 10 As Politicks run, I do not know a Person of more exceptionable Principles than Yourself.
1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret i. 4 We must take things rough and smooth as they run.
1833 B. Disraeli Wondrous Tale Alroy II. x. xvi. 91 Let's go forth and see how affairs run.
1863 E. Farmer Scrap Bk. (ed. 3) 96 Matters run three-cornered.
1902 B. Tarkington Two Vanrevels xvii. 288 But, however affairs ran with him so far as hope was concerned, he seldom lacked an idea.
1997 Milton Stud. 35 127 Mary Fairfax's actual circumstances run exactly athwart the legal and domestic realities of the mid-century.
2008 R. Ross Clothing viii. 117 Until the 1960s there was a steady move towards unveiling by Turkish women... In Iran, matters ran differently.
g. intransitive. Of a sequence of numbers, symbols, etc.: to be as specified.
ΚΠ
1815 T. F. Dibdin Bibliotheca Spenceriana IV. 77 The numerals run thus—xxiiii, xxvi, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxviii, xliii, L, lvi, lx.
1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 106 Then the numbers run 14, 30.
1926 H. T. Woolley Exper. Stud. Children ii. 17 The figures run as follows: At the close of Grade VIII, 57 per cent remain, 43 per cent have left. At the close of Grade IX, [etc.].
1963 E. P. Thompson Making of Eng. Working Class (1964) viii. 255 The figures run (in Places average), 1795, 25s.; 1801, 27s.; [etc.].
2006 Herald Sun (Melbourne) (Nexis) 29 Apr. 4 The [Fibonacci] sequence runs: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 and so on.
74. Music.† c. transitive. Apparently: to sing and hold (a note). Obsolete. rare.
a. transitive. To sing or play (a tune or sequence of notes). Formerly esp. in to run division(s), †to run descant (frequently figurative: see descant n. 5, 6, and division n. 7). See also to run the gamut at gamut n. Phrases.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > speak [verb (intransitive)] > speak of or mention > comment on > make varied comments on
to run division(s)1740
1579 W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Loue f. 26v He might runne descant at will, and quauer at pleasure vpon this straunge doctrine.
1598 Meane in Spending in T. Tyro Roring Megge sig. F3 That gentlemanly habit beneficence: whose praises no wight can expresse, though hee runne diuision vppon them halfe a yeare together.
1602 T. Fitzherbert Def. Catholyke Cause f. 47 This matter of Squyre (whervpon yow runne all this descant) is a meere fiction.
1607 T. Heywood Woman Kilde with Kindnesse sig. G4 Vpon this instrument, Her fingers haue run quicke diuision.
1634 R. Brathwait Strange Metamorphosis x. sig. C10v She hath no skill at all to compose or set a whit, or to runne descant on a ground.
1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. vi. 274 I might yet run several Divisions upon this Topic.
1806 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music (ed. 2) Those soprano performers, whose voices are of a clear, fluted, and shrill tone, and who run divisions with a close and liquid sweetness, are said to warble.
1821 Examiner 300/1 The gentle lady [may] run divisions on roses and myrtle-bowers.
1871 Pennsylvania School Jrnl. May 319/2 He..ran a scale, which rippled beneath his fingers in tangled curves of liquid melody.
1881 H. N. Hudson in Compl. Wks. W. Shakespeare XX. 50 Descant, in music, was used somewhat variously. Here [sc. in Lucrece] it means, apparently, to run variations.
1969 Salina (Kansas) Jrnl. 12 June 23/4 (advt.) He adjusts to the mood of his audience in the time it takes to run an arpeggio.
1974 Irish University Rev. 4 48 His version..goes beyond Carolan in rhythmic energy, although the Irish is the ground-work on which he ‘runs division’.
2009 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 30 July c5 Freddie Washington connected a bass line with Mr. Carlock's playing and then ran variations on it.
b. intransitive. To sing or play a series of notes without a break, esp. in quick succession. Frequently with up or down. Also transitive: to play (notes) in this way. Cf. run n.2 48.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > singing > sing [verb (intransitive)] > sing quickly
run?c1599
?c1599 ‘Ignoto’ in J. Davies & C. Marlowe Epigr. & Elegies sig. D4 I cannot lispe nor to some fidell sing, Nor runne vpon a high strecht minikin.
1613 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals I. v. 101 When shee should run, she rests; rests when should run.
1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iii. iii. 83 She run through all the keyes from A-la-mi-re to double Gammut.
1812 Examiner 14 Sept. 590/1 She ran down her notes with..correctness.
1853 C. Brontë Villette II. xxv. 104 I wondered..how she made her voice run up and down, and cut such marvellous capers.
1890 A. D. Hall tr. M. Bashkirtseff Jrnl. Young Artist 181 The accompanist..made me run over all my notes. ‘As high as si natural,’ said he to the old man.
1936 Delineator Nov. 48/2 He runs a few preliminary notes on his trumpet.
1963 G. W. Martin Verdi: his Music, Life, & Times xxiii. 300 The soprano is asked to run down the seventeen notes from high ‘C’ to low ‘A’ and at the orchestra's speed.
2008 T. August Nine Fingers xi. 73 I give him some octaves, he runs up and down the scale.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > fix duration of note [verb (transitive)] > prolong a note
run1602
overdot1932
1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iv. sig. G2v (stage direct.) The Boy runnes a note, Antonio breakes it.
75.
a. intransitive. Of a quality, feature, etc.: to be present in something to a specified extent (esp. throughout). See also to run through —— 4 at Phrasal verbs 2.Often as part of an extended metaphor, esp. with thread or vein.
ΚΠ
1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. v. 262 I have examined your proofes of the former, & found that a veine of Sophistry runs cleane through them.
1741 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses II. App. 37 One of his hackney Fallacies that run from one End of the Book to the other.
1758 Things set in Proper Light 43 The singularity of thought that runs throughout this pamphlet is surprizing.
1843 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) Oct. 564/2 There is also running throughout its pages, a high and healthy moral tone.
1879 Hist. Battle-flag Day xii. 227 So with dress, fashion, etiquette—all that large thread of parade and display which runs everywhere into our social life.
1921 Homiletic Rev. Sept. 212/2 Such thought runs everywhere in the New Testament.
1990 Washington Times (Nexis) 29 Jan. a1 The groundswell of dissatisfaction runs from top to bottom among the 4.5 million members of the military.
2007 E. A. Posner & A. Vermeule Terror in Balance 273 Rather than review these arguments in detail, we will take up a theme that runs throughout our discussion.
b. intransitive. Of a quality or trait: to recur or be common in a family. See also to run in the blood at blood n. Phrases 2e.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > inhere [verb (intransitive)] > be persistent in a family of qualities
run1767
1767 D. Garrick Peep behind Curtain i. ii. 21 The tenderness runs in the family, Sir Toby?
1780 R. B. Sheridan School for Scandal iii. iii. 41 Knowledge that has run in the family, like an heir-loom.
1832 L. Hunt Gentle Armour in Poet. Wks. 125 Talk of tricks that run in families.
1866 R. Simpson Life Campion (1907) ix. 261 The way in which fidelity and faithlessness ran in families.
1928 R. A. Knox Footsteps at Lock ix. 87 These things do run in families... In our family, we're always appearing when we're not wanted to.
1966 A. E. Lindop I start Counting xx. 259 Runs in the family, doesn't it. Goddam bossy, both of you. You're a real little chip off the brotherly block.
1976 T. Cooley Educated Lives i. 14 The ingenuity that ran in the Franklin bloodline.
2006 Zest Jan. 32/2 Some addictions run in families.
76. intransitive. To extend in time, range of application, etc. Esp. with reference to the limits of a concept, approach, law, etc. (see also to run to —— 4 at Phrasal verbs 2).
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > immateriality > immaterial [verb (transitive)] > extend to (of immaterial things)
reacha1625
run1643
to run out1727
prolong1880
1643 R. Gentilis tr. G. Diodati Pious Annot. Holy Bible (Gen. xxxi. 13) 24/2 It is likely that Laban's Idolatry, did not runne so far as to worship the Pagans false gods.
1685 W. Penn Def. Duke of Buckingham's Bk. 18 His excellent Argument..pleads as much for the Alcoran as the New Testament... I don't know but it may run as far as Exclusion too.
1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (ed. 2) I. 98 Though certain of the king's writs..do not usually run into Berwick.
1840 G. Darley in Wks. of Beaumont & Fletcher I. Introd. p. xviii Let me add another coincidence..to complete a parallel which runs so far of itself.
1879 T. H. Huxley Hume i. 2 The paternal line running back to Lord Home of Douglas.
1890 Temple Bar Sept. 64 His patriotism very often runs far..into the region of prejudice.
1939 G. B. Shaw In Good King Charles's Golden Days i. 45 Your privilege with me does not run to the length of knocking my brother down.
1997 R. Porter Greatest Benefit to Mankind xxi. 701 The doctor's duty to save life..does not run so far as to prolong life through artificial means.
77. transitive. To trace or pursue (a parallel, resemblance, etc.); (also) to draw (a distinction).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > compare [verb (transitive)]
evenOE
comparisonc1374
measurea1382
remenec1390
compare1509
confer?1531
to lay togethera1568
lay1577
paragona1586
paragonize1589
set1589
sympathize1600
confront1604
to name on (also in) the same day1609
collate1612
to lay down by1614
sampler1628
to set together1628
matcha1649
run1650
vie1685
to put together1690
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > discern [verb (transitive)] > distinguish, separate
winnowc825
tryc1330
distinguea1340
divide1377
departc1380
devisea1400
sever1426
perceivea1500
deem1530
discern1533
searcec1535
sort1553
to pick outa1555
decern1559
difference1596
distinguisha1616
severalize1645
separate1651
secern1656
run1795
define1807
sequester1841
differentiate1857
divaricate1868
1650 W. Beech Alarum to London 11 I will not stand to run the parallel, I humbly crave that to be the fruit of your Meditations.
1663 R. South Serm. preached Nov. 9, 1662 1 To run the world back to its first originall..is a re-search too great for any mortall Enquiry.
a1768 L. Sterne Serm. (1773) I. 180 One might run the parallel much farther.
1795 W. Paley View Evidences Christianity (ed. 3) II. ii. iii. 102 The lawyer's subtlety in running a distinction upon the word neighbour.
1824 Examiner 8/1 It has been..the fashion to run comparisons between this cathedral church and that of St. Peter's.
1841 Earl of Shrewsbury 3rd Let. to A. L. Phillipps 292 To make so pitiful a sacrifice to prejudice as to run a distinction between Catholics and Protestants.
1866 Ecclesiologist 27 234 There is the danger of mistaking it by running the resemblance too far.
1915 J. W. Good Stud. Milton Trad. I. 255 [He] ran a parallel between Homer and Milton, and felt a connection between their Blindness and their Sublimity.
2007 L. Purbrick Wedding Present ii. 71 Despite these rather obvious differences, I want to run a comparison between china and Pyrex.
78. transitive. Originally U.S. To display (a particular symptom or sign); esp. to be suffering from (a fever or high temperature).
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > high or low temperature > have high or low temperature [verb (intransitive)] > high temperature
swelt1590
run1890
to have a temperature1898
1890 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 19 June 605/2 The next day he began running a high temperature.
1902 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 4 Jan. 22/2 Patient was running a high temperature and appeared to be wasting.
1903 St. Louis Med. Rev. 47 71/2 The case ran a normal pulse and temperature for ten days.
1941 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 239 26 All of the 4 patients..were running the double quotidian fever when the drug was first administered.
1967 C. Potok Chosen xi. 189 I came home from school with a fever... I was running 103·6.
2008 B. Evaristo Blonde Roots (2009) 15 Sometimes Bwana vomited the night away or one of his children ran a fever.
V. To (cause to) operate or function.
79.
a.
(a) intransitive. Of a machine or mechanism: to operate, to be in action or operation. Also with complement.Earliest used with reference to clocks, perhaps because of the wheels which formed part of their mechanism (cf. sense 30). In quot. 1546 perhaps with some admixture of sense 53.Not always clearly distinguishable from sense 20a when used with reference to motor vehicles.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > operate [verb (intransitive)] > of a piece of mechanism
ganglOE
goc1450
movec1450
run1546
workc1610
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > render mechanical [verb (intransitive)] > of machine: operate
run1546
1546 J. Heywood Dial. i. xi. sig. E iiiv A bed were we er the clocke had nyne runne.
1585 R. Parsons Christian Directorie i. ii. iv. 726 A clocke can neuer stand stil from running, so long as the peazes do hang therat.
1608 Merry Deuill of Edmonton sig. E Cla. Ten the bell sayes. Ier. A lies in's throate, it was but eight when we set out of Chesson,..the clocke runs at random.
1612 J. Davies Muses Sacrifice f. 29 Then may I say, when so the Mill doth runne: I had beene, if I had not beene vndone.
1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. xi. 242 You must get you a watch or clocke, apt to runne (if you can) 24 houres.
1737 H. Bracken Farriery Improved xxi. 315 A Stop-watch which runs Seconds.
1795 O. Evans Young Mill-wright i. ix. 43 While a rolling or slitting mill is running empty, the force of the water is employed in generating velocity to the fly-wheel.
1834 T. F. Gordon Gazetteer New Jersey 198/1 Chair manufactory, with lathes running by water.
1879 Paper & Printing Trades Jrnl. xxvi. 25 One of these little engines recently ran forty-seven days and nights without stoppage.
1909 Horseless Age 14 July 35/1 The car ran splendidly for perhaps 30 miles.
1952 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 208/1 With the port outer-diesel running the exciter and the other diesels cut to no load.
1959 E. K. Wenlock Kitchin's Road Transport Law (ed. 12) 112/1 The petrol tank must not be filled..while the engine is running.
1984 Bon Appétit Feb. 14/1 With machine running, pour yeast mixture through feed tube and process until dough..just cleans sides of work bowl.
2009 A. Welsbacher Earth-friendly Design iii. 24 People often leave electronics running, even when they are not using them.
(b) transitive. To keep (a machine or mechanism) working or operating.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > continuing > continue (an action) [verb (transitive)] > keep in operation
run1840
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > render mechanical [verb (transitive)] > operate machine
start1822
run1840
1840 Niles' National Reg. 21 Mar. 39/1 The farmers would find it difficult to run a mill to make cloths, or to build and sail a ship to take his produce to market.
1841 S. C. Damon Hist. Holden, Mass. 147 For many years he has run a Carding Machine for ‘Custom Work’.
1851 Times 11 Apr. 8/4 The repeated cautions given..of the danger they were incurring by running the engine with too little water in the boiler.
1904 Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc. 5 250 Less voltage is required to run the apparatus if it is run at 70° C., than if at lower temperature.
1939 G. B. Shaw Geneva ii. 45 No No: motor oil. The stuff you run your aeroplanes on.
1989 D. Leavitt Equal Affections 17 He..cleaned the kitchen and ran the dishwasher.
2003 Which? Aug. 40/1 You can use the delay timer..to run the machine off cheaper night-time electricity.
b. transitive. To perform (a test, experiment, etc.); to subject to or measure by means of an experimental procedure.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical tests > subject to a chemical test [verb (transitive)] > perform
run1878
1878 Internat. Exhib. 1876 Rep. & Awards (U.S. Centennial Comm.) xxix. 52 The cast-iron caps..one of which blew out while running a test.
1892 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancement Sci. 1891 398 The experiment was run for about 40,000 tides, and a survey taken.
1921 Arch. Internal Med. 27 53 Run the test and duplicate test, then drain this bottom liquid off again and discard it.
1947 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 167 553 Assays run in replicate of course give narrow limits of confidence, the limits decreasing with increasing replication.
1978 Nature 8 June 456/2 Curie temperatures were run for seven specimens, and they ranged from 222 to 272 °C, with an average of 248 °C.
2008 N.Y. Times Mag. 12 Oct. 38/2 The hospital didn't have the ability to test for what's often called Jamaican vomiting sickness, so it was important to run other tests.
c. transitive. To start (a film or video camera) filming. Cf. roll v.2 27b.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > film [verb (transitive)] > set camera in action
roll1937
run1941
1941 E. D. Child & H. R. Finch Producing School Movies vi. 84 He will probably say, ‘Action; camera,’..meaning that the actors are to start their parts and the cameraman is to run the camera.
1973 J. Burder Work Industr. Film Maker v. 151 All these questions must be asked and answered before any film is exposed. The director can then correct the errors and run the camera for a take.
2005 G. Boyle Cinematogr. Mailing List 69 Run the camera—and they [sc. LEDs] will start twinkling a moment after camera roll.
d.
(a) transitive. Computing. To perform (a computation) on a computer; to cause the instruction in (a program) to be carried out, to execute. Cf. run n.2 50d.
ΘΚΠ
society > computing and information technology > programming language > programme execution > run or execute [verb (transitive)]
run1946
call1951
invoke1961
1946 Man. Operation Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard Computation Lab.) vi. 289 A clear copy of the coding must be provided before an attempt is made to run a sequence tape on the calculator.
1946 Man. Operation Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard Computation Lab.) vi. 292 For problems to be run but once on the calculator, the starting tape should be as simple as is consistent with adequate provision for setting up the problem.
1968 E. O. Joslin Computer Select. iv. 70 One should examine each class of programs to determine the equipment required to run that class of program through the computer.
1977 R. E. Harrington Quintain xii. 139 Sanderson gave me the constants and I just ran the program.
1990 Boys' Life Jan. 31/2 The more bits a computer can digest at once, the faster it can run a video game.
2009 Lifehacker (Nexis) 7 Dec. Every time I ran Firefox, it was loading a saved copy of every form I've filled out for at least a year.
(b) intransitive. Computing. Of a program: to be executed, to be in the process of being executed.
ΚΠ
1946 Man. Operation Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard Computation Lab.) 50 The mathematician cannot always be present while the calculator is running.]
1959 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 54 750 The program ran without errors the first time it was tried.
1984 Which Micro? Dec. 12/1 Six hours of trying to get the program to run.
2009 J. Schaeffer One Jump Ahead (rev. ed.) xvii. 307 The program ran for a few hours while we took a quick nap.
80. transitive. To keep and maintain (a vehicle or boat) ready for use.Some early examples may belong at sense 20b.
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society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > transport or convey in a vehicle [verb (transitive)] > maintain (a road vehicle)
run1769
1769 J. Hall-Stevenson Yorick's Sentimental Journey Continued IV. 162 Sir, a shilling a mile a very bad road—nobody can afford to run a chaise for less.
a1817 J. Austen Northanger Abbey (1818) I. vii. 86 What do you think of my gig, Miss Morland?.. A friend of mine..ran it a few weeks, till..it was convenient to have done with it. View more context for this quotation
1881 E. Ingersoll Oyster-industry (10th Census U.S.: Bureau of Fisheries) 80 Many of these small boats..are used by planters of small means, who cannot afford to run a sail-boat.
1902 A. C. Harmsworth in A. C. Harmsworth et al. Motors & Motor-driving (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) iii. 38 I am running at present four cars of French construction.
1908 T. J. Hains Bahama Bill viii. 150 It was hard to run a yacht as big as his schooner for the amusement of silly women.
1973 ‘D. Jordan’ Nile Green xxii. 87 I can't collect you. I don't run a car.
2007 C. Goodall How to live Low-carbon Life x. 185 Conventional car owners..tend to only notice the petrol costs of running a car.
81. Originally U.S.
a.
(a) transitive. To direct, conduct, organize, manage (a business, etc.). Also more generally: to bring organization to bear upon (anything); to administer, oversee.Perhaps originally with reference to the management of railroads in which the notion of running trains is present. However, figurative use of the expression to run the machine (see quot. 1855 and cf. machine n. 10) was widespread in U.S. political contexts before the literal use of this sense.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > control > [verb (transitive)] > manage or administer
steerc888
leadc1175
guyc1330
guidec1374
governa1382
ministera1382
treat1387
administer1395
dispose1398
skift?a1400
warda1400
solicit1429
to deal with1469
handlea1470
execute1483
convoy?a1513
conveyc1515
mayne1520
to bear (a person or thing) in (also an, a, on) handa1522
keepa1535
administrate1538
solicitate1547
to dispose of1573
manure1583
carry1600
manage1609
negotiate1619
conduct1632
to carry on1638
mesnage1654
nurse1745
work1841
operate1850
run1857
stage-manage1906
ramrod1920
1855 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily Sentinel 2 Apr. A joint Resolution..authorizing the State Prison Commissioner to sell his Treasury warrants and provide means for ‘running the machine’.]
1857 L. S. Cushing Rep. Supreme Court Mass. 11 512 The St. 1840, c. 80, applies to corporations owning and running a railroad.
1861 S. Nash Digest Decisions Supreme Court Ohio 398 A railroad company could mortgage the franchise to maintain and run the railroad.
1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 23 Dec. 5/5 ‘To run’ is a term which is so purely a modern American locution, that I cannot let it pass without brief comment... You may ‘run’ anything—a railroad, a bank, a school, a newspaper,..or an administration.
1866 Harper's Mag. Mar. 539/1 The real owner of a grocery.., which was ‘run’ nominally by another individual.
1883 Referee 29 Apr. 7/2 American evangelists and speculators who run salvation on much the same lines as Barnum runs his menagerie.
1891 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 150 788/2 He made a contract..to run the catering department at so much per head.
1911 G. B. Shaw Doctor's Dilemma Pref. p. xxvii He may make considerable profits at the same time by running what is the most expensive kind of hotel.
1956 H. L. Mencken Minority Rep. 206 Why assume so glibly that the God who presumably created the universe is still running it?
1972 Jrnl. Social Psychol. 88 180 As a result of unexpected difficulties (early summer vacation at Patna University) only 26 groups could be run.
2006 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 3 Aug. 47/3 Granny is an adrenalin junkie who runs a baked goods business.
(b) transitive (reflexive). To require little administrative intervention or effort; to be easy to organize or manage.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > easiness > function without difficulty [verb (reflexive)]
run1861
1861 7th Ann. Rep. Iowa State Agric. Soc. 1860 291 But as farming is generally so safe that it can run itself, farmers succeed, even without system.
1883 Amateur Mech. Mar. 85/2 Once the routine is settled the business runs itself.
1921 Cent. Mag. Apr. 768/2 The pattern in the factory had been fixed long, long ago; it very nearly ‘ran itself’ indeed, as his uncle used to say.
1998 Progress Agric. (Canada) 18 Mar. a28/1 A modern broiler barn almost runs itself.
(c) intransitive. Of a business, organization, establishment, etc.: to operate, function. Of an organized event: to take place.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > operate [verb (intransitive)] > of a household or business
open1749
run1864
1864 H. Sedley Dangerfield's Rest xxxiv. 260 No more trouble with him... That part of the business will run smoothly enough.
1884 Ballou's Monthly Mag. Mar. 274/2 They..are very often the power behind the throne that makes a business run smoothly.
1901 Econ. Jrnl. 11 184 The company ran for 2½ years.
1939 J. B. Priestley Let People Sing xiv. 416 I've got this place. It's doin' well, makin' money. But I don't want it all the time, an' now it's running easily it doesn't need me all the time.
1969 J. Barzun (title) The American university: how it runs, where it is going.
1997 Swimming Times July 8/1 Congratulations must go to..the small team of officials who ensured the Meet ran smoothly.
2006 Giant Robot No. 43. 37 A few dozen hunkered down for the long stay..to keep the station running over the winter months.
b. transitive. To exert control or influence over (a person); to manage; (in later use esp.) to control, direct the activities of (a spy or other covert agent).
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > control > [verb (transitive)]
wieldeOE
redeOE
temperc1000
wisc1000
yemec1000
aweldc1175
guy13..
rule1340
attemperc1374
stightlea1375
justifya1393
governa1400
moder1414
control1495
moderate1534
rein1557
manage1560
sway1587
to bear (a rein) upon1603
bridle1615
ephorize1647
puppet1840
coact1855
boss1856
run1869
swing1873
1869 N.Y. Herald 22 May 3/4 The Congressmen say all sorts of hard things about him—as, for instance, that he is run by ex-Attorney General Evarts.
1882 Music 7 Jan. 11/2 The critic of the Commercial is a very clever gentleman, but he is run by the music house of D. H. Baldwin & Company.
1890 S. Hale Let. 2 May (1919) viii. 242 Cornelia is running me, and she is really just the right sort.
1906 R. H. Sherard Life Oscar Wilde ix. 200 That enterprising lecture-agent, the late Major Pond,..offered to ‘run him’ for a series of lectures through the States.
1936 H. Belloc Characters Reformation 37 All those who managed him..despised him... That was true of the whole series of those who ‘ran’ him.
1961 ‘J. le Carré’ Call for Dead ix. 91 The East Germans..run their agents direct from Germany.
2004 Y. Bodansky Secret Hist. Iraq War xvi. 399 The martyr bomber..was run by a bin Laden–affiliated Islamist network called Black November.
c. transitive. Originally and chiefly U.S. To support or provide for (a family or individual).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > supply > provide or supply (something) [verb (transitive)] > provide means of support for
findc1225
sustainc1300
found1377
keep1377
maintainc1405
sustent?a1425
support1493
uphold1546
subsist1547
escota1616
fend1637
aliment1660
run1871
grub-stake1879
1871 ‘M. Twain’ in Galaxy Apr. 616/1 Unsalable turnips enough to run the family for two years!
1880 ‘M. Twain’ Tramp Abroad xxiii. 225 Pap's so po' he cain't run me no mo', so I want to git a show somers if I kin, 'tain't no diffunce what..I don't turn my back on no kind of work.
1908 G. Bradford Matthew Porter xi. 123 It takes a lot of money to run a family like mine.
1995 S. Dasgupta In Search of Alternatives App. 121 They cannot produce a quantity of food to run the family even for three months.
d. transitive. To operate or maintain (a betting book). Chiefly in to run a book. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > betting > bet [verb (intransitive)] > make or run a book
to make (a) book1841
to run a book1887
1887 St. Louis (Missouri) Daily Globe-Democrat 20 Apr. 5/6 Calla Ullman..will run a book independently on all the principal tracks.
1907 Washington Post 28 Nov. 14/3 When asked whether he considered this amount sufficient capital for running a racing book.
1931 Economist 10 Oct. 642/1 The discount market has been inactive, and many brokers are running narrow books, and so are needing less money than usual.
1992 I. Pattison More Rab C. Nesbitt Scripts 28 Here Cotter! I hope you're not running a book on this. I'm not licensed for gambling!
82.
a. intransitive. Of a recording tape, length of cinematographic film, etc.: to (continue to) be in motion through the recording or playing apparatus.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > record [verb (intransitive)] > (of tape) pass between spools
run1896
1896 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 141 4 The susceptibility of the receiving tape depends on the speed at which it is running.
1901 A. A. Hopkins Magic (new ed.) 501 The film..is running at the rate of seven or eight feet a second.
1931 Discovery Dec. 386/1 The speed at which the film was running, ninety feet per minute, made it necessary that statements should be brief.
1977 Pop. Sci. Apr. 76/1 A pleasant little feature [of the camera]..is an external light that indicates when the film is running.
2000 Z. Smith White Teeth (2001) xvi. 431 ‘All right,’ said the journo. ‘Tape's running.’
b. transitive. To show or play through (a film or video recording). Cf. to run through 6 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > film show > show [verb (transitive)]
show1879
screen1912
to run through1913
film1915
run1915
1915 P. M. MacClintock Essent. Bus. Eng. 254 A moving picture show which is running a film of ‘The Merchant of Venice’.
1974 I. Murdoch Sacred & Profane Love Machine 125 Harriet felt giddy and exposed as if very quietly, as in a silent film run in slow motion, the house had been hit by a bomb.
1983 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 31 Dec. Thousands of bus companies run video films on long distance journeys.
2004 B. Gazzara In Moment xi. 151 The first time he [sc. the director] ran the movie it was a little over four hours long.
Phrases
P1. Phrases without complement.† b. rough as it runs (and variants): in its raw, unadorned, or imperfect state; just as it is. Similarly rough as they run, etc. Obsolete.
a.
(a) that he who runs may read (and variants): (after Biblical use: see quot. 1568) used to refer to something that may be easily or readily perceived or understood.
ΚΠ
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Hab. ii. 2 Write thou the siȝt, and make it pleyn vpon tablis, that he renne, that shal reede it.
1568 Bible (Bishops') Hab. ii. 2 Write the vision, and make it plaine vpon tables, that he may run that readeth it. [Side-note] Write it in great letters, that he that runneth may reade it.
1616 T. Adams Politicke Hvnting in Sacrifice of Thankefulnesse 48 The World..is that great Booke, of so large a Character, that a man may runne and read it.
1644 R. Williams Blovdy Tenent cxxiv. 212 Their Dominions and Jurisdictions being overwhelmed with..flames of civill combustion, as at this very day, he that runs may read and tremble at.
1696 J. Toland Christianity not Myst. iii. iii. 97 I shall here transcribe all the passages of the New Testament where the word Mystery occurs, that a Man running may read with Conviction what I defend.
1725 Conf. Whoring 12 This faint recriminating will not excuse our Sex, whose Duty is so very plain, that whoever runs may read it.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 80 But truths..Shine..With such a lustre, he that runs may read . View more context for this quotation
1821 W. Scott Kenilworth II. vi. 171 Which..extends a lesson so clear, that he who runs may read.
1857 A. Trollope Barchester Towers III. xii. 222 He who runs can read that Mr. Slope is a favoured lover.
1907 Atlantic Monthly July 34/2 Of the truth of this statement the world has had an object lesson so striking that he who runs may read.
1965 Times 20 May 15/5 The facts are so clear and straightforward that he who runs may read.
2002 W. Mellers Celestial Music? p. x I have included a number of musical examples that he who runs may read.
(b) to run and read: (a) to read with easy understanding; (b) to read cursorily or hurriedly.
ΚΠ
1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas xix. 260 Those [books] of Moses, the Prophetes, the Psalmes, of Christ and his blessed Apostles, wherein we may runne and read the ordinances of the most High.
1631 T. Taylor Regula Vitae v. 87 Let them runne and reade these places. Prov. 19.17... Matth: 10.42. [etc.]
1656 W. Sanderson Compl. Hist. Mary & James VI ii. 281 We may discern the handwriting of his [sc. God's] Decree to be his Character, but not thereby his Sense; yet this we presume to run and reade.
1701 W. Anstruther Ess. ii. 60 Our Zeal..perswades us we may run and Read the uprightness of a Man..by this glaring Light of Prosperity and Success.
1783 H. Swinburne Trav. in Two Sicilies I. Pref. p. vii He every day becomes more conscious of the presumption of those who run and read.
1816 Ann. Philos. 7 215 My deductions must have been stated in such way as not to be easily understood, at least by the generality of readers who may be said to run and read.
1859 J. Williams Lett. Anglican Orders xvi. 192 That they..could by thus running and reading, detect a fraud in a cleverly managed register was impossible.
1922 Rotarian June 293/1 I asked him to tell me his story some day that I might set it down for those who run and read.
1947 R. B. McCallum & A. Readman Brit. Gen. Election 1945 xiii. 241 For those who cared to run and read, the News Chronicle had throughout the election provided the most reliable index of popular opinion in its famous ‘Gallup’ polls.
1998 Hindu (Nexis) 10 Nov. The English law of evidence is not a subject which he who runs and reads may easily imbibe.
ΚΠ
1682 E. Hickeringill Black Non-Conformist Introd. sig. A2v I have no leisure, and less disposition to give it a second draught. Let it go, rough as it runs.
1702 Compar. between Two Stages 22 We'll proceed from the first Celebrated Comedy..and so hand 'em down rough as they run, good and bad, to this time.
a1704 T. Brown Acct. Conversat. Liberty of Conscience in Duke of Buckingham Misc. Wks. (1705) II. i. 129 If you don't like me rough, as I run, fare you well, Madam.
1769 London Mag. Oct. 531/1 Take it [sc. a story], therefore, unembellished as it runs, and recommend it to the serious perusal of [etc.].
1817 G. Colman Hist. Elsmere & Rosa II. ix. 245 When he sells a lot of pigs all together and no picking, he makes a bargain with the purchaser to take them ‘rough as they run’.
1834 Morning Chron. 5 May Many a smile and right good ‘guffaw’ is lost by his absence, in a fresh taste of him, ‘rough as he runs’.
c. Horse Racing. also ran: used, esp. in reports of races (in later use frequently as a heading), to indicate horses which are not placed; also in extended use.For the noun which developed from this see also-ran n.; the influence of this is seen in some of the extended uses.
ΚΠ
1829 Morning Chron. 17 Sept. This was a dead heat between the above two. The following also ran, but were not placed.
1842 Sportsman Mar. 268 Naworth, Green Mantle filly, and Bulwark also ran.
1888 Outing Aug. 474/1 It was won by Will Windle, on a Victor racer, in 2m. 43s. with Fred Foster, the Canadian, a close second... Also ran, C. A. Stenken, P. I. Seufferle.
1899 Public Opinion 23 Mar. 362/1 Aguinaldo hopes to secure a place in history. Well, he may be mentioned among those who ‘also ran’.
1921 F. Klickmann Trail of Ragged Robin 73 Bella's name [in a list of scholarship winners] was not even among those who ‘also ran’.
1926 Daily Gaz. (Karachi) 11 Oct. 5 Karachi Autumn Meeting. Also ran: Teddy... Also ran: Sir Visto.
1985 Times 27 Dec. 20/3 Kempton Park results... Ladbroke Christmas Hurdle... Also Ran: 5–4 fav First Bout (4th), 3 Asir, [etc.].
2009 Bakersfield Californian 8 Nov. c2/6 Ladies' Classic... Also Ran—Proviso, Rainbow View, Cocoa Beach, Lethal Heat, Careless Jewel.
d. that horse won't run and variants: that proposition, argument, etc., is unsustainable, or will not stand up to scrutiny. Hence more generally: to be sustainable or feasible (only in negative contexts). Cf. to have legs at leg n. 7b.
ΚΠ
1858 G. Abbott Heirs of Cheveleigh I. xvii. 341 It would be another thing if we had to try our hand with the deeds; but that horse won't run.
1871 Once a Week 4 Feb. 142/1 Your case has broken down, Mr. Samuel. That horse won't run.
1881 E. Lynn Linton My Love! III. xii. 214 She tried it on with Val, who hated her... But Val said that didn't run!
1913 N. Chamberlain Let. 12 Jan. in D. Dilks Neville Chamberlain (1984) I. ix. 136 It..does not seem to me profitable to wear ourselves out now in cockering up a horse that won't run.
1998 J. A. Fodor Concepts iii. 54 Fodor and Lepore..provides some independent evidence for the analysis proposed here. Suppose, however, that this horse won't run.
2004 P. H. Gordon & J. Shapiro Allies at War 117 We said, ‘No, that won't run. It won't wash in the Security Council.’
e. to run and run (also with further reduplication): to keep going indefinitely; spec. (British and Irish English) (of a news story) to continue to be of interest to the public and media for a long time (cf. sense 60a).
ΚΠ
1898 Times 18 Aug. 10/3 He did not think that gentleman meant to be dishonest, or to do anything wrong, but he allowed things to run and run and run.
1952 Billboard 28 June 52/1 If you want a machine that will run and run and run, buy a Whirlwind this year.
1974 Irish Times 4 July 5/1 The Manchester offices of the London dailies gained new prestige from a story that ran and ran.
1990 Independent on Sunday 18 Feb. 8/8 Yesterday, the Mirror quoted a friend of Marla's as saying that Marla ‘had one incredible body’ but ‘not too much upstairs’. This one will run and run.
2003 Church Times 12 Dec. 11/2 This story will, I fear, run and run.
f. to take the money and run: to exploit a situation for the financial gain available and then have nothing more to do with it.
ΚΠ
1960 Cue 9 July 8/3 Even scarier..are the actors who come in from the coast to tell the press that the film series in which they're involved is the worst possible junk and that they're simply ‘going to take the money and run’.
1977 Billboard 21 May 17/2 You can't establish a track record in this competitive field if you just take the money and run.
1990 J. Eberts & T. Ilott My Indecision is Final xii. 129 I did not for one minute think that Peter Yates, David Puttnam, Dickie Attenborough or John Boorman would take the money and run. They are all trustworthy people and they all have reputations to protect.
2003 Nation (N.Y.) 9 June 27/1 Uncle Sam more or less encourages university researchers and drug companies to take the money and run.
P2. Phrases with complement or object.† b. to run one's way: to run away, make off hurriedly; to escape. Obsolete. † i. to run one's country: (apparently, of a hunting dog) to run directly forward, rather than following a scent. Obsolete. rare.An alternative explanation is that the phrase is a garbled form of to run counter at counter adv. 1. † q. Scottish. Mining colloquial. to run the tow: to slide down the winding rope of a mineshaft. Obsolete.† u. Theatre slang. to run the stage: to arrange a stage in readiness for a particular scene. Obsolete.
a. to run its course: (a) (of a period of time) to pass, reach its end; (b) (of a sequence of events, state of affairs, trend, etc.) to complete its natural development without interference; to proceed to its expected conclusion.
ΚΠ
a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) 1124 (MED) Whan the ȝeer his cours haþ ronne ȝerne And is come out, he shal ha[ue] repair To Regne in Thebes.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Erasmus in Panoplie Epist. 355 The yeare hath runne his course.
1625 T. Jackson Treat. Originall of Unbeliefe vii. 59 This conceipt once entertained sets loose the sensuall appetite to runne its course without a curbe.
1655 H. Vane Retired Mans Medit. To Rdr. sig. A3 That which..is as a bar unto that activity in him, which if permitted to run its course, makes his feet swift to his own destruction.
1711 Light to Blind ii. iii. §33 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 115 He left the courts of judicature to run their usual course.
1772 D. MacBride Methodical Introd. Physic ii. i. iv. 320 The fever..when once fairly formed, will generally run its course in spite of all that can be done to interrupt it.
1889 H. D. Traill Strafford xiii. 169 Affairs ran their fated course.
1921 J. Galsworthy To Let 248 That quick-blooded sentiment hatred had run its course long since in Soames' heart.
1955 L. P. Hartley Perfect Woman (1959) 295 It had run its course and purged itself, leaving no complications.
1991 Seattle Times 29 Dec. b1/5 The old year has nearly run its course.
2002 D. Aitkenhead Promised Land ix. 92 Outdoor raves and warehouse parties were no longer viable, and Summer of Love-style clubbing had run its course.
ΚΠ
c1500 Lyfe Roberte Deuyll 488 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 238 Yt was no hede to bydde hym begone. He ranne hys waye.
1562 in F. J. Furnivall Child-marriages, Divorces, & Ratifications Diocese Chester (1897) 72 Wher-of Richard Pierson was so ashamid, that he wold have runne his way.
c1620 Warning for all Murderers (single sheet) He..thrust it [sc. a pin] in his Kinsmans thigh... Which done, he laughing ran his way.
1727 in A. Ramsay New Misc. Scots Sangs 116 The Carle..wad nae langer stay. Then up he gat, and he ran his Way.
1832 Original 21 Apr. 120/1 At the last, when the one had well beaten the other, they ran their way.
c. to run wild: see wild adj. and n. Phrases.
d. † (a) to run fortune(s) with: to share the fate of (another person); to throw in one's lot with. Similarly to run a person's fortune, to run the same (also like) fortune, etc. Obsolete (archaic in later use).
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > associate with [verb (transitive)] > participate with
shota1250
to run fortune(s) with1567
1567 N. Throgmorton in W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. (1759) II. App. 38 The queen will leave them in the bryers if they run her fortoun.
1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 848 Statilius also, who had sayd he would ronne Catoes fortune..was kept from killing of him selfe by the Philosophers.
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) iii. i. sig. Llv They preuayled with some of more quicke then sounde conceipte, to runne his fortune with him.
1610 J. More in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 87 I presume you will be content to run the same fortune with him.
1659 J. Davies tr. G. de Costes de La Calprenède Hymen's Præludia: 9th & 10th Pts. x. iv. 353 I would run fortunes with thee with no lesse satisfaction then if thou hadst the universe at thy disposal.
1694 Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. 191 Some holding Consultation to stave the Boat, and all to run the like Fortune.
1713 R. Steele in Guardian 2 Apr. 2/2 My Fellow Soldiers, said he, as you run my Fortune, so do I yours.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 560 If he thought it could do him any service, he would come in, and run fortunes with him.
1764 J. Adams Let. 30 Sept. in Bk. Abigail & John (1975) 45 If you realize this, my Dear, since you have agreed to run fortunes with me, you will submit with less Reluctance to any little Disappointments.
1858 G. P. R. James Lord Montagu's Page III. iv. 69 ‘Well, well,’ cried Pierrot joyfully, ‘I will run fortune with you! Only don't send me away.’
(b) to run fortune: to submit oneself to fate. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. vii. f. 132v Hauing runne fortune as blindly, as it selfe euer was painted,..they were driuen vpon a rocke.
1592 H. Unton Corr. (1847) 271 He comandeth Monsr. de Maine to take the vantgard, intendinge he shall first ronne fortune.
1636 tr. J. Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin Ariana i. viii. 156 See there then the treasures thou hast acquired, without running Fortune, either by sea or land.
e. to run low: see low adj. and n.2 Phrases 6a.
f. to run like the wind: see wind n.1 Additions.
g. to run dry: see dry adj. and adv. Phrases.
h. to run foul: see foul adj. Phrases 1b.
ΚΠ
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Fendre l'ergot, to run his countrey; or, to run away.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Tirer païs, (in hunting) to runne his countrey; or, to flye directly forward.
j. to run true: see true adj., n., adv., and int. Phrases 4a.
k. to run the (also a) buck: to cheat, to indulge in fraudulent or deceptive practices. Now rare (chiefly Irish English in later use).
ΚΠ
1728 Post-man 4–7 May 264/2 Run the Buck, false Measure in Coals, cheating the Owners, and converting the same to their own Use.
1764 T. Legg Low-life (ed. 3) 70 Tallow-Chandlers who do Business privately in Back Cellars..to evade the King's Duty..make Mould Candles, known by the Name of Running the Buck.
1841 C. J. Lever Charles O'Malley x. 48 The various modes of ‘running a buck’ (anglicè, substituting a vote).
1879 Catholic World Dec. 419/2 The curnel saw they were thryin' for to run a buck on him, an' he claimed the stakes.
1900 Iron Molders' Jrnl. Apr. 242/2 Harry Haines..was fined to the amount of $50 for the offence of running a buck at the Griffen Wheel Works.
l. to run short: see short adj. 19.
m. to run cunning: see cunning adj. Phrases.
n. to run a mile: to seek safety in flight; to evade or shrink from something through fear, reluctance, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from action [verb (intransitive)] > avoid
avoid1577
to shy out of1792
to fight shy1821
to run a mile1835
1835 ‘Lord Winchester’ Memorandums of my Mayoralty ix. 46 I am one of those who, in the words of the old Maxim, would ‘sooner run a mile than fight a minute’.
1844 C. J. Lever Arthur O'Leary II. xix. 306 The name of Charlemagne gives me the lumbago, and I'd run a mile from a conversation about Charles the Bold, or Philip van Artevelde.
1895 ‘H. Mathers’ Lovely Malincourt i. 6 [They] cannot bear to talk about it, and will run a mile rather than hear their brave deeds openly mentioned.
1920 M. R. Rinehart Poor Wise Man 102 Lou'd run a mile if he thought any girl wanted to marry him.
1969 H. E. Bates Vanished World x. 98 I run a mile from intellectual swank words such as ‘esoteric’ and ‘proliferate’.
2004 Independent 31 July (Review section) 7/1 If I'm invited to admire a badge collection, my immediate reaction is to run a mile.
o. to run (a person or thing) a close race: to be a worthy opponent to (a person or thing) in a race or (notional) competition; to rival closely. Cf. sense 4e.
ΚΠ
1837 Rural Repository 30 Sept. 63/2 He had not got out of the barn yard, nor far from the old man, who ran him a close race, ere Jonathan stumped his toe.
1883 Cambr. Rev. 24 Jan. 170/2 The best of these essays is the third..though the two former..run it a very close race for supremacy.
1904 I. G. Wheelock Birds Calif. 277 The Leconte thrasher runs him [sc. the Cactus Wren] a close race in this, but, I believe, is always a little short of winning.
1930 L. Charteris Last Hero xvii. 268 In my more brilliant moments I can run Teal a close race on some tracks.
2010 M. Sparke Stan Kenton 211 It's said music was the most important thing in Stan's life, but on that day at least, his actions indicated family ran music a very close race.
p. to run hot: see hot adj. and n.1 Phrases 12.
ΚΠ
1861 Coal Mines: Rep. Inspectors 1860 xii. 139 in Parl. Papers XXII. 173 It is not an uncommon thing for underground workmen to ‘run the tow’ in shallow pits.
1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 209 Run the tow, sliding down the pit-shaft on the winding rope.
r. Chiefly Scottish. to run the cutter: to evade a revenue cutter, as when engaged in smuggling; (hence more generally) to engage in smuggling, esp. of alcoholic drink, or in a comparable activity (such as seeking to obtain drink illicitly). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > illegal or immoral trading > trade in (goods) illegally or immorally [verb (transitive)] > smuggle
contraband1615
smugglea1687
run1695
to run the cutter1870
1870 Huddersfield Chron. 22 Oct. 5/1 We must believe that our Teutonic friends either admit our laws to be just, or that they ‘run the cutter’!
1882 J. Longmuir & D. Donaldson Jamieson's Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (rev. ed.) IV. 33 To rin the cutter, i.e., to evade the revenue cutter, hence, to smuggle.
1890 Dundee Courier & Argus 8 Feb. 3/4 It appeared that one of the men was told off to ‘run the cutter’, so called, and six or seven half-mutchkins and a quart bottle of whisky were got.
1907 N. Z. Parl. Deb. 16 Oct. 606/1 It ought to have been known to the police..that for some years past a number of these steamers had been engaged in ‘running the cutter’ into Rohe Potae.
1915 Scotsman 7 Apr. 9/2 Some of us see in prohibition a great chance for ‘running the cutter’ with beer cargoes for thirsty riveters and others.
s. to run late: to be behind schedule. Similarly to run early, on time, etc..Originally with reference to a scheduled journey by a vehicle or ship; cf. sense 25.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > [verb (intransitive)] > be late
over-tarry1843
to run early, on time, etc.1876
1876 Leeds Mercury 25 Mar. 10/1 [The failure of the signals] prevented the coal train, running late, from being stopped and shunted at Holme.
1911 Current Lit. Aug. 219/2 We're running on time this morning—just two more minutes to land.
1920 F. M. Lawson Industr. Control v. 102 If deliveries were running late as against promises, the lateness was balanced—that is, divided evenly over all the articles.
1951 Times 19 June 3/3 Details are given of the main line trains coming into Euston..and whether they are running early or late.
1956 N. Marsh Off with his Head (1957) vi. 113 I got called out on an urgent case and found myself running late.
2002 New Yorker 6 May 58/1 Because things were running late several speakers were bumped to make room for him.
t.
(a) Chiefly U.S. Politics. to run a scared race: to compete for office in a manner which suggests losing is a real possibility; to avoid overconfidence. Cf. to run scared at Phrases 2t(b).
ΚΠ
1882 Macon (Georgia) Tel. 16 Sept. 2/3 In the seventh district, Hightower Bill is again pitted against Jud Clements... Hightower Bill is running a scared race, but he blows frightfully, and we are inclined to think his wind is almost gone.
1932 Atlanta Constit. 19 Oct. 5/3 I believe in running a scared race and hope every loyal democrat will keep at work until the last ballot is cast and counted.
1960 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 20 Aug. 8/6 The Democrats would be wise to run a scared race.
1992 Florida Trend (Nexis) Aug. 44 Run a scared race and never assume misfortune can't happen.
(b) to run scared: (a) U.S. Politics to compete for office in a manner indicating or suggesting a fear of losing, esp. to avoid overconfidence; (b) (more generally) to be frightened, to panic. Usually as present participle.Apparently popularized through its use by Robert E. Hannegan (1903–49), U.S. politician, during the 1944 presidential election and subsequent campaigns. Cf. earlier to run a scared race at Phrases 2t(a).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > fear > apprehension > be apprehensive [verb (intransitive)] > panic or lose one's head
panic1910
to run scared1944
society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > [verb (intransitive)] > avoid over-confidence
to run scared1944
1944 Washington Post 23 July 1/1 ‘This is a difficult campaign,’ said Hannegan. ‘It is all right to be optimistic about it, but I always believe in running scared.’
1946 J. Daniels Frontier on Potomac xi. 123 ‘There is only one formula for success,’ he [sc. Hannegan] tells other Democrats... ‘That is hard work—perspiration.’ But he adds: ‘I have always believed in running scared.’
1950 Salt Lake Tribune 24 May 8/3 He is also running for re-election against..Everett Dirksen. And Lucas is running scared.
1956 Baseball Digest 62 There were always five or six teams that had to trade out of desperation... But the National [League] is always running scared.
1962 Boys' Life Dec. 75/4 We got those guys [sc. the opposing basketball team] running scared.
1976 J. Philips Backlash iii. i. 116 He's big, but running very scared.
1986 N.Y. Post 9 July 20 I've always managed to keep my sex life from my children and my husband, but I'm running scared.
2010 Courier Mail (Brisbane) (Nexis) 22 May 18 This is a private zoo, so there is no government support and as soon as you say zoo, every bank runs scared.
ΚΠ
1888 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 444/1 Before the scene can be set it is necessary to ‘run the stage’, that is, to get everything in the line of properties..ready to be put in place.
v.
(a) to run rings round: see ring n.1 16d.
(b) to run circles round: see circle n. Additions.
w. Originally and chiefly U.S. to run interference: (a) American Football to give a teammate room to run by blocking a defender; to move in such a way as to cause interference (interference n. 1c(a)) for the benefit of a teammate; (b) to provide assistance (for a person) by dealing with difficulties, carrying out onerous tasks, etc.
ΚΠ
1894 News & Observer (Raleigh, N. Carolina) 2 Dec. [They] ran around and blocked off the forwards on one side of the line, while the rest of the team formed a running interference ahead of the ball.]
1897 Daily Iowa Capital (Des Moines) 23 Oct. 3/1 They lacked teamwork and ran interference very poorly.
1910 Western Intercollegiate Mag. Dec. 28 Every one except the center has been used in carrying the ball or running interference for the backs.
1929 Hayward (Calif.) Rev. 28 June A special radio education commission..will run interference for the new venture.
1972 J. Mosedale Football iii. 39 Nagurski was described as a ‘man who runs his own interference’.
1999 A. Arensberg Incubus i. ii. 22 He volunteered to work at a settlement house in black Harlem, where he ran interference for destitute families with the welfare system.
2008 M. Bowden Best Game Ever vii. 175 Behind them, Webster and Triplett ran interference for Gifford, who saw an opening and cut inside them.
x. to run hot and cold: see hot adj. and n.1 Phrases 2b.
y. to run rich: see rich adj. 9d.
z. colloquial (originally U.S.). to run one's mouth: to talk excessively or unwisely; to chatter, gossip; = to run off at the mouth at Phrasal verbs 1.Esp. in African-American and Caribbean usage.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > loquacity or talkativeness > be talkative [verb (intransitive)] > talk excessively or chatter
chavel?c1225
babblea1250
chattera1250
clacka1250
janglea1300
ganglec1300
clapc1315
mumblec1350
blabberc1375
carp1377
tatterc1380
garre1382
rattlec1400
clatter1401
chimec1405
gabc1405
pattera1450
smattera1450
languetc1450
pratec1460
chat1483
jabber1499
clittera1529
cackle1530
prattle1532
blatter1533
blab1535
to run on pattens1546
tattle1547
prittle-prattlea1555
trattlea1555
tittle-tattle1556
quiddlea1566
brabble1570
clicket1570
twattle1573
gabble1574
prittle1583
to like to hear oneself speak, talk1597
to word it1612
deblaterate1623
tongue1624
twitter1630
snatter1647
oversay1656
whiffle1706
to gallop away1711
splutter1728
gob1770
gibble-gabble1775
palaver1781
to talk (etc.) nineteen to the dozen1785
gammon1789
witter1808
yabble1808
yaff1808
mag1810
chelp1820
tongue-pad1825
yatter1825
potter1826
chipper1829
jaw-jaw1831
buzz1832
to shoot off one's mouth1864
yawp1872
blate1878
chin1884
yap1888
spiel1894
to talk (also lie, swear, etc.) a blue streak1895
to run off at the mouth1908
chattermag1909
clatfart1913
to talk a streak1915
to run one's mouth1916
natter1942
ear-bash1944
rabbit1950
yack1950
yacker1961
to eat parrot head (also bottom)1965
yacket1969
to twat on1996
1916 Industr. Enterprise Dec. 18/2 They say that Belote can run his mouth faster than he can run the machine.
1921 Weekly Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 21 Feb. 13 Man free to run him own mouth.
1946 R. M. Lindner Stone Walls & Men xvii. 356 If you talked in your sleep it meant court and you were therefore charged with ‘running your mouth’ in the dormitory.
1988 A. Tyler Breathing Lessons i. i. 31 He thought I was only running my mouth, but he saw soon enough I was serious.
2005 D. Daley-Clarke Lazy Eye 198 A brother who ran his mouth to the Old Bill when told to produce his driving documents for the fourth time in a week.
P3. Phrases with prepositional phrase complement. † k. to run on end: to restore (a sailing ship) to seaworthiness (see quot.). Obsolete.
a.
(a) to run for one's life: to flee a life-threatening situation; (hyperbolically) to run or escape very quickly.
ΚΠ
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World ii. xxvii. 621 §4 This also was a long and bloudie fight; but Aristomenes did so behaue himselfe, that finally hee made the Enemies runne for their liues.
1693 J. Locke Some Thoughts conc. Educ. § 131. 161 Seizing on a naked Sword, [he] made after the Boy, who seeing him coming so armed, betook himself to his Feet, and ran for his Life.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 235 The Savage that they were going to kill, jumpt away, and ran for his Life.
1787 C. Davy Lett. upon Subj. of Lit. II. 26 It came on foaming and roaring, and rushed towards the shore with such impetuosity, that we all immediately ran for our lives, as fast as possible.
1829 A. Royall Pennsylvania I. 244 Captain J. took it [sc. the young child] from her, and told her to run for her life.
1899 L. O. Chant Sellcuts' Manager x. 149 He..gazed at his mother with open-eyed disgust, clapped his hands over his ears, and ran for his life.
1935 G. Blake Shipbuilders xi. 334 If they do and start any funny stuff, don't you mind me—I'll be all right—but run for your life for the nearest policeman.
1989 A. Brookner Lewis Percy i. 9 Sometimes he wanted to leave the library and run for his life.
(b) to run for it: to take to flight, to flee; = sense 7a(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > run away or flee
fleec825
afleeeOE
atrina1000
atfleec1000
to run awayOE
to turn to or into flighta1225
to turn the ridgec1225
atrenc1275
atshakec1275
to give backa1300
flemec1300
startc1330
to take (on oneself) the flighta1500
to take the back upon oneselfa1500
fly1523
to take (also betake) (oneself) to one's legs1530
to flee one's way1535
to take to one's heels1548
flought?1567
fuge1573
to turn taila1586
to run off1628
to take flighta1639
refugea1641
to run for it1642
to take leg1740
to give (also take) leg-bail1751
bail1775
sherry1788
to pull foot1792
fugitate1830
to tail off (out)1830
to take to flight1840
to break (strike, etc.) for (the) tall timber1845
guy1879
to give leg (or legs)1883
rabbit1887
to do a guy1889
high-tail1908
to have it on one's toes1958
1642 W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 306 My Lord of Stamford..made them run for it, and took their arms away.
1662 R. Codrington tr. G. Ruggle Ignoramus iv. vii. sig. O2 I would have found you out sieras super faciem terre, If you were upon the Face of the Earth Sirrah; and therefore why did you run for it?
a1713 A. Pitcairne Assembly (1722) v. ii. 92 O Lord! O Lord! What shall I do now? I am resolved I'll run for it, and leave that Raskal in the Lurch.
1754 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison VII. xlvii. 236 They were surprised by a sudden shower of rain..: No shelter: They were forced to run for it towards a distant tree.
1842 S. Lover Handy Andy xv. 139 They..pelted Miss Augusta so vigorously, that she and her dogs were obliged to run for it.
1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island vi. xxx. 254 We'll run for it like antelopes.
1916 ‘B. Cable’ Action Front 134 ‘Then if the shells pitch too near we can slip the cable and run for it.’ ‘Right-oh!’ said the captain.
1960 J. W. Bellah Sergeant Rutledge v. 20 He ran for it and made the corner of the old storage cistern just as Cantrell's horse train pulled in.
1999 I. Rankin Dead Souls ii. 14 He ran for it when he saw me.
b.
(a) to run (a person) off his (also her) feet (or legs): to overwork or harass (a person) to the point of exhaustion (originally spec. through running); = to rush (a person) off his (also her) feet (or legs) at rush v.2 Phrases 5. Frequently (now usually) in passive, as to be run off one's feet.Earliest in reflexive use; cf. sense 10a.
ΚΠ
1648 T. Winyard Midsummer-moone 3 He runs himselfe off his legs the first daies journey.
1668 S. Pepys Diary 25 Nov. (1979) IX. 375 He seems to hope that these people..will run themselfs off of their legs.
1678 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Prov. (ed. 2) 89 A Bankrupt... He goes on's last legs. He is run off his legs.
1713 Causes Decay Presbytery Scotl. 14 It [sc. the form of service of the Church of England] will..over-run your Nation in a short time, and the Episcopal Party..will run you off your Feet.
1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ at Run To run one off his legs, Aliquem cursu penitus fatigare.
1788 G. Colman Ways & Means i. 18 I shall be run off my feet, I find, in a fortnight.
1803 Pract. Rules Managem. Negro Slaves 279 Requiring all the address of art, to..prevent them [sc. purgings] from running the negro off his legs.
1857 C. M. Yonge Dynevor Terrace II. xv. 235 Charlotte was what Martha expressively called ‘fairly run off her feet’.
1937 T. O. Beachcroft You must break out Sometimes (1970) 104 Are you offering to run young Rex off his legs?
1949 N. Mitford Love in Cold Climate i. x. 107 You'd never believe that woman was nearly eighty, she could run us all off our feet.
1970 W. J. Burley To kill Cat i. 7 ‘I expect you've got enough to do at this time of year.’ ‘Run off our feet, sir.’
2008 C. Ní Aonghusa Civil & Strange vii. 120 The last few days have been dreadful. We were run off our feet looking after her.
(b) to run off one's legs (also feet): to work to the point of exhaustion, to make a great effort; (sometimes, esp. in early use) spec. to exhaust oneself by running.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > weary or exhaust [verb (reflexive)]
strain1377
overwork1530
overtire1558
toil1560
spend1594
overtask1628
waste1630
unbowel1647
to run off one's legs (also feet)1666
overexert1817
muck1819
tew1825
overdo1858
to burn out, forth1955
1666 F. Howgill Oaths no Gospel Ordinance 62 He hath ravelled out and spun out his threed so long, that he often runs off his legs.
1786 R. E. Raspe Baron Munchausen's Narr. 29 He ran so fast, so much, and so long in my service, that he actually ran off his legs.
1852 W. G. Simms As Good as Comedy iv. 65 No man shall bluff me off the track, though the horse runs off her legs.
1877 Potter's Amer. Monthly June 445/1 She that every young man in the parish would run off his legs to get for a wife.
1904 Cosmopolitan Apr. 656/1 Schwartz ran off his legs, and he learned by heart all the deeds of Jesus and Mary and the great miracle with the Holy Ghost, which he does not believe.
1961 tr. Diary in T. Schieder Fate Germans in Hungary II. 204 Mici too is running off her legs on behalf of her husband.
1994 V. Fraser in S. Hawthorn & R. Klein Austral. for Women 107 We had to look at whether we should keep doing it, making ourselves exhausted... Because that was what was happening, we were running off our feet.
c. Nautical. to run on board (of) ——: = to run aboard —— at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΚΠ
1654 Mercurius Politicus No. 198. 3373 Brought by the Lee by the Phœnix and her Boat sent on board, and afterward run on board by the Newcastle, who broke her head and Boltsprit.
1666 S. Pepys Diary 3 June (1972) VII. 142 The Portland, which, by being run on board by the Guernsey, was disabled from staying abroad.
1746 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 578/1 We were greatly concerned for fear of running on board of ships.
1796 Ld. Nelson 16 Apr. in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) II. 154 Royal Sovereign put back much damaged; a Transport run on board her.
1829 F. Marryat Naval Officer I. iii. 95 A large..frigate ran on board of us.
1867 All Year Round 26 Oct. 421/2 Lord Howe..was determined to pass through, or run on board the enemy's flag-ship or the Jacobin.
1902 Cornhill Mag. Dec. 810 He fell in with a strange sail, which nearly ran on board of him in the dark.
1989 C. Harrod-Eagles Victory xiv. 271 It was when you ran on board us, sir, in the storm... The Cap'n threw himself on Mr Reid, sir, to save him, and the bowsprit hit him.
2001 R. Woodman Sea Warriors (2002) xiv. 249 For some time Seahorse's starboard guns fired at Badere-I-Zaffer's port battery, until Scandril again attempted to run on board his assailant.
d. to run with the herd: see herd n.1 Additions.
e. to run for cover: to dash for shelter, safety, etc. Also figurative.
ΚΠ
1790 Parl. Reg. 1781–96 XXVII. 132 They would be over them in an instant, and lead the Governor immediately a la lantern, if he did not run for cover into his Lieutenant Governor's house in the citadel.
1834 W. Jardine Nat. Hist. Gallinaceous Birds (Naturalist's Libr.: Ornithol. III) I. 185 The bird..possesses the same wary disposition of its congeners and the pheasants, and upon the least alarm runs for cover.
1894 Autumn Leaves Sept. 407/2 So many churchmen in their blind terror over the higher criticism are running for cover.
1941 Times 12 Apr. 3/2 Direct hits were observed on buildings, and troops running for cover were heavily machine-gunned.
1990 Fortune 3 Dec. 2/2 Voters have raised the odds that legislators will send corporate executives running for cover.
2008 S. Venkatesh Gang Leader for Day viii. 272 Suddenly the sound of gunshots pierced the air, and everyone ran for cover.
f. U.S. to run for luck: to trust to luck, to take one's chance.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > chance [verb (intransitive)] > run a risk or take one's chance
to take one's chancec1325
to take penancec1400
to throw at allc1400
to buy a pig (in Scotl. a cat) in a poke1546
to throw the helve after the hatchet1546
to set (up) one's rest1579
to give the adventure1607
to make a shaft or a bolt of ita1616
to run a fortune1627
to run for luck1799
to go the vole1816
chance1863
to chance one's arm1889
to take a chance or chances1902
gamble1919
1799 J. Adams Let. 5 Jan. in M. A. Hogan & C. J. Taylor My Dearest Friend (2007) 458 I nominated him to the senate... Let him run for Luck.
1831 H. Chapin in A. Hill Pract. Error 54 I therefore concluded to take my chance, and run for luck if an emergency should arise.
1861 G. W. Curtis Trumps lxii. 360 Business is a kind of game, and..every body runs for luck.
1916 World's Work Nov. 24/2 To do nothing and run for luck is not good sense, when such vital interests are at stake.
1995 D.-M. Driscoll et al. Ethical Edge i. 9 Ignoring ethics, or giving ethics a low priority, is to ‘run for luck’.
g. Originally U.S. to run into the ground: (a) to carry (a thing) to excess, to overdo; (b) to destroy or damage beyond repair by excessive use, to wear out; to exhaust or overcome through constant pressure, uncompromising or demanding treatment, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > devour, engulf, or consume (of fire, water, etc.) > consume or destroy wastefully (time, money, etc.)
to wear out1390
exhaust1541
horse-leech1679
to eat up1680
racket1753
to run into the ground1836
short1979
the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > outdoing or surpassing > outdo or surpass [verb (transitive)] > go beyond (bounds) > carry too far
overcarry1606
overdoa1640
to run into the ground1836
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > weary or exhaust [verb (transitive)] > in other ways
ofliec1275
forseeka1400
overwatcha1529
haggle1648
wear1864
nag1870
fatigue1872
to run into the ground1955
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or defeat
shendc893
overwinOE
overheaveOE
mate?c1225
to say checkmatea1346
vanquishc1366
stightlea1375
outrayc1390
to put undera1393
forbeat1393
to shave (a person's) beardc1412
to put to (also at, unto) the (also one's) worsec1425
adawc1440
supprisec1440
to knock downc1450
to put to the worsta1475
waurc1475
convanquish1483
to put out1485
trima1529
convince1548
foil1548
whip1571
evict1596
superate1598
reduce1605
convict1607
defail1608
cast1610
banga1616
evince1620
worst1646
conquer1655
cuffa1657
trounce1657
to ride down1670
outdo1677
routa1704
lurcha1716
fling1790
bowl1793
lick1800
beat1801
mill1810
to row (someone) up Salt River1828
defeat1830
sack1830
skunk1832
whop1836
pip1838
throw1850
to clean out1858
take1864
wallop1865
to sock it to1877
whack1877
to clean up1888
to beat out1893
to see off1919
to lower the boom on1920
tonk1926
clobber1944
ace1950
to run into the ground1955
1836 W. T. Porter in Spirit of Times 9 July 162/1 It's no use to run the thing into the ground.
1839 Amer. Turf Reg. Aug. 426 Several friends of his ‘farther North’, have taken up the matter with zeal, and it would look like ‘running the thing into the ground’ to press the matter further.
1884 L. Gronlund Co-op. Commonw. iii. 74 After having run this Social ‘Order’ into the ground, it will be supplanted by a new principle.
1909 Amer. Blacksmith June 209/1 Running a shop without regard to running expenses will soon run a business into the ground.
1947 J. Steinbeck Wayward Bus viii. 135 Well, start feeling good, then, and don't run it into the ground. Nobody likes sick people very long.
1955 Times 3 Aug. 3/7 Close marking, hard tackling, and shrewd tactical kicking, until the opposition has been ‘run into the ground’.
2008 P. O'Shaughnessy Show no Fear xlvi. 299 He told me Richard was running the firm into the ground with his unsavory practices.
h.
(a) to run to (also true to, up to) form: (of a horse or other animal in a race) to perform consistently with its previous record; (more generally) to behave or function in line with expectations; to be as expected.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > act habitually [verb (intransitive)] > act in one's habitual way
at or (now more usually) up to one's (old) tricks1823
to run to (also true to, up to) form1843
1843 Morning Post 7 Oct. 3/5 The latter [horse] has not run up to his form this season by many pounds.
1891 Chicago Tribune 21 Sept. 6/1 The horses are running true to form and of good class.
1895 Salt Lake Tribune 16 Jan. 2/3 Horses ran to form to-day and May Day was the only outsider to win.
1908 Ogden (Utah) Standard 7 Sept. 7/1 If Joe Gans runs to form as the original ‘come-back kid’ in his third combat with Bat Nelson.
1932 New Yorker 23 July 30 Mr. O'Malley..ran true to form as a satirist by making a point of never getting out of his..hotel-room.
1966 Grand Prairie (Texas) Daily News 30 Dec. 11/6 Even if Dooley is running up to form he will be faced by [a] formidable crew of Mustangs on the other side of the line.
1970 G. F. Newman Sir, You Bastard viii. 253 It was simply Paul running to form, never arriving anywhere on time.
1997 I. Sinclair Lights out for Territory (1998) 35 Jack shot up the bar once, when the horses weren't running to form.
2010 M. Robinson Mistress by Mistake 149 I see Bay is running true to form. You look like all his other Jane Street whores.
(b) to run (true) to type: to conform to a particular type or class; to be or behave as expected.
ΚΠ
1898 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. 8 p. xlvii The stigmata..are indicative of a general weakening of the organization and in the nature of the case cannot be expected to run true to type.
1907 Country Life 9 Feb. 186/1 Somehow or other peasant proprietors all the world over have a curious resemblance. They run to type.
1952 Billboard 22 Mar. 51/2 His minor figures are mainly caricatures... The townspeople run to type.
1987 A. Kuper S. Afr. & Anthropologist ii. 22 Of course, not all meetings ran to type, but this was the general frame of a lekgota meeting.
2008 V. Nicholson Singled Out ii. 36 He had begun to observe that not all these man-haters ran true to type.
i. to run ahead of oneself: see ahead adv., prep., and adj. Phrases 3.
j. to run into the sand (also, now less commonly, sands): to come to nothing; to peter out.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > fail or be unsuccessful [verb (intransitive)] > collapse or come to nothing
forworthc1000
folda1250
quailc1450
fruster?a1513
to come to nothing1523
to give out?1523
to fall to the ground?1526
quealc1530
to come to, end in, vanish into, smoke1604
intercide1637
to fall to dirt1670
to go off1740
to fall through1770
to fall apart1833
collapse1838
to run into the sand (also, now less commonly, sands)1872
to blow up1934
to blow out1939
1872 Congregationalist Nov. 648 One felt that under the leadership of two such men..this movement is not likely to run into the sand.
1901 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 16 85 The argument is running into the sands just at the stage where the science can least afford it.
1956 A. L. Rowse Early Churchills xvii. 378 A naturally clever woman with genuine interests of the mind that ran into the sand.
1975 Economist 8 Mar. 75 Sogat has begun merger talks with..Slade..but these have already run into the sand.
2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 11 May 10/2 What struck Jane Addams in retrospect..was that immediately after this lecture, everything ran into the sand.
ΚΠ
1894 Labour Commission Gloss. 69 Running a ship on end, placing a ship's masts, yards, and rigging in their proper positions ready for sea again, after such ships have been stripped or dismantled.
l. Originally U.S. Advertising slang. to run (an idea, suggestion, etc.) up the flagpole: to try out or subject to general scrutiny, with a view to ascertaining its reception or likely success. Frequently more fully as to run (it, etc.) up the flagpole and see who salutes it (and variants).
ΚΠ
1955 R. Rose 12 Angry Men i. 26 Some account exec'll say, ‘Here's an idea. Let's run it up the flagpole and see if anyone salutes it.’
1958 Proc. 11th Ann. Conf. Labor (N.Y. Univ.) 70 ‘Run it up the flagpole’ or ‘follow it to see what it eats’, as the advertising people say on Madison Avenue.
1988 R. Galton & A. Simpson Best of Steptoe & Son (1989) Introd. p. viii ‘OK, man,’ we said, ‘let's run it up a flagpole and see who salutes it.’ (Just to show that we were just as au courant transatlantic-wise as what he was.)
2004 D. Reichert Chasing the Devil xiv. 226 How about I just run your name up the flagpole?..I'll just talk to people in the courthouse and see what they think.
m. Originally U.S.
(a) to run on fumes: = to run on empty at Phrases 3m(b).
ΚΠ
1955 Long Beach (Calif.) Independent 15 July 13/1 I'm awful tickled to be on the ground—we were running on fumes as far as gas was concerned.
1971 A. H. Pellegreno World Flight 135 The route to Darwin lay over open water, approximately 500 miles of it, a distance that would have left the engines running on fumes had we not stopped at Kupang.
1989 Spin July 84/1 That's why they feel tapped-out when they wake up after crashing: they've been running on fumes for days.
2004 S. E. Phillips Ain't she Sweet? (2005) i. 3 She checked the gas gauge. She was running on fumes.
(b) to run on empty: (of a vehicle or engine): to operate with little or no fuel in the tank. Hence: (of a person) to function despite having little or no energy left.In quot. 1965 used of a supply of gasoline which is becoming exhausted.
ΚΠ
1965 Gastonia (N. Carolina) Gaz. 25 July 4 a/7 (heading) Gas well running on empty... Elizabeth City's ‘gasoline well’ is still producing but at a diminishing flow... Investigators have speculated that the fluid may be coming from tanks left in the area during World War II.
1967 Tucson (Arizona) Daily Citizen 1 Apr. (Weekend Comics section) Heavens! We've been running on ‘empty’ for miles.
1985 San Diego Union-Tribune (Nexis) 30 May e1 When you add on top of that the real stress of bad things that can happen, you're asking people who are all used up to try harder to run on empty, and they collapse.
2004 J. Wilcockson 23 Days in July (2005) ii. 38 Then, partway up the hill, Merckx suddenly slowed. He was running on empty, as if he had the symptoms of what cyclists call ‘the bonk’ or hunger knock.
n. to run something past (also by) someone: to tell someone about something, esp. in order to explain, gauge opinion, or get approval.
ΚΠ
1961 J. Bainbridge Super-Americans vii. 120 Run that past me again, will you, please, honey?
1973 Stars & Stripes 28 Oct. 19 Would you run that by me again in slow motion, please?
1987 K. Lette Girls' Night Out (1989) 105 The whole office was busy running things past each other, blue-skying ideas and asking one another where they were coming from.
2005 D. Hunt Hot Flashes & Cold Creams x. 117 I suspect he'll be ready for another car soon... Let me run it by him, and I'll have him call you.
P4. In various proverbs and proverbial phrases.† a. he runs far that never turns (and variants): it is rare for people to maintain a particular position, practice, etc., indefinitely. Obsolete.Cf. it's a long lane that has no turning (see lane n.1 1b).
ΚΠ
1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) sig. Divv He runneth farre, that neuer commeth agayn.
1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. ix. sig. Kiiiv He ronth far, that neuer turnth agayne.
1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 87 I am glad thou writest that he beginneth to amend his condicions he runneth farre that neuer retourneth.
1620 T. Walkington Rabboni 44 Beloued in our Lord, they runne farre that neuer turne: God hath his owne times, and houres, and moments, for the conuersion of a sinner.
1645 R. Pricket Newes from King's Bath 25 Renounce Rebellion, 'tis thy Honours stain; He runneth farre that never turns again.
1659 J. Howell Prov. Eng. Toung 8/1 in Παροιμιογραϕια He runneth far that never returneth again.
1732 T. Fuller Gnomologia 79 He runneth far indeed, that never returneth.
1855 H. G. Bohn Hand-bk. Prov. 381 He runs far that never turns.
b. † (a) he may ill run that cannot go (and variants): it is as well to master elementary things before attempting anything more difficult. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. ix. sig. L Men saie, he maie yll renne, that can not go.
1611 J. Davies Scourge of Folly 168 They may ill runne that cannot go.
1636 W. Camden Remaines (new ed.) 308 They hardly can runne that cannot goe.
1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 130 He may ill run that cannot go.
1732 T. Fuller Gnomologia 79 He must not talk of running, that cannot go.
(b) to walk before one can run and variants: to master elementary things before proceeding to anything more difficult; conversely to run before one can walk (earlier †to run before one can go). Cf. creep v. 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > [verb (intransitive)] > learn rudiments first
to walk before one can runa1555
society > education > learning > [verb (intransitive)] > learn rudiments first > not
to run before one can walka1555
a1555 N. Ridley Pituous Lament. (1566) sig. Ciiiiv It is not most perfection nor meete for a child to couet to runne before he can go.
1591 S. Cottesford Treat. against Traitors Ep. Ded. sig. ¶4 He that pleaseth to run, before he can well goe, nay scarse creepe..shall stumble dangerouslye.
1622 E. Chaloner Sixe Serm. 98 That sottish arrogance which quickly inuades the simple, whereby they will vndertake to runne before they can goe.
1653 J. Allington Grand Conspiracy Members against Mind (1654) iii. 113 What was it but envy which moved Herod to make him runne before he could go?
1742 W. Clarke & W. Bowyer tr. J. Trapp Lect. Poetry 31 For Men to speak Verse before Prose, is the same as if they should pretend to run, or dance, before they could stand, or walk.
1743 W. Crookshank Stedfastness in Faith Recommended i. 17 Some will run before they can go, leap into opinions and practices before they are convinc'd of the reasons of them.
1762 S. Foote Orators i. 8 Soft and fair; we must walk before we can run.
1851 G. Borrow Lavengro II. ii. 15 Ambition is a very pretty thing; but sir, we must walk before we run.
1876 J. Platt Business 124 We must learn and be strong enough to walk before we can run.
1939 Times 4 Aug. 8/6 Troops so largely consisting of recruits must learn to walk before they can run.
1990 Financial Times (Nexis) 21 Sept. 8 NATO yesterday cautioned the European Community that, in the field of security, it should not try to run before it had learnt to walk.
2005 G. Sheffield & J. Bourne in D. Haig War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 502 He was..impetuous and inclined to run before he could walk.
c. to run with the hare and hunt (or hold) with the hounds (or hound): to (try to) remain on good terms with both sides in a conflict or dispute; to play a double part. Also to run with hare and hounds. Cf. to hold with the hare and run with the hounds at hare n. 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > evasive deception, shiftiness > act evasively [verb (intransitive)] > practise double-dealing
double1530
to play on (also with) both hands1530
to run with hare and hounds1573
to have (also wear) two faces1889
1573 R. Curteys Serm. preached at Grenewiche sig. C.vijv They will say that white is blacke, and blacke white: they will runne with the hare, and holde with the hounde.
a1592 R. Greene Sc. Hist. Iames IV (1598) iv. sig. H2v In such a world where men are so misled, What should i do? but as the Prouerbe saith, Runne with the Hare, and hunt with the Hound.
a1598 D. Fergusson Sc. Prov. (1641) sig. D He runs with the hound and holds with the hair.
1706 J. Stevens New Spanish Dict. i Mascár a dos carríllos,..to play Jack on both sides; to run with the Hare and hold with the Hound.
1807 Universal Mag. Jan. 12/1 This cannot but remind a reflecting reader of the familiar phrase, to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds.
1830 Liverpool Mercury 20 Aug. 267/3 Whether their present line of policy is to ‘run with the hare and hold with the hounds’, or is frank and sincere, time will discover.
1896 M. A. S. Hume Courtships Q. Eliz. xii. 261 Leicester..tried to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds, to retain French bribes and yet to stand in the way of French objects.
1901 K. P. Wormeley tr. Marquis d'Argenson Jrnl. & Mem. 2 iii. 91 Sly and double-faced persons, who know well how to run with the hare and hold with the hounds.
1920 Encycl. Americana XXVII. 192/2 His son Tewfik was running with hare and hounds, being also in partial sympathy at first with Arabi and his army.
2001 T. Saunders Baiting Trap (2002) vii. 116 One of the problems with the Darrens of this world..is that they run with the hare and hunt with the hounds.
d. one can run but one can't hide and variants: indicating that efforts to escape an inevitable event or outcome are futile.Originally associated with the U.S. boxer Joe Louis (1914–81).
ΚΠ
1939 J. Louis in Los Angeles Times 3 July i. 5/1 Remember one thing—when you're in the ring you can run—but you can't hide.
1946 Pittsburgh Courier 15 June 26/1 Louis smiled and answered: ‘He can run all he wants but he won't be able to hide.’
1969 Ebony Oct. 16/2 It is mandatory for black people to realize that regardless of their racial difference, they can run but they can't hide.
1990 Network World 6 Aug. 20/2 Soucy said that excuses from companies about the unavailability of top executives are useless with videoconferencing. ‘They can run, but they can't hide.’
2010 Sunday Tribune (Ireland) (Nexis) 13 June (Sport section) 15 You can run but you can't hide. The World Cup is here and resistance is futile.
P5. In various phrases used attributively or as nouns.
a.
run and fell adj. and n. Needlework (a) adj.(attributive) designating a kind of seam made by running a row of stitches and then felling one of the projecting edges (see fell v. 7); (b) n. a seam made in this way.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [adjective] > stitched or sewn > seam
run and fell1852
sew-and-fell1880
strapped1892
lapped1894
under-arm1908
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > seam > specific
seamc1394
round seam1626
fell1852
run and fell1852
French seam1882
dart1884
overseam1891
French seam1903
slot seam1918
jetting1923
channel seam1931
flat-fell seam1939
channel seaming1948
1838 Workwoman's Guide: Instr. Apparel vi. 148 In making up, run and fell the seams very neatly, making the two gores fall together between the front and back breadths.]
1852 Plain Needle-work 5 I lay down a fold in the same manner as for a run-and-fell seam.
1901 H. C. Davidson Bk. of Home VII. 45 Close the sides with a run and fell, sewed either by hand or machine.
1946 D. Birtles Overlanders i. 4 She taught her French seams, run and fells, top-sewing, [etc.].
1961 M. Spark Prime of Miss Jean Brodie iii. 69 In the worst cases they unstitched what had been done and did it again, saying ‘This'll not do’, or ‘That's never a run and fell seam’.
2003 J. Scarce Women's Costume Near & Middle East iv. 73 It is made of fine white cotton hand sewn with neat run and fell seams.
b.
run-and-read adj. [after to run and read at Phrases 1a(b)] now rare (attributive) given to, characterized by, or suitable for hasty or cursory reading, or (in extended use) superficial or careless thinking.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > reading > [adjective] > given to hasty reading
run-and-read1844
1844 Apprentice Dec. 157/2 We esteem it a benefaction in works of this class, if in no other respects, in this, that they stop us in the run-and-read system, draw out our thoughts, and cause us to get possession of theirs.
1861 N. Brit. Rev. May 184/1 A time that is well calculated to produce a run-and-read sort of mind.
1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 24 June 2/3 The ordinary run-and-read public.
1948 S. Arne United Nations Primer (rev. ed.) 185 It became difficult for the run-and-read type of person to remember that the whirlwind of brutality had been unleashed from Berlin.
1959 America 19 Sept. 742/3 Restoring to literary favor the personal essay..in a run-and-read style appropriate, for better or worse, to our day.
c.
run-flat adj. and n. (a) adj. (attributive) designating a kind of vehicle tyre which is designed to be usable even after a puncture has occurred; (b) n. a tyre of this kind.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > [adjective] > fitted with tyres > attributes of tyres
steel-studdeda1400
white-walled1720
punctured1896
sidewall1901
beaded-edge1902
treaded1906
low-profile1922
whitewall1930
run-flat1941
whitewall1957
bald1958
bias-ply1964
cross-ply1965
studded1966
treadless1968
1941 U.S. Patent 2,367,820 1/1 Another object of the invention is to provide bead lock, or run flat types of tire assemblies.
1941 Life 13 Oct. 52 (advt.) Combat (run-flat) tire.
1953 C. Landon Flag in City 31 An attempt had been made to slash the tyres, but as they were the thick ‘run-flats’ this had not been very successful.
1997 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 13 Mar. 11 The tyres have a relatively narrow tread and are virtually ‘run-flats’.
2009 D. Gorodji Nissan GT–R Supercar 154 High-performance run-flat tires allowed driving on a flat tire for 80km at a speed of 80kph.
d.
run, sheep, run n. (also run, sheepy, run) originally U.S. a children's game in which a group of players who have hidden then race simultaneously to a designated point when a signal is given (typically the shouting of ‘Run, sheep, run!’).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > children's game > hiding or chasing game > [noun] > other hiding games
hy-spy1777
run, sheep, run1881
1881 Amer. Agriculturist Sept. 368/2 The little girl and her companions played ball and ‘Run, sheep, run’.
1899 Logansport (Indiana) Pharos 11 July Edward Sheehan.., with other small boys, was playing ‘run sheepy, run’, when with outstretched arms he ran into a telegraph pole.
1949 M. Mead Male & Female 456 I set myself to study changing patterns of run, sheepy, run or prisoner's base.
1969 I. Opie & P. Opie Children's Games iv. 173 ‘Run, Sheepie, Run’ (Cumnock [in Scotland]).
1999 J. McKenzie Pauline Jewett i. 10 If you were good at games such as ‘run sheep run’ and baseball, people called you a tomboy.
e.
run-the-hedge n. pseudo-archaic a vagabond.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > aspects of travel > travel from place to place > [noun] > without fixed aim or wandering > vagrancy or vagabondage > vagabond or tramp
harlot?c1225
raikera1400
vacabond1404
vagrant1444
gangrela1450
briber?c1475
palliard1484
vagabondc1485
rogue1489
wavenger1493
hermit1495
gaberlunzie1508
knight of the field1508
loiterer1530
straggler1530
runagate1534
ruffler1535
hedge-creeper1548
Abraham man1567
cursitor1567
runner1567
walker1567
tinker1575
traveller1598
Tartar1602
stravagant1606
wagand1614
Circumcellion1623
meechera1625
hedge-bird1631
gaberlunzie man1649
tramp1664
stroller1681
jockey1685
bird of passage1717
randy1724
tramper1760
stalko1804
vagabondager1813
rintherout1814
piker1838
pikey1838
beachcomber1840
roadster1851
vagabondizer1860
roustabout1862
bum1864
migratory1866
potter1867
sundowner1868
vag1868
walkabout1872
transient1877
Murrumbidgee whaler1878
rouster1882
run-the-hedge1882
whaler1883
shaughraun1884
heather-cat1886
hobo1889
tussocker1889
gay cat1893
overlander1898
stake-man1899
stiff1899
bindle-stiff1900
dingbat1902
stew-bum1902
tired Tim (also Timothy)1906
skipper1925
Strandlooper1927
knight of the road1928
hobohemian1936
plain turkey1955
scrub turkey1955
derro1963
jakey1988
crusty1990
1882 R. L. Stevenson New Arabian Nights I. 164 Perhaps you think I don't know a gentleman when I see one, from a common run-the-hedge like you?
1888 R. L. Stevenson in Punch 25 Aug. 85/1 That every run-the-hedge in a green jerkin should fasten a scroll so.
1915 S. R. Crockett Hal o' Ironsides xix. 183 Men who would follow any run-the-hedge for the sole purpose of causing work and worry to honest people.
Phrasal verbs
PV1. With adverbs in specialized senses.In certain constructions, most notably with run over (see to run over 2 at Phrasal verbs 1, to run over 6 at Phrasal verbs 1) and run through (see to run through 2 at Phrasal verbs 1), use with an adverb is not readily distinguishable from an equivalent use with the homographic preposition. Thus active uses of the adverbial phrase in which a non-pronominal object is placed immediately after the adverb may equally be interpreted as uses of the prepositional phrase; likewise passive uses can be interpreted as passive uses of the prepositional phrase with the prepositional object of the active verb as subject. (A personal pronoun preceding the adverb is normally the object of the verb, while the reverse order normally shows preposition plus pronoun object.) Ambiguous cases have generally been assigned to the prepositional phrase. to run aboard to run along to run around to run away to run down † 8. transitive. Apparently: to cause (a noise) to subside, bring to a stop. Obsolete. rare. to run in † 3. intransitive. Nautical. With with. To sail parallel with or close to. Obsolete.† 16. intransitive. Printing. Of matter: to take up less space than anticipated. Cf. to get in 4 at get v. Phrasal verbs 1. Obsolete. to run off to run on to run out † 3. intransitive.† 11. transitive. Printing. To set (matter) in such a way that it takes up more space than is expected or necessary. Also intransitive. Cf. to run in 16 at Phrasal verbs 1. Also sometimes more generally: to allow to take up more space than is expected or necessary; to expand, fill out. Obsolete.† 13. intransitive. Of grain: to sprout. Obsolete. to run over † 5. transitive. With again. To give a renewed application of something; = to run over —— 2d at Phrasal verbs 2. Obsolete. to run round to run through † 5. transitive. Founding. To flush (a mould) with molten metal, in order to clear it. Cf. sense 44e. Obsolete. to run together † 1. intransitive. To fall together; to coincide. Obsolete.† 3. intransitive. To join in combat or battle; to engage in fight; to close with one's opponent. Obsolete. to run up † 3. intransitive. To land; to arrive on shore. Obsolete.† 4. † 8. transitive. To advance or promote (one's fortune). Obsolete.† 12. transitive. To follow (a scent); = sense 9b. Obsolete. rare.
transitive. Nautical. Of a ship: to come very close to (another ship), generally so close as to cause damage; to collide with. Also with the commander, crew, etc., of the ship as subject. Cf. to run aboard —— at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (transitive)] > collide with
to run foul1596
to run aboard ——?1606
to run aboard1708
to fall on board (of)1797
foul1828
1708 Boston News-let. 1 Mar. 2/2 By this time the Spaniard was up with the Trader and run him aboard.
1785 in Poet. Wks. D. Garrick II. 362 He had the courage to run him aboard on the quarter, which did him considerable damage.
1821 W. Scott Pirate III. xiii. 310 They miss stays, and the frigate runs them a-board!
1906 J. Masefield On Spanish Main xiv. 264 They kept too close together for the pirates to run them aboard.
1986 E. L. Beach U.S. Navy iii. 75 The alternative was to run the other ship aboard, heavy wooden hull crashing into heavy wooden hull, and grapple.
1996 P. O'Brian Yellow Admiral v. 110 She..did all she could to run us aboard.
intransitive. To depart about one's business; to go away. Frequently in imperative, esp. in the phrase run along (with you)! (often used to dismiss children; cf. get along with you at get v. Phrasal verbs 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > go away suddenly or hastily
fleec825
runOE
swervea1225
biwevec1275
skip1338
streekc1380
warpa1400
yerna1400
smoltc1400
stepc1460
to flee (one's) touch?1515
skirr1548
rubc1550
to make awaya1566
lope1575
scuddle1577
scoura1592
to take the start1600
to walk off1604
to break awaya1616
to make off1652
to fly off1667
scuttle1681
whew1684
scamper1687
whistle off1689
brush1699
to buy a brush1699
to take (its, etc.) wing1704
decamp1751
to take (a) French leave1751
morris1765
to rush off1794
to hop the twig1797
to run along1803
scoot1805
to take off1815
speela1818
to cut (also make, take) one's lucky1821
to make (take) tracks (for)1824
absquatulize1829
mosey1829
absquatulate1830
put1834
streak1834
vamoose1834
to put out1835
cut1836
stump it1841
scratch1843
scarper1846
to vamoose the ranch1847
hook1851
shoo1851
slide1859
to cut and run1861
get1861
skedaddle1862
bolt1864
cheese it1866
to do a bunkc1870
to wake snakes1872
bunk1877
nit1882
to pull one's freight1884
fooster1892
to get the (also to) hell out (of)1892
smoke1893
mooch1899
to fly the coop1901
skyhoot1901
shemozzle1902
to light a shuck1905
to beat it1906
pooter1907
to take a run-out powder1909
blow1912
to buzz off1914
to hop it1914
skate1915
beetle1919
scram1928
amscray1931
boogie1940
skidoo1949
bug1950
do a flit1952
to do a scarper1958
to hit, split or take the breeze1959
to do a runner1980
to be (also get, go) ghost1986
society > travel > aspects of travel > departure, leaving, or going away > [phrase] > exhortation to depart or go away
begonec1370
hence with —— !1534
via1600
show your shapes1699
walk your bodyc1730
run along (with you)!1803
to jump (or go (and) jump) in the lake1912
imshi1916
1803 G. Colman John Bull ii. i. 17 'Tis the fashion to be absent—that's the way I forgot your little bill; there, run along.
1848 S. Town Second Reader (rev. ed.) 50 I must run along now, said John, for it is my school time.
1857 M. Howitt Dial of Love 93 But run along with you; for the old sow is coming down with her nine little pigs.
1902 B. Potter Tale of Peter Rabbit 15 Now run along, and don't get into mischief.
1934 E. Bowen Cat Jumps 242 ‘Yes, run along with you,’ she said. ‘And don't be so silly again.’
1952 E. O'Neill Moon for Misbegotten i. 56 So run along now and play with your horse, and don't bother me.
1990 R. Rendell Going Wrong xvii. 203 Run along now. You can come back next Wednesday.
2006 M. Chesney Our Lady of Pain ix. 151 Harry gave a crown to the boys and said, ‘Run along with you.’
1. intransitive. To go about hurriedly; to go from one place or person to another (frequently with the implication of aimlessness or ineffectualness).to run around in circles: see circle n. 1c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > move swiftly in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > move swiftly and violently > rush around
scour1297
startlec1300
reelc1400
rammisha1540
gad1552
ramp1599
fling1620
to run rounda1623
rampage1791
to run around1822
to rip and tear1846
hella1864
running around like a chicken with its head cut off (also like a chicken with no head)1887
to haul ass1918
tear-arse1942
1822 Pilgrim 8 June 71 They are..spending their time in running around to try to get people to give away their money.
1889 A. M. Douglas Osborne of Arrochar xxvii. 368 I have been running around all the afternoon doing errands.
1948 Z. N. Hurston Let. 30 Oct. in Life in Lett. (2002) 572 Various simple people have been running around trying to make themselves heard by officialdom, but they have no force.
1997 Dance & Arts Sept. 22/2 That's when we were running around doing block parties. Block parties was ripe up in Harlem.
2005 A. Ohlin Missing Person (2006) vii. 104 They run around thinking they're righteous because they spike trees.
2. intransitive. colloquial.
a. To associate or consort with (a person); esp. to have or pursue a romantic relationship with. Similarly with together. Also without construction: to be unfaithful; to have or seek a succession of casual relationships.
ΚΠ
1855 ‘F. Folio’ Bk. for Times: Lucy Boston xx. 260 You mean to twit me of running around with him, do you? I'll go again if I've a mind to.
1879 J. M. Drinkwater Tessa Wadsworth's Discipline vii. 93 Mr. Towne did not do much last winter..beside run around with Naughty Nan.
1891 J. H. Pearce Esther Pentreath iii. v. 194 The speaker, a big awkward slattern, had been long trying hard..to get Casy to ‘run around’ with her.
1904 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 1 June 5/2 I haven't seen you since the old days, when we used to run around together.
1925 F. S. Fitzgerald Great Gatsby vi. 125 I may be old-fashioned in my ideas, but women run around too much these days to suit me.
1940 F. Lockridge & R. Lockridge Norths meet Murder viii. 129 You could tell me about it, and why you didn't like Brent, if it wasn't because he was running around with your wife.
1969 in H. Halpert & G. M. Story Christmas Mumming in Newfoundland 213 People know who the uncovered janney ‘runs around with’ (i.e., his friends).
1981 Gossip (Holiday Special) 11/3 In my heart, I know he's not runnin' around, but I also know it doesn't matter if he is.
2002 S. L. Carter Emperor Ocean Park 301 You don't know for sure she is running around with her boss. You don't know for sure if she has had any extramarital affair.
b. To cheat on (a romantic partner).
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > unchaste [verb (transitive)] > be unfaithful to
two-time1924
to cheat on1934
to run around1951
1951 J. Barr Derricks (1957) 94 What if she starts running around on you?
1952 W. J. Goode & P. K. Hatt Methods in Social Res. 205 I never ran around on him until after the divorce.
1988 R. Langford Don't take your Love to Town xiii. 144 Lance was often out drinking but I wasn't aware he was running around on me again till Philomena Gundy told me.
2004 L. Crum Forged x. 69 But they've been living together for years and from what I can tell, he always ran around on her. Why kill him now?
3. intransitive. Of an idea, emotion, etc.: to be persistently present or in circulation.
ΚΠ
1873 Ladies' Repository Nov. 351/2 Such thoughts were running around in my head for many days.
1920 A. S. Roche Uneasy Street x. 122 ‘There is some absurd mistake running around in your head, Miss Holben, and—’ ‘Oh, well, let it run there.’
1996 G. D. Comstock Unrepentant, Self-affirming, Practicing v. 157 There was a lot of homophobia running around, but at least we all lived to tell the tale.
2001 B. Dodds Your Grieving Child xcix. 128 There are so many emotions—so many feelings—running around inside us.
1. intransitive.
a. To make off hurriedly, take to flight, flee; esp. to retreat hurriedly in the face of danger or opposition. Frequently with from.he who fights and runs away, may live to fight another day: see live v.1 Phrases 11a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > run away or flee
fleec825
afleeeOE
atrina1000
atfleec1000
to run awayOE
to turn to or into flighta1225
to turn the ridgec1225
atrenc1275
atshakec1275
to give backa1300
flemec1300
startc1330
to take (on oneself) the flighta1500
to take the back upon oneselfa1500
fly1523
to take (also betake) (oneself) to one's legs1530
to flee one's way1535
to take to one's heels1548
flought?1567
fuge1573
to turn taila1586
to run off1628
to take flighta1639
refugea1641
to run for it1642
to take leg1740
to give (also take) leg-bail1751
bail1775
sherry1788
to pull foot1792
fugitate1830
to tail off (out)1830
to take to flight1840
to break (strike, etc.) for (the) tall timber1845
guy1879
to give leg (or legs)1883
rabbit1887
to do a guy1889
high-tail1908
to have it on one's toes1958
OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Kings (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1881) I. 402 Sceaðan þa afligdon færlice ða licmenn, þæt hi..urnon aweg swa hraðe swa hi besawon on ðone reþan floc.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1364 An bucc rann þær aweȝȝ all cwicc.
?a1300 (a1250) Harrowing of Hell (Digby) (1907) 136 (MED) Loke hem [sc. the gates of hell] nou, wose may, Ich lete hem stonden and renne away.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 3661 (MED) Ne saw he neuere be-fore þat day Hert ne hare so renne a-way.
c1450 (c1375) G. Chaucer Anelida & Arcite (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 316 This [read is] that a tame best that is ay feyn To renne away when he is lest agast?
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 695/2 I runne awaye from myne enemye, or any daunger.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. cciiijv The Lyncolnshyre men..threw away their coates, the lighter to runne away, and fled.
?1571 tr. G. Buchanan Detectioun Marie Quene of Scottes sig. Djv Thay ryn heidlang to battell, and from battell ryn cowartly away.
1644 J. Vicars Jehovah-jireh 164 The present was the season, else the enemy would bee run away.
1667 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 2 426 If you put Black Ants into a Bank of the Red [ants], the Black..will not meddle with the Red, but..run away.
1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 94 The King..rated them for running away, as he called it, though they really retreated in good Order.
1777 'Squire Randal's Excursion round London x. 103 The dogs by natural instinct ran away from the city dog-killer.
1804 Nelson Let. 12 Aug. (1846) VI. 150 That gentleman has thought proper to write a letter stating that the Fleet under my command ran away.
1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxxii. 276 This..Belgian hussar..was too good a soldier to disobey his Colonel's orders to run away.
1915 D. Haig Diary 26 Sept. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 156 The whole mass of infantry of the two new divisions was running away in great disorder and had abandoned the guns.
1964 L. B. Honwana in R. Rive Mod. Afr. Prose 108 All the dogs of the village were frightened of Toto, and even the biggest of them ran away when he showed his temper.
2005 New Yorker 26 Dec. 110/2 He..imagines himself fighting, as in a cloak-and-dagger movie, running away from a crazy man who is threatening him with a knife.
b. figurative. Esp. with reference to refusal or unwillingness to accept or come to terms with something.
ΚΠ
1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xx. sig. M1v Fugitiue Diuines, that like cowards..runne away from their Text.
1640 E. Reynolds Treat. Passions xiii. 125 An evill man..is not a friend unto himselfe, but flies and labours to runne away from himselfe, and is never in so bad company, as when he is alone.
1702 G. Farquhar Love & Business 102 That I may once more set up for a Man of some Parts, or else run away from my Senses as fast as I can.
1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VI. xxxix. 133 None of us could get out of him what so disturbed him. We should too soon hear, he said... He was out each day; and said, he wanted to run away from himself.
1833 H. G. Keene tr. Persian Fables 72 We attempt to run away from the troubles of that state of life to which we are adapted by Providence.
1898 Cosmopolitan Aug. 391/1 I don't care for the people who settle difficulties by turning tail and running away from them.
1920 E. O'Neill Beyond Horizon iii. i. 152 You've spent eight years running away from yourself.
1956 E. Fromm Art of Loving iv. 114 They must learn to be close to each other without running away in the many ways in which this is customarily done.
1966 Listener 17 Nov. 718/2 The whole of the world ran away from the pound, and if this doesn't reveal an inflationary situation, what does?
2009 Daily Tel. 24 Sept. 27/5 Maybe there was a part of me that was running away from my sexuality as a teenager.
c. Used jocularly in the negative (in expressions such as it won't run away) to give assurance of the permanence, stability, or fixity of something or someone.
ΚΠ
1787 ‘P. Pindar’ Lyric Odes to Royal Academicians (ed. 5) xiii. 34 Why—we can see the Church another day, Don't be afraid—St. Paul's can't run away.
1837 J. M. Morton Sentinel i. i. 10 in Acting National Drama I. Never mind Schloppsen, you'll find the post here when you come back; it won't run away!
1888 C. M. Yonge Beechcroft at Rockstone II. xxi. 191 The charms of ‘the halls of Ivor’..which, after all, would not run away.
1908 A. Bennett Old Wives' Tale iv. iii. 515 There's no earthly reason why you should go back... The house won't run away.
1973 J. Porter It's Murder with Dover vii. 65 What's your sweat? This Tiffin bird's not going to run away.
2001 D. Samuels Filthy Rich (2002) 41 The chicken soup isn't going to run away if the Seder takes a couple of extra minutes.
2. intransitive.
a. To go away, esp. hurriedly, surreptitiously, or in secret, from where one is expected or required to stay; to abscond, desert, etc. Frequently with from (a place, an institution, (occasionally) a person). Also figurative.In quot. OE with reflexive dative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > go away suddenly or hastily > secretly or abscond
to run awayOE
elope1596
to step aside1620
abscond1652
shirk1681
decamp1751
levant1797
absconce1823
skip1865
skin1871
to shoot the crow1887
sneak1896
to go through1933
to take a run-out powder1933
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 454 Se latteow wearð gebolgen and þone blindan forlet, arn him aweg and se oðer nyste hu he ham come.
a1438 Bk. Margery Kempe (1940) i. 50 (MED) A, der God..I haue ronnyn a-wey fro þe.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 47 ‘Where is he?’ tyte will she spyr; If I tell her, ‘ron away’, hir answere bese belife, ‘nay, sir!’
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 695/2 He was aboute to ronne awaye, and he had done it in dede if I had nat taken the better hede.
a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) Pref. to Rdr. Scholers..be runne awaie from the Schole.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 127 There were foure-score Christian slaues, who hauing cut their Captaines throat.., runne away from Constantinople.
1674 London Gaz. No. 896/4 Run away..a Blackamoor Man..Iron-marked in his Brest with the sign of a Greyhound.
1759 S. Johnson Let. 9 Nov. (1992) I. 188 Being disgusted in the house he ran away to Sea.
1793 ‘A. Pasquin’ Life Late Earl of Barrymore (ed. 3) 13 Mr. Stone had a tenant run away.
1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xiii. 111 Please, Sir, I think Smike's run away, Sir.
1870 G. W. Dasent Ann. Eventful Life II. xii. 227 I would run away, I would enlist, I would take orders—anything rather than marry Mary.
1911 G. B. Shaw Getting Married in Doctor's Dilemma 196 She's a born wife and mother, maam. Thats why my children all ran away from home.
1984 R. Feild Irons in Fire vii. 183 Servant girls ran away to London to seek their fortunes.
2006 C. Frazier Thirteen Moons iii. i. 193 He had violated the pact his father made by running away from his new master..on their first journey together.
b. To elope with another person (also with to). Also with together.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > [verb (intransitive)] > elope
to run away1592
elope1628
to run off1725
1592 Arden of Feversham iv. iii. 9 Didst thou ever see better weather to run away with another man's wife, or play with a wench at pot-finger?
1614 J. Cooke Greenes Tu Quoque C ij b Doe not I know that thou wilt run away with the Gentleman?
1652 R. Brome Joviall Crew iv. i. sig. I3v That she should sleight me, and run away with a wages-fellow, that is but a petty Cleark and a Serving-man.
a1722 J. Toland Coll. Several Pieces (1726) I. 95 She took it in her head..to run away with a nobleman.
1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison IV. xiv. 105 The next girl that run away to a dancing master, or an ensign.
1830 ‘Messrs. Von Dunderhead’ Budget 122 I think we shall be good friends yet, though you ran away with Peggy, and I can tell you that I was awful mad at it.
1866 Catholic World Nov. 235/1 We ran away together and were married at Plymouth.
1912 I. V. Simonton Hell's Playground xv. 242 Placing a guard over her that she might not run away to a man of her own race.
1948 J. Thurber Let. 13 Sept. (2002) 432 We hit on the idea of Ellen announcing that she was going to run away with Joe.
1990 A. S. Byatt Possession xxiii. 421 They had run away together, and were sharply aware of the usual connotations of this act.
2004 M. K. Andrews Hissy Fit xxxi. 187 What happened to the jilted sister, after her husband ran away with Jeanine?
c. Simply: to depart, leave. Cf. to run along at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)]
wendeOE
i-wite971
ashakec975
shakeOE
to go awayOE
witea1000
afareOE
agoOE
atwendOE
awayOE
to wend awayOE
awendOE
gangOE
rimeOE
flitc1175
to fare forthc1200
depart?c1225
part?c1225
partc1230
to-partc1275
biwitec1300
atwitea1325
withdrawa1325
to draw awayc1330
passc1330
to turn one's (also the) backc1330
lenda1350
begonec1370
remuea1375
voidc1374
removec1380
to long awaya1382
twinc1386
to pass one's wayc1390
trussc1390
waive1390
to pass out ofa1398
avoida1400
to pass awaya1400
to turn awaya1400
slakec1400
wagc1400
returnc1405
to be gonea1425
muck1429
packc1450
recede1450
roomc1450
to show (a person) the feetc1450
to come offc1475
to take one's licence1475
issue1484
devoidc1485
rebatea1500
walka1500
to go adieua1522
pikea1529
to go one's ways1530
retire?1543
avaunt1549
to make out1558
trudge1562
vade?1570
fly1581
leave1593
wag1594
to get off1595
to go off1600
to put off1600
shog1600
troop1600
to forsake patch1602
exit1607
hence1614
to give offa1616
to take off1657
to move off1692
to cut (also slip) the painter1699
sheera1704
to go about one's business1749
mizzle1772
to move out1792
transit1797–1803
stump it1803
to run away1809
quit1811
to clear off1816
to clear out1816
nash1819
fuff1822
to make (take) tracks (for)1824
mosey1829
slope1830
to tail out1830
to walk one's chalks1835
to take away1838
shove1844
trot1847
fade1848
evacuate1849
shag1851
to get up and get1854
to pull out1855
to cut (the) cable(s)1859
to light out1859
to pick up1872
to sling one's Daniel or hook1873
to sling (also take) one's hook1874
smoke1893
screw1896
shoot1897
voetsak1897
to tootle off1902
to ship out1908
to take a (run-out, walk-out, etc.) powder1909
to push off1918
to bugger off1922
biff1923
to fuck off1929
to hit, split or take the breeze1931
to jack off1931
to piss offa1935
to do a mick1937
to take a walk1937
to head off1941
to take a hike1944
moulder1945
to chuff off1947
to get lost1947
to shoot through1947
skidoo1949
to sod off1950
peel1951
bug1952
split1954
poop1961
mugger1962
frig1965
1809 M. Edgeworth Manœuvring x, in Tales Fashionable Life III. 230 Mrs. Beaumont..rose, and rang the bell for her carriage. ‘Mr. Palmer,’ said she, ‘I am afraid we must run away.’
1891 O. Wilde Picture of Dorian Gray i. 11 You are not going to run away so soon, Mr. Hallward?
1904 Punch 24 Aug. 132/2 Here the White Rabbit broke off. ‘I shall complete my story to-morrow,’ he said. ‘Now run away and play, like good animals.’
1933 M. Lowry Ultramarine ii. 62 Oh well, I'll have to put up with you. Run away and play.
2007 J. Shaw Angel ii. 24 As I bid them goodnight, the larger man..grabbed my arm, asking why I was running away so soon.
3. intransitive. to run away with.
a.
(a) Of a horse, etc.: to carry off ungovernably, bolt with (a person). See also sense 4a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [verb (intransitive)] > carry rider > bolt (with rider)
to run away withc1330
bolt1820
c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) 2021 (MED) Þe hors..arnede awai wiþ þe king.
1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) vi. vi. sig. k.vijv Therwith his hors ranne awey with hym, and he felle doune to the erthe.
1566 T. Blundeville Arte of Rydynge (rev. ed.) iii. xiii. f. 65v, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe He beinge to stubborne doeth ouermuche force you, and wyll nedes run awaye with you whether you will or not.
a1652 A. Wilson in F. Peck Desiderata Curiosa (1735) II. xii. 25 My spotted Nag..being younge & not well waigh'd, run away with mee.
1695 P. Motteux tr. F. Pidou de St. Olon Present State Morocco 8 A fiery Horse, that ran away with him..as he wheel'd about under a Walk of Orange Trees.
1704 Lives, Eng. & Forein I. 317 The Marquiss De Villequier's Horse ran away with him at the Tilt by an Accident.
1787 ‘G. Gambado’ Acad. Horsemen 28 It is far from improbable, that he may run away with you.
1825 New Monthly Mag. 15 451/1 The horse ran away with him.
a1867 C. J. Andersson Notes Trav. S. Afr. (1875) 321 Axel's ox ran away with and threw him, breaking girths, nose-rein, &c.
1915 G. B. Grinnell Fighting Cheyennes xvii. 214 His horse ran away with him, and he could not control it.
1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 6 Dec. 44/2 On parade his untrained horse regularly ran away with him, and three times in a week he was thrown.
(b) figurative. Esp. of an idea, emotion, etc.: to be of such force or strength as to be beyond the ability of (a person, one's reason, etc.) to control it; to sway or persuade beyond what is justified.
ΚΠ
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 1 I thought to come and holde you.., lest your boke shoulde runne awaye with you.
1605 N. Breton Poste with Packet: 2nd Pt. sig. Cv Take heede of Poetry, least it runne away wth thy wit.
1694 T. Southerne Fatal Marriage sig. A2 My Poetry will never run away with me; but the good fortune of finding so many Honourable Patrons..has transported me.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 27. ⁋2 His desires run away with him.
1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera i. x. 12 Don't let your Passion run away with your Senses.
1822 W. Hazlitt Table-talk II. vii. 152 Our anger runs away with our reason.
1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 812 The accelerating nerves often..run away with the heart.
1964 W. R. Brain Doctors Past & Present 120 He was an imaginative man, and sometimes his imaginative hypotheses ran away with him.
1993 T. Parker May Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast (1994) ix. 131 I'm sorry, I'm afraid I've let my feelings run away with me.
b.
(a) To depart, in haste or surreptitiously, having taken possession of (esp. something to which one is not entitled); to make off with.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > taking > taking surreptitiously > take surreptitiously [verb (transitive)]
forsteala940
stealc950
undernimc1175
to run away with?c1430
embezzle1469
steal?1473
surrept1548
cloyne1549
abstract1555
secrete1749
smuggle1768
to run off1821
snakea1861
sneak1883
snitch1904
palm1941
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 214 (MED) Ellis oþere broþelis wolden renne awey wiþ riche mennus good.
1496 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (de Worde) i. xlix. sig. e ij v/2 They can or may begyle ony man of his good as they done full ofte and renne awaye with other mennes goodes.
c1565 W. Turner Hunting of Fox & Wolfe (new ed.) sig. C.j Either he runneth away with the mony, or he tarieth still among his neighbours.
1600–1 State Papers Edinb. Reg. House No. 108/10 He..ran away with the keyis.
1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 12 The rest of the Jewes gave their seeming assistance..whilst he run away with coat and doublet.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 245 That they would..set sail, and run away with the Ship.
1781 H. L. Thrale Diary 1 Feb. in Thraliana (1942) I. 483 I was saluted with..an Account of Lancaster our favourite Abroad-Clerk running away with Two Thousand Pounds.
1807 Salmagundi 19 Sept. 299 At that time, ladies were not quite so easily run away with as Columbine.
1867 J. R. Houlding Austral. Capers 294 On his return to the coach he found that Bingi had run away with the gun.
1916 J. Joyce Portrait of Artist i. 49 Perhaps they had stolen a monstrance to run away with it and sell it somewhere.
1990 R. Rosenbaum Gen. & Blond Ghost in Trav. with Dr. Death (1991) 106 Whenever some international house-of-cards deal collapsed, he'd always be the one to say it was ‘the other guy’ who ran away with the Swiss-account numbers.
2008 G. Packer Betrayed 99 The traffickers ran away with the documents and the money of the rest of the group.
(b) figurative. Esp. with reference to the obtaining of undeserved praise, credit, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > make a success of [verb (transitive)] > gain or win (a success, etc.)
to run away with1698
score1883
the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by care or effort > by effort or competition
winc1330
gain1548
to carry away1565
to run away with1822
1589 E. Bunny Briefe Answer Quarrels R. P. 74 I will not suffer you quietly to runne away with that gainefull point of your doctrine.
1616 T. Gainsford Secretaries Studie 103 Howeuer men may runne away with the titles of honour and greatnesse; yet..in the professing of friendship, there is a manifest dutie to bee obserued toward the meanest.
1698 in Harleian Misc. (1809) III. 343 The marshals du camp ran away with it clearly to raise the siege.
1722 J. Blair Our Saviour's Divine Serm. on Mount I. xxii. 129 Other People may run away with the Praise and Reward of the Good Action.
1755 T. Smollett tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote II. iii. viii. 245 What! are they to run away with all the reputation, and we to undergo all the trouble?
1822 J. M. Good Study Med. III. 380 Any prescribed medicine..will seem to have effected the cure, and will run away with the credit of having done so.
1897 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 304 I really could not allow Maynooth to run away with the credit or reproach of this performance.
1911 Wilson's Photogr. Mag. May 231/1 The personal aggrandizement of a few men who run away with the honors and glory.
1989 St. Petersburg (Florida) Times (Nexis) 1 Oct. 4 Heckathorne isn't one to run away with all the kudos. ‘I have to give the offensive line a lot of the credit.’
2000 N. Kizenko Prodigal Saint v. 193 While many admired him, others were aggrieved that he was running away with all the glory.
c. To accept, believe, or take up with (an idea, etc.), hurriedly or without due consideration; to give undue credence to.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > belief, trust, confidence > over-readiness to believe, credulity > believe too readily [verb (intransitive)]
overtrust?c1225
overtrowa1393
to run away with1574
1574 J. Whitgift Def. Aunswere to Admon. 169 If you can haue but one writer new or olde, of your side,..you runne away with the matter, as though you had scripture, reason, Doctors, and all.
1621 R. Montagu Diatribæ Hist. Tithes 186 It is great wonder that Iosephus, and Philo,..runne away with the common acceptation.
1649 J. Bulwer Pathomyotomia ii. i. 60 A great Anatomist, whom I find running away with an errour instead of a conceited verity.
1727 A. Boyer Dictionaire Royal (rev. ed.) (at cited word) To run away with (to fancy, or imagine) a thing.
1789 Parl. Reg. 1781–96 XXVI. 218 The Public might not run away with the belief that the Senate of England decided any great question as a Senate, when so few Members were present.
1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) x. 127 Don't run away with that opinion, sir!
1890 Sat. Rev. 29 Nov. 610/1 To let Dr. Barnardo run away with the notion that [etc.].
1918 F. Palmer Amer. in France xv. 188 The wise men did not want any division to run away with the notion that it did not have a lot to learn yet.
1957 P. G. Wodehouse Over Seventy xix. 182 Don't run away with the idea that the Swiss do nothing but yodel and make condensed milk.
2008 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 15 May 88 The last thing we want to do..is to allow excellent students to run away with the impression that they are being singled out for praise.
d. To consume, use up, exhaust (a resource, esp. money), esp. at an unexpectedly rapid rate.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > use up, expend, or consume [verb (transitive)] > use up completely or exhaust
stanch1338
exhaust1541
soak1577
tire1589
to suck dry1592
to run away with1622
exantlate1660
to spin out1718
rack1778
overteem1818
deplete1850
to stream out1894
1622 N. Breton Strange Newes sig. B3 v No man must put his land into mony, lest the Bankerout runne away with his inheritance.
1651 Bp. J. Taylor Rule & Exercises Holy Dying i. §3. 26 We make our lives short, and lust runs away with all the vigorous and healthful part of it.
1746 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) II. 413 [This] with Bushe's chattering and showing me her drawings, has run away with my morning.
1795 Rep. Comm. Waste Lands & Common Fields (Board of Agric.) 9 The difference of the price runs away with all the profit that could be got from the milk.
1862 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 23 221 The cost of gathering runs away with much of the saving effected in cutting.
1890 Mrs. H. Wood House of Halliwell II. vii. 175 Caroline's illness..had run away with all the ready money.
1921 S. A. Donham Spending Family Income xii. 118 Operating charges..need constant attention or they run away with much of one's surplus.
1995 R. B. Outhwaite Clandestine Marriage Eng. 118 Too frequent coronations would run away with the considerable governmental profits that he envisaged flowing from his scheme.
e. Of the legs: to carry (a person) quickly forward, as if independently.
ΚΠ
1718 M. Prior Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 199 His Case appears to me like honest Teague's, When he was run away with, by his legs.
1887 Belgravia Sept. 276 I..could hardly prevent my legs from running away with me.
1922 R. F. Griggs Valley of ten Thousand Smokes 231/1 Our legs fairly ran away with us. Despite the accumulated weariness of the day before and the strain of the night, we made the trip to Ukak in record time.
1989 R. Frame Penelope's Hat ii. iv. 40 She left them and let her legs run away with her down the hill.
f. Nautical. To haul on (a line) by walking or running steadily. Frequently in to run away with it.
ΚΠ
1843 Jack's Edition of Life at Sea xviii. 159 Captain Bullhead..began to encourage the men to run away with the yard rope.
1859 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. 2 374 The boatswain..‘pipes’, the falls are ‘married’, ‘the men run away with it’, and the boat ‘is up’.
1887 J. C. Hutcheson White Squall viii. 113 ‘Hoist away, men!’ cried Mr. Marline. ‘Run away with the falls, you lubbers,’ echoed Moggridge.
1917 Bluejacket's Man. (U.S. Navy) (ed. 5) 296 The rest of the heaving line..is received by men previously detailed, who run away with the heaving line and haul the hawser ashore.
1973 D. Pope Governor Ramage R. N. vii. 78 Ease away and haul in; run away with it, lads.
g. To win (a sporting contest, a prize, etc.) easily or by a clear margin.
ΚΠ
1886 Gettysburg (Pa.) Compiler 6 July When it came to voting in the convention, Quay's selection of a partner in business ‘on the hill’ ran away with the prize on the first ballot, A. Wilson Norris getting 142 votes to 102 for Grimeson.
1931 San Mateo (Calif.) Times 2 June 7/7 With Stanford out of the national collegiate meet, Southern California is virtually certain to run away with the title.
1969 A. Bennett Forty Years On i. 14 We aren't a rich school, we aren't a powerful school, not any more. We don't set much store by cleverness at Albion House so we don't run away with all the prizes.
1993 Non-League Football Today Mar. 6/2 Many supporters will wonder why, if their team run away with the League championship they should not be promoted regardless of their facilities and solvency.
4. intransitive.
a. Originally: (of a horse, etc.) to rush off ungovernably, to bolt; (occasionally of a vehicle) to be pulled away by a bolting horse or horses. Also (in later use esp.) in extended use: (of any vehicle, as a steam engine, railway train, etc.) to move off uncontrollably.
ΚΠ
a1676 M. Hale Historia Placitorum Coronæ (1736) II. xli. 303 B. another boy whipt the horse, the horse ran away against the will of A. and ran over a child and kild it.
1791 ‘G. Gambado’ Ann. Horsemanship iii. 17 When a horse has run away.
1857 Times 26 Sept. 9/5 The violent shock..broke the hook of the tender..and the engine ran away for about 200 yards before the driver could bring it up.
1863 London Society Feb. 131/1 The horses of her carriage ran away. A gentleman who was passing succeeded in stopping them.
1891 G. D. Galton La Fenton I. xi. 255 Your dog-cart ran away and you were thrown out.
1903 Times 13 Jan. 7/5 The horses attached to the carriage ran away. Mr. Moody was thrown out.
1968 M. T. Malloy Racing Today 42/1 A couple of other horses meanwhile may be running away with their jockeys hanging on for dear life.
1974 A. Clayton & D. C. Savage Govt. & Labour in Kenya ii. 46 On the Magadi line in one such accident a train ran away killing eighteen men and injuring twenty-nine.
2008 Fosse Way Mag. (Nexis) 10 Oct. 8 Wagons..left the track and rolled down an embankment when the train ran away at Great Elm on Monday evening.
b. More generally: (of a machine or piece of machinery) to go out of control; (of a process, temperature, etc.) to proceed or increase uncontrollably.
ΚΠ
1869 Architect 30 Jan. 71/1 While the works were in full operation, the mill engine ‘ran away’, scattering destruction..in all directions.
1885 Standard 9 Mar. 3/5 The winding engine ‘ran away’, owing to the sudden loss of weight upon the drum.
1935 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Sept. 1074/2 ‘Ethylene at a temperature above 350°C. and under a pressure of 175 kg. per sq. cm...decomposes with explosive violence.’ Fortunately, this was not found to be the case, but in many experiments the temperature ‘ran away’.
1945 Rev. Mod. Physics 17 482 If the reaction was not to ‘run away’, it was essential to make use of neutrons of very low energy in the individual steps of the chain process.
1953 Times 31 Oct. 2/7 We have no practical experience of what happens if a reactor runs away.
1982 Times 24 Mar. 15/7 It is difficult to see this market running away.
2009 C. Vogel Build your own Electric Motorcycle viii. 168 The back EMF can be reduced, creating a serious condition under no load where the motor can run away and explode.
5. intransitive. Frequently with from.
a. Chiefly Hunting. Of an animal being pursued: to build up a substantial distance between itself and its pursuers. Of a hound: to draw away from the hunters. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1692 R. L'Estrange Fables cccxxv. 284 When I am Pursu'd, says the Hare, I can shew the Dogs a Fair pair of Heels, and run away from 'em at pleasure.
1781 P. Beckford Thoughts on Hunting xvii. 209 A good huntsman will seldom suffer his head hounds to run away from him.
1826 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 2 Sept. 607 I saw three hares, in one day, run away from the dogs.
1846 Sporting Rev. Jan. 48 The fox ran away for one hundred yards.., before they [sc. hounds] laid hold of him a second time.
1892 Harper's Mag. Sept. 517/2 The fox..is so intelligent and so fleet that, with a proper start, he can usually elude or run away from a pack of hounds.
1907 R. H. Williams With Border Ruffians ix. 322 We generally found them [sc. game] pretty full, and not in condition to run away from the hounds.
1938 Times 3 Jan. 3/6 From Vitifer Mine hounds ran away from horses during a burst of 11 minutes.
b. In extended use: to establish a decisive lead over one's opponents in a race, or (more generally) in any sporting competition; = to pull away 3c at pull v. Phrasal verbs.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > move at specific rate [verb (transitive)] > gain (ground) upon > catch up or overtake > outstrip
to leave behinda1393
overgoc1425
preventa1500
outgo1530
out-trot1555
outstrip1567
stripa1592
outpacea1596
out-swift1606
to have (also get) the speed ofa1616
outstretcha1642
to give (a person or thing) the go-by1642
to gain bounds of1653
outrace1657
outspeed1661
to cast behind1681
distance1691
belag1721
repass1728
outfoot1740
outdistance1789
fore-reach1803
to have the foot of1832
to run away1843
slip1856
short-head1863
tine1871
forespeed1872
outrate1873
1843 Times 1 June 6/1 It does not appear that any other horse had a chance of success against this the winner, who certainly ran away from all opponents.
1880 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 9 Jan. 6/8 The amateur got 10, 13, 14, and 11, during which time Reynor ran away with 15, 16, 35, 35, 22, and 14.
1896 Derby Mercury 10 June 7/5 Grice..was overtaken by the tandem, who ran away easily.
1927 Daily Express 24 Aug. 2/7 The visitors were behind by one goal at the third chukker, but after that they improved and ran away.
1994 P. Bjarkman Baseball with Lat. Beat 305 It is not enough to prevent Puerto Rico from running away from the pack with five-straight opening victories.
2005 J. MacGregor Sunday Money xi. 300 He was leading, running away from the field, when he fragged the rear-end gear.
6. intransitive. Of a plant: to grow wild, rank, or luxuriant, esp. due to not being adequately grazed or tended. Also with from (grazing animals). Cf. bolt v.2 2d.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > grow well or flourish [verb (intransitive)] > grow excessively
to run away1793
batten1855
1793 Ann. Agric. 21 81 A fine tract of rich marsh land..with a vast quantity of grass, quite run away, the land not being half stocked.
1794 Ann. Agric. 22 394 To keep a strict watch on the grass, that it may not run away from the sheep.
1843 Farmer's Mag. Oct. 312/1 The rainy weather..produced opposite effects; the barley plants having run away too much into straw.
1848 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 9 i. 11 While other parts of the field may be found to have ‘run away’ in abundant seasons, these parts are always found fed down to the very roots.
1906 E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock Ideal Thoroughbred Stud 15 Under no circumstances should the grass be allowed to run away from the animals, and get into flower and seed.
1943 Agriculture 50 364 Heavy stocking is desirable, or the grass will ‘run away’.
1998 P. Gregory Earthly Joys 498 You have to pull the plants which are running away and drowning the rest.
1. transitive.† a. To strike or drive to the ground; to knock down. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > bring to the ground/lay low > knock down > specifically a person or animal
fellOE
to strike down1470
quell1535
to run down1587
to trip (also turn, tumble, kick, etc.) up a person's heels1587
to strike up the heels of1602
level1770
silence1785
grass1814
send1822
to send to grass1845
beef1926
deck1953
1587 T. Hughes Misfortunes Arthur iii. iii, in Certaine Deuises 29 Her bulwarkes, fortresse, rampiers, walles and fence, These armes should reare the Rams to runne them downe.
a1600 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) II. 39 Quhene they iunit witht the Inglischemen they had thame all run doune ore ever the Inglische speirs might tuiche thame.
1680 G. Whitehead Brief Acct. Sufferings Quakers 123 [He] rode up against him, and run him down with his Horse-brisket.
b. Of a horse or (in later use esp.) a vehicle: to knock (a person) down; to run over. Also with the rider, driver, etc., as subject.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > vehicular traffic > [verb (transitive)] > knock down with vehicle
to run down1686
1686 tr. Rel. Invasion & Conquest Florida xxix. 154 They..made it their chief business to break the Indians who rallied, by running them down with their Horses, and pricking them with Lances.
1780 Mirror No. 88 (1781) 3 115 To keep them out of harm's way, to prevent them from falling into a ditch, or being run down by a carriage.
1800 A. MacLaren Soldier's Widow ii. i. 15 I'm not fond of the middle of the street, lest I shou'd be run down by a carriage.
1856 Titan Mag. Dec. 531/2 We stand a good chance of being run down by a tram.
1896 190th Ann. Rep. Town Officers Brookline, Mass. 103 The brave and prompt action of Patrolman Curry in saving a lady and a child from being run down by a runaway horse on Beacon street.
a1933 J. Galsworthy End of Chapter (1934) i. xxiii. 188 They were nearly run down by the sudden convergence of two cars embarrassed by unwonted space.
1972 T. P. McMahon Issue of Bishop's Blood iv. 43 The grief-stricken brother had been paid five hundred dollars to run me down with a truck.
2005 V. Swarup Q & A 29 He jumped down from the speeding vehicle, narrowly missing being run down by a Maruti car.
2. transitive.
a. To pursue (a quarry) until it is caught or killed; to hunt down; to track down. Also figurative and in extended use. Cf. to run to earth at earth n.1 Phrases 7a, to run to ground at ground n. 8f.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunt [verb (transitive)] > hunt down or bring to bay
stallc1400
to set up1608
to run down1650
to hunt down1711
to tire down1835
to stick up1850
bail1872
1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. xiii. 279 David should..be pursued, not giving him any breath, but either running him down outright, or killing him in the form, where they should finde him.
1659 E. Gayton Art Longevity xvi. 34 Thy Husband's old Canary, and fat Buck, With dogs run down, or else with arrowes stuck.
1735 Sportsman's Dict. I. at Buck The keeper commonly selects a fat buck out of the herd, which he shoots to maim him, and then he is run down by the hounds.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. ii. 309 The fowls..were likewise run down with little trouble; for they could scarce fly further than an hundred yards.
1807 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life II. xx. 253 After dropping a wash-ball,..bestirring yourself to run it down, by following its doublings, as it rapidly rolls about the room.
1876 A. S. Palmer Leaves from Word-hunter's Notebk. Pref. p. viii I have been successful in running down my quarry.
1891 Cornhill Mag. Mar. 300 A weasel will occasionally run down the strongest hare.
1922 J. Gregory Everlasting Whisper 183 ‘I am sorry I am so—so—’ He did not allow her to run down the elusive word.
1976 W. Marshall Gelignite vii. 109 I've had one of my people run down this fellow Dien for you.
1998 S. Dingo Dingo v. 45 These dogs ran down and cornered kangaroos, making a kill easier.
b. Sport. To run to retrieve (a ball, shot, etc., esp. one that appears difficult to reach).
ΚΠ
1901 R. H. Lyttelton Out-door Games 18 If your opponent at football is running the ball down, you can go for him, not with your fists, but with your body.
1966 Gettysburg (Pa.) Times 21 July 5/5 I still can't believe it that after nearly four hours he was still running down every shot.
1991 Baseball Rookies 1 i. 31/2 When you see the outfielders can run down any ball, you don't have to paint the corners as much.
2009 M. Seles Getting Grip xxxv. 219 In the final I defeated..a determined and gritty retriever who runs down every ball.
3. transitive.
a. To put down, overcome, overwhelm, or defeat (a person) by force or vigour of argument, criticism, abuse, etc. Now rare (in modern use generally superseded by 3b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or overwhelm
overcomeeOE
overgangOE
overnimOE
overswivec1175
foldc1275
overgoc1275
to bear downc1330
oversetc1330
outrayc1390
overleada1393
overreach?a1425
overwhelmc1425
to whelve overc1440
overruna1475
surprise1474
overpress1489
surbatea1500
overhale1531
overbear1535
overcrow1550
disable1582
surgain1586
overpower1597
overman1609
to come over ——1637
to run down1655
overpower1667
compel1697
to get over ——1784
overget1877
to grab (also take) by the balls1934
1655 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 1st Pt. 51 Like a wise Moderatour, when the Respondent is hard put to it by a subtile Opponent, takes him off, when he would else run him down.
1674 in O. Airy Essex Papers (1890) I. 233 That he may not be run down by a Vote of ye House of Commons.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 259 I was run down again by him to the last Degree.
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. vi. 49 Here comes our good friend..that run you down fairly in the argument.
1779 Mirror No. 5 Talk..of painting, he runs you down with a description of the gallery at Florence.
1835 A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under Seven Admin. (1837) III. 274 An attempt to run down a man by abuse and clamour.
1855 Evangelical Christendom 9 34/1 These young divines..will force us to study in our declining years, that we may..not be run down by them in point of learning.
1930 Poet Lore 41 407 I recall his [sc. the Vicar of Wakefield's] reply to his wife's remark that Mr. Burchard had run him down fairly in argument.
b. To disparage, denigrate, vilify; to give an unfairly low assessment of.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > disparagement or depreciation > disparage or depreciate [verb (transitive)]
littleeOE
low1340
dispraisec1386
minish1402
deroge1427
detractc1449
descryc1450
detrayc1475
dismerit1484
decline1509
vilipend1509
disprize?1518
disable1528
derogatea1530
elevate1541
disparagea1556
detrect1563
debase1565
demerit1576
vilify1586
disgrace1589
detracta1592
besparage1592
enervate1593
obtrect1595
extenuate1601
disvalue1605
disparagon1610
undervalue1611
avile1615
debaucha1616
to cry down1616
debate1622
decry1641
atomize1645
underrate1646
naucify1653
dedignify1654
stuprate1655
de-ample1657
dismagn1657
slur1660
voguec1661
depreciate1666
to run down1671
baffle1674
lacken1674
sneer1706
diminish1712
substract1728
down1780
belittle1789
carbonify1792
to speak scorn of1861
to give one a back-cap1903
minoritize1947
mauvais langue1952
rubbish1953
down-talk1959
marginalize1970
marginate1970
trash1975
neg1987
1671 J. Dryden Evening's Love i. i. 7 I am reveng'd on you for running down my poor old Master.
1689 N. Lee Princess of Cleve ii. iii. 25 After all this they'll run you down, and say your Grace is no Scholar.
1710 J. Addison Tatler No. 226. ⁋4 He found himself run down as a superficial prating Quack.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1780 II. 335 A gentleman present..had been running down Ode-writing in general, as a bad species of poetry.
1844 S. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 337 I do not mean by this, unjustly and cowardly to run down O'Connell.
1889 F. C. Philips Young Ainslie's Courtship I. xii. 161 You need not run down the education we received.
1918 D. Haig Diary 17 Oct. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 474 Papers seem to vie with each other in cracking up the French, and running down the British military methods and Generals!
1940 H. G. Wells Babes in Darkling Wood i. iv. 117 He'll run me down, inventing one evil thing about me after another.
1992 Woman 7 Dec. (Suppl.) 10/2 Don't listen to people who run you down—forget your lack of confidence.
4. transitive. To drive into (a boat) with sufficient force to sink it or to cause serious damage. Also with the occupants of the boat as object.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > shipwreck > cause to suffer shipwreck [verb (transitive)] > run down
oversailc1330
to run down1659
1659 D. Pell Πελαγος 137 There is a great care taken on both sides who should run down one another by the board first.
1732 S.-Carolina Gaz. 11 Nov. 3/2 A Perriauger..was run down and over-set by a Wood-Boat, near the Harbour.
1781 Ann. Reg. 1779 222 Capt. Drew, from London to Quebec, was run down by the Russell man of war.
1823 Examiner 754/2 The Captain..attempted to run the boat down.
1885 Law Times Rep. 53 60/2 The Chusan ran down a smack on the morning of the 24th Dec.
1905 Chatterbox 187/2 We were run down by a huge liner, which brutally went on our way, leaving us to our fate.
1938 M. K. Simkhovitch Neighborhood iii. 47 The ship was a Dutch liner. On the first night out we ran down a Gloucester fishing boat off her course.
2006 Best Life Apr. 45/2 To check on the sails, course, and weather, and to make sure I wasn't being run down by a passing ship.
5.
a. intransitive. Of a clock, clockwork mechanism, etc.: to lose its motive power, become unwound; to cease to go.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ceasing > cease activity [verb (intransitive)] > specifically of things, actions, or processes > specifically of a machine or mechanism
standc1175
to run down1665
stop1789
seize1878
to go phut1888
to cut out1910
conk1917
cut1938
trip out1940
phut1959
1665 R. Hooke Micrographia xxi. 133 Several of those other motions that yet remain, whose springs were not quite run down, being now at liberty, begin each of them to move.
1699 Hist. Wks. Learned Oct. 618 A Watch-Maker that is constantly taken up with his Watch, whose Springs would run down every Moment, if he did not constantly mend and wait upon it.
1760 Crit. Rev. Dec. 458 You may make an eight-day clock run down, short of its time, by hurrying the springs.
1815 Philos. Mag. 45 465 The clock was one day unfortunately forgot, and allowed to run down.
1845 C. Dickens Cricket on Hearth ii. 113 The toys that had been set in motion for the Baby, had all stopped and run down, long ago.
1911 N. H. Moore Old Clock Bk. 161 Let the clock be wound up about half way, then take off the verge, and let it run down as rapidly as it will.
1994 J. G. Kennedy in E. A. Poe Narr. A. G. Pym Introd. p. xvii Poe extracts terror from the discovery that a watch has run down.
2008 Sherlock Holmes Myst. Mag. Winter 106 You told us no one had rewound them... Yet just now it ran for twenty-three minutes before running down.
b. intransitive. figurative and in figurative contexts.
ΚΠ
1699 G. Farquhar Love & Bottle iv. 49 Lov. What of the Watch? you laugh by the hour; you'll be run down by and by sure. Roeb. Ay, but I shall be wound up again.
1749 M. Collyer Lett. Felicia to Charlotte II. xxix. 49 Does it follow..that the whole [sc. the universe] is only a grand piece of clockwork, which, being set a going, will move several thousand years, before it be run down?
1837 Atkinson's Casket Apr. 182/1 He is nothing better than a model of a man, running down and wound up from sun to sun.
1889 F. C. Philips & C. J. Wills Fatal Phryne I. iii. 73 Madame burst into a flood of compliments. The doctor allowed her to run down.
1908 W. E. Norris Pauline xiii. 157 The excitement does me good. I am like a watch; I must be wound up or I run down.
1997 J. Case Genesis Code 24 To do nothing was tantamount to letting the world run down like a windup clock.
c. transitive. To cause or allow (a clock, etc.) to lose its motive power. Also figurative.
ΚΠ
1828 Periscope Dec. in Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. (1829) 10 247/1 Nature..induced a dysentery that ran down the machine with still greater rapidity than that with which it had been wound up.
1837 R. Mudie Spring 6 The spring..would run it [sc. a watch] down in a little more time than is occupied in winding, were it not for the counteracting influence of another spring.
1884 Jewelers' Circular & Horol. Rev. Apr. 93/1 An escapement so shallow, that if the banking pins were closed into the drop the escapement would run the watch down.
1913 W. P. Welpton Primary Artisan Educ. viii. 192 If food and air in sufficient quantities are withheld, exercise can but run the clock down.
2010 www.breitlingsource.com 25 Mar. (O.E.D. Archive) Running the chronometer all day has never run the watch down, or affected the accuracy at all.
6. transitive. To melt (metal, ore, etc.); to convert into by this process. Also: to render (fat). Cf. sense 47. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > making or becoming liquid > action or process of melting > melt [verb (transitive)] > metals, wax, etc.
temper1535
to run down1678
1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa i. xliv. 30 It [sc. coagulation] happ'ns..to Metals, and other Minerals that may be run down, as Sulphur, Alum, Antimony, Nitre, Vitriol and many others.
1684 Bp. G. Burnet tr. T. More Utopia 104 The People might..be unwilling to let the Plate be run down, if a War made it necessary to pay their Souldiers with it.
1752 M. Watson in Philos. Trans. 1749–50 (Royal Soc.) 46 587 It hath been kept..in an Air-Furnace, in a Heat that would run down cast Iron in fifteen Minutes.
1759 W. Lewis tr. C. Neumann Chem. Wks. 145 In running down the arsenical Silver-ores, the workmen commonly add a large proportion of Lead.
1777 J. Williams Acc. Anc. Ruins iii. 11 The stones seem to have been partly run down, and partly enveloped by the vitrid matter.
1858 A. S. Piggot Chem. & Metall. Copper vi. 331 Calcination is performed upon the coarse metal... This is then run down into white metal.
1895 Daily News 15 Nov. 7/2 The parcel was one of scrap silver, which he wanted ‘run down’.
1915 Our Jrnl. (Metal Polishers Union of N. Amer.) Sept. 27/2 Lead sulphate and battery mud are said to..be valuable to those running down mixed metal drosses in the blast furnace.
1932 A. J. Worrall Eng. Idioms 78 The housekeeper runs down her dripping every week.
1954 W. H. Dennis Metall. Non-ferrous Metals iii. 144 Sinter is mixed with flux and run down in blast furnaces for the production of pig iron.
7.
a. intransitive. Of an hourglass or sandglass: to reach a point at which (almost) all the sand has emptied from the upper chamber, indicating that the period of time being measured has (almost) elapsed. Frequently figurative (cf. to run out 1a(b) at Phrasal verbs 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > instruments for measuring time > [verb (intransitive)] > allow sand to run through (of hourglass)
run?1507
to run down1689
1689 J. Flavell Englands Duty iv. 110 There are two Glasses turned up this day, and both almost run down; the Glass of the Gospel running down on Earth, and the Glass of Christ's Patience running down in Heaven.
1814 J. H. Caunter Cadet II. 65 The glass of Life was running hasty down—But a few grains of precious sands were left.
1865 Student & Schoolmate June 177 The noiseless ‘sand-clock’ in Squire Allen's bar-room was fast running down.
1893 W. Walker Three Churchmen 259 When his hour-glass ran down, they made a signal to him to turn it, and go on for another hour.
1902 E. Armstrong Emperor Charles V I. viii. 164 If these fortresses once fell, Italians believed that the hourglass of liberation had run down.
1984 Boston Globe 6 July 1 Staying at home doing nothing gives normal people the feeling that they are frittering away their time, and the unpleasant accompanying sense of the hourglass running down.
b. intransitive. Chiefly Sport. Of a timer: to count down to zero; to indicate that the period of time being measured has elapsed.
ΚΠ
1899 N.Y. Times 2 Jan. 10/7 When the timer runs down at the expiration of the period for which it is set, this dog is raised automatically, thereby allowing the combination locks [on a safe] to be worked.
1937 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 10 Oct. 10/4 Bill Gunther popping through for the six points two minutes, 40 seconds before the clock ran down.
1947 Altoona (Pa.) Mirror 20 Oct. 18/6 At this point, the clock ran down and the time ran out, as the first half ended.
1994 Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey) 24 Apr. v. 6/3 With the shot clock running down, rookie Anfernee Hardaway lost the ball to Blaylock.
2003 S. Coonts Liberty xxii. 403 If he carried the car batteries in, wired them to these cables using a timer, the whole thing would explode when the timer ran down.
c. transitive. Sport (originally U.S.). to run down the clock and variants: to allow time to lapse intentionally, by refraining from making an active attempt to score, playing slowly, etc., esp. near the end of a game or match and by a team that is in the lead. Cf. to run out the clock at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1954 Washington Post 14 Feb. c2/7 The Middies resorted to a backcourt game, passing the ball around until it began to look as if they might run the clock down to the final seconds for one make-or-break shot.
1966 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 3 Dec. 22/3 When Crosswhite was in foul trouble, St. Mary chose to run down the clock rather than play the Panthers on even terms.
1989 L. Holtz & J. Heisler Fighting Spirit (1990) xvi. 206 The Irish also ran the clock down to the four-minute mark, which made it virtually impossible for Pitt to mount a legitimate comeback.
2003 J. Aron Tales of Dallas Mavericks xvi. 147 Nelson tried ending a 15-game losing streak in Utah by running down the shot clock on every possession.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ceasing > cease from (an action or operation) [verb (transitive)] > cause to cease or put a stop to
astintc700
stathea1200
atstuntc1220
to put an end toa1300
to set end ofa1300
batec1300
stanch1338
stinta1350
to put awayc1350
arrestc1374
finisha1375
terminec1390
achievea1393
cease1393
removec1405
terminate?a1425
stop1426
surceasec1435
resta1450
discontinue1474
adetermine1483
blina1500
stay1525
abrogatea1529
suppressa1538
to set in or at stay1538
to make stay of1572
depart1579
check1581
intercept1581
to give a stop toa1586
dirempt1587
date1589
period1595
astayc1600
nip1600
to break off1607
snape1631
sist1635
to make (a) stop of1638
supersede1643
assopiatea1649
periodizea1657
unbusya1657
to put a stop to1679
to give the holla to1681
to run down1697
cessate1701
end1737
to choke off1818
stopper1821
punctuate1825
to put a stopper on1828
to take off ——1845
still1850
to put the lid on1873
on the fritz1900
to close down1903
to put the fritz on something1910
to put the bee on1918
switch1921
to blow the whistle on1934
1697 J. Vanbrugh Æsop iii. 37 Has thy Eternal Tongue run down its Laram yet?
9.
a. transitive. To cause (a price, cost, quantity, etc.) to decrease or diminish.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (transitive)] > lower (price) > cause to decline
to beat the price1591
to run down1699
1699 A. Boyer Royal Dict. at Depreciate To run down the Price of.
1737 London Mag. Oct. 542/1 Our directing the next Payment to be made to the Bank would, I believe, possess the Generality of Mankind with an Opinion that we were resolved to abolish the Company.., which would of course run the Price of their Stock down to very near Par.
?1786 W. Wright Compl. Tradesman 134 He should have a just regard to the trade itself, so as not to run down the price of goods, or the labour of the poor, only because he can gain when others cannot.
1842 Farmer's Mag. May 399/1 To inundate our markets..with such supplies of both beasts, sheep, and pigs, as will run prices down here to almost or quite the continental level.
1866 Shareholder's Guardian 16 May 385/1 They began by ‘bearing’ its shares until they run them down to a discount.
1909 Amer. Economist 19 Nov. 249/2 He would have a commission appointed to run down the cost of production.
1972 Brit. Jrnl. Polit. Sci. 2 148 There was some evidence..suggesting that British Railways intended to run down the level of work and employment there.
1994 H. B. Hansmann in J. G. Sidak Governing Postal Service ii. 42 Nonprofits will continue to run prices down as long as there is something left.
b. intransitive. To decrease, diminish; to go down in price, value, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > decrease in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (intransitive)]
littleOE
setc1000
wanzec1175
lessc1225
allayc1275
wane1297
slaken1303
disincreasec1374
slakec1380
decrease1382
debatea1400
unwaxa1400
wastea1400
adminishc1400
lessenc1400
imminish14..
aslakec1405
minish?a1425
assuagec1430
shrinkc1449
to let down1486
decay1489
diminish1520
fall1523
rebate1540
batea1542
to come down1548
abate1560
stoop1572
pine1580
slack1580
scanten1585
shrivel1588
decrew1596
remit1629
contract1648
subside1680
lower1697
relax1701
drop1730
to take off1776
to run down1792
reduce1798
recede1810
to run off1816
to go down1823
attenuatea1834
ease1876
downscale1945
1792 W. Bligh Voy. to South Sea xx. 256 If no strangers had been present at the sale, I imagine they would have let her run down to 200 dollars.
1819 Farmer's Mag. Aug. 290 By which means the prices must run rapidly down again.
1822 Asiatic Jrnl. & Monthly Reg. July 49/1 The policy..of those who let the matériel of war run down so low, as to impose strong and serious obstacles.
1893 National Obs. 5 Aug. 293/1 The value of their live stock has been steadily running down.
1901 Scotsman 11 Mar. 7/5 The attendance of the Nationalists is already running down.
1976 Brain Res. 107 283 After the release rate had run down to less than 10% of the peak value.
2003 P. Gilchrist Home-made Kids xxiv. 99 Be careful not to allow blood sugar levels to run down too far.
10.
a. transitive. To make (a person's health, constitution, etc.) decline or worsen; to cause (a person) to become feeble, tired, weak, etc. Cf. run-down adj. 3b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > cause to be ill [verb (transitive)] > make weak
fellOE
wastec1230
faintc1386
endull1395
resolvea1398
afaintc1400
defeat?c1400
dissolvec1400
weakc1400
craze1476
feeblish1477
debilite1483
overfeeble1495
plucka1529
to bring low1530
debilitate1541
acraze1549
decaya1554
infirma1555
weaken1569
effeeble1571
enervate1572
enfeeble1576
slay1578
to pull downa1586
prosternate1593
shake1594
to lay along1598
unsinew1598
languefy1607
enerve1613
pulla1616
dispirit1647
imbecilitate1647
unstring1700
to run down1733
sap1755
reduce1767
prostrate1780
shatter1785
undermine1812
imbecile1829
disinvigorate1844
devitalize1849
wreck1850
atrophy1865
crumple1892
1733 D. Turner Anc. Physician's Legacy 18 A lusty Woman, whose Strength, in spite of all Endeavours, was run down in five or six Days time.
1780 F. Asbury Jrnl. 15 Feb. (1821) I. 393 I want to write, and recover strength, or I shall run myself down.
1855 Dublin Q. Jrnl. Med Sci. 20 315 This patient sank on the tenth day of the attack, apparently run down by the direct effects of the hemorrhage.
1896 Milwaukee Med. Jrnl. Mar. 102/1 My husband abused me, which run my health down dreadfully.
1962 Daily Times-News (Burlington, N. Carolina) 3 Sept. 5 b/1 He ran the quarter-mile, half-mile, mile and two-mile. ‘It really ran me down, but built me up for the future.’
1985 T. M. Williams & W. Kornblum Growing up Poor ii. 25 She was already a four year veteran of diabetes and my injury really ran her down.
2003 G. E. Lankford Bearing Witness 278 That lodge work ran my nerves down.
b. intransitive. Of a person's constitution, health, etc.: to decline, weaken. Also: (of a person) to decline in health, vigour, etc.; to become feeble or debilitated through overwork, lack of nourishment, etc. (now rare).
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > wasting disease > have wasting disease [verb (intransitive)]
dwinec1000
shrinkc1000
swindOE
wastea1300
pinea1325
rot1340
tapishc1375
wastea1387
consume1495
decaya1538
winder1600
pule1607
moch1818
to run down1826
tabefy1891
1826 Medico-chirurg. Rev. 5 19 When the powers flag and the constitution begins to run down.
1842 F. Churchill Theory & Pract. Midwifery 207 If she have been neglected and allowed to run down before assistance was rendered, unpleasant consequences may follow.
1883 ‘Holme Lee’ Loving & Serving III. xi. 240 His strength ran down.
1888 Lady D. Hardy Dangerous Exper. II. viii. 156 She had run down..both mentally and physically, and was in a generally unstrung condition.
1911 P. A. Sheehan Intellectuals iv. 46 This should have been thought of..in the beginning of her malady, before her strength had run down.
1930 Morning Herald (Hagerstown, Maryland) 26 Apr. 7/4 I have been running down in health for some time. I felt tired out no matter what little I did.
1997 Sunday Tasmanian (Nexis) 23 Mar. I needed some R&R, my health had run down and I needed to get myself built back up.
c. intransitive. Of an establishment, organization, etc.: to deteriorate; to fall into disuse or decay; (of a building, etc.) to become dilapidated. Cf. run-down adj. 3c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > deteriorate in condition [verb (intransitive)] > by want of use or neglect
moul?c1225
rusta1400
moulda1547
to run to repairs1681
to go to seed1817
to run down1843
1843 District School Jrnl. 4 214/2 It is not intended to allow these institutions to run down and become nothing but libraries in name.
1844 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 5 i. 113 It [sc. a farm] had been allowed to run down a few years before I entered upon it.
1893 Harper's Mag. Feb. 439/2 [She] had let everything run down. She had, in truth, no money for repairs.
1927 Social Forces 5 629/2 Though the district has run down physically, there has been an increase in its property values.
1985 R. Silverberg Tom O'Bedlam (1986) ii. ii. 59 There was no maintenance being done any more, so the property was running down very seriously.
2003 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 21 Sept. h10/2 My brother and I recently inherited our mother's house... She let it run down badly.
11. transitive. Sailing. to run one's easting (also westing) down: (of a ship) to make the most possible amount of progress in the specified direction, making use of prevailing winds. Cf. easting n. 1, westing n. 1.
ΚΠ
1750 Jrnl. Boscawen's Voy. Bombay 25 We..prepared for encountering the boisterous Gales and large Seas we expected to have in running down our Easting.
1781 Sailing Direct. East-India or Oriental Pilot 29 You must stand to the southward, and even cross the Line to 8 or 10 deg. S. where you may depend on meeting with the wind to run down your westing.
1828 Oriental Herald Sept. 409 We..attempted to go out through the Eight Degree Channel, under the hope of cutting off all the length of the Maldiva Archipelago and running down our westing in a higher latitude.
1869 R. Semmes Mem. Service Afloat xlviii. 675 We ran off due south, it being my intention to seek the fortieth parallel of south latitude, and run my easting down on that parallel.
1916 W. B. Meloney Heritage of Tyre xvii. 83 As an Australian Black Ball liner, running her easting down, she made four hundred and thirty miles.
1976 D. Pope Ramage's Diamond iv. 76 They would soon be in twelve degrees of latitude running their westing down to arrive at Barbados.
2009 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 7 Oct. 12 I wish Jessica the very best of weather and good fortune. May she run her easting down in the spirit of the great days of sail.
12. intransitive. Of a river or other body of water: to settle down or subside, esp. after a flood; to diminish in volume. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > change in level of water > [verb (intransitive)] > recede or subside > specifically of river
to run down1848
1808 Repertory Patent Inventions 13 261 By the time the lower pond is full, the tide will be running down strong enough to admit of the wheel being turned backwards.
1848 Fraser's Mag. Sept. 300/2 How steady the river runs down! Lower and slower—lower and slower: now it's quite still—still—still.
1900 N. C. Green Story Galveston Flood i. 14 By daylight the wind had subsided, and the water had run down until it was easy to wade about the stricken city.
1912 A. G. Bradley Gateway Scotl. ix. 240 When the river has run down again, when its first yellowy-brown fury has modified.
1936 Theology Oct. 207 A sinner who puts off repentance and whom Bossuet compares..to a wayfarer waiting to cross a river till it has run down.
13.
a. transitive. To cause or allow (a battery, machine, etc.) to lose power or reduce output; to drain; (also) to bring operation of (a machine, etc.) to a stop.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ceasing > cease from (an action or operation) [verb (transitive)] > cause to cease or put a stop to > cause (a thing) to cease action > specifically a machine or mechanism
stop1538
to set off1728
to run down1840
1840 D. Lardner Steam Engine (ed. 7) xi. 408 It has been said that the trains run down the engine, or that the drawing chains connecting the engine slacken in descending an inclination of sixteen feet in a mile.
1868 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. 12 242 I heard a remark..to the effect that this battery was more likely to run down the ‘Warrior’ than the ‘Warrior’ was to run down the battery.
1917 Motor Cycle Ilustrated 1 Feb. 35/1 Don't use lamps of a higher candle-power than recommended by the manufacturer, as they will run down the battery.
1952 Pop. Mech. Oct. 204 If it is necessary to drive for a length of time that might run down the battery, especially at night when the lights must be used, the regulator can be disconnected from the circuit so that the generator will charge.
2003 N. W. Rees & G. Q. Fan in D. Flynn Thermal Power Plant Simulation & Control iii. 94 The operating condition can be alleviated without running the plant down.
b. intransitive. Of a machine, battery, etc.: to lose power or reduce output; to fail; to come to a stop.
ΚΠ
1871 Documents Assembly State of N.Y. IX. 1033 I was astonished that the battery ran down so quickly.
1921 F. A. Russell Ashes of Achievement (1922) xiii. 137 When she stopped speaking, it was like a machine running down.
1972 P. Loftus Earth Drum 30 The engine runs down. It's like the silence when the clock stops.
1988 Flight Internat. 17 Dec. 20/3 Monarch changed the engine and carried out extensive flight testing, but on November 20 the engine ran down in similar circumstances.
2005 J. Farris Phantom Nights 32 Mally noticed how feeble the car headlights were, battery running down, must have stalled the engine when she skidded to a stop.
14. intransitive. Of a pneumatic tyre: to become deflated.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > move on wheels [verb (intransitive)] > become deflated (of pneumatic tyres)
to run down1901
1901 Wide World Mag. 8 142 The tyres have a tendency to run down, owing to innumerable small thorn-pricks.
1904 G. S. Paternoster Motor Pirate xx. 215 The tyres ran down at once, and the August Personage found progress on the rims to be so uncomfortable that he thought it desirable to stop.
1990 San Diego Union-Tribune (Nexis) 26 Jan. c1 The car doesn't wear down, the tires don't run down.
15. transitive. U.S. slang.
a. Originally Jazz. To perform the whole of (a piece of music), esp. by way of rehearsal or in order to try it out; (also) to recite (a piece of text).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > perform (music) [verb (transitive)] > practise
practise1778
to run down1948
1948 Down Beat 1 Dec. 10 We ran down three new instrumentals and a vocal for Baubles Buxon!
1960 Jazz Rev. Nov. 12 When we rehearsed an arrangement that no one had seen before, we'd run it down once or twice.
1969 J. A. Al-Amin Die Nigger Die! ii. 26 The teacher expected me to sit up in class and study poetry after I could run down shit like that.
2004 M. Jarrett in D. Fischlin & A. Heble Other Side of Nowhere 332 You'd stick the music in front of him. He'd run it down once. And it was like he wrote it the second performance.
b. To relate (information), to tell, say; frequently to run it down: to describe or explain a situation in full.Esp. in African-American usage.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > information > action of informing > information [phrase] > describe or explain a situation in full
to run it down1962
1962 A. Baraka in Home: Social Ess. (1966) 95 And when they arrived, in those various cities, it was much worse than even they had imagined. The city blues singers are still running all that down.
1964 T. Cade in Massachusetts Rev. Summer 622 I tried to figure out the best way to run it down to this girl right quick that they didn't have to live in this town.
1965 C. Brown Manchild in Promised Land xi. 289 I was his equal, and he couldn't run down all that nonsense to me.
1970 G. Jackson Let. 17 Mar. in Soledad Brother (1971) 236 Write me a letter..and run it down; school, politics, futurities. I want to know it all.
1984 G. Cook Shadows Linger xlii. 267 I don't know how much you hear in here. Probably nothing. I'll run it down.
2007 ‘50 Cent’ & ‘K'wan’ Blow 148 My nigga, I've had one hell of a day. Twist something up while I run it down to you.
16. transitive. To reduce or bring (an activity, operation, organization, etc.) to a halt gradually or progressively; = to wind down 4 at wind v.1 Phrasal verbs.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ceasing > cease from (an action or operation) [verb (transitive)] > gradually
to run down1960
the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > reduce in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (transitive)] > reduce gradually
to wane away1601
wear1697
wean1707
whittle1736
to tail off (out)1827
to ease off1884
to taper off (away, down)1898
to run down1960
to wind down1969
1960 Bankers' Mag. Sept. 210 It might benefit everyone for the business to be run down gradually and sold as a smaller and more compact affair on a going concern basis.
1976 A. Price War Game i. vi. 118 We're running down the Incident Room, it's true. But we're not giving up.
1990 Accountancy Mar. 72/3 They were in the process of running down particular activities as a result of failing health.
2002 E. Moloney Secret Hist. IRA i. 58 The Goulding leadership had deliberately run down the organization, dismantling command structures, discouraging or diverting promising recruits, [etc.].
1. transitive. To stab with a weapon. Frequently with at. Cf. to run through 1 at Phrasal verbs 1. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > cut or penetrate (of weapon) [verb (transitive)] > strike with pointed weapon
prickOE
pritchOE
snese?c1225
threstc1275
stokea1300
bearc1330
stangc1340
broach1377
foinc1380
borea1400
dag?a1400
gorea1400
gridea1400
slot?a1400
staira1400
through-girdc1405
thrustc1410
runc1425
to run throughc1425
traversec1425
spitc1430
through-seeka1500
to run in1509
stab1530
to stab (a person) in1530
accloy1543
push1551
stoga1572
poacha1616
stocka1640
stoccado1677
stug1722
kittle1820
skewer1837
pitchfork1854
poke1866
chib1973
1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant Shyppe of Fooles (de Worde) x. sig. Ciiii He couched his spere and ranne hym in at the foundemente as he was takynge vp his prysoner and slewe hym.
1601 tr. M. Martínez 9th Pt. Mirrour of Knight-hood viii. sig. K4 If he had not giuen back,..at what time as he with the battaile axe came,..he would haue run him in with ye point.
1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 1st Bk. Wks. i. xxvii. 128 Without more ado he did transpierce him, by running him in at the breast.
1703 J. Shirley tr. J. Fernández Honour of Chivalry II. ii. 28 He run him in on the Left-side, so that the Sword reaching his Heart he fell down.
1850 C. Rowcroft Evadne III. l. 178 One of Theodoric's soldiers ran him in at the mouth with such violence that the point of his sword came out at the hind part of his neck.
1888 Littell's Living Age 14 Jan. 79/1 They've run him in... Jim struck him with his knife, they say, and he's dead.
1902 Amer. Physician May 152/1 The Scot, immediately leaving them, did with his Tuck run him in at the left side, which passed between the ribs into Mucronata.
2. intransitive. To be recessed or indented. Cf. to run out 6a at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > condition or fact of receding > recede or form recess [verb (intransitive)] > be or become indented
to run in1578
indenta1652
dent1869
crater1884
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 9 In them also might be conteined most excellently, a large cauitie, to the Organ of hearyng exceedyng necessary. Wherfore you shall euer finde it voyde and empty, runnyng in with diuers caues, and priuy corners.
1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World vii. 194 Beyond the mouth of these 2 Rivers on either side, the Gulf runs in towards the Land somewhat narrower, and makes 5 or 6 small Islands.
1822 G. Downes Killarney 119 A considerable bay runs in towards Mucruss House, in which Sugar Island occupies a great space.
1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 2 A narrow cave ran in beneath the cliff.
1876 Coasts Chile, Bolivia, & Peru (U. S. Hydrographic Office) vi. 155 The coast runs in a little to the eastward, forming a semicircular sandy cove.
1919 Boys' Life Aug. 25/1 If..the cave ran in a short distance and stopped neither boy would ever get back to the surface of the pool.
1979 D. Phillips-Birt Building of Boats viii. 163 The checking of curvatures was most important at the end of a hull, where the form ran in sharply at stem and stern.
ΚΠ
1578 G. Best True Disc. Passage to Cathaya ii. 37 We kept our course East, to run in with the sleeue or channell so called, being our narrow Seas, and reckened vs shorte of Sylley twelue leagues.
1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten Disc. Voy. E. & W. Indies iii. xiii. 327/2 You must be careful at 19 degrees and not to runne in with the lande.
1628 World Encompassed by Sir F. Drake 49 We bent our course, as the wind would suffer vs, directly to run in with the maine.
1758 Gentleman's Mag. July 300/1 We steered again for the French coast, and ran in with the land near Havre de Grace.
1832 J. Downes Let. 17 Feb. in J. N. Reynolds Voy. U.S. Frigate Potomac (1835) vii. 115 I ran in with the ship and fired about three broad-sides into it.
1857 F. C. Armstrong Medora I. 75 As they ran in with the coast the gale began to abate.
1895 W. J. Henderson Elements of Navigation 158 This introduces us to the excellent use of a single Sumner line when running in with the land.
4. intransitive. To concur, agree, or fall in with a person, opinion, etc.; to chime with. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > statement > agreement, concurrence, or unanimity > agree with [verb (transitive)]
to go ineOE
cordc1380
consentc1386
covin1393
condescend1477
agree1481
correspond1545
concur1590
to fall in1602
suffrage1614
to hit it1634
colour1639
to take with ——1646
to be with1648
to fall into ——1668
to run in1688
to think with1688
meet1694
coincide1705
to go in1713
to say ditto to1775
to see with ——1802
sympathize1828
1688 J. Kettlewell Pract. Believer i. 32 They are never like to be fruitful Believers, who follow Jesus..only to run in with the Crowd, or for the sake of the Loaves, more than out of inward Convictions.
1698 W. Wake Appeal in Behalf King's Eccles. Supremacy 36 To T. C.'s Endeavour to clear the Puritans from running in with the Papists in this Particular, the Archbishop thus replies.
1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. vi. 154 He need not..run in with the vulgar Notion.
1782 J. Nichols Sel. Coll. Poems V. 304 If the singular humanity and benevolence of his disposition would have suffered him to have run in with the vehemence of either prevailing party.
1823 J. Galt Ringan Gilhaize I. xi. 119 He allowed himself to run in with the deacon's humour.
1892 E. W. Benson Diary 13 June in A. C. Benson Life of E. W. Benson (1899) II. 430 Unless convocation ‘runs in’ with a Canon in this way, the whole liberty of the Church of England is at an end.
1905 Harper's Mag. Aug. 405/2 This view..does not run in with the general views of modern science as to the beginning of things.
5. transitive. To fix or fill in with molten lead, cement, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > heat > melt > fill with melted metal
to run in1738
1738 B. Langley Builder's Compl. Assistant xxvii. 163 Voussoirs are joggled together, and their spreading prevented by Iron-Bars tooth'd into the Head of each, run in with Lead.
1751 C. Labelye Descr. Westm. Bridge 20 Iron Cramps, let into the Stones, and runn'd in with melted Lead.
1808 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 967/1 The vault, composed of irregular stones, run in with mortar, an almost impenetrable body.
1842 W. T. Brande Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art 399/1 Designs..engraved with the burin, and run in, while hot, with a composition called niello.
1892 S. A. Russell Electr. Light Cables 281 Iron straps clamped together with screws and afterwards run in with solder.
1916 L. A. Oke in Details Pract. Mining 8 The bolts may be..run in with neat cement, sand and cement, or sulphur.
1942 Geogr. Jrnl. 99 186 The joints were cemented and also strengthened by iron clamps run in with lead.
2005 J. S. Alexander in R. Bork et al. De Re Metallica xv. 256 Marble statuary..jointed with dowels run in with lead.
6. intransitive. Of a mineshaft, cave, etc.: to collapse; to cave in. Cf. sense 52b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > falling > fall [verb (intransitive)] > collapse > inwards
to sink in1530
to fall in1611
to cave in1707
to run in1747
cave1848
1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. L2v The Labourers at the Sump-heads and in the Gates, have been often affrighted with such a Noise and dismal Rattle, as if sometimes the Shaft had run in.
1796 Universal Mag. Sept. 333 Others, who were at work near the new shaft, supposed that the curb which supports the walling had given way, and the whole shaft had run in.
1881 D. C. Davies Treat. Metallif. Min. & Mining (ed. 2) Gloss. 426 When the sides or roof of a mine run in or fall together.
1922 B. Smith in B. Smith & H. Dewey Lead & Zinc Ores W. Shropshire & N. Wales (Mem. Geol. Surv.) iv. 50 This shaft has run in.
1953 C. H. D. Cullingford Brit. Caving xv. 355 The roof had run in and the water came through a mass of boulders.
1980 Industr. Archaeol. 15 252 At some time in the early 19th century the top of the shaft ran in and sealed any remains in situ.
7. transitive. To insert; to slip in. (Esp. with reference to ribbon, thread, etc.; cf. sense 69a.)In quot. 1756 with implication of force; cf. sense 31d.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)]
to do ineOE
to put ina1300
insetc1374
to throw ina1382
inducec1420
intriec1420
to set ina1425
tryc1440
enter1489
insert1529
turn1544
insere1557
infer1572
input1593
intromitc1600
introduce1695
to run in1756
1756 A. Butler Lives Saints I. 561 The enraged tyrant caused reeds to be run in between the nails and the flesh both of his hands and feet.
1817 Ackermann's Repository Jan. 53/1 A row of straw-colour ribbon is run in next to the border.
1881 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (ed. 4) 55 Many different methods of procedure are adopted for running in a cylinder.
1883 Standard 26 June 3/3 A finer thread, not drawn in with the tambour, but run in with a point needle.
1900 F. M. Ford Let. Oct. (1965) 13 I took hold of that young woman and ran in every bit of her charm I could think of and then smashed in all the repulsion I could think of.
1935 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 95/1 Run in a second thread through the same holes and tie it to each plume as you go.
2003 B. Barnden Embroidery Stitch Bible 213/2 Unpick the waste backstitch and run in each thread end securely.
8. intransitive. To pay a short or passing visit; to call in. Frequently with on, less commonly to (a person). to run in and out (of one another's homes, etc.): to make frequent informal visits (to one another).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > social event > visit > visiting > visit [verb (intransitive)] > visit informally
to call in1573
to drop in1609
to look ina1616
to come round1620
to go round1636
to put in1668
to go around1742
to happen in1749
to run in and out1779
to come around1822
to pop in and out1846
to happen in with1883
to stop in1904
stop1905
1779 S. Johnson Let. 16 Oct. (1788) I. 46 Does Mr. Thrale go and talk with him, and do you run in and out? You may both be the better for his conversation.
1837 C. Reynolds Let. 10 Aug. in G. Coles Mem. (1844) 160 If you were only here, how oft would I run in to see you.
1880 Arthur's Home Mag. June 335/2 The times when Mrs. Clark had run in on me, when I was in the midst of house-cleaning or other work equally as important.
1892 M. Oliphant Marriage of Elinor II. xvii. 37 It might be a relief to her to run in to me whenever she pleased.
1907 Good Housek. Aug. 148/1 I'll run in on them at home tomorrow. After all, papa and mamma will be so glad to see me.
1952 M. Laski Village iv. 77 It's lucky it's so far away; at least they can't be running in and out of each other's homes every minute.
1958 A. Walworth Woodrow Wilson I. xxiv. 416 His ‘darling Nell’ managed to run in on her father every day.
2005 J. Kacirk Informal Eng. 39 Clip in, to run in for a short visit.
9. intransitive. Frequently with on. To close in or rush in upon a person or thing.
a. Hunting. Of a hound. Cf. to run into —— 8 at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting with hounds > work done by hounds > action of hounds [verb (transitive)] > other actions of hounds
coast1569
to run in1804
1804 R. B. Thornhill Shooting Directory 58 He [sc. a dog] will sometimes, on coming up to it, make a sudden stop, and then run in on the birds.
1847 F. Marryat Children of New Forest I. xi. 214 Edward..ordered Smoker [= a dog] to run in to the bull.
1907 M. Hunter Canad. Wilds xxxvi. 269 The bigger dogs are fearless and run in on the quarry generally with fatal results to themselves.
1991 Sporting Dog Jan. 33/2 It is no good..complaining that a Spaniel is running in on game because you cannot hold it.
b. Of a person, as when making an attack or assault. Chiefly U.S. colloquial in later use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make attack [verb (intransitive)]
onreseeOE
onslayc1275
entera1425
to be upon (also on) a person's jack1588
endeavour?1589
to fall aboard1591
to let fly1611
strikea1616
to lift (up) the hand(s, (occasionally one's arm)1655
to fall on board (of)1658
tilt1708
to walk into ——1794
to run in1815
to peg it1834
to sail in1856
to wade in1863
to light in1868
to roll into ——1888
to make for ——1893
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering III. xiv. 281 Then rin in on him, take his arms, and bind him.
1890 W. Morris in Eng. Illustr. Mag. Sept. 889 He lept aside nimbly and ran in on Hallblithe and caught his sword-arm.
1909 Cent. Mag. Sept. 793/2 The boys have to run in on us an' slug us.
1922 W. M. Raine Man-size ix. 79 I've shot that West. He tried to run in on me and—and—I shot him.
2009 M. S. Fleisher & J. L. Krienert Myth Prison Rape iv. 51 It was like three Mexicans, it was in a unit, they ran in on some young White kid.
10. intransitive. To finish a race, competition, etc., in the position specified by the complement. Cf. sense 4a(b).
ΚΠ
1824 Sporting Mag. Feb. 236/2 Reveller lost 50 yards, but ran in second.
1863 Tonbridgian Apr. 179/1 Peet held his place as second until he reached the sycamore, when Streeten spurted and ran in second.
1894 Selangor Jrnl. 1 June 301 Vane started off with the lead, but was passed by Brown at about half-distance, who ran in first, with Vane close behind.
1987 Speedway Mail Internat. 26 Sept. 25/1 Moran ran in an uncharacteristic last in his opening ride die to timing problems.
2003 C. Jeffery in A. B. Gunlicks German Public Policy & Federalism x. 209 In a city with a ‘guaranteed’ Labour majority, Dobson ran in third behind the Conservative candidate.
11. transitive. Originally Australian. To drive (cattle, horses, etc.) into a place where they may be captured or handled.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [verb (transitive)] > drive or put into enclosure
parc1300
foldc1440
house1578
pinfold1605
pen1607
enfold?1611
impen?1623
to get in1698
weara1724
yard1758
to run in1837
corral1847
paddock1847
kraal1865
1837 Sydney Gaz. 10 June 4/2 He was not going to find horses to run in other people's cattle.
1845 E. J. Eyre Jrnls. Exped. Discov. Central Austral. II. 473 I..detached Mr. Poole and Mr. Browne, with Flood, my stockman, and Mack, to run them [sc. wild cattle] in.
1876 Amer. Farmer Feb. 58/1 If, during the day, a rain is coming up, run the sheep in before getting wet.
1935 R. B. Plowman Boundary Rider 158 The sheep had been run in so that they could be gone over for wool blindness.
1986 B. Richards Off Sheep's Back 130 The manager had to run in a mob of undagged cotty sheep that were being held until the cut out.
2004 A. A. H. Coke Rock, Ghost, Willow, Deer v. 112 Jimmy brought me a beautiful buckskin named Kansas... I used Kansas to run in the horses and check fence.
12. transitive. Chiefly U.S. Politics. To secure the election of (a person).
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > choose for office [verb (transitive)] > secure the election of
to run in1838
1838 Extra Globe (Washington, D.C.) 23 Aug. 352/2 Would the Gazette have us to join it in running in Mr. Clay—in establishing a National Bank?
1848 Golden Rule 3 June 363/2 A possible concentration of barnburner force upon General Taylor, with a power that will..run him in over the opposing whig and democratic nominations.
1865 ‘B. Gray’ My Married Life at Hillside xlii. 267 We have had an election here, and run in our candidate for the office of President of the village.
1907 F. Richardson Bunkum 65 Well, we're both on the Committee of the Forum. We could easily run him in.
1987 J. C. Hefley Truth in Crisis II. x. 154 It seems they pulled a deal on him. They tried to run him in before the trustees changed.
13. Rugby.
a. intransitive. Of a player carrying the ball: to run beyond the opposing team's goal line; to score a try by doing this and touching the ball down. Also figurative. Cf. run-in n. 1c.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > rugby football > play rugby football [verb (intransitive)] > score
to run in1858
to dot down1956
1858 New Rugbeian Dec. 67 Then let some one ‘try it’ [sc. write a book about the school]. The goal is unkicked; the public, ‘in goal’, waits... Will no one ‘run in’?
1867 Marlburian 6 Nov. 183/2 He..caught it [sc. the ball], and running in touched it down.
1906 Oxf. Mag. 24 Jan. 153/2 Almost immediately afterwards, Burt-Marshall ran in, and Macleod kicked another goal.
1959 Times 5 Nov. 4/3 The ball bounced perfectly for Fletcher, who gathered it and ran in for a try.
2001 J. Gallaway Brisbane Broncos ix. 121 Coach Warren Ryan watched in horror as Canberra winger John Ferguson ran in for a try.
b. transitive. To score (a try) by running with the ball beyond the opposing team's goal and touching the ball down.
ΚΠ
1883 City of London School Mag. Feb. 211 This victory was chiefly due to the efforts of Sargeant, who ran in three splendid tries.
1892 W. Cail in F. Marshall Football xxi. 455 Bell ran in the only three tries scored during a game.
1968 Times 1 Feb. 15/6 Novak, too, made his mark by running in six tries.
1991 Sc. Rugby Jan. 32/2 Scotland..played some delightful handling rugby to run in tries by Jock Rae (2), Arthur Brown (2), Kevin Rafferty and Andy Irvine.
2006 J. Hickey Understanding Rugby vi. 23 Since then, he has made his mark on the international game—which is no surprise given his talent for running in tries.
14. transitive. colloquial. Originally: to arrest; to take into custody. Later also in extended use (esp. Military): to cause (a person) to be subjected to disciplinary authority; to bring a charge against.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)] > report for misdemeanour
to run in1859
society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > arrest > [verb (transitive)] > arrest and convey to prison
to run in1859
1859 G. W. Matsell Vocabulum 76 Run in, arrested.
1867 C. W. Quin in A. Halliday Savage-Club Papers 313 Case of D. T., I should think, sir... Didn't like to run him in, you know, as he belonged 'ere.
1883 United Service Mar. 324 If a fellow [sc. a cadet] does, says, or thinks anything not specially mentioned in this code, run him in.
1898 Idler Feb. 88/1 It's a woman, sir, drunk an' cut 'ead... She was run in this evening for ‘d. and d.’
1938 ‘Giraldus’ Merry Matloe Again 145 I was always getting ‘run-in’, always in trouble and had no zeal for the Navy whatsoever.
1989 R. Banks Affliction iii. 36 That shit's illegal, you know. You get too cocky, I'll run you in for it.
2005 R. Powers M. Twain viii. 75 He was broke and a policeman threatened to run him in for vagrancy.
15. intransitive. Agriculture. Of an animal: to associate with other animals, sometimes spec. for the purpose of mating. Cf. to run with —— 1b at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1880 Bee-keepers' Mag. Apr. 73/1 Place her [sc. the queen] at the entrance of the box, and let her run in with the bees.
1916 Poultry Success Aug. 20/1 We have several young Leghorn cockerels, now would it do any harm if I would let them run in with old hens?
1960 G. E. Evans Horse in Furrow xi. 151 The danger of undersized or ill-bred stallions ‘running in’ with the mares on communal..pastures.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > [verb (intransitive)] > amount to so much printing > amount to less than estimate
to run in1888
1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 117 Matter is said to ‘run in’ when it ‘gets in’, or makes less than an anticipated quantity.
17. transitive.
a. To operate (new or repaired machinery, esp. a motor vehicle or its engine) at reduced speed or load until it has reached a normal working condition. Also intransitive, and reflexive with the machinery as subject.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > render mechanical [verb (transitive)] > operate machine > at reduced speed
to run in1908
1908 Horseless Age 13 Apr. 425/1 The first test to which the engine is subjected, namely, that of wearing in the bearings, technically known as ‘running in the engine’.
1910 Motorfahrzeuge (Schlomann–Oldenbourg Illustrierte Technische Wörterbücher: Band 10) 67 Den Motor einlaufen lassen, to let the motor run itself in.
1919 W. H. Berry New Traffic (Aircraft) xv. 86 Some engineers suggested that the flight should be used to ‘run in’ the engines.
1925 Morris Owner's Man. xvi. 103 It must, of course, clearly be understood that when an engine is new and stiff much more heat is developed than is the case when it has run itself in.
1947 Autocar 27 June 553/2 Every time I see the amateur painted sign ‘Running In’ displayed on the back of a car it causes me a smile.
1947 Autocar 18 July 626/1 How can you take umbrage at the ‘Running in—Please Pass’ sign?
1959 Listener 2 Apr. 603/1 If you are running-in a new car, and conscientiously keeping down to a maximum of thirty miles an hour, [etc.].
2000 Freight Jan. 19/2 There's a school of thought which says that synthetics are just so good that it's hard to run an engine in properly on them.
b. figurative.
ΚΠ
1945 R. A. Knox God & Atom vi. 81 The whole economic machinery of Europe has suffered a break-down; the business of repairing it will be slow, and it will have to be run in gently.
1952 H. E. Bates Love for Lydia iii. ii. 188 I felt as if I were running myself in, gently working back to living.
1973 A. Behrend Samarai Affair iii. 31 Having thus ticked over gently during the previous ten minutes, the committee had now run itself in for the major business of the afternoon.
2006 G. Solt & R. Hill Financial Fund. Engineers xvii. 109 PFI [= Private Finance Initiative] is a radical new idea which still needs to be run-in properly.
1.
a. intransitive. Of liquid, esp. excess liquid: to flow off or away.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > away
to run off1607
draw1608
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 302 It is also good to be regarded, that the plankes bee so laid, as the vrine may continually run off from them.
1672 J. Hoskins Let. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1973) IX. 375 The one side of the frame..is lower than the other that the moysture that comes upon the shutters may run of to the side.
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 570 Let it stand half an Hour undisturbed, that it may run off clear.
1797 Encycl. Brit. IX. 512/1 The water will run off and leave the yellow matter behind.
1861 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 22 i. 66 When put to press the white whey runs off freely.
1902 Daily Chron. 27 June 2/6 Push-tap valves..do not require a key, the driver simply having to press the push and the water runs off.
1959 Hesperia 28 153 The..lip inclines outward slightly to allow overspilling liquid to run off.
2005 K. Ascher The Works: Anat. of City i. i. 12 Nearly all are graded to be slightly higher in the center, to allow water to run off into catch basins at street corners.
b. transitive. To cause or allow (liquid) to flow off or away; to draw or drain off.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (transitive)] > cause to flow (away)
trillc1485
derive1598
to run off1737
1737 H. Bracken Farriery Improved x. 157 A Supply will be wanted in the Vessel, which is running off its Contents.
1771 Encycl. Brit. II. 601/2 Until the former water be run off, and the canal cleaned.
1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 25/2 They derived a profit proportionable to the quantity of spirits they could run off in a given time.
1890 Chambers's Jrnl. 30 Aug. 557/1 The clear portion..is run off into another vessel.
1914 Mariner's Mirror 4 299 Take out the..plug of the hole through which the bilgewater is run off.
1990 C. Thurlow China Clay 22 The clay slowly settled and clear water was run off through a launder on one side of the tank.
2008 Ecologist July 67/1 The wort..is run off and the grain sprayed with water.
2. intransitive.
a. To take to flight, flee; to make off hurriedly or surreptitiously (frequently with something to which one is not entitled).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > run away or flee
fleec825
afleeeOE
atrina1000
atfleec1000
to run awayOE
to turn to or into flighta1225
to turn the ridgec1225
atrenc1275
atshakec1275
to give backa1300
flemec1300
startc1330
to take (on oneself) the flighta1500
to take the back upon oneselfa1500
fly1523
to take (also betake) (oneself) to one's legs1530
to flee one's way1535
to take to one's heels1548
flought?1567
fuge1573
to turn taila1586
to run off1628
to take flighta1639
refugea1641
to run for it1642
to take leg1740
to give (also take) leg-bail1751
bail1775
sherry1788
to pull foot1792
fugitate1830
to tail off (out)1830
to take to flight1840
to break (strike, etc.) for (the) tall timber1845
guy1879
to give leg (or legs)1883
rabbit1887
to do a guy1889
high-tail1908
to have it on one's toes1958
1628 World Encompassed by Sir F. Drake 18 Our other ships..were so oppressed with the extremitie of the storme, that they were forced to run off to sea for their owne safegard.
a1686 J. Gordon Hist. Scots Affairs (1841) II. 274 The Highlanders..did runne of, all in a confusione,..till they wer gott into a mosse.
1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 102 He is a Fool, says the King, he does not kill the Fellow and run off.
1783 London Mag. Nov. 395/2 They pilfered whatever they could find, and ran off with the spoil.
1806 M. Lewis Jrnl. 11 Aug. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1993) VIII. 154 It [sc. a grizzly bear] took wind of us and ran off.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 57 The servant was taught how he might, without sin, run off with his master's plate.
1861 Atlantic Monthly Oct. 495/2 Their army was beaten..by Prince Charles Edward's Highlanders, their cavalry running off in a panic.
1905 Smart Set Sept. 117/2 No one else is going to run off with your old car.
1961 R. Gover One Hundred Dollar Misunderstanding 65 First he wanna wham bam my poor old worn out me t'death, then he wanna run off an leave me wiffout even payin.
2003 TV Quick 29 Nov. (Central Region ed.) 35/4 Holed up in nowheresville trying to escape her hubbie..after she's run off with the proceeds of a huge drug deal.
b. To elope with another person. Of two people: to elope together. Cf. to run away 2b at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > [verb (intransitive)] > elope
to run away1592
elope1628
to run off1725
1725 G. Odingsells Bath Unmask'd i. vii. 14 And then to lecturing Miss, who wants nothing but the starting Hint to run off with me.
1781 Mirror No. 81 Hardships from which, at last, she freed herself, by running off with a recruiting serjeant.
1843 Ainsworth's Mag. 5 81 If his wife were to run off with the penny-postman next St. Valentine's Day.
1856 Littell's Living Age 28 June 797/2 He came over here and fell in love with the girl, and they ran off together.
1950 M. Culver in H. Brickell O. Henry Prize Stories of 1951 (1951) 91 Clarence Jackson once told the Lion that Bump had a sister who ran off with a white man.
1971 S. Howatch Penmarric (1972) ii. iii. 157 Their daughter Miriam..had disgraced herself the previous year by running off with young Harry Penmar.
2004 Wall St. Jrnl. 11 Feb. (Central ed.) a19/1 Nascar dads will abandon their families for hunky mechanics and soccer moms will run off with women's phys-ed teachers.
c. to run off with: to win (a competition, prize, etc.) easily or by a wide margin. Cf. to run away 3g at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1864 Farmer's Mag. Aug. 170/2 Another Overman has run off with the first award for ewes at Newcastle.
1957 Anniston (Alabama) Star 26 Apr. 18 a/2 LSU was first in 1956 but Florida ran off with the championship after being second in the mythical statistical tabulation.
2008 Washington Post 3 Jan. e6/2 He made a run at Woods on the Sunday of the Target event, getting within two shots of the lead entering the back nine before Woods ran off with the title.
3. † c. intransitive. To allow of being produced quickly or easily. Obsolete. rare.
a. transitive. To write or recite rapidly or fluently; to dash or rattle off.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > say in a lively manner
rattle1402
pourc1451
to run off1680
twitter1689
perk1940
zing1975
society > communication > writing > manner of writing > [verb (transitive)] > write down hastily
slap1672
to run off1680
dash1726
jot1735
dash off, out1786
dot1797
splash1897
society > leisure > the arts > literature > art or occupation of writer or author > be the author of or write (a work) [verb (transitive)] > compose hastily
scribble1576
palter1588
to throw together1646
dash1726
dash off, out1786
to run off1809
to strike off1821
to write off1841
1680 M. Stevenson Wits Paraphras'd sig. A7 Some Persons..very well knew with what Expedition it was run off, and hurried into the Press, before I had time to peruse the Copies.
1683 D. Granville Let. in Remains (1861) I. 163 [I] did..on a new text..runne of halfe a sermon at leisure hours.
1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison III. vii. 137 Finely run off, upon my word!
1789 A. Bayly Alliance Musick, Poetry & Oratory 364 In a sentence are always one or more words, that require emphasis and stay, while others are to be run off lightly and speedily.
1809 W. Scott Let. 14 Jan. (1932) II. 152 You can so easily run off an article..that it would be inexcusable not to afford us your assistance.
1863 H. S. Carpenter Transition iv. 94 The more letters you write..the easier your correspondence will grow, and the less time it will take to run off a letter.
1917 Good Housek. Apr. 28/2 Pansy led him to the blackly shining Madonna..and ran off the appropriate speech.
1970 New Yorker 6 June 124/2 The story was run off with the smoothest skill.
1998 D. J. Lieberman Never be lied to Again 58 Another tactic is running off a long list of items in the hope that one will remain unnoticed.
b. transitive. Originally: to print a copy of (a document, text, etc.); to produce or turn out (duplicated copies) by this means. Later more generally: to produce or turn out (a copy, or a specified number of copies, of something) by any mechanical means; (occasionally simply) to manufacture.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > with ease, speed, or success, or in large quantities
whip1611
to work off1653
to hit off1700
dispatchc1710
to throw off1724
to run off1759
to turn off1825
to turn out1847
to run out1872
to churn out1912
proliferate1912
slug1925
whomp1955
gurgitate1963
1759 R. Hurd Moral & Polit. Dialogues p. i I should not be displeased, if he took to himself the benefit of running off two thousand copies.
1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued II. iii. xxxi. 521 A printer with the very same types can run ye off a bible, a Virgil, Newton's optics, Lisle's husbandry, [etc.].
1847 Boston Daily Atlas 13 May 1/8 We have now got fairly at work, running off the immense nightly edition of the Ledger, upon the newly invented Cylindrical Rotary Printing Machine.
1883 Trans. Indiana Hort. Soc. 1882 27 The type is made up into a form and three hundred copies run off for the Society.
1906 Louisiana Planter & Sugar Manufacturer 20 Oct. 248/1 Sigura factory expects to run off a fair crop of about 35,000 tons [of sugar].
1932 A. J. Worrall Eng. Idioms 78 This machine will run off eighty copies per minute.
1982 Peace News 6 Aug. 8/1 Fabric sew-on prints of the emblem were being run-off.
2008 D. Goodman Standing up to Madness 6 The students typed the leaflets, ran off copies, and secretly sent them by courier to cities around Nazi Germany.
ΚΠ
1879 ‘A. Thomas’ London Season II. 79 [The verses] ‘go’ easily enough,..but that sort of thing runs off by the yard.
4. intransitive. To move away (from something) in reasoning, discussion, etc.; to digress; to diverge, deviate. In early use sometimes more fully †to run off from (one's) bias (with allusion to the characteristic motion of bowls; cf. bias n. 2a(a) and sense 21a). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > copiousness > be copious [verb (intransitive)] > digress
overleapc1400
to cast, fet, fetch, go, take a compass?a1500
digress1530
traverse1530
decline?1543
square1567
rovea1575
deviate1638
to step aside1653
swerve1658
to sally out1660
transgress1662
to run off1687
canceleera1697
cantona1734
excurse1748
to travel out of the record1770
divagate1852
desult1872
sidetrack1893
1687 E. Stillingfleet Doctr. Trinity & Transubstant. ii. 3 I see you have a mind to change your Discourse, and to run off from the Trinity to the Churches Authority in Matters of Faith.
1690 J. Dryden Don Sebastian i. 4 Still you run off from biass; say what moves Your present spleen?
1698 E. Settle Def. Dramatick Poetry 28 In this Authority of Ovid, our Learned Observator, quite forgets himself, and runs off from his Theme.
1734 D. Waterland Importance Doctr. Trinity i. 32 [This] is running off from the Question about the Scriptural-Proof of the Doctrine, to the natural Possibility of the Thing.
1768 S. Roe Another Pertinent & Curious Let. 27 He is run off from his bias—is gone beyond his depth; his rational faculties are immerged.
1861 Temple Bar 3 552 Then my lady ran off to tell us how dull Fernwood was.
1871 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue ii. 142 It [sc. the word whole] has since run off from sense of hale, sound.., into that of complete.
1890 Proc. Philadelphia County Med. Soc. 11 250 The discussion has run off from the original text.
1924 ‘L. Malet’ Dogs of Want iii. 72 We do seem to keep running off from Marie Louise and Mr. Fisher, don't we?
5. intransitive. To diminish in size, width, etc.; to taper. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > become reduced in size or extent [verb (intransitive)]
narrowOE
waneOE
smallOE
slakec1380
welk1390
fade1398
lessenc1400
minish?a1425
decay1489
adminisha1500
diminish1520
to grow downwards?1523
ungrow1598
scant1607
settlea1642
to run off1765
dwarf1776
comminute1850
downsize1977
1765 Treat. Domest. Pigeons 94 It should have an hollow back, running off taper from the shoulders.
1782 F. Douglas Gen. Descr. E. Coast Scotl. xiv. 115 The upper part..is about twenty inches broad at the centre, and runs off gradually to a point at both ends.
1804 Monthly Mag. Mar. 157/1 To form the shanks of nails at once, by making them thick at one end, and running off to a point at the other.
1866 A. G. Findlay Direct. Navigation Indian Ocean iv. 226 Miller Point runs off to a ledge of dry rocks, beyond which there is an isolated rock one cable to the south-eastward.
1910 L. Forster tr. M. Braun & M. Lühe Handbk. Pract. Parasitol. iii. ii. 184 The abdomen is rounded at the sides and runs off to a point at the back.
6.
a. transitive. To cause (a race) to be run, esp. after a series of heats or in order to settle a tie, or after the race has been delayed; to decide (a race) finally.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > race (a race) [verb (transitive)] > decide a race
to run off1798
1798 Sporting Mag. Feb. 241/2 Ten capital matches were run the first day, and every match but one run off the second day.
1831 Sporting Mag. July 209/2 Sunshine and the love of money brought out Mouche..to run off this unfortunate dead heat.
1892 Field 17 Sept. 446/3 It was a big order to have to run off eighty courses in the day.
1954 Billboard 9 Oct. 66/3 The rained-out race program was run off on Friday.
2003 W. Fotheringham Cent. Cycling 42/2 The first race was run off in freezing rain.
b. intransitive. To take part in a deciding race. Cf. run-off n. 4a.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > match or competition > take part in match or competition [verb (intransitive)] > engage in match or competition > types of
handicap1839
to run a bye1848
to run off1866
to play off1901
1866 Coursing Cal. Spring 8 Gunboat and Express Train were placed in slips to run off for the cup.
1874 Country 20 Aug. 168/2 In running off for third prize Richardson won by a foot.
1908 Refrigerating World Sept. 39/1 It was run in six heats of 5 contestants each, and then the winners ran off for the prizes.
1915 Times 18 Feb. 18/1 The trial was not run.., and it was arranged to divide the stake money and run off for the cup..at a later date.
2002 J. O'Hara Big River Racing 57 The..committee required the two horses to ‘run off’ for the Maiden after the last scheduled race.
7.
a. intransitive. To diminish in quantity; to go down in price, value, etc.; = to run down 9b at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > decrease in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (intransitive)]
littleOE
setc1000
wanzec1175
lessc1225
allayc1275
wane1297
slaken1303
disincreasec1374
slakec1380
decrease1382
debatea1400
unwaxa1400
wastea1400
adminishc1400
lessenc1400
imminish14..
aslakec1405
minish?a1425
assuagec1430
shrinkc1449
to let down1486
decay1489
diminish1520
fall1523
rebate1540
batea1542
to come down1548
abate1560
stoop1572
pine1580
slack1580
scanten1585
shrivel1588
decrew1596
remit1629
contract1648
subside1680
lower1697
relax1701
drop1730
to take off1776
to run down1792
reduce1798
recede1810
to run off1816
to go down1823
attenuatea1834
ease1876
downscale1945
1816 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 13 Nov. Our present stocks are so small that they will be run off before your next crop can come fairly into our market.
1852 J. Lalor Money & Morals vii. 77 Those who are letting stocks run off and avoiding new engagements.
1890 Sat. Rev. 15 Nov. 557/1 Those who held upon borrowed money, finding margins running off and differences increasing against them, have been obliged to sell.
1955 Times 3 May 15/1 In the first quarter of this year the surplus has tended to run off.
2010 Townsville (Queensland) Bull. (Nexis) 25 Feb. 29 Dividing the lending portfolio into core and non-core, and letting the non-core assets run off gradually.
b. transitive. Chiefly Business. To dispose of, run down (stock, assets, etc.).
ΚΠ
1821 Providence (Rhode Island) Patriot 18 July Cotton, inferior qualities of which can only be run off at reduced rates.
1846 in R. H. Bonnycastle Canada & Canadians in 1846 II. xvi. 186 I shall commence running off my beautiful stock of Paris muslins and Balzorines, at great reduction.
1907 Jrnl. Canad. Bankers' Assoc. Apr. 224 Manufacturers and dealers worked up or ran off accumulated stocks and bought only from hand to mouth.
2003 Hansard Commons (Electronic ed.) 8 Dec. 327 w The rules requiring approved occupational pension schemes to run off their surplus funds (for example by agreeing contributions holidays).
8. transitive. U.S. To drive off or stampede (cattle, etc.), esp. preparatory to stealing them; (more generally) to steal, carry off. Also: to abduct.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > taking > taking surreptitiously > take surreptitiously [verb (transitive)]
forsteala940
stealc950
undernimc1175
to run away with?c1430
embezzle1469
steal?1473
surrept1548
cloyne1549
abstract1555
secrete1749
smuggle1768
to run off1821
snakea1861
sneak1883
snitch1904
palm1941
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > steal [verb (transitive)]
pick?c1300
takec1300
fetch1377
bribec1405
usurpc1412
rapc1415
to rap and rendc1415
embezzle1495
lifta1529
pilfer1532
suffurate1542
convey?1545
mill1567
prig1567
strike1567
lag1573
shave1585
knave1601
twitch1607
cly1610
asport1621
pinch1632
snapa1639
nap1665
panyar1681
to carry off1684
to pick up1687
thievea1695
to gipsy away1696
bone1699
make1699
win1699
magg1762
snatch1766
to make off with1768
snavel1795
feck1809
shake1811
nail1819
geach1821
pull1821
to run off1821
smug1825
nick1826
abduct1831
swag1846
nobble1855
reef1859
snig1862
find1865
to pull off1865
cop1879
jump1879
slock1888
swipe1889
snag1895
rip1904
snitch1904
pole1906
glom1907
boost1912
hot-stuff1914
score1914
clifty1918
to knock off1919
snoop1924
heist1930
hoist1931
rabbit1943
to rip off1967
to have off1974
1821 Acts Commonw. Kentucky 30th Gen. Assembly 1st Sess. cccxx. 401 The said William Chambers has threatened to run off some negroes belonging to the children of said Polly.
1825 in H.R. Rep. 19th U.S. Congr. 2nd Session (1827) No. 98. 608 They have..burned and destroyed some of our houses, run off our negroes, cattle, horses, and hogs, and forced us to fly from our nation.
1871 A. B. Warner Golden Thorns 95 They're goin' to run off some o' Graves's sheep arter that.
1897 Gospel in All Lands Sept. 412/2 A Mohammedan..tried to accuse him of running off his wife and stealing her jewels.
1911 D. Coolidge Texican xii. 182 I know dam' well that little cuss over there burnt my IC cow and run off all my Wine-glasses.
1967 T. W. Blackburn Good Day to Die xxvi. 207 Some of the fleeing Hunkpapas, vengeful and in need of transportation for the weakest among them, ran off some of the police horses.
2003 T. Braatz Surviving Conquest ii. 64 Kwevkepayas went to Pima villages to run off horses and cattle and, less frequently, stole horses from Western Apache camps.
9. transitive. Originally and chiefly Australian and New Zealand. To separate (sheep, cattle, etc.) from the main body. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [verb (transitive)] > cut out
ride1790
shed1791
shoot1824
to run off1861
to cut out1862
cut1903
1861 H. Earle Ups & Downs 43 When you can run off any stock from the station, leave two stones on the table in the hut.
1890 G. A. Brown Sheep Breeding Austral. (ed. 2) 471 From the flock of 2-tooth rams..a sufficient number were run off to fill the pens.
1931 S. Afr. Farmer's Advocate 28 137/2 Run off, say, 40 sheep and have these shorn.
1947 Advertiser (Adelaide) 22 Mar. 4/1 Another grazier auctioned a consignment of 60 lambs, dividing them equally between two agents, and requesting them to run off half from each lot and sell in separate pens.
1965 J. S. Gunn Terminol. Shearing Industry ii. 15 Run-off, to take a group of sheep from the flock without necessarily ‘cutting out’ all of this group or ‘drafting’ them into special lots, for example ‘I'll run off some fats’.
10. intransitive. Horticulture. Of a fruit crop: to drop from the tree or bush prematurely. Cf. run-off n. 5.
ΚΠ
1901 Garden 17 Aug. 110/3 The fruit has been particularly noticed to ‘run off’, before the leaves die away, on poor soil.
1945 Agriculture 52 364 Any cultivation does a certain amount of damage to the surface feeding roots, and if these are damaged in the spring, the crop is likely to ‘run off’ badly.
2005 D. L. Barney & K. E. Hummer Currants, Gooseberries, & Jostaberries vii. 109 When pollination is poor, berries near the tips of the clusters tend to ‘run off’ or abort after they appear to be set.
11. intransitive. colloquial (originally and chiefly U.S.). to run off at the mouth: to talk excessively or unwisely; to talk nonsense; to chatter, gossip. Cf. to run one's mouth at Phrases 2z.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > loquacity or talkativeness > be talkative [verb (intransitive)] > talk excessively or chatter
chavel?c1225
babblea1250
chattera1250
clacka1250
janglea1300
ganglec1300
clapc1315
mumblec1350
blabberc1375
carp1377
tatterc1380
garre1382
rattlec1400
clatter1401
chimec1405
gabc1405
pattera1450
smattera1450
languetc1450
pratec1460
chat1483
jabber1499
clittera1529
cackle1530
prattle1532
blatter1533
blab1535
to run on pattens1546
tattle1547
prittle-prattlea1555
trattlea1555
tittle-tattle1556
quiddlea1566
brabble1570
clicket1570
twattle1573
gabble1574
prittle1583
to like to hear oneself speak, talk1597
to word it1612
deblaterate1623
tongue1624
twitter1630
snatter1647
oversay1656
whiffle1706
to gallop away1711
splutter1728
gob1770
gibble-gabble1775
palaver1781
to talk (etc.) nineteen to the dozen1785
gammon1789
witter1808
yabble1808
yaff1808
mag1810
chelp1820
tongue-pad1825
yatter1825
potter1826
chipper1829
jaw-jaw1831
buzz1832
to shoot off one's mouth1864
yawp1872
blate1878
chin1884
yap1888
spiel1894
to talk (also lie, swear, etc.) a blue streak1895
to run off at the mouth1908
chattermag1909
clatfart1913
to talk a streak1915
to run one's mouth1916
natter1942
ear-bash1944
rabbit1950
yack1950
yacker1961
to eat parrot head (also bottom)1965
yacket1969
to twat on1996
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > absence of meaning > nonsense, rubbish > empty, idle talk > talk idly [verb (intransitive)]
chattera1250
drivelc1390
clatter1401
chatc1440
smattera1450
pratec1460
blaver1461
babble?1504
blether1524
boblec1530
trattlea1555
tittle-tattle1556
fable1579
tinkle1638
whiffle1706
slaver1730
doitera1790
jaunder1808
haver1816
maunder1816
blather1825
yatter1825
blat1846
bibble-babble1888
flap-doodle1893
twiddle1893
spiel1894
rot1896
blither1903
to run off at the mouth1908
drool1923
twiddle-twaddle1925
crap1940
natter1942
yack1950
yacker1961
yacket1969
1886 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 30 Dec. The general always had a good deal to say, but since he has been elected to the state Senate he has had a continuous running-off at the mouth, such as was never seen before in this country.]
1908 Nazarene Messenger 16 Jan. 3/3 They profess it [sc. holiness], i.e. ‘run off at the mouth a little’, but those folks seldom travail in prayer.
1951 Rochester (N.Y.) Democrat & Chron. 12 Sept. 14/6 Culio... A run-of-the-mob gunsel—till he runs off at the mouth!
1973 Winnipeg Free Press 17 Nov. 59/1 Beddoes really started to run off at the mouth as he told how Herron had been ousted from the Canadian Football League.
2001 D. Garlock Edge of Town (2002) viii. 114 ‘She'd sure like to get herself a man who'd—’ ‘That's enough!’ Jethro glared at the girl. ‘You've been runnin' off at the mouth quite a lot lately.’
1. intransitive. To continue to run, in various senses; to run further or longer (in time or space).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > continuing > continue doing or keep going in a course of action [verb (intransitive)]
to hold a wayOE
to hold forthc1200
to hold ona1225
reignc1300
lasta1325
continuea1340
to continue doing or to doc1384
pursuea1425
perseverec1425
to hold one's wayc1480
prosecute1528
to go on1533
to run on1533
keep1548
to follow on1560
insist1586
to keep on1589
to carry on1832
to carry on1857
string1869
the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > lasting quality, permanence > be permanent [verb (intransitive)] > remain, continue
bidec893
ofstandeOE
astandc1000
restOE
holdc1175
dure1297
akeepc1300
lastc1300
arrest1393
containc1400
perseverec1425
reserve1529
to run on1533
to stick by ——1533
persist1538
persist1539
to hold up1582
retaina1631
persist1659
1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere iv. p. lxv They..rather runne on apace towarde hell them selfe, then tary tyll the deuyll come to cary them.
1572 J. Bridges tr. R. Gwalther Hundred, Threescore & Fiftene Homelyes vppon Actes Apostles cxii. 643 Let the wicked runne on as long as they will, yet are they Gods instrumentes, to vse at his pleasure.
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vii. 67 Euen so must I run on, and euen so stop. View more context for this quotation
1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue i. 240 I was willing to let the bond runne on, till the time it was due.
1652 C. B. Stapylton in tr. Herodian Imperiall Hist. sig. A2v Where a sentence could not well be comprehended in six [lines], I let it run on to eight.
1668 C. Sedley Mulberry-garden ii. ii Thou and I might live comfortably on the forbearance money, and let the interest run on.
1740 C. Cibber Apol. Life C. Cibber vi. 114 A new Comedy of Mr. Congreve's..which ran on with..extraordinary Success.
1779 Mirror No. 67 Having run on in the usual career, I became tired with the sameness..of the scenes.
1795 J. Latta Pract. Syst. Surg. II. viii. 89 In dropsies..it will be proper to let the disease run on for as short a time as is possible before the operation.
1833 Penny Cycl. I. 384/2 What are called the cursive letters, which run on in continuous succession.
1847 W. C. L. Martin Ox 128/1 This disease may run on to a horrible extent before it destroys life.
1866 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 2nd Ser. 2 i. 54 The pen learning to run on and to print each idea as it occurs.
1892 Black & White Xmas No. 33/1 You have..let the engagement run on without a word of protest.
1900 Atlantic Monthly Feb. 167/2 In many places you may let the speech run on with hardly a change.
1911 S. Stall With Children on Sundays 128 The works would not be affected by this fact, but would continue to run on just the same.
1941 G. de Poncins & L. Galantière Kabloona (1942) iii. i. 202 He ran on, with the hounds in his wake.
1973 Times 21 Nov. 13/1 Greenhoff drove in a cross from the right. Ritchie let it run on into the path of Hurst.
2008 K. Kennedy Enchanting Lady xi. 151 He'd run on, until his haunches ached, until..his head hung with fatigue.
2. intransitive. Of time, or a period of time: to pass or elapse.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > [verb (intransitive)]
overgoeOE
agoeOE
goOE
forthgoOE
runOE
overdrivea1275
farea1325
overmetea1325
walka1325
passc1330
slidec1374
yern1377
to pass overa1382
wastec1385
waive1390
to pass awaya1400
overseyc1400
drive?c1450
to drive ona1470
slevea1510
to roll awaya1522
to roll overa1522
to wear out, forth1525
flit1574
to pass on1574
to run on1578
overhie1582
wear1597
overslip1607
spend1607
travel1609
to go bya1616
elapsea1644
to come round1650
efflux1660
to roll round1684
lapse1702
roll1731
to roll around1769
to roll by1790
transpire1824
to come around1829
tide1835
elabe1837
tick1937
1578 J. Phillips Commemoration Countis of Lennox sig. B.iv Time runnes on without stay.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II v. v. 59 But my time, Runnes posting on . View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) v. vi. 128 Since she is liuing, let the time run on, To good, or bad. View more context for this quotation
1673 J. Milton Sonnets xvii, in Poems (new ed.) 60 Time will run On smoother, till Favonius re-inspire The frozen earth.
1719 J. Haldane Let. 22 Nov. in Hist. Reg. No. 16. 365 [He] requests him to consider that Time runs on, and that he cannot answer for suffering himself to be any longer amus'd.
1792 Monthly Rev. Feb. 144 Finding the time still running on under this new engagement, without affording him any hopes of dismission, Mr. L. had recourse to artifice.
1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud xxvi. iii, in Maud & Other Poems 98 As months ran on and rumour of battle grew.
1869 T. Hughes Alfred the Great iv. 45 New shapes, and ever more vile, as the years run on.
1921 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 201 458 It should appear that time does not run on at a uniform rate.
1957 C. Wittke German-Lang. Press in Amer. iv. 64 As the months ran on, the optimistic hopes for a united, republican Germany turned to ashes.
2008 C. Chan Trick of Mind i. 15 He badly wanted a coffee, but time was running on.
3. † b. transitive. To continue to tell (a story). Obsolete.
a. intransitive. To continue speaking; to speak volubly. In later use frequently spec.: to continue speaking in an inconsequential or unthinking manner; to gabble, chatter. Also transitive with direct speech as object. Cf. to go on 5b at go v. Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > loquacity or talkativeness > be talkative [verb (intransitive)]
to multiply words1340
gagglea1556
glib1596
to run on?c1663
gasha1774
to roll on1861
pan1871
rabbit and pork1949
motormouth1983
?c1663 B. Whitelocke Diary (1990) 432 Wh[itelocke] lett him run on till he was out of breath.
1697 J. Donaldson Husbandry Anatomized (new ed.) 122 Soft friend, one question at once, you run on with a full carrier.
1704 R. Steele Lying Lover v. 53 This unhappy Tongue..That still run'st on.
1713 R. Steele in Englishman 6 Oct. He ran on in a Way which he could never learn at any Place but one.
1763 Ann. Reg. 1762 Acct. of Bks. 232/2 Let him talk, ask questions, and run on at pleasure.
1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well III. i. 5 But I must not run on in a manner which..cannot be very pleasant to you.
1856 Titan Mag. Nov. 444/2 Thus did the little fellow run on, nor did I care to interrupt him.
1891 F. W. Robinson Her Love & his Life vii. v ‘I'm a fool—I always was,’ he ran on, hurriedly.
1914 G. B. Shaw Fanny's Last Play iii, in Misalliance 220 Lord, how I do run on! Dont mind me, Mrs. Gilbey.
1973 Chicago Tribune 4 July i. 4/2 Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, the first speaker, ran on for 50 minutes.
1995 ‘N. Roberts’ Born in Ice xxi. 306 There I go, running on again, and we haven't dealt with our business.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > narration > narrate, relate, or tell [verb (transitive)] > continue to narrate
to run on1749
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones VI. xvi. iv. 36 He ran on a long, unintelligible Story about his Wife. View more context for this quotation
1863 Burton Abbots II. iii. i. 320 Salome..was sitting beside me in the drawing-room..while she ran on story after story.
4. intransitive. With to or into. To develop or pass into something. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > continuing > progress, advance, or further continuance > advance (a proceeding) from previous stage [verb (transitive)] > progress or advance into
to run into ——1670
to run on1886
the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > into something greater
improve1647
to work up1693
to run on1886
1705 F. Fuller Medicina Gymnastica Pref. sig. dv It is in our Choice, whether a Cough shall run on to a Consumption.
1796 B. Rush Med. Inq. & Observ. IV. 161 All writers take notice of cases of the plague, which run on into a slow fever that continues 30 and 40 days.
1830 W. Mackenzie Pract. Treat. Dis. Eye i. 2 I have seen the inflammation, arising from such accidents, run on into suppuration.
1886 J. Ruskin Præterita I. xii. 395 The proposed six lessons..ran on into perhaps eight or nine.
1919 J. C. Wilson & C. H. Turner Internal Med. (ed. 5) II. iv. i. 130 Swelling of the parotid glands..may be slight or may run on to suppuration.
1922 D. H. Lawrence Fantasia of Unconscious x. 177 If the resolution is never made,..then the love-craving will run on into frenzy.
5.
a. intransitive. Of matter to be printed, typed, etc.: to continue on the same line as the preceding matter, rather than starting a new line; to continue without a line break.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printed matter > arrangement or appearance of printed matter > appearance of printed matter [verb (intransitive)] > run on
to run on1892
1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 386 The method of putting a White between the Direction and Matter that runs on, is a glaring instance of [etc.].
1883 Ogilvie's Imperial Dict. (new ed.) III. 745/1 To run on,..to be continued in the same line without making a break or beginning a new paragraph.
1892 A. Oldfield Pract. Man. Typogr. iii. 35 When two paragraphs are required to be made into one, or, in technical language, ‘to run on’.
1911 Publishers' Weekly 7 Oct. 1415/1 Among some lesser known works of the fifteenth century, the text runs on solid.
1979 T. A. Halligan Bk. Gostlye Grace of Mechtild of Hackeborn i. 5 Each entry in the Table of Chapters and each chapter in the Booke proper begins on a new line, but rubrics run on directly after the conclusion of the preceding chapters.
2003 P. G. Knight & T. Parsons How to do your Ess., Exams & Coursework xv. 130 Typical errors that can be picked up at this stage include..paragraphs that accidentally run on to the next without a break.
b. transitive. To set (matter) continuously; to remove a line break from (matter). Also more generally: to set (matter) in a style which avoids the use of large spaces between elements. Cf. run-on adj. 2.
ΚΠ
1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 444 Where matter is run on that should begin a new Paragraph, they draw a stroke down the place, and this mark, [ in the Margin.
1841 W. Savage Dict. Art of Printing 189 When a paragraph commences where it is not intended, connect the matter by a line, and write in the margin opposite run on.
1884 J. Southward Pract. Printing (ed. 2) xvi. 147 The mark for indicating where a paragraph is to be ‘run on’ explains itself.
1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 116 Run on chapters, an intimation that the commencement of chapters in a work are not necessarily to begin on a fresh page.
1921 G. E. Brown Indexing ii. 41 In the condensed style these sub-entries are ‘run on’.
1973 F. Jefkins Advertising made Simple iii. xvii. 200 Displayed classified, or semi-display—advertisements in the classified section which are not merely run on, but set out and possibly illustrated.
2001 J. McLaverty Pope, Print, & Meaning v. 119 Harte has each section beginning a new line, with a hanging indent, whereas Pope's sections are run on.
6. intransitive. Hunting, Horse Racing, etc. To have the stamina to run over a long distance; to demonstrate this quality in a particular hunt or race.
ΚΠ
1827 Sporting Mag. Mar. 302/2 Still fewer [horses] are able to run on, as it is termed, or, in other words, are able to run when and as they ought to run.
1878 Wallace's Monthly Apr. 214/1 Those narrow-hocked fellows seem to be able to run on and always.
1913 Times 21 Nov. 13/4 A holloa near the village set them going again, and they ran on well.
1977 Field 13 Jan. 56/1 Trainers had no way of knowing whether their fastest puppies had that ability to ‘run on’, an endowment with stamina so essential for Altcar honours.
1988 Sporting Life Weekender 26–28 May 6/2 She was fourth to Literati at Kempton and was noted running on well to finish just over five lengths off the winner.
7. transitive. To apply; to attach. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1874 Amer. Cycl. VII. 601/1 This forms a wax mould, which..is built up..by running on more wax with a building iron.
1876 F. Callis in G. P. Bevan Brit. Manufacturing Industries 178 By another process, the bolsters and caps are run on when the metal is in a liquid state.
1887 Eng. Mechanic 25 Mar. 86/1 This covering [of wax] may readily be run on with the assistance of a hot iron.
1894 Labour Comm. 411 in Parl. Papers XXXVIII. 69/1 Run on, the process of placing imitation or spelter bolsters on common table knife blades.
1918 Horseless Age 1 May 36/3 The surface may be built up by running on a layer of solder.
1. intransitive.† c. Of meat: to lose its moisture, to dry out. Obsolete.
a.
(a) Of water, sand, etc.: to flow out of the container, part, etc., which contains it; to leak out.In quot. eOE used of pus.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > go or come out [verb (intransitive)] > of something confined
to run outeOE
aventc1375
escapec1450
avoid1483
evacue?1541
vent1541
event1609
disemboguea1625
evacuate1643
extravasate1677
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > out or escape
outruneOE
to run outeOE
avoid1483
extravasate1677
the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > end or conclusion > be at an end [verb (intransitive)] > come to an end, terminate, or expire
to run outeOE
endOE
stintc1275
slakea1300
overpassc1350
determinec1374
overruna1393
dispend1393
failc1399
missa1400
to wear out, forth1412
stanchc1420
to come outa1450
terminea1450
expire?c1450
finish1490
conclude1593
upclose1603
terminate1608
to shut up1609
to wind off1650
stop1733
to fall in1771
close1821
to blaze out1884
outgive1893
to play out1964
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. i. 24 Þonne yrnð þæt gillister ut.
c1300 St. Agatha (Laud) l. 121 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 197 (MED) Strong fuyr þare cam eornen out ase water doth of welle.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) civ. 39 God brake þe stone, and waters ran out.
c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 20 (MED) Grace..abideth nouȝt in the soule bot renneth out as water.
a1500 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Wellcome) f. 21v (MED) Set thi fyngyr on the sted þer as the blode rennyth out and hold it A whyle.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Transfluo, to leake or renne out.
1611 Bible (King James) Matt. ix. 17 The bottels breake, and the wine runneth out . View more context for this quotation
1658 tr. G. della Porta Nat. Magick x. ii. 256 Pull out the Spigget, that the hot Water may run out.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Honey Scrape them a little, that so the Honey may the more freely run out.
1786 T. Baldwin Airopaidia lxvii. 270 Any Water..condensed in the Balloon, might run out by the same Orifice.
1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 10 564 It may be opened with a lancet or a needle, when the fluid will run out.
1848 G. C. Furber Twelve Months Volunteer xii. 531 Many of them [sc. jugs] are broken into, and the sand has run out.
1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) i. vii. 58 When the heap is exposed and heavy rain falls on it, a stream of black liquid stuff will run out.
1974 Pop. Mech. Sept. 63/2 Any water which comes in over the gunnels can run out through the self-bailing drains.
2000 M. de Villiers Water (new ed.) i. i. 11 A child had opened the stopcock on the tank and the water had all run out.
(b) figurative and in figurative contexts. Chiefly with reference to the sands of time (cf. 2a(a)).
ΚΠ
1609 R. Armin Hist. Two Maids More-clacke sig. Ev Yet are they as the hower, whose sandy minutes Runs [sic] out at pleasure till the period comes.
1656 Hectors iii. ii. 31 Me thinks I do begin to feel my life run out with my bloud.
1747 Gentleman's Mag. June 264/1 It was an ancient custom to put an hour-glass into the coffin, as an emblem of the sand of life being run out.
1790 M. O. Warren Ladies of Castile iii. v, in Poems 143 'Till rolling years see the last sands run out.
1861 Temple Bar 2 563 A retired London physician whose sands of life had nearly run out.
1904 Christian Sci. Jrnl. Apr. 38 It seemed as though every bit of strength had run out through the ends of my fingers.
1955 Jet 2 June 54 If ever he is to win the heavyweight crown, he must get his chance soon, for the sands of time are running out.
2006 T. Goodkind Phantom xli. 427 When the sands of time had finally run out, the one who was meant to have the book would be here.
b. Of a container: to allow the contained liquid to escape; †to leak (obsolete). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid which has been emitted > action or process of leaking > leak, of liquid [verb (intransitive)] > let out through a leak
leak1530
to run out1530
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 693/2 This tubbe runneth out, let it be had to the coupers.
1576 E. Dering XXVII Lect. Epist. Hebrues vii. sig. G.vii Olde tubbes, which runne out at the ioyntes, and can hold no liquor.
1722 A. Ramsay Fables & Tales 10 Sent amang the wicked Rout, To fill the Tub that ay rins out.
1727 P. Longueville Hermit (1816) 52 The runlet..being unstopped, ran all out.
a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. iv. 391 Whenever we find the glass run out..we may rest contented [etc.].
1800 Monthly Mag. 9 i. 322 The tub runs out.
1848 J. E. Taylor tr. G. Basile Pentamerone 43 After chasing the cat through every hole and corner of the house, he recovered the hen; but the cask had meanwhile all run out.
1890 D. A. Simmons List Peculiar Words & Phrases 15 The kettle runs out.
1934 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 17 May Nobody told us the bath ran out, And the old-fashioned heater spread fumes about.
ΚΠ
1633 P. Massinger New Way to pay Old Debts iii. ii. sig. G2v The back'd meates are run out, the rost turn'd powder.
1695 E. Ravenscroft Canterbury Guests v. vii. 59 The bak'd Meats run out, the Pottages boyl o'er, and the Roast'd will be dry'd to Powder.
d. To find expression or release, to break out. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > manifestation of emotion > manifest itself [verb (intransitive)] > give vent to feelings
acangc1225
to run out1719
to let off steam1857
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 40 To see how the next Day his Passion run out another Way.
1874 Methodist New Connexion Mag. July 401 His great and generous feeling ran out in the direction of a ‘servant’ who was smitten with a disease.
1893 A. Whyte Bunyan Char. xix. 192 All the strength and heat of his passions ran out into his hatred of sin and his love of holiness.
1903 Jrnl. Royal Inst. Cornwall 15 ii. 307 Waves of emotion, I call them, but this emotion runs out into acts and deeds.
2.
a.
(a) intransitive. Of a period of time: to elapse, pass; to come to an end. Cf. sense 53.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > spending time > spend time [verb (intransitive)] > expire or run out
to run outa1400
outrunc1425
to pass by1488
to draw by1850
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 15177 (MED) Þe thre dais was runnen vte [Trin. Cambr. were al gone].
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ezek. vii. 10 Beholde,..the daye is come, the houre is runne out.
1589 Burntisland Burgh Court (Edinb. Reg. House) 4 July I..obleis me..to..confes the said twelff ȝeiris..fullily expyrit and roune out.
1601 J. Wheeler Treat. Commerce 99 When the ten yeares were almost complete and run out.
1660 tr. M. Amyraut Treat. conc. Relig. iii. v. 389 Two thousand years pass'd before the Law,..and two thousand more shall run out under the reign of the Messias.
1701 R. Fleming Disc. Several Subj. p. xcvii They were, in a manner, totally extirpated before another Century had well nigh run out.
1757 in L. Charlton Hist. Whitby (1779) iii. 348 Till days and years run out and die, We wait the rising of the just.
1802 Coll. State Papers War against France XI. 140 We cannot..make conciliatory arrangements if we do not avail ourselves of the time that is now running out.
1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xx. 337 He was to remain with his troops till his term had run out.
1944 Fortune Mar. 122/1 The change of seasons must be a reminder that time is running out.
1975 K. Williams Diary 7 Sept. (1993) 499 As this year runs out I feel I am dying too.
2002 Philadelphia Inquirer 22 Dec. d6/2 The only reason to go to the moon was to study it. And the time to do that was running out.
(b) transitive. To cause or allow (a period of time) to elapse; to last, or continue in operation, until (a period of time) has elapsed.
ΚΠ
1705 Acc. Proc. Convocation 31 We have already run out the time, till the Upper-House is risen, and the whole Convocation by Schedule prorogued, and we can do nothing till another Synodical Day.
1828 in R. V. Barnewall & C. Cresswell Rep. Cases King's Bench (1830) IX. 373 Messrs. Hassall and Co. having written me..to request me to remit the amount of duties, as the wines had run out the time allowed under the bond.
1831 J. Watkins Life & Times William IV iv. ii. 435 When it [sc. a machine] ran out the time given to it on winding up, it gave force to a sort of gun-lock, and the explosion followed.
1906 F. T. Merrill Count at Harvard xi. 125 [He] engaged the professor single-handed in an argument on ‘ratiocination’, which finally ran out the hour.
2000 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 16 Dec. a19 The Supreme Court itself, by stopping the recount on Dec. 9, helped run out the time.
b. intransitive. Of a lease, contract, law, legal provision, etc.: to reach or approach the end of its period of application or validity; to lapse.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > reversion > revert [verb (intransitive)] > lapse
to run out1556
lapse1726
1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie sig. p.iiv For leases not run out, Flie fermers holding fermes yet: as olde rent gaue.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) 333 During his sitting in that See he renewed no Leases, but let them run out for the advantage of his successor.
1768 J. T. Atkyns Rep. Cases Chancery 3 538 The plaintiff..gets a new lease from the college, the old one being suffered to run out.
1834 Amer. Jurist July 155 The defendant..obtained possession of the note, and kept it until the statute of limitations had run out.
1894 Cornhill Mag. Feb. 168 The lease of the inn was running out.
1921 Times 16 Mar. 5/3 Before one contract had run out another would be entered into.
1989 D. Arkell Ententes Cordiales 34 When his year's contract ran out on 21 August 1902 there was no question of its being renewed.
2009 P. Coogan Out of Flames ii. iv. 135 The petrol licence had not yet run out, but neither had it been renewed.
a. To launch out into bold or profuse speech; to expatiate; (in later use esp.) to make extended or vigorous criticism, to sound off. Obsolete (colloquial in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > speak [verb (intransitive)] > speak briefly or at length
to make many words1530
to run out1533
1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere v. p. clxxxviii He canne lacke no mater of raylynge, but maye runne out in hys rybaldry at large, and saye that [etc.].
1554 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) III. App. xx. 56 Then he ran out against the late Government.
1591 R. Bruce Serm. (1843) 36 I will not run out here, I am onely telland you quhat comes of the abuse.
1615 W. Bedwell tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ i. §28 Run not out..into speeches to say, That God cannot do all things.
1698 H. Rose Jrnl. 2 Nov. in J. H. Burton Darien Papers (1849) 63 He began to run out upon the praises of Captain Swain and Captain Davies.
1728 R. Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 358 Then he run out on the iniquity of the late times.
1779 Mirror No. 4 They ran out in praise of French cookery.
1843 A. S. Stephens High Life N.Y. (ed. 2) xi. 44/2 Du you think it fair tu run out agin the Theatres till you've seen something on 'em?
1860 C. M. Yonge Friarswood Post-Office vii. 130 I suppose it is not charity to run out at poor mother and Ellen when one's put out.
1895 C. M. Yonge Carbonels xi. 125 And to hear the lady run out ag'in' me for just having a drop of beer.
b. Of a literary composition: to extend, be protracted. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > rhyme > [verb (intransitive)] > of rhyme: continue
to run out1589
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie ii. iv. 62 Our auncient rymers..let their rymes runne out at length, and neuer stayd till they came to the end.
4. Chiefly Sport.
a. transitive. To finish or complete (a course, race, etc.). Frequently in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > completing > complete (an action or piece of work) [verb (transitive)]
to make an endc893
afilleOE
endc975
fullOE
full-doOE
full-workOE
fullendOE
fullfremeOE
full-forthlOE
fillc1175
fulfilc1300
complec1315
asum1340
full-make1340
performa1382
finisha1400
accomplishc1405
cheve1426
upwindc1440
perfurnish?c1450
sumc1450
perimplish1468
explete?a1475
fullcome1477
consume1483
consomme1489
perimplenish1499
perfect1512
perfinish1523
complete1530
consummate1530
do1549
to run out1553
perfectionate1570
win1573
outwork1590
to bring about1598
exedifya1617
to do up1654
ratifyc1720
ultimate1849
terminate1857
1553 J. Bradford Let. 19 Nov. in J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (1570) II. xi. 1817/2 That we might with more hast runne out our race before night come, and the doores bee sparred.
1571 N. Boweman in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign Elizabeth (1845) II. 555 Houres, dayes, and yeeres, runne out their course at last.
1585 Abp. E. Sandys Serm. xxii. 378 So direct our course that we may run out the race into which we are entred.
1645 J. Milton On Time in Poems 19 Fly envious Time, till thou run out thy race.
1681 Compl. Jockey xv. 49 in Markham's Master-piece Revived When you heat your horse thereon, let him run out the full Course, and never beyond the weighing Post.
1762 T. Mortimer Brit. Plutarch IV. 145 Queen Mary had run out the race of mortality.
1834 Amer. Turf Reg. Oct. 50 He gathered up his horse, applied the persuaders, and ran out the heat within fifteen feet of the mare.
1892 Illustr. Sporting & Dramatic News 23 July 691/3 He didn't run his race out gamely and do his very best.
1904 Chatterbox 302/2 Perhaps you'll think I am about to die, And that I nearly have run out my race.
1955 H. Kubly Amer. in Italy xi. 173 Only seven horses ran out the race, which was won by the Snails.
2003 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 28 Nov. Pacific Dancer is another staying type who runs his races out generously.
b. transitive. To bring (a race or other contest) to a conclusive result; to continue with a succession of heats until there is a single winner of (a contest or trophy); to determine, decide. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > match or competition > take part in match or competition [verb (transitive)] > bring to conclusive result
to run out1828
1828 Morning Post 11 Nov. Monarch and Modish remaining the two last [dogs], the Cup was won by them, but not run out.
1840 Morning Chron. 30 Sept. A dead heat between [the horses] Muley Ishmael and Amurath; not run out when our account left.
1891 Field 7 Nov. 711/3 The Tenant Farmers' Cup was, of course, run out, and was won by..Lavender Green.
1948 Times 13 Feb. 2/6 The semi-finalists, who will run out the event to-day, are Large as Life, Lady of the Lamp, Misty Lagoon, and Noted Sunlight.
c. transitive. To fulfil (an engagement to take part in a race). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > carrying out > observance or carrying out a promise, law, etc. > observe or carry out a promise, law, etc. [verb (transitive)] > an engagement
to run out1833
1833 Q. Rev. July 386 Our present monarch..has no taste for this sport [sc. horse-racing]; but continued it for a short time after his brother's death to run out his engagements.
1842 Morning Post 7 Nov. 6/4 The editor of a weekly sporting paper had the exquisite taste to suggest that he [sc. a horse] should run out his engagement at Goodwood.
1887 York Herald 17 May Bendigo is to remain under the charge of Jousiffe..until he has run out any engagements for which Mr. Barclay may think proper to start him.
1929 N.Z. Truth 6 June 13/8 He is entitled to run out his hack nominations at South Canterbury, but after that meeting he must contest open events.
1936 Observer 13 Dec. 38 William IV. was no turfite at heart, but after his brother's death he continued for a time to run out the engagements of his horses.
d. Originally Billiards.
(a) intransitive. To emerge as the winner; to win, esp. easily or decisively. Frequently with complement, as to run out a winner, etc. (in later use also sometimes with a complement indicating a result other than winning).
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > result [verb (intransitive)] > emerge or come out
to come off1590
to come out1823
to run out1869
society > leisure > sport > winning, losing, or scoring > win, lose, or score [verb (intransitive)] > win
win1297
romp1869
to run out1869
account1928
1869 Sportsman Feb. 87 Cook..only got 10 more, as Roberts, assisted by a break of 42, soon ran out.
1870 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 4 Jan. 3/6 Mr. Cooksley gradually from the commencement increased the difference in his favour, and ran out an easy winner by 49 points.
1896 Times 1 June 13/5 Fennell successfully defended some short chases, and ran out at 6–4 in 25 minutes.
1941 G. Heyer Envious Casca xii. 219 [She] miscued... ‘You'll run out now.’
1976 Bridgwater Mercury 21 Dec. British Cellophane's second team ran out 4–1 winners against Bridgwater Police in the fourth division of the Somerset Squash League.
1987 Basketball Monthly Sept. 19/1 The Slavs..never managed to catch the Soviets, who ran out 100–93.
1991 Sunday Tasmanian (Nexis) 2 June South Launceston ran out losers by a massive 168 points.
2009 T. Buckley Bad Things Happen xx. 202 Dublin eventually ran out undeserving winners, and we all trudged out of the ground.
(b) transitive. To win (a match, etc.), esp. easily or decisively.
ΚΠ
1873 Standard 8 Dec. 6/2 H. Evans..only a few days ago ran out a match with an unfinished break of 161.
1906 N.Y. Times 21 Nov. 10/3 Cline finally by open-table play ran out the match with 14 varied cushion shots.
1977 New Yorker 10 Oct. 152/2 He then dropped service again, after which Connors ran out the set, 6–2.
2009 M. J. Fisher Terrible Splendor ii. 92 The American ran out the match 0-6, 9-7, 8-6, 6-3.
5. intransitive. With into (also to). To develop or change into something; to develop, or come to have, particular features or attributes; to reach a particular point in argument, thought, etc. (In later use frequently spec. in negative sense: to degenerate into something.) Cf. sense 62a(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > immateriality > immaterial [verb (transitive)] > extend to (of immaterial things)
reacha1625
run1643
to run out1727
prolong1880
?1560 T. Norton Orations of Arsanes sig. R.j The very name of that excellent Constantine..maketh me to runne out into ioyfull exclaiming.
1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. viii. f. 59v The felowship of mariage it selfe, was ordeined for remedie of necessitie, that wee shoulde not runne oute into vnbrydled luste.
1583 Answeare Def. Censure Charkes Bk. f. 63v [He] who taking vpon him to make a booke..for lacke of matter must runne out to such imaginations as neuer came into his masterships head.
1602 R. Shelford Lectures (new ed.) 14 That he might hold all youth vnder his obedience, which otherwise would runne out into all maner of extremities.
1607 Bp. J. Hall Holy Observ. 80 The best ground vntilled soonest runs out into ranke weeds.
1646 H. Hammond Severall Tracts 119 The want of blood was the cause that they ran out into so many legs.
1727 D. Defoe Ess. Hist. Apparitions iv. 26 Others run out to an imaginary Scheme of Guardian Angels.
1755 J. Hervey Theron & Aspasio III. xvi. 316 The Laurustinus ran out into a beautiful Irregularity of Shape.
1787 J. Berington Hist. Lives Abeillard & Heloisa i. 7 Their ethics ran out into idle speculations, into definitions and divisions of vice and virtue.
1837 C. Lofft Self-formation I. 74 The scribbling mania ran out into an hyperbole of madness.
1876 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 1 June 435/2 We let the short-jointed growths run out to three or four leaves and stop the others.
1909 H. E. Krehbiel Bk. Operas xvii. 341 A most winsome duet, which runs out into a description of the dream.
1949 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 9 578 When we infer from this false theory..the conclusion that [etc.], confusion runs out into utter futility.
1990 J. H. Curtis in G. Fox Wks. I. 18 This business procedure is a major reason why Friends have..avoided running out into complete individualistic anarchy.
6.
a. intransitive. To protrude, jut out; to project. Cf. to run in 2 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > project or be prominent [verb (intransitive)]
tootc897
shootc1000
to come outOE
abuta1250
to stand outc1330
steek?c1335
risea1398
jutty14..
proferc1400
strutc1405
to stick upa1500
issuec1515
butt1523
to stick outc1540
jut1565
to run out1565
jet1593
gag1599
poke1599
proke1600
boke1601
prosiliate1601
relish1611
shoulder1611
to stand offa1616
protrude1704
push1710
projecta1712
protend1726
outstand1755
shove1850
outjut1851
extrude1852
bracket1855
to corbel out1861
to set out1892
pier1951
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Peninsula excurrit, the countrey lieth, or renneth out in length.
1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies i. xx. 67 Many hold, that above Florida, the Land runnes out very large towards the North.
1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 8 The chief of 'em is situate on a Rock that runs out into the Sea.
1780 W. Coxe Acct. Russ. Discov. 166 It is divided..into three promontories, one of which runs out in a Westerly direction.
1816 W. Scott Let. 12 Nov. (1933) IV. 291 I have now several hundred acres thereof, running out as far as beyond the lake.
1887 C. Reade Woman-hater (new ed.) xviii. 192 The back [of the chair] went higher than his head, the seat ran out as far as his ankle, when seated.
1897 ‘Snaffle’ In Land of Bora xxvi. 250 About five furlongs further on the main cliff ran out in an elbow.
1915 A. H. Mills With My Regiment (1916) xvi. 176 The trenches themselves were..partly excavated from a ploughed field which ran out in the direction of the enemy.
1943 G. E. Payne in E. A. Gutkind Creative Demobilisation II. 191 The northern end of the Somerset and Bristol coalfield..runs out in a northerly direction from the eastern part of Bristol.
1992 M. F. Twist Spacious Days ix. 112 A new gate and fence..had recently been erected, where the meadow ran out to a point and joined the pond just short of the mill.
b. transitive. Chiefly Nautical. To move (a gun) into a position such that the muzzle projects from the porthole or embrasure, so as to be ready for firing. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > management of artillery > operate (artillery) [verb (transitive)] > bring gun to firing position
to run out1665
to run up1813
1665 R. Head Eng. Rogue I. xxix. 105 The deck being instantlie filled with men that were below, and running out her Guns there could be no wisdom of resistance.
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. i. ii. 19 That we may be ready to run out our Guns when the Word is given.
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 378 We were too many for them, for we run out our Guns..and..they retir'd.
1805 E. Berry in Ld. Nelson Disp. & Lett. (1846) VII. 118 I ordered the quarter-boat to be cut away, and ran out the stern chasers.
1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxix. 349 Our bow gun had been loaded and run out.
1907 Times 20 Nov. 9/2 A pneumatic recuperator runs out the gun automatically after every round.
1979 P. O'Brian Fortune of War viii. 291 The crews heaved furiously at their tackles, worming, sponging, reloading, and running out their guns.
2006 R. Conroy 1862 ii. 30 The U.S. ship continued to ignore him, and even ran out her guns.
7. intransitive. Of the tide: to recede; to ebb. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > tide > type of tide > types of tide [verb (intransitive)] > ebb
falleOE
ebbOE
wanec1290
reflow1429
to go out1595
to run out1608
refloat1632
1608 W. Stere in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) III. iii. vi. 519 And when the Tide doth runne out, all the Whales doe runne into the sayd Swalth.
1684 T. Otway Atheist Epil. sig. A4 Since the Whig-Tyde runs out, the Loyal flows.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Ammodytes The fish is commonly found at about half a foot deep under the sand, when the tide has run out.
1842 Sat. Mag. 13 Aug. 58/2 Such is the extreme shallowness and slow declivity of the beach, that the sea runs out nearly two miles at low water.
1893 Scribner's Mag. Sept. 342/1 On my way to the mill I crossed a small stream—or rather the bed of one, for the tide had run out.
1932 A. J. Worrall Eng. Idioms 78 By 10 o'clock the tide had run out.
1999 Canad. Geographic Ann. Apr. 98/1 The tide was running out when we arrived on Crawley Island to photograph Newfoundland ponies for Canadian Geographic.
8.
a. intransitive. Of a rope, line, etc.: to pass out in a continuous length; to be paid out.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > longitudinal extent > extend longitudinally [verb (intransitive)] > become longer > be let out gradually
to run out1625
1625 H. Hudson & J. Playse in S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. xiv. 565 (side note) Otherwise, if a stopper faile, the Cable would runne out end for end, that is altogether.
1689 J. Moyle Abstr. Sea Chyrurg. ii. xiii. 61 The Cable running out, a Kink therein happened to disaster a Man's Leg.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Stopper It serves, when they are hoising the main-yard, to stop it, that it don't run out too fast.
1846 A. Young Naut. Dict. 357 ‘Veer away the cable,’ that is, slack it and let it run out.
1889 Fishing 16 Feb. 76/1 My wretched little reel..would let the line run out easily enough, but would not reel in fast enough when the fish slacked.
1951 N. Monsarrat Cruel Sea (1953) i. vii. 39 His shout of ‘Let go!’ was answered by the thunderous roar of the cable running out.
1984 P. O'Brian Far Side of World iii. 89 The line running out so fast it smokes against the bollard and you have to sluice it.
2009 R. Hawk Twisted Ladder xv. 131 The line flashed and Daddy pulled, then let it run out again.
b. transitive. To allow or cause (a rope, line, etc.) to be drawn or carried out; to pay out. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > longitudinal extent > [verb (transitive)] > lengthen
elongc1420
protend?a1475
lengthen1555
extend1569
produce1570
prolong1574
elongate1578
carry1587
run1630
continue1667
to run outa1670
prolongate1671
a1670 J. Hacket Cent. Serm. (1675) 399 He [sc. the devil] had run out his line, and tried all his strength.
1718 G. Jacob Compl. Sportsman 131 You may have your Pike-Lines baited as above, fixed with a small Wadd of Rushes to prevent the Baits running out the Line.
1777 W. Hutchinson Treat. Pract. Seamanship 75 To swing her the right way to keep the hawse clear, without the trouble of towing with a boat, running out a rope, and a small anchor, &c.
1842 N. Michell Traduced II. xxix. 282 Then slowly running out his cable, and driving backwards before the tempest, he approached the wreck.
1892 Illustr. London News 9 Apr. 455/2 The salmon..runs out some yards of line.
1915 Blackwood's Mag. Aug. 199/1 He would make the rod bend like a bow..as he ran out the line, always making for the weed-bed at the bottom.
1979 N. Wallington Fireman! i. 20 Once I had found the hydrant and run out hose to connect to the appliance, it was clear [etc.].
2006 G. Powter Strange & Dangerous Dreams xi. 228 He was forced to run out a rope, tie it in place, rappel back down, then haul his huge gear bags up the wall.
9.
a. † (b) transitive. To go through, spend, squander (money, assets, etc.). Obsolete.In quot. 1740: (of an amount) to be of sufficient magnitude to use up all of (something); to amount to at least as much as.
(a) transitive (reflexive). = 9a(c). Now rare.In early use sometimes with complement indicating the amount spent.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > spend [verb (reflexive)] > spend beyond one's means
to run out1633
overspend1850
1633 Earl of Strafford Let. 20 May (1739) I. 85 Young Mr. Goring is gone to travel, having run himself out eight thousand Pounds, which he purposeth to redeem by his Frugality abroad.
1669 S. Pepys Diary 14 Feb. (1976) IX. 448 The King would run himself out, beyond all his cred[it] and Fonds.
1755 C. Charke Narr. Life 153 I had successfully run myself out very near seven Pounds, in less than twenty-four Hours, to acquire, nothing at all.
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. II. 2 He received it in periodical payments on every alternate Monday; but he ran himself out about a day after the expiration of the first week.
1910 Hearings before U.S. Senate Sel. Comm. Wages & Prices Commodities I. 48 I would soon run myself out if I sold any cheaper than I do now.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > relinquishing > squandering or prodigality > squander [verb (transitive)]
forspendc893
scatter1154
dispend1303
waste1340
misspendc1390
miswastec1400
consumec1425
waste1474
profund1527
lasha1535
prodige1538
lavish1542
to play away1562
riot1566
embezzle1578
dilapidate1590
squander1593
confound1598
to make ducks and drakes of or withc1600
prodigalize1611
profuse1611
squander1611
paddle1616
bezzle1617
to run out of ——1622
to piss away1628
prodigal1628
decoct1629
to bangle (away)1632
debauch1632
deboise1632
to fribble away1633
to fool out1635
to run outa1640
to fiddle away1667
slattera1681
dissipate1682
to play off1693
duck-and-drake1700
liquidate1702
sparkle away1703
waster1821
befool1861
to frivol away1866
to play (at) duck and drake with1872
to fling away1873
mislive1887
slather1904
mucker1928
profligate1938
peter1956
spaff2002
a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) v. ii. 46 Your bonds lie For your sons truth, and they shall answer all They have run out.
1679 T. Shadwell True Widow iii. 41 Bellamore keeps a Player, and will run out his Estate.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 264. ⁋2 At which Age he ran out a small Patrimony.
1740 J. Tull Horse-hoeing Husb. (ed. 2) 269 The Expence doth not run out the Profit of them.
a1795 G. Haggitt Serm. Country Congregations (1796) I. x. 150 He will call him extravagant, will hint that he is running out his fortune, and ruining his family.
1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas I. iii. iv. 370 He..taught them..to squander their substance: he had no qualms as to running out his own, for the deed was done.
1872 E. Bulwer-Lytton in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 417/2 His father..ran out his fortune and died poor.
1880 E. C. Brewer Reader's Handbk. 1091/1 After having run out his money, Lucy is brought to him as a courtezan.
(c) intransitive. Originally: to spend or squander money or assets. Later more generally: to come to the end of one's resources or stock. Cf. to run out of —— 1b at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > non-possession > not have or lack [verb (intransitive)] > come to end of resources
to run out1692
society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > waste of money or extravagance > spend money wastefully or extravagantly [verb (intransitive)] > spend all one has
to perish the (also one's) pack1656
to run out1692
1692 in 15th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1899) App. II. 21 'Tis supposed he ran out by liveing above his fortune.
1727 J. Swift Stella's Birth-day: 1720 in J. Swift et al. Misc.: Last Vol. iii. 152 Had her Stock been less, no doubt, She must have long ago run out.
1781 S. Johnson Let. 23 Oct. (1992) III. 363 I sincerely applaud your resolution not to run out, and wish You always to save something.
1882 Gleanings Bee Culture Sept. 446/1 I try to have hives and outside boxes on hand when needed, but I ran out last Friday.
1965 ‘A. Nicol’ Truly Married Woman 103 ‘Oxygen,’ Doc said. ‘We ran out last week, sir, I forgot to tell you,’ the nurse said.
1972 J. Wilson Hide & Seek vi. 106 ‘Haven't you got any?’ asked Alice. ‘No—no, I've run out,’ he said.
2000 M. C. White Dream of Wolves xxiii. 307 Oh, and could you pick me up some more turpentine? I ran out last night.
b. intransitive. To become expended or exhausted; to come to an end.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > be insufficient [verb (intransitive)] > become scanty or scarce > run out
tirec725
failc1250
dispend1393
wanta1425
expirec1515
defect1587
to run out1685
to fall short1694
to spin out1720
to run short1850
to give out1861
1685 J. Dryden tr. Lucretius Conc. Nature of Love iv, in Sylvæ 85 Th' Estate runs out, and mortgages are made.
a1722 J. Lauder Jrnls. (1900) 307 Till the speat and humour of the people ag[ain]st him wer spent and runne out.
1814 M. Leadbeater & E. Shackleton Tales for Cottagers 4 When all his money was run out, he returned to his work.
1847 J. J. Oswandel Notes Mexican War (1885) vi. 332 Our wood has run out, and as the Mexicans have forbidden all fuel, produce, etc., from coming into our quarters, we were [etc.].
1889 J. Masterman Scotts of Bestminster II. xi. 217 The stock of ready-made clothing had run out.
1904 St. Nicholas July 831/1 Lloyd's father sighed and said: ‘No, little woman; I am sorry to say that our pay dirt is running out.’
1955 Times 6 June 7/2 In the course of this week stocks in some factories will begin to run out.
1966 M. R. D. Foot SOE in France x. 341 Cinema-phono had never been a lucky circuit, and its luck now ran out altogether.
1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings ii. iv. 122 Here at Fitjar Hakon's luck ran out. He suffered a mortal wound.
2002 Time Out N.Y. 18 Apr. 36/3 The sale ends when supplies run out.
10. transitive. North American. To mark off, delineate, define (a portion of land, boundary, etc.). Cf. sense 67.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > bound or form boundary of [verb (transitive)] > fix boundary of
meteeOE
markeOE
mereOE
bound1393
determinea1398
terminea1398
rede1415
measurea1513
butt1523
space1548
limit1555
determinate1563
to mark out1611
contermine1624
to run out1671
verge1759
demarcate1816
outline1817
define1843
rope1862
delimit1879
delimitate1879
1671 in S. Carolina Hist. Soc. Coll. (1897) 5 298 Another Surveyor..doth proffer to run out all parcells of land above 500 Akers at a Penny per Acre.
1719 in N. Bouton Provinc. Papers New-Hampsh. (1868) II. 726 The above boundaries when so run out..is the bounds of said Parish.
1763 G. Croghan in C. Gist Jrnls. (1893) 194 I am sorry the Col. John Armstrong has not returned ye four Tracts run out for you last fall.
1840 Penny Mag. 1 Aug. 300/1 The usual custom in those township surveys is to run out the land into section, half-section, and quarter-section lots.
1858 J. Law Colonial Hist. Vincennes 61 It would be very difficult for a surveyor, with chain and compass at the present time, to run out these ancient boundaries.
1919 C. R. Pettis N.Y. State Parks & Reservations 208 It was thought advisable to run out the property lines.
1994 R. Morgan Hinterlands (1999) ii. 155 I'd seen surveyors work, running out a boundary with their rod and chain, and their sighting instruments.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (transitive)]
broada1250
room?1316
enlargec1380
largea1382
magnifya1382
alargec1384
spreada1387
amplify1432
brede1440
expanse1477
ampliatea1513
dilate1528
propagate1548
widen1566
explicate1578
expatiate1603
diduce1605
engross?1611
dilatate1613
biggen1643
promote1652
intend1658
expand1665
to run out1683
amplificate1731
broaden1744
outstretcha1758
largen1869
big1884
society > communication > printing > preparatory processes > composing > compose [verb (transitive)] > space > space out
to run out1683
space1683
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 222 If a White-line be English, he may take it out, and in its room put in Pica, Long-primmer or Brevier, according as he finds he has Run out.
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. Dict. 375 When a Compositor Sets Wide, he is said to Drive out or Run out.
1716 J. Addison Freeholder No. 30. ⁋10 Having already run my paper out to its usual length.
a1848 R. W. Hamilton in Evangelical Mag. (1864) Dec. 770 Let it never be done to fill up a sentence which you cannot finish, or to run out a paragraph which you cannot point.
1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 117 Run out, to fill up or ‘run out’ a line with quadrats or full points.
12. Agriculture.
a. transitive. To impoverish, exhaust (land) by overuse or poor management. Cf. run-out adj.1 Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > exhaust land [verb (transitive)] > exhaust
wear?1507
to wear out1586
drive1645
to run out1698
overcrop1743
exhaust1787
overteem1818
skin1845
nigger1859
overplant1890
1698 J. Donaldson Postscript Husb. Anat. 37 Working in the most industrious way that can be invented to run out the ground.
1799 J. Robertson Gen. View Agric. Perth 139 By this management however, it is impossible they can run out the land.
1838 T. C. Haliburton Clockmaker 2nd Ser. iv. 60 The land gets run out in his hands, and is no good for ever after.
1901 Contemp. Rev. Mar. 443 The law, as it now stands, encourages the Irish farmer to run out his farm.
1919 Q. Bull. (Michigan Agric. College Expt. Station) Aug. 39 The same soil..is also easily ‘run out’ by improper methods of farming.
b. intransitive. Of land: to become impoverished or exhausted through overuse or poor management. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1833 A. Fraser Nat. Hist. Salmon (ed. 2) 129 The crop is now short; the land is run out and requires rest.
1835 Silk Culturist Oct. 52/1 Their grass lands have ‘run out’, and they have no means to manure them.
1862 Amer. Agriculturist Mar. 77/3 The soil has run out for want of a man to till it.
1906 W. T. Davis Plymouth Memories of Octogenarian xlviii. 510 The soil has run out after nearly three centuries of cultivation without renewal of those properties and ingredients which successive crops have exhausted.
1998 G. Lodgson You can go Home Again xviii. 187 In early winter, when the pasture ran out, I removed the woven-wire fence from around the stack.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > sowing > sow seed [verb (transitive)] > germinate
to run out1719
sprout1770
germ1791
stratify1827
1719 Act 6 Geo. I c. 21 in Statutes at Large (1735) V. 180 Causing the said Malt..to run out and grow at that End of the Grain from which the Root proceeds.
1790 W. Marshall Agric. Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 441 To run out, to grow or sprout as corn in harvest.
1847 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words II. 699/1 Run-out, to grow, or sprout. Devon.
14. Cricket.† b. intransitive. Of a batter: to be run out. Obsolete.
a. transitive. Of a member of the fielding side: to dismiss (a batter) by hitting the wicket with the ball while the batter is still running between the popping creases. Of a batter: to cause (his or her partner) to be dismissed in this way. Frequently in passive. Also reflexive: to cause oneself to be run out.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > dismissal of batsman > put out [verb (transitive)] > manner of dismissal
bowl1719
to run out1750
catch1789
stump1789
st.1797
to throw out1832
rattle1841
to pitch out1858
clean-bowl1862
skittle1880
shoot1900
skittle1906
trap1919
1750 Kentish Post 15 Sept. Tom Bell (run out)..0.
1787 Daily Universal Reg. 4 Sept. 3/1 Longhurst, the best Kingston player, was run out, as soon as in.
1823 M. R. Mitford in Lady's Mag. July 391/1 Joel Brent..ran out his mate, Samuel Long.
1825 C. M. Westmacott Eng. Spy II. 89 Bacelli run him out.
1836 New Sporting Mag. Oct. 360 By backing up too far, he ran himself out.
1904 Baily's Mag. Apr. 275/2 We hear dreadful stories of a batsman being given ‘run out’ when well set.
1912 P. F. Warner Eng. v. Austral. xii. 134 Hitch and Strudwick between them ran out Tumilty.
1933 M. Lowry Ultramarine ii. 80 You go in first and run out the chief steward.
1986 Wisden Cricket Monthly Aug. 17/2 He went in first—and was somewhat deflatingly run out without receiving a ball.
2008 Outlook 5 May 6/2 Batsmen may run themselves out, but the girls won't run out of tricks to delight us.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > bat [verb (intransitive)] > be out
to run out1756
fall1829
go1831
walk1960
1756 T. Turner Diary 27 Sept. (1984) (modernized text) 65 [The match] was like to be won with great ease by Lindfield, they most often running out designedly or striking up their wickets the second innings.
1828 Boy's Own Bk. 22 When a striker has run out, the notch they were running for shall not be reckoned.
1876 A. Haygarth's Cricket Scores & Biogr. V. 368 Five ran out on the Bradford side.
15. transitive (reflexive). To exhaust oneself, esp. by running; (more generally, of a person or thing) to come to the end of all available energy, passion, etc.Not always clearly distinguishable from 9a(c).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ceasing > cease activity [verb (reflexive)]
stay1560
spend1594
muzzle1660
to run out1845
to pull up1861
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > weary or exhaust [verb (reflexive)] > in specific ways
overrun1533
overthink1628
overmusea1652
over-dance1653
overtravel1654
forfight1661
overwalk1662
over-read1668
overwrite1752
overpreach1865
outwrite1883
overshoot1883
to run out1892
1753 J. Fordyce Ess. Action Proper for Pulpit 36 To manage his Force as he finds occasion, so as not to run himself out, but to reserve sufficient Strength and Spirit for [etc.].
1825 W. Hazlitt in New Monthly Mag. 13 53 Lord Byron appears to me to have fairly run himself out in this debilitating intercourse with the wanton Muse.
1833 Sporting Mag. Dec. 76/2 Although at the end he appeared to win easily, yet it was only through the other having run himself out at the beginning.
1845 R. C. Trench Fitness Holy Script. i. 12 Controversies, which..have not yet run themselves out.
1892 Eng. Illustr. Mag. 9 451 It is not an uncommon thing to see the two last men running themselves out in order to beat each other.
1915 Pearson's Mag. June 710/1 You don't know what it is to run yourself out. You've been an easy winner and you've grown lazy.
1991 D. Eddings Sapphire Rose xxxi. 476 His grief had run itself out now and had been replaced with only a profound regret.
2007 J. Hobbs Tourists xi. 120 He ran himself out too early and died at the end while the other runners overtook him.
16. intransitive. Of a variety of crop plant or breed of domestic animal: to lose its distinguishing characteristics in successive generations; to become unproductive. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > harvesting > harvest [verb (intransitive)] > bad harvest or crop failure
fail1297
to run out1772
1772 A. Hunter et al. Georgical Ess. (new ed.) IV. iv. 98 From want of attention to this circumstance, I have known potatoes so run out, that they hardly returned treble feed.
1838 Mag. Hort. May 163 We very often see whole beds of them [sc. strawberries] in fine flourishing condition, almost entirely unproductive. The common parlance in such cases is that the variety has ‘run out’ or degenerated.
1867 Ann. Rep. Missouri State Board Agric. 1866 39 It is very readily admitted that no class of stock changes its characteristics so easily as swine; and..we often hear the complaint that the breed has ‘run out’.
1890 Bull. Cornell Agric. Exper. Station 21 88 We are still confirmed in our belief that varieties of tomatoes are unstable and that they soon ‘run out’.
1908 11th Texas Farmer's Congr. (Texas Dept. Agric.) 147 Breeders have often gone so far as to change breeds, thinking that the old breed had run out, but never giving a thought to the real cause.
1957 G. H. Duncan & W. A. Ross Growing Field Crops 10 Sometimes disease and insect invasions reverse the process of plant improvement by adjustment. When this happens, varieties are said to run out.
17. intransitive. Horse Racing. Of a horse: to run outside the marked boundaries of a racecourse.
ΚΠ
1762 Scots Mag. Apr. 175/2 Duke of Devonshire's Old Whig, ran out of the course.]
1801 Morning Post 18 May 4/2 Mr. Perrin's b.c. Jack Chance, 3 yrs old, ran out.
1834 Sporting Mag. July 254/2 Fifty yards from home, on being called upon, Witless ran out, to the left, for the Royal Stand.
1868 Daily News 12 Oct. 2/2 Rattler fell at the third fence, Delium refused, and Spatchcock and Love in a Mist ran out.
1926 Times 19 Mar. 6/1 Lee Bridge disappointed those people who thought that he would run out, for he jumped it perfectly.
1971 G. H. Morris Hunter Seat Equitation vii. 113 When the rider is using a stick on approaching a fence, the horse has more time to run out unless the rider is quick to return to both reins.
2010 Daily Star (Nexis) 20 Jan. 45 Plenty of people advised me to jock him off after the horse ran out at Cheltenham last March but I'm not like that and stay loyal to my jockey.
18. transitive. To enumerate, list, run through. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > the quality of being specific > make specific [verb (transitive)] > deal with or relate in detail
detail1650
circumstantiate1658
to run out1839
1839 Southern Literary Messenger 5 446/1 Such a mind..can run out the details for itself whenever occasion may require.
1878 T. L. Cuyler Pointed Papers 253 It would be easy to run out the points of resemblance.
1900 Amer. Law Reg. 48 223 If ever there was a man who knew accurately the history of titles.., who could run out all the ramifications.., it was Mr. Price.
19. transitive. To drive out (horses or cattle), esp. to pasture.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [verb (transitive)] > pasture
leasowc950
feed1382
pasturec1400
to put to grass1471
grassc1500
to turn out?1523
graze1564
impasture1614
put1620
depasture1713
run1767
to run out1851
1851 M. Reid Scalp Hunters I. xviii. 237 We ran our animals out on their trailropes to feed.
1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 241 First, Jack..ran out half a dozen quiet cattle.
1893 Pall Mall Mag. 2 78 I used to run up the horses at five o'clock in the morning, and run 'em out again..at night.
1962 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 13 Feb. 15/1 We ran the horses out into the park... We didn't have time to put them up. The place was going up too fast.
1991 D. R. Parks tr. A. Morsette Trad. Narr. Arikara Indians 435 With the dogs barking, the young man ran the other horses out into the open space.
20. transitive.
a. Cricket. To complete the running necessary to make a score from (a hit). Frequently in imperative. Now rare.Used esp. with reference to the action of scoring a number of runs from a single hit by running repeatedly between the wickets, as distinct from accepting the four or six runs awarded automatically because the ball has crossed the boundary.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > bat [verb (transitive)] > score runs
fetch1735
run1752
to knock up1837
to knock off1851
to run out1856
to hit off1857
rattle1860
compile1884
to hit up1895
slog1897
1856 Househ. Words 2 Feb. 60/2 When you holloa out... ‘Run it out!’
1886 J. Pycroft Oxf. Memories II. xxi. 89 There were no bounds, all hits were run out.
1908 W. E. W. Collins Leaves from Old Country Cricketer's Diary xi. 180 Run it out, sir, run it out. I hope you'll get six.
1933 Washington Post 9 Sept. 13 The batting side is automatically credited with a ‘four’..without bothering to run it out.
1944 H. B. Paterson in C. Wilmot Tobruk 1941 xiii. 179 If we drive one in the minefield we always run it out, For this is what our local rule defines.
b. Baseball. To run at top speed towards first base after hitting (the ball).
ΚΠ
1895 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 27 Apr. 6/1 Badger hit it to short and run it out.
1933 N.Y. Times 1 Mar. 21/3 He had been tearing up grounders in the vicinity of third base, running out hits in the batting practice and knocking fungoes to the outfield.
1973 Baseball Digest June 90/2 Always run it out, take nothing for granted. With practice, you should be able to keep track of the ball without breaking stride or losing speed.
2010 Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey) (Nexis) 6 June (Sport section) 6 He's been benched for not running out ground balls.
21. transitive. Cricket. Of a batter: to move out rapidly from the popping crease to hit the ball.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > bat [verb (intransitive)] > types of batting
to play back1816
to step in1837
to play forward1851
to run out1858
slog1869
hang one's bat out to dry1895
to force the game1897
to farm the strike1901
to sit on (or upon) the splice1906
1858 W. E. Dickson Storm & Sunshine 94 Dick sends awful shooters, I can tell you! Well, little Green was very nervous, ran out to every ball.
1882 Daily Tel. 27 May Bannerman only made one hit before running out to hit Barratt and getting disposed of.
1921 E. V. Lucas E. A. Abbey II. xxxviii. 396 F.Meyrick Jones, the quickest-footed batsman that ever ran out to meet the ball.
1975 N. S. Ramaswami From Porbandar to Wadekar xx. 138 He had a rush of blood to the head, ran out to Patel and was stumped.
2002 Evening Herald (Plymouth) (Nexis) 16 Aug. 64 Dawson.., in an effort to raise the tempo, ran out to hit spinner Steve Ades over the top and was given out stumped.
22. transitive. To turn out, manufacture, produce. Cf. to run off 3b at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > with ease, speed, or success, or in large quantities
whip1611
to work off1653
to hit off1700
dispatchc1710
to throw off1724
to run off1759
to turn off1825
to turn out1847
to run out1872
to churn out1912
proliferate1912
slug1925
whomp1955
gurgitate1963
1872 Publisher's & Stationer's Weekly Trade Circular 28 Mar. 273/1 They have increased their facilities to run out eighty dozen per week.
1877 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 19 The Sunderland, with a furnace of 15 tons of daily capacity, ran out 1,500 flasks last year.
1911 Chambers's Jrnl. Sept. 596/2 When you have read it over, I will run out another copy.
1995 M. Broadwell Supervisor & On-the-job Training (ed. 4) 68 The employee will be able to run out 100 items an hour, with no more than five that do not pass inspection.
23. intransitive. colloquial (originally U.S.). to run out on: to abandon or desert (a person, esp. one's spouse or partner in a relationship).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > desert or deny a person
forsakea1300
refusec1350
nitec1390
swerve1390
relinquish1472
relinque1483
renounce1582
to fling off1587
derelicta1631
relapse1633
plant1743
to throw over1835
chuck up (the sponge)1878
ditch1899
ruck1903
to run out on1912
to walk out1921
squib1938
1912 C. E. Van Loan Ten-thousand-dollar Arm 117 Now, I know he quit, and he was n't game enough to come and tell me about it! He run out on me, too!
1916 Munsey's Mag. Sept. 689/1 He was runnin' out on the lady. He was leavin' for the East on the midnight train, an' didn't have the sand to go tell her it was off.
1942 T. Rattigan Flare Path i. 25 You were a fool to run out on me, weren't you?
1973 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Starry Bird xv. 221 I decided I was going back to Rome... Johnson, on whom I was running out, listened to me with patience.
2004 I. Calder Untold Story x. 187 We caught dozens of deadbeat dads who had run out on their families and refused to pay child support.
24. transitive. to run out the clock and variants.
a. Sport. To attempt to preserve a winning or advantageous position by refraining from making an active attempt to score, playing more slowly, etc.; to allow time to lapse intentionally, esp. near the end of a game or match and by a team that is in the lead. Cf. to run down the clock at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1942 N.Y. Times 7 Dec. 30/1 The Giants ran out the clock without any trouble.
1968 F. Exley Fan's Notes (1985) 69 And the Lions, having finally taken over the ball, were a good way up the field, playing ball control and running out the clock, before my mind accepted the evidence of my eyes.
1985 Black Belt Nov. 119 I told her to run the clock out, but the black belt from Turkey had other ideas.
2009 R. Lazenby Jerry West 103 At the end, West was dribbling to run out the clock.
b. To waste time, stall, prevaricate intentionally; to go through the motions.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > spending time > spend time or allow time to pass [verb (transitive)] > waste time
leese?c1225
losea1340
defer1382
wastea1400
slip1435
consumea1500
superexpend1513
slow?1522
sloth1523
to fode forth1525
slack1548
dree1584
sleuth1584
confound1598
spenda1604
to fret out1608
to spin out1608
misplace1609
spend1614
tavern1628
devast1632
to drill away, on, outa1656
dulla1682
to dally away1685
squander1693
to linger awaya1704
dangle1727
dawdle1768
slim1812
diddle1826
to run out the clock1957
1957 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 24 June 8/4 When the filibuster starts again, it may well run out the clock until sine die adjournment.
1970 W. J. Vanden Heuvel & M. Gwirtzman On his Own iii. 53 The withdrawal of the Fair Campaign Practices letter climaxed the campaign and ended Keating's chances. In the last week the candidates merely ran out the clock.
1983 C. Cussler Pacific Vortex (1994) ix. 113 He hesitated, killing time, trying to run out the clock.
2003 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 Mar. a22/5 The imposition of any such deadline suggests a prosecutorial strategy: delay, obfuscate and run out the clock until a defendant is put to death.
1. intransitive.
a. Of liquid, or granular matter: to flow over the brim or side of a container; to spill over; to overflow. Also figurative. Cf. overrun v. 6.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > presence > fact of taking up space > take up space [verb (intransitive)] > be or become full > to overflowing > to flow over the sides
overflowOE
to run overa1500
a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 319 (MED) Onon a tonne þat lay þer besyde voyde sodeynly was so ful of olee þat þe olee ran ouyr in þe flor.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke vi. 38 Good measure, pressed doune, shaken to gedder, and runnynge over, shall men geve.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at s'Enfuir The wine spils, or runnes ouer, at the top of.
1680 A. Littleton 61 Serm. 182 Like the widows oile, it [sc. grace] runs over, and fills the neighbours Vessels.
1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants 55 Carry up your Coffee boldly, and when your Lady..examines you whether it has not run over, deny the Fact absolutely.
1758 A. Reid tr. P. J. Macquer Elements Theory & Pract. Chym. I. 247 Its contents swell, and might run over without this precaution.
c1820 S. Rogers Venice in Italy 17 As though the wealth within them had run o'er.
1853 O. W. Holmes Poem Amer. Med. Assoc. 78 The selfsame founts her chalice fill With showery sunlight running over.
1879 U.S. Patent 215,679 2/1 The cask or casks being closed, none of the beer wastes by running over.
1902 Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. 27 386 Filling the tank until the water ran over at a definite outlet provided.
1998 Z. Jackson Blessings x. 193 Zuma grabbed her chest as her emotions began to run over.
2007 J. Young Orange Slipknot i. 13 When the water started to run over, he shut it off.
b. Of a container, etc. (sometimes in extended use, of the eyes): to overflow, esp. with liquid; to be overfilled with. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid which has been emitted > overflow > [verb (intransitive)] > of a vessel
overfloweOE
runc1225
overruna1450
to run over1530
shed1601
overbrim1607
to set over1608
to well over1843
the world > space > place > presence > fact of taking up space > take up space [verb (intransitive)] > be or become full > to overflowing
overfloweOE
to run over1530
swim1548
burst1563
to set over1608
swellc1616
to brim over1858
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 693 The potte ronneth over, le pot sen fuyt.
1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance xx. f. 36 The stynkyng canelles of vyce, which ones being brymme ful, sodeynly runneth ouer through the citie.
1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida v. sig. H2 Boy keele your mouth, it runnes ouer.
1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 198 Now was my heart full of joy,..and mine affections running over with Love. View more context for this quotation
1726 W. R. Chetwood Voy. & Adventures Capt. R. Boyle 41 At the reading of this Paper, my Heart ran over with Contentment.
1775 G. White Jrnl. 10 Feb. (1970) viii. 97 Peter Wells's well runs over.
1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice I. ii. iii. 22 When the heart is full of affection, the eyes easily run over.
1850 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 23/2 His coffers were running over with gold.
1879 A. Trollope Thackeray ii. 76 His mind was running over with the idea.
1903 Sunday School Jrnl. Apr. 296/1 Show a cup..part full, then fill it till it runs over.
1930 D. Cheney Son of Minos v. 41 Bride of the sun, procreant Whose breasts run over with milk.
1946 Life 9 Dec. 112/2 He reaches the governorship with eyes running over with tears and a heart running over with love.
2002 S. Home 69 Things to do with Dead Princess xi. 154 One of the stones..has a cavity in its top..which could contain an English pint without running over.
c. archaic and literary. my cup runneth over (and variants): used to indicate that one has even more of something than one would have hoped for or believed possible. Also (with humorous allusion to this) ——runneth over: expressing that something (typically something desirable) is extremely plentiful.With biblical allusion to Psalms 23:5 ‘Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.’
ΚΠ
1560 Bible (Geneva) Psalms xxiii. 5 My cup runneth ouer.
1631 J. Ball Treat. Faith ii. viii. 367 He that is silent, expecting Gods helpe when meanes faile, cannot sit still when meanes be at hand, nor lauish indiscreetly when his cup runneth ouer.
1764 J. Turner Diary 6 Sept. in M. Wells Triumph of Faith (1787) 112 Lost in wonder..at the great things the Lord hath done for me in a temporal way:..goods, house, friends... My cup runneth over.
1806 G. Clayton Affectionate Reception of Gospel i. 2 Happy is the man, who..can acknowledge the blessings of health and safety, friendship and competence..: ‘His cup runneth over.’
1942 Yank 19 Aug. 8/2 The Kits Runneth Over. An inventory of the Unit's equipment reads like the Sears Roebuck catalog.
2004 L. Barnes Deep Pockets xviii. 149 He gave me a look to make sure I knew what he was telling me. Two in as many days... My cup runneth over.
2021 Austral. Financial Rev. (Nexis) 21 Oct. 29 (heading) Pub deals runneth over as lockdown blues dissipate.
2. transitive.
a. To restate, repeat, or recount, esp. briefly or summarily; to tell over again; to recapitulate. Cf. to run over —— 2a at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > narration > narrate, relate, or tell [verb (transitive)] > rapidly or succinctly
to run over1536
compend1606
1536 R. Taverner tr. P. Melanchthon Confessyon Fayth Germaynes sig. F.iijv We haue ronne ouer breuely a fewe reasons for our defense.
1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 471 I will..runne over briefly those which are more memorable.
1695 J. Addison Poem to His Majesty 8 But who can run the Brittish Triumphs o're, And count the Flames disperst on ev'ry Shore?
1734 J. Baker Hist. Inquisition xii. 179 These were but preludious Suspicions to farther Evidence, which I will run over as briefly as I can.
1762 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting II. iii. 142 The particulars of his life have been often written, and therefore I shall run them over very briefly.
1824 Amer. Sunday School Teachers' Mag. June 213 We..repeat incessantly..the most trite things, run them over one hundred times.
1853 C. Dickens Bleak House xxii. 217 Will you run over, once again, what the boy said?
1914 C. M. Fuess Sel. Ess. p. x The names of the great English essayists as we run them over—Bacon, Addison, Lamb, [etc.].
1974 W. C. Booth Mod. Dogma & Rhetoric of Assent ii. 78 Just palpitate with me, as I run over once again the pious platitudes of the modernist credo.
1996 J. Lanchester Debt to Pleasure (1997) 189 But perhaps first I should run over a few general sort of thingies, one doesn't like to call them rules, but I suppose that's what they are.
b. To glance or look over; = to run over —— 2b at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > scan or look over
to look through ——?1536
to run over ——1555
overcast1570
to run over1571
pervise1577
transview1602
scour1909
1571 E. Grant tr. Plutarch President for Parentes sig. C.iij A child that is capable of wit and learning ought to..runne ouer with the glimse of his eyes, many beautifull and resplendent sciences.
1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. ii. x. 236 We are taught to cast our eyes over-it, in running it over by divers glances,..and reiterated reprisings.
1681 in Trans. Shropshire Archæol. Soc. (1905) 5 210 I have read or rather cursorily run it over.
1719–20 J. Swift Let. to Young Gentleman (1721) 16 On Sunday Morning, [he] took care to run it [sc. his sermon] over five or six times.
1796 Ld. Nelson 1 Dec. in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) II. 307 I send you some papers of Troubridge. You will like to run them over.
1816 W. Scott Antiquary III. xii. 255 He broke the seal hastily, run the letter over, and then threw it to his daughter.
1877 E. C. Ingersoll Let. 3 Apr. in H. E. Kittredge Ingersoll (1911) v. 103 I recd. yours with report of your speech at Chicago. I ran it over hurriedly and saw you had made the best of all your political speeches.
1910 Herald of Gospel-liberty 9 June 736/1 I have had to steal the time to run it over, and you know a hasty reading does not give one the best conception of any book.
1930 Athens (Ohio) Messenger 28 May 3/2 She ran them [sc. letters] over with perfunctory interest until she came to one of odd shape.
c. To pass in review in the mind, memory, etc.; to review, think over, remind oneself of. Cf. to run over —— 2c at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > reading > [verb (transitive)] > skim or browse or skip
skip1526
launch1570
to run over1577
rufflea1631
leaf1663
to run through1670
to dip into1682
skim1739
thumb-read1825
browse1903
thumb1930
riffle1938
riff1942
skim-read1954
skip-read1977
the mind > mental capacity > thought > think or have in mind [verb (transitive)] > review rapidly
to run over1710
schoon1959
1577 R. Curteys tr. Hugh of St. Victor Expos. S. Paule to Romaynes sig. B.ij Nowe let vs runne ouer againe from the beginning, the foresaide braunches.
1626 R. Bolton Some Gen. Direct. for Comfortable Walking with God (ed. 2) 308 He..runs ouer in his mind with an humble rauishing commemoration, the heauenly footsteps, and mighty works of the holy Ghost.
1685 H. Killigrew Serm. xxi. 386 The Spouse..numbers up and runs over in her Thoughts the manifold Graces that are in Christ.
1710 J. Addison Tatler No. 157. ⁋3 I ran over in my Thoughts the several Characters.
1798 C. Smith Young Philosopher IV. 336 Running over in his mind all the distress that at once awaited his Medora.
1851 H. Mayhew London Labour II. 226/1 A man who knew..a great many regular scavagers, ‘ran them over’, and came to the conclusion [etc.].
1913 A. H. Adams Knight of Motor Launch iv. 47 He ran expeditiously over in his memory all the nieces he had been in love with.
1972 N.Y. Mag. 28 Aug. 49/3 Peter Serkin's marvelous performance of the Goldberg Variations, which I find I am still running over in my mind weeks after the event.
2005 A. Stemple Singer of Souls vii. 125 I ran it over in my mind, trying to change the memory into something heroic.
3. transitive. To pass over the surface of (something) with. Cf. sense 38.
ΚΠ
1625 G. Markham Inrichm. Weald of Kent 23 Run all your ground ouer with a paire of backe-harrowes..and it will breake the Mould as small as ashes.
1685 G. Langbaine Hunter v. 60 Strip him [sc. a horse] of his Clothes, and run him over with your Curry-comb, French Brush, Hair Patch, and Wollen Cloath.
1703 P. Motteux et al. tr. M. de Cervantes Hist. Don Quixote III. 319 If they wou'd run it over with a Razor too, so much the better.
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering III. xvi. 311 Just to rin the beast ower wi' a dry wisp o' strae.
1879 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 4 Apr. 93/3 When dry run it over with fine sandpaper and polish with French polish.
1901 Trees, Fruits, & Flowers Minnesota 29 309 It is a surprise to see how much one can do with it even after having run the ground over with an Acme harrow.
1919 Punch 24 Dec. 536/2 I pointed out 'ow they [sc. skeletons] collected the dust, an' suggested running 'em over with a cleaning rag an' a bit of blanco to freshen 'em up.
2001 C. Bray Dict. Glass (ed. 2) 72/1 Ensuring that it is perfectly flat—if necessary, first running it over with a diamond abrasive pad.
4. intransitive. To change one's allegiance; = to go over 2a at go v. Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose [verb (intransitive)] > desert one's party or principles
declinec1374
starta1450
revert?a1525
to fall away1535
to turn (one's) tippet1546
revolt1549
shrink1553
to turn one's coat1565
to come over1576
apostate1596
to change (one's) sides1596
defect1596
renegade1611
to change foot1618
to run over1643
to face about1645
apostatize1648
tergiverse1675
tergiversate1678
desert1689
apostasize1696
renegado1731
rat1810
to cross the floor1822
turncoat1892
to take (the) soup1907
turn1977
1643 M. Newcomen Craft Churches Adversaries 8 The lesuites have a practice of running over to the Lutheran Church, pretending to be converts.
1667 R. Allestree Causes Decay Christian Piety iii. 47 We are the same desertors whether we stay in our own Camp, or run over to the enemies.
1700 S. L. tr. C. Schweitzer Relation Voy. in tr. C. Frick & C. Schweitzer Relation Two Voy. E.-Indies 227 Running over from the Christians to some Heathenish King.
1751 J. Wesley Let. Dec. (1931) III. 318 Two-and-fifty of Kingswood Society ran over to Calvinism.
1817 M. Edgeworth Harrington iii. 64 If you have a mind to rat, rat sans phrase, and run over to the Jewish side. I always thought you were a Jew at heart.
1876 G. Harwood Disestablishment viii. 399 When the middle territory between extreme Protestantism and Roman Catholicism is depopulated, all its people will run over to the extreme Protestantism.
1945 Reader's Digest July 106/2 How many of them have run over to the enemy and betrayed their Fatherland, day after day?
1999 L. Landvik Tall Pine Polka (2001) vii. 62 Just because she was lapsed didn't mean she was ready to run over to the heretical Lutheran side.
ΚΠ
1699 tr. H. de Blancourt Art of Glass ccxii. 282 Let it dry for two Days; after this run it over again with the same Wash..and let it dry two Days longer.
6. transitive. Of a vehicle, its driver, etc.: to knock down and pass over (someone); to injure or kill by knocking down; = to run over —— 1 at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > vehicular traffic > [verb (transitive)] > run over with vehicle
to run over1860
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > vehicular traffic > [verb (transitive)] > knock down with vehicle > and run over
to run over1860
1860 M. Oliphant in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 656/2 A carriage..darted under the arch of the gateway, almost running him over.
1891 N. Amer. Rev. Sept. 309 A hansom cab, with two men in it, attempted to run him over.
1915 ‘I. Hay’ First Hundred Thousand vi. 45 The soldier will open the throttle to its full extent and run the officer over.
1970 P. Laurie Scotl. Yard iii. 69 The one getting in slams the door and roars off, nearly running my mate over.
1978 Daily Tel. 1 Nov. 19/6 Mann appeared to be more concerned about the damage to his motor-cycle than the youth he had run over.
2001 New Statesman 15 Oct. 55 She has already tried to run Doris over in her car, and has served a prison sentence as a consequence.
7. intransitive. To exceed the time allotted, to last longer than expected; to overrun. Cf. to run over —— 7 at Phrasal verbs 2, overrun v. 10.Also with complement specifying by how much the allotted time is exceeded.
ΚΠ
1864 G. Ticknor Life William Hickling Prescott ii. 17 He would be sure not to run one minute over, however he might sometimes fall short of the full time for learning a particular lesson.
1920 100%: Efficiency Mag. (U.S.) Nov. 52/1 This allows one hour for meeting on the company's time, and if the meeting runs over, it is on the men's time.
1943 War Labor Rep. 3 247/2 It is frequently impossible to schedule runs in such a fashion so as to utilize the full workweek without running a few hours over.
1969 E. B. Feldman Housek. Handbk. for Inst., Business & Industry viii. 86 As a general rule, the industrial engineer is a few minutes early for each appointment and begins to get nervous if a timed event begins to run five minutes over.
1988 J. Bacia Shadows of Power 29 Forgive me. The meeting ran over and the traffic was hell.
2006 L. Wang Discrim. by Default i. 3 Although she tried very hard to make it back to school in time for class, the appointment ran over and Li got to campus just after class had ended.
1. intransitive. Of the head, mind, etc.: to spin; to experience feelings of giddiness.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > excitement > be or become excited [verb (intransitive)] > become dizzy with excitement (of the mind or head)
reel1579
to run round1580
swim1702
spin1819
1580 A. Saker Narbonus i. 81 The teares flowed downe her face, and her head ran round shee knew not how.
1630 T. Randolph Aristippus (new ed.) 16 Heere you haue an Encuclopœdia [sic] of Sciences, whose method being circular, can neuer be so well learned, as when your head runnes round.
1678 R. L'Estrange tr. Of Happy Life ii. xi. 144 in Seneca's Morals Abstracted (1679) The Leacher, without any regard to Decency, or Scandal, turns up his Whore in the Market-Place. A Mans Tongue trips, his Head runs round; he Staggers in his Pace.
a1777 F. Fawkes tr. Apollonius Rhodius Argonautics (1780) ii. 91 In dizzy fumes involv'd, his brain runs round, And swims beneath his feet the solid ground.
1856 Melbourne Punch 27 Nov. 135/1 You can run round until your head runs round.
1899 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 13/2 It was no good trying to think out a direction, for in the fog my brain was running round.
1914 F. J. Olcott Good Stories for Great Holidays 252 And the noise they made was like to make her head run round.
2008 Brantford (Ont.) Expositor (Nexis) 8 Nov. a1 This gas is awful stuff. My head was running round like a whirlwind, my throat and nose raw.
2. intransitive. Of an idea, emotion, etc.: to be persistently present or in circulation; = to run around 3 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1595 R. Southwell St. Peters Complaint 25 My eye, reades mournfull lessons to my hart, My hart, doth to my thought the griefe expound..Thus circkling griefes runne round without an end.
1679 R. L'Estrange Free-born Subj. 3 And so the Controversie shall run round World without end.
1722 D. Defoe Moll Flanders 186 While these Thoughts run round in my Head,..I observ'd my Landlord took him aside and whisper'd to him.
1847 Boston Musical Gaz. 27 Sept. 140/3 Thoughts ran round in my head, and I could not banish them.
1861 G. W. Curtis Trumps xxxvi. 218 His fancy was running round all the time.
1957 A. C. Clarke Tales from White Hart 46 I got saddled that way for a whole week with the big theme from the finale of Sibelius Two—even went to sleep with it running round inside my head.
1999 T. le Tissier Race for Reichstag vii. 124 The rumor ran round that Tempelhof had been outflanked from both east and west.
3. intransitive. To go about hurriedly, frantically, or aimlessly; = to run around 1 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > move swiftly in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > move swiftly and violently > rush around
scour1297
startlec1300
reelc1400
rammisha1540
gad1552
ramp1599
fling1620
to run rounda1623
rampage1791
to run around1822
to rip and tear1846
hella1864
running around like a chicken with its head cut off (also like a chicken with no head)1887
to haul ass1918
tear-arse1942
a1623 W. Pemble Vindiciæ Gratiæ (1627) 214 As if we..ran round from the Scriptures to the Spirit, & againe from the Spirit to the Scriptures.
1675 H. Croft Naked Truth 38 He runs round to prove this by that, and that by this, and not one tittle out of Scripture for either.
1727 J. Wright Spiritual Songs for Children 64 Some Men endow'd with Pelf, Run round like Horse and Mule.
1819 ‘O. Moreland’ Charms of Dandyism I. xv. 114 There are some people who can only live in a whirl; like the squirrels, they only seem sensible of their life when they are running round at the rate of twenty miles an hour.
1857 S. F. Holbrook Threescore Years xxvii. 489 You are running round, trying to injure his reputation.
1900 Parl. Deb. (Victoria, Austral.) XCV. 1866/1 When I had confidence in the valuer,..I should not run round looking for a valuer who would give a higher valuation.
1970 K. Amis Lett. (2000) 730 I've been running round like a blue fly getting these pics done, interviewing shags and so on.
2000 Herald (Glasgow) 21 Aug. 1/4 I got lost twice..and was running round with the route map in my hand.
4. intransitive. colloquial. To associate or consort with (a person); (sometimes) spec. to have or pursue a romantic relationship with. Similarly with together. Cf. to run around 2 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1895 E. N. Blair Lisbeth Wilson 296 Is he runnin' round with good-for-nothin' fellers, an' takin' tew their ways?
1905 Cent. Mag. May 70/2 Sally may not be as good-lookin' as some I know, but she's good-natured, and she don't run round with sap-headed dudes.
1940 M. Allingham Black Plumes iii. 19 He and Phillida ran round together quite a bit.
1966 A. Powell Soldier's Art 78 Robert Tolland was running round with my sister, Flavia, before he went to France.
2008 T. E. Blue Keyshia & Clyde xxiii. 172 And who's this girl I hear you running 'round with?
1. transitive. To pierce or stab through the body with a weapon, etc. Cf. sense 31c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > wound > wound with sharp weapon
woundc760
stickOE
snese?c1225
stokea1300
steekc1300
bearc1330
stangc1340
chop1362
broach1377
foinc1380
strikec1390
borea1400
dag?a1400
gorea1400
gridea1400
staira1400
through-girdc1405
thrustc1410
runc1425
to run throughc1425
traversec1425
spitc1430
through-seeka1500
stitch1527
falchiona1529
stab1530
to stab (a person) in1530
stob?1530
rutc1540
rove?c1550
push1551
foxa1566
stoga1572
poniard1593
dirk1599
bestab1600
poach1602
stiletto1613
stocka1640
inrun1653
stoccado1677
dagger1694
whip1699
bayonetc1700
tomahawk1711
stug1722
chiv1725
kittle1786
sabre1790
halberd1825
jab1825
skewer1837
sword1863
poke1866
spear1869
whinger1892
pig-stick1902
shiv1926
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > cut or penetrate (of weapon) [verb (transitive)] > strike with pointed weapon
prickOE
pritchOE
snese?c1225
threstc1275
stokea1300
bearc1330
stangc1340
broach1377
foinc1380
borea1400
dag?a1400
gorea1400
gridea1400
slot?a1400
staira1400
through-girdc1405
thrustc1410
runc1425
to run throughc1425
traversec1425
spitc1430
through-seeka1500
to run in1509
stab1530
to stab (a person) in1530
accloy1543
push1551
stoga1572
poacha1616
stocka1640
stoccado1677
stug1722
kittle1820
skewer1837
pitchfork1854
poke1866
chib1973
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. 1059 (MED) He..Ran oon þoruȝ, þat he fil doun ded.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 820 He..wolde have renne sir Launcelot thorow.
a1538 A. Abell Roit or Quheill of Tyme f. 43v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Rin With his speir he ran him throw and straik him to the erd.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxxx A souliour encountred with him & ran him through.
1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xxx. i. 380 In menacing wise readie to run the young prince through.
1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. ii. i. 22 Flying insects may have their colour and shape preserved..by running them through in some convenient part with pins.
1710 J. Swift in J. Swift & R. Steele Tatler No. 238 Those Bully Greeks, who, as the Moderns do, Instead of paying Chair-men, run them thro'.
1842 E. Bulwer-Lytton Zanoni II. iv. i. 128 The boatswain's brother, a fat Dutchman, ran him through with a pike.
1890 G. M. Fenn Double Knot I. ii. 102 I shall shoot that fellow, or run him through.
1914 Times 7 Jan. 6/1 A soldier had struck him and threatened to run him through with his bayonet.
1999 H. E. Garwood Swords across Thames iii. 47 As the man turned and swung his sword, Edward..ran him through.
2. transitive.
a. To relate, rehearse (a tale, list, sequence of events, etc.); to consider; = to run through —— 1a at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > narration > narrate, relate, or tell [verb (transitive)]
singc900
reckonOE
readOE
tellOE
showc1175
betellc1275
i-tellec1275
rehearsec1300
record1340
accounta1387
to chase forthc1386
retretec1400
reporta1402
count?a1425
recite1448
touch?a1450
repeat1451
deliverc1454
explikec1454
renderc1460
recount1477
to show forth1498
relate1530
to set forth1530
rechec1540
reaccount1561
recitate1568
history1600
recant1603
to run througha1616
enarrate1750
narrate1754
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 131 Her Father..Still questioned me the story of my life..: I ran it through. View more context for this quotation
1832 G. V. H. Forbes Green Mountain Ann. v. 58 She ran her story through even to the time of telling it.
1881 J. E. A. Troyte Through Ranks to Commission v. 97 I can convey a better idea by running through briefly the chief things an orderly corporal would have to do.
1883 C. S. Peirce in Stud. Logic 157 Although the points are innumerable, yet there is a certain order among them that enables us to run them through and pick from them.
1904 R. C. Praed Nyria xxxii. 325 ‘Recount thine items and their cost.’ Stephanus ran them through hurriedly.
2008 ‘J. D. Robb’ Strangers in Death xii. 174 ‘I spent the morning conducting interviews. So yeah, it's been a chatty day.’ She ran it through for him.
b. [After classical Latin percurrere percur v. in similar use.] To read over, esp. rapidly; to glance through; to scan. Cf. to run through —— 1b at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare. †to run the chapter through: to go over an old quarrel again (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > reading > [verb (transitive)] > skim or browse or skip
skip1526
launch1570
to run over1577
rufflea1631
leaf1663
to run through1670
to dip into1682
skim1739
thumb-read1825
browse1903
thumb1930
riffle1938
riff1942
skim-read1954
skip-read1977
OE tr. Defensor Liber Scintillarum (1969) lxxxi. 422 Nequaquam legem intellegit qui carnaliter uerba legis percurrit sed is qui eam sensu interioris intellegentię percipit : nateshwon lage understynt se þe flæsclice wordu lage þurhyrnþ ac se þe þa on andgyte inran understandincge onfehþ.]
1670 E. Fowler Princ. & Pract. Moderate Divines To Rdr. p. xii To cast an eye upon this Discourse, that thou wouldest not only read here and there some part of it, but take the small pains to run it through.
1673 A. Wood Life 17 Mar. I told him I..would not come, or run the chapter through, as uncivil people.
1832 A. M. Porter Hungarian Brothers (rev. ed.) x. 119 Demetrius put this letter into his hand... His brother eagerly ran it through [1807 ran through it].
1856 J. Loud Gabriel Vane xxxiv. 353 She ran the letter through, while her heart beat with a fearful tumult.
1915 J. M. Taylor Let. 12 July in E. H. Haight Life & Lett. (1919) ix. 271 I had no intention of reading the book again (!) but after your letter came I ran it through.
1923 Weird Tales July–Aug. 25/1 There were several similar volumes at his elbow, and I dared to take one up and run it through.
3. transitive. To draw a line through, strike out, delete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > efface, obliterate [verb (transitive)] > erase by marking
strikec1386
to rub offa1425
cancelc1440
streakc1440
cross1483
outstrike1487
line1530
to strike out1530
dash1549
to strike off1597
cancellate1664
damask1673
score1687
to run through1817
overscore1834
blue-pencil1883
stroke1885
caviar1890
to stencil out1891
to strike through1898
ex1935
x1942
1817 Statutes Realm II. 2 (note) Which latter Words are run through with a Pen.
1877 Sunday School Chron. 29 Mar. 148/3 When books are returned, we run the figures through.
1904 S. Martin I. Walton & his Friends 116 The printed word Author is run through and corrected with a pen.
1995 ‘K. Christopher’ Ice Cream in Winter iii. 46 It might have been construed as dangerous talk and the censor would run the words through with his blue pencil.
4. Billiards, Snooker, and Pool. (a) intransitive. Of a ball, esp. the cue ball: to continue to roll in the same direction as the ball it has hit, or (in later use) in the same direction after hitting another ball. (b) transitive. To cause (a ball) to do this. Also intransitive.
ΚΠ
1862 G. F. Pardon Handbk. Billiards i. 14 A high stroke..which causes the player's ball to follow in the immediate direction taken by the object-ball; or ‘run through’, as it is called.
1901 C. D. Locock Side & Screw: Notes on Theory & Pract. Billiards v. 67 The drag-stroke may be used for ‘running-through’ a ball (i.e. a stroke between a full and a half ball).
1925 A. F. Peall All about Billiards viii. 86 Drop the red in the pocket at just the right strength to allow your ball to run through into similar position on the other side of the spot.
1999 A. Kumar Snooker & Billiards 22 You are straight on Red 4, so simply run through for the black.
ΚΠ
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2004/2 A mold is said to be run through when a quantity of metal is made to enter at one gate and out at another, to remove sullage, air, etc.
6. transitive. To show (a film, etc.); = sense 82b.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > film show > show [verb (transitive)]
show1879
screen1912
to run through1913
film1915
run1915
1913 Pearson's Mag. Mar. 343/2 If I'd run the film through at once at one of our theaters and was satisfied, I was to send the money immediately to the hotel.
1953 E. Simon Past Masters iii. 196 ‘Have you ever thought of doing anything, with that Mexican film of yours, Hamish?’.. ‘If I coold have it run through somewhere and have another luke at it.’
1992 New York 6 Jan. 33/1 There was a similar scene in his next film. If Wesley liked, they could run it through.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > be similar [verb (intransitive)] > correspond
answer?c1225
to run together?c1225
agreea1525
correspond1529
respond1563
quadrate1610
analogize1646
homologize1733
begin1862
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > chance [verb (intransitive)] > come about by chance > coincide
to run together?c1225
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 65 Of silence & of speche nis buten an lare. & for þi inwritunge ha eorneð ba togederes.
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) v. pr. i. l. 4361 It bytidde and ran to-gidre [L. convenit atque concurrit] þat he dalf þere as þat oþer hadde hidd þe golde.
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 104v (MED) Alle manerez of curyng as war rynneþ togider or meteþ in 2 manerez of rectifying.
a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 7 Whan þe tyme of Crist is come þan renne to noumberes togidir—þe blak seruith for þe age of þe world, þe rede seruith for þe annotacion of Crist.
1536 R. Taverner tr. P. Melanchthon Apol. sig. Qv, in Confessyon Fayth Germaynes In a propitiatour these two thynges must concurre & runne together.
2. intransitive.
a. Of liquid, esp. milk: to coagulate, solidify; to curdle. Also transitive: to cause (milk, etc.) to solidify or curdle. Cf. senses 41a, 41b. Now rare.Later instances are more usually interpreted as sense 2b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [verb (intransitive)] > curdle or become curdled
runeOE
loppera1300
curda1398
to run togethera1398
quaila1425
trout1483
lop1570
turn1577
quar1578
curdle1586
caille1601
to set together1608
set1736
whig1756
shill1876
clabber1880
a1398 [implied in: J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 224v Þe mylk of þe figge tree haþ vertu of rennynge togidre to make chese. (at running together n. at running n. Compounds 1a(a))].
a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 44 Lat þin bature renne dowun..& whan it is ronne to-gedere on þe chafere [etc.].
1598 F. Meres Palladis Tamia f. 118 As milke doth run together, and is coagulated by the rennet: so men are combined together, and made one by friendship.
1694 R. Blome tr. A. Le Grand Hist. Nature Bodies i. vi. 12/2 in Entire Body of Philos. When Milk grows stale, its thinner parts become fluid, and being sowred with the warmth, serve instead of sowr Liquor or Rennet, to run the Milk together.
1854 W. Graham Exercises Etymol. 48 Run, to flow;..from this, rain, and runnet, juice which makes milk run together.
1873 J. Harland Gloss. Words Swaledale 44 Runnet, the herb gallium..; it runs the milk together, i.e. makes it curdle.
1880 T. C. Duncan Feeding & Managem. Infants & Children 130 A teaspoonful of cooked arrowroot or cornstarch..will prevent the milk running together into large curds.
1949 H. A. Skinner Origin Med. Terms 303/2 Rennet was so-called because it caused milk to run together or coagulate. While this is an unusual use of ‘run’ it occurs in early English dictionaries in the sense of ‘run the milk together’.
b. Of substances: to combine, coalesce, esp. when in a liquid state or through the addition of liquid; (also, of soil, etc.) to bind together. Also transitive: to cause to combine or coalesce. Cf. sense 50.
ΚΠ
a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) iv. l. 1922 Al þe metale moltynnyt þan, And in a qwerne togedyr ran.
a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 86 (MED) It is full like þat many kyndes of sovnyng metall ronne to-gedres in the makyng therof.
1588 B. Dowe Dairie Bk. Good Huswiues in T. Kyd tr. T. Tasso Housholders Philos. (new ed.) Put the euening Milke..ouer the fire, and the morrow milke newe milked togeather, and so run them togeather.
1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. v. sig. F2 The Aqueitie, Terreity, and Sulphureitie Shall runne together againe. View more context for this quotation
1678 Philos. Trans. 1677 (Royal Soc.) 12 934 The Metal runs together into a round Mass or Lump.
1757 tr. J. F. Henckel Pyritologia x. 208 Arsenic holds firmer still in its pyrites, when..it happens to cake or run together with its accompanying iron-earth.
1834 E. Mackenzie & M. Ross Hist., Topogr., & Descr. View Durham p. lxviii Rock Coal..does not melt and run together in the fire like the caking coal.
1861 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 22 ii. 357 This land, though apt to run together, breaks again with comparative ease.
1913 J. W. Jenkinson Vertebr. Embryol. iii. 37 The separate yolk-globules run together at an early stage to form one continuous yolk-mass.
1949 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 245/1 Too much water sprinkled on flower beds tends to run the soil particles together, causing it to bake hard afterwards.
1962 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 22 Sept. 17/1 Boil rapidly..until thick enough to slide off a spoon in two drops that run together.
2005 M. J. O'Kelly in D. Ó Cróinín New Hist. Ireland iii. 118 The metal particles..became molten, ran together, and passed down through the charcoal.
c. gen. To (cause to) combine, merge, or unite. Also transitive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > combine [verb (intransitive)]
adjoin1483
combinate1578
meet1581
symbolize1601
cohere1606
to run together1662
consolidate1690
combine1712
to run into ——a1715
compound1727
accrete1730
amalgamate1797
concrete1853
1662 G. Sikes Life & Death Sir Henry Vane 24 The elements are content to loose their own single natures, essences, properties, formes and qualities, and run together into a quintessential compound.
1715 A. Pitcairne Method of curing Small-pox in G. Sewell & J. T. Desaguliers tr. A. Pitcairne Wks. 272 If the Pox run together in the Face (which is the only thing that brings Hazard).
a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. iii. xxii. 377 As our lives pass in a continual succession of sensitive and reflective ideas, those of both sorts will run together in clusters.
1774 Ld. Monboddo Of Origin & Progress of Lang. II. iii. XII. 427 Though they very often employ many words to express one thing, yet they do not run them together into one word.
1849 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 16 202/2 The parties named have run their contributions together to form one small volume.
1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 54 The red corpuscles show a marked tendency to run together.
1915 C. P. Gilman Herland in Forerunner Feb. 42/1 As we neared the center of the town the houses stood thicker, ran together as it were.
1956 G. Durrell Drunken Forest (1961) 180 ‘It is good?’ he asked, twirling it [sc. a parasol] proudly so that the colours ran together.
1992 G. Hancock Sign & Seal ii. iv. 75 Wolfram's..tendency to make up new and fanciful names by running old ones together.
2003 Wildlife Conservation Oct. 35 (caption) The king [cheetah] has spots that run together to form several (usually three) black stripes down its back.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > jousting or tilting > joust or tilt [verb (intransitive)]
playeOE
bourdisec1320
joustc1330
copec1350
tourney1390
coup?a1400
joustenc1400
to joust of warc1400
to run togetherc1410
bourda1500
to fight at barriers1532
runa1533
to run at (the) tilt1548
jostle1580
tilt1595
to break a treea1600
to run (or ride) a-tilt1608
to run tilt1831
c1410 tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 103 Þerfore þese kynges rennynge to gidres in myddes of þe ile..firste on horse and after on foot þay dede a syngular bataille.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 156 (MED) Þan þei make knyghtes to jousten in armes full lustyly, & þei rennen togidre a gret raundoun & þei frusschen togidere full fiercely.
a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Merlin (1904) I. l. 2839 (MED) Thanne to-gederis Ronnen these dragowns tweyne.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 50 Therewith they ran togiders, that Arthures spere all to-shevirde.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Acies incurrunt, the armies incounter or runne together.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Decurrere dicuntur milites, to iust or renne together with speares.
1602 S. Patrick tr. J. de Hainault Estate of Church 687 The signall giuen, both Armies ranne together, and fought so eagerly, that [etc.].
4. transitive. To join or fix together by means of molten metal, liquid mortar, or the like; to solder; to weld. Also figurative. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > weld
well1424
shut1490
shoot1499
to run together1631
weld1678
smithy1866
1631 W. Watts tr. St. Augustine Confessions iv. viii. 173 By a thousand other most pleasing motions, did we soder or runne as it were our soules together, and made but one out of many.
1696 A. de la Pryme Diary 10 July (1870) i. 100 It [sc. a glass coffin] was excellently well soldered or run together.
1763 J. Robson Brit. Mars ii. ii. 87 I have proposed to build with large Pebble-stones, run together with the Metal of old Guns for cheapness.
1794 W. Hutchinson Hist. Cumberland II. 20 The mode of building..is rather uncommon, the construction being of large thin stones, placed..so as to form a kind of feathered work, the whole run together with lime and pebbles.
1811 R. Kerr Hist. Scotl. I. vi. 269 The walls are only four feet thick, composed of small irregular stones run together by fluid lime mortar.
1849 J. G. Swindell Rudimentary Treat. Well-digging iv. 32 When the joints are not turned, they [sc. collars] are run together with metal.
1881 Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. & Antiquarian Field Club 5 i. 5 It had a triple rampart formed of loose stones, the principal rampart being run together with lime, so as to have a solid mass of concrete in the centre.
1917 P. F. Willis Pract. Man. Oxy-acetylene Welding & Cutting viii. 165 While the metal can be run together, the weld will be found to be porous, brittle, and, of course, possessing little strength.
1. intransitive.† b. To grow up or attain to adulthood, maturity, etc. Cf. sense 6a. Obsolete.
a. Esp. of a plant: to shoot up; to grow rapidly or vigorously. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > grow or vegetate [verb (intransitive)] > sprout forth or spring up
growc725
springOE
upspringc1000
sprouta1200
springa1225
risea1382
burgeon1382
burgea1387
to run upa1393
lance1393
bursta1400
launch1401
reke?1440
alighta1450
shoot1483
to come up?1523
start1587
to grow up1611
to come away1669
to break forth1675
upshoot1841
outgrow1861
sprinta1878
break1882
sprount1890
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 401 (MED) The Netle which up renneth The freisshe rede Roses brenneth And makth hem fade and pale of hewe.
c1450 Mandeville's Trav. (Coventry) (1973) 1889 (MED) On þe trees hit renneth vp there Wilde vynes as though it were.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 101 Yf you reserue them [sc. oak trees] for Tymber, you must not touche the tops, that it may runne vp the straighter, and higher.
1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole ii. iii. 464 When they [sc. parsnips] runne vp to seede, you shall take the principall or middle heades.
1640 T. Fuller Joseph's Coat 91 We must not all run up in heigth, like a Hop-pole, but also burnish, & spread in bredth.
1691 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 8) 96 If Plants run up to Seed over-hastily..pull their Roots a little out of the ground.
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at June Which will cause them [sc. lettuce] to run up, and not cabbage.
1821 W. Scott Kenilworth I. iii. 54 These [hedges] having been untrimmed for many years, had run up into great bushes.
1847 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 8 ii. 577 The grass is again running up for a second crop of seed.
1873 M. Collins Squire Silchester I. ix. 126 Silvester was a tall fellow for his age; had run up a little too fast.
1907 J. Fraser Select Carnations, Picotees, & Pinks v. 36 As the flower stems run up..they should be neatly and securely staked.
1965 Gardeners Chron. 19 June 598/3 Plants for standards should be allowed to run up unstopped.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > adult > be adult [verb (intransitive)] > become adult
win of elda1300
throc1325
to grow up1535
discradle1634
to run up1713
mature1844
majorize1896
1713 H. Felton Diss. Reading Classics 8 In some Persons, who have run up to Men without a Liberal Education, we may observe many great Qualities darken'd and eclips'd.
1728 A. Ramsay Ode Birth of Drumlanrig in Poems II. 160 Your Prince, who late Up to the state of Manhood run, Now..Sees his ain Image in a Son.
1882 Amer. Missionary Dec. 362 It is surprising how soon the youth run up to maturity.
1888 Home Missionary (N.Y.) Feb. 404 When a boy passes his fourteenth year he suddenly runs up to manhood in size.
2.
a. intransitive. Of a bill, account, debt, amount of money, etc.: to mount up, accumulate.In early use: †(of a particular amount owed, due, etc.) to be attained by the accumulation of smaller amounts (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (intransitive)]
forthwaxa900
wax971
growOE
risec1175
anhigh1340
upwax1340
creasec1380
increasec1380
accreasea1382
augmenta1400
greata1400
mountc1400
morec1425
upgrowc1430
to run up1447
swell?c1450
add1533
accresce1535
gross1548
to get (a) head1577
amount1583
bolla1586
accrue1586
improve1638
aggrandize1647
accumulate1757
raise1761
heighten1803
replenish1814
to turn up1974
1447 in L. Morsbach Mittelengl. Originalurkunden (1923) 40 The sayd Nicholas schall pay..at the fest of the Natiuite of saint john Baptyst then next suing ten pounde..and so forth fro yere to yere, vnto the sayde somme of too hundreth marc be fulle ron vp.
1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. E7 Promising them..that they shall pay no more rent yeerelie, till the same be runne vp.
1637 S. Rutherford Let. 6 Jan. in Joshua Redivivus (1664) 175 Thy stipend is running up with interest in heaven as if thou wert preaching.
1675 W. Dugdale Baronage Eng. I. 228/2 The K[ing] was pleased..to accept of him, for those which were due from his said Father, unto the Exchequer, twenty pounds per annum, untill they should be run up.
1679 J. Somerville Memorie Somervilles (1815) II. 382 The interest of the money he had borrowed running up all that tyme.
a1700 in W. K. Tweedie Select Biogr. (1847) II. 129 A..long account of sins that had run up upon me.
1760 Diss. Chief Obstacles Improvem. Land v. 63 The heritor must..allow a bill of arrear to run up, which becomes so much desperate debt.
1804 M. Edgeworth Will in Pop. Tales (1805) I. 186 The account between us has run up to a great sum.
1889 Heathen Woman's Friend Aug. 38/1 My bills are running up all the time, but I cannot help it.
1913 J. C. Hadden Prince Charles Edward vi. 95 His debts had now run up to the tidy total of 30,000 livres.
1991 M. Ultee tr. A. T. van Deursen Plain Lives in Golden Age 164 [He] allowed his debt to run up to 285,000 gulden before he fled abroad.
b. transitive. To cause or allow (a bill, debt, etc.) to mount up; to amass (a fortune, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > owe [verb (transitive)]
shallc975
owec1175
ought1483
behove1496
rest1503
tick1674
to run up1684
ought1822
1684 J. Goodman Old Relig. ii. ii. 227 Let him do this often, that he may not run up too big a score, and so..his Conscience be so affrighted..that like a Bankrupt he be tempted to decline looking into his accounts.
1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ I. at Run up To run up a score.
a1777 S. Foote Devil upon Two Sticks (1778) ii. 30 Dr. Linctus..run me up a bill of thirty odd pounds.
1780 F. Burney Jrnl. Apr. in Early Jrnls. & Lett. (2003) IV. 39 He would be rather pleased than surprised if I should run him up a new Bill.
1840 F. M. Trollope Life & Adventures Michael Armstrong xix. 211 The plan of under-selling may..enable a very lucky man to run up a blood-stained fortune.
1844 J. T. J. Hewlett Parsons & Widows I. vi. 157 I was running up fresh bills with my tradesmen.
1887 Contemp. Rev. July 13 A public debt, very heavy in proportion to..the wealth of the country, has been rapidly run up.
1925 A. Loos Gentlemen prefer Blondes vi. 197 I decided I would..go to Cartiers and run up quite a large size bill on Henry's credit.
1996 C. Cussler Shock Wave xlv. 425 A Russian entrepreneur, who ran up a vast fortune by buying shut-down aluminum and copper mines in Siberia..and then reopening them.
2010 New Yorker 4 Jan. 21/2 Even if you're already sick, and guaranteed to run up huge medical bills in the future.
c. transitive. Sport. To accumulate (a specified number of points, runs, etc.). to run up the score: (U.S.) to accumulate points needlessly when one is already in a dominant position.
ΚΠ
1842 Era 12 June The gentlemen of Cambridge went in first, and ran up a score of 139, whilst the Oxford only obtained 63.
1895 Outing Oct. 84/1 Harvard had played the Chicago Athletic Club..and had run up twenty-four points in the first half.
1899 Leeds Mercury 21 Mar. 10/6 Dawson..ran up a break of 64 before failing at an easy middle pocket loser from baulk.
1934 Standard-Examiner (Ogden, Utah) 8 Oct. (Sports section) 9/3 The Teachers ran up 40 points against Western State while holding the Mountaineers scoreless.
1955 Times 25 Aug. 3/3 The South Africans ran up 467 runs for the loss of eight wickets.
1989 Sports Illustr. 18 Dec. 73/3 It seemed strange last Saturday to hear Wildcat guard Derrick Miller accuse Kansas coach Roy Williams of running up the score.
1993 N.Y. Times 7 Nov. viii. 2/1 What would we gain by trying to run the score up on them when we have to play them twice a year every year?
2005 C. Krige Right Place at Wrong Time xii. 206 But then we went to Leicester, and they ran up 30 points against us.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > [verb (intransitive)] > reach land or port
arrivec1275
to take landc1330
uprive1338
to run up?c1450
land1748
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) 802 (MED) With cuthbert and his moder þen Rane vp þar bot thre men.
?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) 4732 (MED) Þa rane vp at þe hauen agayne.
a. intransitive. To follow a train of thought or argument to an earlier or more fundamental point; to go back in time or memory. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > [verb (intransitive)] > go back in time
recourse1561
to go back1587
to run up1609
to put (also set, turn, etc.) back the clock1623
recedea1681
amount1714
to put (also set, turn, etc.) the clock back1745
remount1777
mount1788
retrograde1797
to throw back1855
1609 W. Cowper Three Heauenly Treat. Romanes iii. 429 If we search the beginning of Gods Loue towards vs, wee may runne vp in our thought to the beginning of the world, but cannot attaine to the beginning of this Loue.
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ iii. i. §12 If it had no beginning, it could be no tradition; for that must run up to some persons from whom it first came.
1698 J. Collier Short View Immorality Eng. Stage vi. 254 He exhorts them to refresh their Memories, to run up to their Baptism.
1754 A. Berthelson Eng. & Danish Dict. at Run We must run up to the original, vi maae gaae tilbage til förste oprindelse.
1792 Eng. Rev. Feb. 104 We..run up ages beyond the conquest, for the introduction of chess among our continental neighbours and ourselves.
1851 J. H. Newman Lect. Present Position Catholics Eng. ii. 46 A general belief or impression..running up beyond the memory of man.
1865 H. E. Manning Temporal Mission Holy Ghost (1866) i. 94 Whatsoever Tradition is found in all the world, neither written in Scripture nor decreed by any Council of the Church, but running up beyond the Scripture and the General Councils.
1890 G. W. Dean Lect. Evid. Revealed Relig. xi. 436 The controversies among Christians, running up to the earliest times, as to the rule for fixing the feast of Easter.
b. transitive. To trace or pursue in thought or argument, esp. backwards in time. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > find out, discover [verb (transitive)] > trace or follow up
investigate1623
trace1654
to run up1657
track1681
retrace1697
1657 J. Owen Of Communion with God iii. iii. 286 I cannot intend to run this expression up into its rise and originall.
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ ii. ii. 133 In Moses his time it was a very easie matter to run up their lineall descent as far as the flood.
1678 V. Alsop Melius Inquirendum Introd. 30 He has said more to me, than if he had run up its Pedigree through a Dozen or more Centuries.
1740 G. Cheyne Ess. Regimen 186 I might..run this analogy up to all the Qualities and Attributes [etc.].
a1769 R. Riccaltoun Wks. (1771) I. 209 When run up to their true original, and taken as they stand in the Bible, reason has nothing to say against them [sc. sentiments and practices].
c. transitive. To combine or conflate into. Also intransitive: to admit of being conflated. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > combine [verb (transitive)] > immaterial things
join1340
combine1529
conjoin1588
incorporate1599
to run up1859
elide1952
1859 R. S. Candlish Reason & Revelation 113 No attempt to run them [sc. affections] up into one common attribute has succeeded.
1873 M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma vii. 194 We can run up nearly all faults of conduct into two classes.
1877 M. Arnold Last Ess. on Church & Relig. p. xx Observers say..that all our passions may be run up into two elementary instincts.
1892 S. A. Brooke Short Serm. iii. 23 All of them [sc. qualities]—meekness and humility and purity and the rest—run up into two.
5. intransitive. to run up against.
a. To collide with (a person or thing).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > impinge upon [verb (transitive)] > collide with
hurtlec1430
to run up against1625
rencounter1671
collide1700
shock1783
1625 R. Juet in S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. iii. xvi. 588 Our shallop came running vp against our sterne, and split in all her stemme.
1747 R. Gough tr. D. Martin Hist. Bible 165 The Ass run up against one of these Walls with so much Violence that Balaam's Leg was bruised.
1797 R. Proud Hist. Pennsylvania II. App. Pt. ii. 73 They surrounded me with drawn knives in their hands, in such a manner, that I could hardly get along; running up against me, with their breasts open, as if they wanted some pretence to kill me.
1834 M. A. Shee Cecil Hyde I. xvi. 192 As I hurried through the ante-room I nearly ran up against a person coming out of an adjoining apartment.
1873 Quiver 9 346/2 Turning a corner, she ran up against her husband. But for the actual contact causing both to start and stare, they would have passed unrecognised and unrecognising.
1910 W. Roughead Trial Oscar Slater Introd. p. xl She saw the man run from the close and down the steps. He came towards her very fast, ran up against her, and on towards West Cumberland Street.
1960 W. Hibberd tr. J. Hervieux New Test. Apocrypha ix. 107 One day as the Lord Jesus was returning home with Joseph, he met a boy who ran up against him and knocked him down.
2005 D. Prestoon & D. Child Brimstone xxxiii. 275 He tried to go around her, but she shifted and he almost ran up against her.
b. To encounter (a person or thing), esp. as a source of difficulty, obstruction, or opposition.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > come up against opposition from
to run up againsta1758
to run afoul of1822
to knock one's head against1824
buck1904
a1758 J. Edwards Serm. ii. 36 in S. Hopkins Life & Char. J. Edwards (1765) We ought to avoid running up against stumbling Blocks; i.e. we should avoid those Things that expose us to fall into Sin.
1830 Sporting Mag. July 179/2 A man that cannot see walks as well in the dark as in daylight, and in fact is less likely to run up against mischief.
1846 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 367/2 One morning, whilst taking an early walk to the springs, I ran up against an English friend.
1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 4 Aug. 3/1 Our extradition treaty with the United States has run up against its first snag.
1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 50/3 (advt.) The ‘Yankee’ Ratchet Screw-driver with which to tackle any and all screws that you will run up against in the course of ordinary work.
1960 A. Munro in R. Weaver Canad. Short Stories (1968) 2nd Ser. 278 I had run up against the simple unprepossessing materialism which was the rock of their lives.
2007 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Dec. 22/3 In Iran..he repeatedly runs up against the ambiguities of the post-euphoric phase of the Islamic Revolution.
6.
a. intransitive. To get or rise to a particular point, state, action, etc. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1650 S. Gott Ess. True Happines Man Pref. sig. A4v In times of Action, whosoever would appear considerable, and make any moment in Business, must pursue one of the Extremes, and desperately run up to the hight of it.
a1680 D. Holles Memoirs (1699) 84 The Soldiers might be left to themselves to fire the more, run up to extremes, and put themselves into a posture to carry on their work of Rebellion with a high and violent hand.
1701 Laconics (new ed.) iii. 94 I'le e'n let it run up to a Pox, and Cure both under one.
1752 D. Fordyce Theodorus 202 Some of the finest Dispositions do, by a native Vigour and Impetuosity, run up sometimes to the highest Excesses.
1875 Irish Hosp. Gaz. 15 Mar. 87/1 The temp. and pulse does not run up to such an height in typhoid fever within twenty-four hours.
1905 Bi-monthly Bull. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers Sept. 1151 The manager tried to run up to his limit.
b. transitive. To lead, bring, or force (a person) up to a particular point, state, action, etc. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring (a person or thing) into a state or condition
set971
haveOE
wendOE
to bring onc1230
teemc1275
putc1330
run1391
casta1400
laya1400
stead1488
constitute1490
render1490
takea1530
introduce1532
deduce1545
throw?1548
derive?c1550
turn1577
to work up1591
estate1605
arrive1607
state1607
enduea1616
assert1638
sublime1654
to run up1657
1657 J. Dodington tr. C. Vialart Hist. Govt. France 383 Those several discontents..which run them up to that pass, that they become unsatisfied with the King, or his principal Minister.
1684 E. Ravenscroft Dame Dobson v. ii. 63 I have run her up to a Project, which I think cannot fail.
1711 Fingall MSS in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 188 There is nothing which runs a man sooner up to holyness than a perfect patience in affliction.
1725 Acct. Conduct & Proc. Late John Gow p. vii [This] might run them up to such a highth of Rage as to commit the Murthers which they did not intend before.
1825 T. Hook Sayings & Doings 2nd Ser. I. 232 Sheriff's officers, I mean; who sometimes are left in possession, when any man in a hurry runs us up to execution.
1915 R. T. Morris Microbes & Men 293 She [sc. nature] is trying to induce him to run himself up to his protoplasmic limit.
7. transitive.
a.
(a) To construct or erect (a wall, building, etc.) rapidly or hurriedly.Generally with the implication of poor or insubstantial construction.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > build or construct [verb (transitive)] > build rapidly or unsubstantially
to run up1685
jerry-build1893
1685 J. Jackson et al. Annot. Holy Bible II. sig. C2*/2 There are, and will be others, that as foolish Builders, run up an House in haste without looking to the Goodness of the Foundation.
1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. ii. sig. Lll3/2 To run up a Wall, elever promtement une Muraille.
1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 95 To run up any thing that is immediately necessary for any particular purpose.
1779 H. Swinburne Trav. Spain xliv. 412 Valladolid has the appearance of having been run up in a hurry to receive the court.
1849 Builder 3 Mar. 106/2 Houses ‘run up’ about the beginning of the present century.
1890 T. F. Tout in F. Y. Powell et al. Hist. Eng. III. 108 Many hideous and formless brick buildings were run up.
1910 J. Luby Black Cross Clove v. 68 Workmen began digging foundations and running up a rough stone basement to the level of the living room floor.
1993 A. Harding Eng. in 13th Cent. (1997) ii. 98 For 10s. a landlord could run up a flimsy cottage for a smallholder.
(b) In extended use: to make or put together hurriedly or carelessly; to improvise; to rustle up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > do, deal with, acquire, etc., quickly [verb (transitive)] > do hurriedly and carelessly > make, compile, or concoct
to shuffle up1532
rash1570
huddle1579
to knock upc1580
to clap upa1616
to run up1686
to knock out1856
to knock off1886
whang1935
1686 P. Ellis 1st Serm. preach'd before their Majesties Advt. The Author bids me Apologize for it as a slight Thing run up in haste.
1720 J. Burchett Compl. Hist. Trans. at Sea ii. xvi. 158 Their Gallies were heavy and unwieldy, having been run up in haste of green Timber.
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. xviii. 294 You have a genius for friendship, that is, for running up intimacies which you call such.
1821 C. Lamb in London Mag. June 612/2 Nature never ran up in her haste a more restless piece of workmanship.
1903 Dental Cosmos 45 569/1 I consider the time take to get an impression and run up a model is so much time wasted.
1965 New Statesman 19 Mar. 458/3 Were one to ask a computer to run up a composite 18th-century man, the result would be remarkably like Dr Burney.
1984 K. Amis Stanley & Women ii. 115 Susan said it was only a guess and went off to run up dinner.
1999 Times (Nexis) 5 May You can easily run up a simple website in ten minutes without knowing anything about HTML.
b. Without the implication of haste: to build, erect, set up (a wall, building, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > build or construct [verb (transitive)]
timbera900
workOE
betimberOE
craftOE
buildc1275
lifta1300
stagec1330
upraise1338
wright1338
edifya1340
to make outa1382
to make upa1382
biga1400
housea1400
risea1400
telda1400–50
to work upa1450
redress1481
levy1495
upmake1507
upbuild1513
exstruct?c1550
construct1663
to run up1686
practise1739
to lay up1788
elevate1798
to put up1818
to lay down1851
practicate1851
1686 N. Tate et al. tr. Heliodorus Æthiopian Hist. ix. 98 They also ran up Buttresses to support their Wall.
1702 R. L'Estrange tr. Josephus Wars of Jews iii. xvii, in Wks. 880 Joseph had run-up a Strong Wall round about it, save only on the Lake-side.
1751 W. Blennerhassett New Hist. Eng. III. xxiii. 1098 [They] landed without Opposition..and had presently run up a Fortification, which they called Fort del Oro.
1847 T. Miller Pictures Country Life 193 He run up a high brick wall beside his garden, and surmounted it with a battlement of broken glass bottles.
1857 L. C. Cumming tr. G. Freytag Debit & Credit I. vii. 58 Tell the carpenter to run up a partition at once.
1907 School Jrnl. 5 Oct. 292/1 A few days ago I was watching the bricklayers run up a wall on our new school building.
1946 C. Stead Letty Fox xiv. 139 [He] had run up a large expensive apartment house near Hyde Park.
1995 M. Campbell Argyll (ed. 2) x. 78 In most countries a knight could not run up a stone tower without his overlord's consent.
2002 D. Lambdin Sea of Grey iv. 42 Stock in John Company's doing main-well. May run up a town house, after all.
c.
(a) To sew (a tear, hem, seam, etc.), esp. quickly or loosely.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > sew or ornament textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > sew > quickly
run1709
to run up1828
whang1855
1828 W. Carleton in Christian Examiner, & Church of Ireland Mag. Oct. 273 An occasional rent in his gown run up with bleached thread.
1840 Workwoman's Guide: Instr. Apparel (ed. 2) 163 Having laid the lining and wadding together as described above, run up the seams.
1859 C. Reade Love me Little I. xiv. 47 I want you to run up a tear in my flounce.
1920 Pop. Mech. Mag. Apr. 616/1 With the sewing machine run up the long seams on either side of the garment.
1946 Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald 28 May 3/4 (advt.) Go to the store or a bridge party, rest, or run up a hem on your new curtains.
2005 B. Kendrick Fashionably Late (2006) 230 Cut a few pieces of cloth, run up a few seams on the old Singer.
(b) To make (a garment, etc.) by sewing quickly or simply. Cf. sense 69b.
ΚΠ
1879 Temple Bar Sept. 141 Evans, my maid, can run her up a suitable dress in a couple of hours.
1883 Lamp 24 302/1 In London..they run up a full dress in an afternoon, and think nothing of it.
1952 R. C. Hutchinson Recoll. of Journey i. 11 I have a picture of her..in a yellow frock run up by some village dressmaker.
1977 Lancs. Life Nov. 74/1 The women keep it clean, scrubbing floors, washing curtains, running up new ones on the machine [etc.].
2002 D. Aitkenhead Promised Land ix. 98 The stores do a brisk trade running up job interview suits for travellers on their way home.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > wealth > accumulate wealth [verb (transitive)] > increase or augment (one's riches)
to run up1699
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew To Push on one's Fortune, to advance, or run it up.
9.
a. intransitive. Of a price or other quantity: to increase (to a specified level). Of a commodity: to rise in price or value.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (intransitive)] > rise (of prices) > rise in price
arise1340
rise?1468
mend1606
advance1664
to run up1705
to go up1826
enhance1889
ripen1892
1705 A. W. Boehm tr. A. H. Francke Pietas Hallensis 123 We labour'd under many vast expences which were requir'd, both for paying the Workmen, and defraying other necessary charges; which at one time run up higher than at another.
1712 W. Howell's Medulla Hist. Angl. (ed. 6) 417 Guinea's run up to 30 s. a piece; and Mill'd Silver Money had done the same too, if [etc.].
1793 T. Jefferson Notes 31 Mar. in Papers (1992) XXV. 474 Money being so flush, the 6. percents run up to 21/ and 22/ shillings.
1825 Morning Post 27 Apr. 1/4 An unpropitious season would be sufficient to make the price run up in less than a year to 85s. or 90s.
1855 Poultry Chron. 11 July 453/2 Twice during the period of incubation the temperature ran up during the night to 110, and once even to 120 deg.
1897 Liverpool Mercury 7 Oct. 4/5 Kalgurlis were the centre of activity, and, after being pushed down to 5 9-16, ran up sharply, and closed 9-16 higher at 6 6-16.
1922 Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. No. 921. 5 On attempting to filter more, the pressure ran up rapidly.
1972 Times 4 Nov. 25/4 A late feature was P & O, whose shares ran up smartly at the close to end 8p higher at 362p.
1998 J. Gard Small Investor goes to Market 53 I bought IBM in 1992, while it was falling, at 85¼... Almost immediately, the price ran up to $100.
2005 Wall St. Jrnl. 25 Apr. (Central ed.) a5/1 DoubleClick shares ran up strongly late last week on media reports that Hellman was close to a deal with the company.
b. transitive. To cause (a price, etc.) to rise; to force (a thing) up to a higher price; to increase the price of.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (transitive)] > increase (prices)
raise?a1513
enhance1542
enhaulse1600
exhance1667
inflamea1687
to run up1709
rise1740
to put up1838
hike1904
up1934
price-gouge1940
uplift1962
1709 Rev. State Brit. Nation 11 June 119/2 Upon the View of a Peace..they run up the new Stock to 25 per Cent. Advance.
1767 J. Hanway Lett. Importance Rising Generation II. 233 The higher ranks having accumulated a vast property, first run up the price of land, and then give whatever is demanded for the produce of it.
1838 E. Eden Let. 27 Sept. in Up the Country (1866) I. xxii. 241 His is the sin of running up the price of the drawings.
1890 Sat. Rev. 18 Oct. 451/1 Mexican Railway stocks..were run up partly because of the rise in silver.
1896 W. Lindsey Cinder-path Tales 15 His supporters had plenty of money, and soon ran the odds up to three to one.
1900 Jrnl. Federated Inst. Brewing 6 10 If you had at your command a very strong draught..you could run up the temperature to a much higher point than was safe under ordinary conditions.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xii. [Cyclops] 305 I heard So and So made a cool hundred quid over it, says Alf... He let out that Myler was on the beer to run up the odds [1926 run the odds] and he swatting all the time.
1977 Time 8 Aug. 40/3 The effect has been to run up the value of these currencies, thus making imports cheaper in West Germany and Japan.
2009 D. J. Leinweber Nerds on Wall St. xi. 265 Two manipulators..successfully ran up the price of the stock over 106,600 percent.
c. transitive. To drive (a person) to pay a high price for something, esp. by bidding against him or her at auction.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > buying > buy [verb (transitive)] > bid for or offer to buy > bid against
to bid against1776
to run up1832
1832 R. Wilmot Ardent III. x. 156 The auctioneer..took advantage of our hero's ignorance and ran him up, as it is termed, by artificial bidding.
1862 Temple Bar 6 419 I..suffered myself to be induced to bid.., and then to be ‘run up’ by the..wealthy broker.
a1894 R. L. Stevenson St. Ives (1898) xxiv. 260 He offered me twenty pounds for the chaise; I ran him up to twenty-five, and closed with the offer.
1946 K. Tennant Lost Haven x. 147 I'm going to run him up to thirty quid.
1980 W. C. Ketchum Auction! v. 59 By never allowing either the auctioneer or other bidders to be quite sure of what you are going to bid.., you'll discourage anyone from deliberately running you up.
2004 J. Adams Hideous Absinthe viii. 161 I felt it would be wise to let him become buyer, and offer him a profit afterwards, rather than run him up at the auction.
10. intransitive. To amount or attain to a specified (large) size, weight, number, etc.; = to run to —— 4a at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > measure [verb (transitive)] > have a measurement of
measure1671
to run up1852
1768 A. Young Six Weeks Tour Southern Counties vi. 170 The farms are large; some few of 40 l. or 60 l. but run up to seven and eight hundred pounds a year.
1794 R. Fraser Gen. View Devon 32 The oxen..run up to eight, ten, and twelve hundred weight.
1835 Rep. Select Comm. Orange Lodges Ireland 84 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 377) XV. 1 They may run up to 200 [members] or even higher.
1852 Graham's Mag. June 575/2 These great steel plates run up to six feet diameter.
1892 Field 2 Apr. 490/2 The trout run up to about 3 lb.
1904 A. L. Dyke Anat. Automobile 388 The motor speed runs up to 1,800 revolutions per minute.
1951 Sci. News 21 72 Any carbohydrate..can be represented by the formula Cn(H2O)m... For polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose, n and m may run up to hundreds.
1974 Guardian 23 Mar. 12/1 An annual wealth tax starting at 1 per cent on £50,000, and running up to 5 per cent on £400,000 and more.
2005 N. T. Rosenberg Sullivan's Justice v. 39 In crimes of this magnitude, a report could run up to fifty pages.
11. transitive. To bring (a gun) up to the firing position. Cf. to run out 6b at Phrasal verbs 1. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > management of artillery > operate (artillery) [verb (transitive)] > bring gun to firing position
to run out1665
to run up1813
1813 Royal Mil. Chron. Aug. 397 The gun must be run up again into the embrasure after each shot in consequence of the recoil.
1879 Man. Siege & Garrison Artillery Exercises 317 Under the muzzle of the gun when run up.
1933 ‘C. S. Forester’ Gun xxi. 271 He had devised a system to limit the force of the recoil and to minimize the labour of running up the gun each time.
1987 W. Golding Close Quarters iv. 42 So now, my heroes, run up them guns!
2002 W. P. Guthrie Battles Thirty Years War i. 8 The crew..had to run the gun up after each shot.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > [verb (transitive)] > exercise the sense of smell
snevec1200
snokec1380
savoura1382
thevea1400
whiff1635
nesea1637
scent1638
venta1640
taste1656
snift1736
sniff1792
olfact1805
to run up1815
smell1831
sniffa1845
snuff1858
smellsip1922
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering II. 211 He would run the scent up like a blood-hound, and surprise us.
13. transitive. To add up (a column of figures, etc.) rapidly; (occasionally more generally) to make a rapid assessment of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > enumeration, reckoning, or calculation > number, calculate, or reckon [verb (transitive)]
rimeeOE
arimec885
atellc885
talec897
i-telle971
tellOE
readc1225
reckon?c1225
aima1375
numbera1382
denumber1382
accounta1393
casta1400
countc1400
umberc1400
ascribe1432
annumerate?a1475
to sum upa1475
annumbera1500
ennumber1535
reckon?1537
tally1542
compute1579
recount1581
rate1599
catalogize1602
to add up1611
suma1616
enumeratea1649
numerate1657
to run up1830
to figure out1834
figure1854
to count up1872
enumer1936
the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > perform arithmetic or algebraic operations [verb (transitive)] > add or sum
suma1387
drawc1392
to lay togethera1400
add?c1425
foot1491
confer1552
to add up1611
total1716
sum1740
tot1770
to run up1830
summate1880
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > keep accounts [verb (transitive)] > amount to
amount1399
draw1425
return1624
net1772
to run up1830
total1880
to tot up1882
1830 Examiner 436/2 The worthy Member has characteristically amused himself with running up a calculation.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. i. 17 The quick eye of the trader, well used to run up at a glance the points of a fine female article.
1909 Scribner's Mag. June 697/2 She thinks she is a wonderful business woman, because she can run up a column of figures correctly.
1954 G. Carson Old Country Store v. 90 He could tally up chalk scores on the wall... He could run up a column of figures on a shingle.
2001 M. J. Vaughn Gabriella's Voice 23 She was still running up the numbers in her head.
14. intransitive. Sport. To be a runner-up in a race or other competition. Cf. runner-up n. 2a, 2b.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > winning, losing, or scoring > win, lose, or score [verb (intransitive)] > be placed
to run up1833
place1924
1833 Manch. Times & Gaz. 14 Dec. The Cup..was won by Mr. Anderton's Dart... Mr. A. Lee's Ruler ‘ran up’, and, the cognoscenti say, would have been the ‘lucky dog’ but for [etc.].
1841 Sporting Rev. May 390 The winner to receive £220,..the two-winners in the fourth ties £5 each, the dog running up a bonus of £50 in addition.
1890 Field 8 Nov. 709/3 Mr. Chambers, who ran up, also played an excellent game [of golf].
1970 Field 16 Apr. 703/1 Stanley and Michael Lunt, father and son who between them won three amateur championships and ran up in a fourth.
1988 Greyhound Star June 22/3 Swift Ivy..had run-up in his two races before the change of ownership.
2009 D. Boyd Legends Surfing ii. 61 [He] was his country's national sports treasure, winning three Peruvian international titles and running up in two more.
15. intransitive. Of fabric, a garment, etc.: to shorten, shrink, or contract, typically after becoming wet. Now rare (English regional (northern) in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > become reduced in size or extent [verb (intransitive)] > contract or shrink
shrimc1000
shrinkc1275
to draw togethera1398
gather1577
coact1578
to fall together1583
draw1615
contract1648
to run up1838
to take up1860
1838 Workwoman's Guide: Instr. Apparel vi. 170 It is a good plan to run a hem of book muslin..on the two straight sides, which prevents the handkerchief running up in the washing.
1873 R. Broughton Nancy (1874) xv. 115 I suppose that her frock must have run up in the washing.
1884 W. S. B. McLaren Spinning Woollen & Worsted (ed. 2) 12 The fibre becomes thicker and shorter, and the cloth ‘runs up’ to an indefinite extent.
1920 ‘J. E. Buckrose’ Young Hearts vi. 74 His tennis flannels had run up in the wash to a degree that no effort could disguise.
1924 J. H. Wilkinson Leeds Dial. Gloss. & Lore 177 He hesn't worn his shirt a month, an' it's run up two or three inches.
16. transitive. North American. To cut up as much as possible of (a tree trunk, log, etc.) as sound timber; (sometimes more generally) to cut up for timber. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > build or construct with wood [verb (transitive)] > prepare, dress, or square timber
framec1330
square1412
postc1520
timber out1628
slab1703
side1754
to bring forward1823
match1833
underhew1847
to run up1863
1863 ‘Emeralda’ Myrtle Leaves in Spring Time xvii. 137 My ole man, an Jonathan, thar, helped to run up the logs.
1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 116 The pine lies prostrate. Then comes the question, how far can it be ‘run up’ into the branches? A cut is made in it, and if the wood is not sound a lower cut is made.
1902 Harper's Mag. July 214/1 Failure to run the logs well up into the tops.
1910 11th Ann. Rep. Canad. Forestry Assoc. 98 These trees, in a great many cases, were not run up into the tops.
1972 D. C. Smith Hist. Lumbering in Maine xiv. 363 Stumps could not be higher than eighteen inches, and merchantable stuff had to be run up into the branches to the four inch diameter line.
17. transitive. Australian. To fetch or bring (a horse, etc.) in from pasture. Cf. to run out 19 at Phrasal verbs 1. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [verb (transitive)] > herd horses > bring horse from pasture
to run up1876
1876 J. A. Edwards Gilbert Gogger 163 The stockmen ran up the horses, side-saddles were fastened to the backs of the steeds destined to carry the fair equestrians.
1907 Pall Mall Mag. Dec. 797/2 Hey! Jimmy! you lazy beggar! Turn out for all you are worth, and run up the horses.
1936 Argus (Melbourne) 18 Jan. 8/5 They save their elders such tasks as ‘running up the horses’ when someone needs the animals.
18. transitive. Printing. To distribute (ink) in preparation for printing. Esp. in to run up colour.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > preparatory processes > [verb (transitive)] > distribute ink
ink1728
beat1824
ink up1845
re-ink1845
to run up1884
1884 J. Southward Pract. Printing (ed. 2) ii. xvii. 497 Next run up colour, and pull a revise.
1891 Typo (N.Z.) 27 June 96/1 Wash your slab, spread a little glycerine over it, and run up color again.
1932 J. A. Place & E. Clunes Art & Pract. Printing II. vi. 116 Before running up colour it is necessary to see that all Rollers are correctly set.
1967 F. J. M. Wijnekus Elsevier's Dict. Printing & Allied Industries 274/2 Run up the ink, to.
1991 K. F. Hird Offset Lithographic Technol. xx. 488 Figures do not include waste sheets used to run up color as it is assumed that waste stock is used for this purpose.
19. transitive. To allow (a machine) to gain speed, power, etc., until it reaches the required or expected operating levels. Also intransitive: (of a machine) to be run in this way.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > specific flying operations or procedures > [verb (transitive)] > run engine to warm up
to run up1917
1896 Electr. Engineer 20 Mar. 326/2 By running up the engine steadily on the stop-valve we can put the machines in parallel without the slightest blink in the lights.
1902 T. Sewell Elem. Electr. Engin. xv. 299 The only precaution necessary..is to run up the second machine till it is giving exactly the same e.m.f. as the loaded one before switching it in.
1917 Aerial Age Weekly 24 Sept. 57/3 Run up the engine and insist on its doing its normal revolutions on the ground.
1942 R.A.F. Jrnl. 3 Oct. 26 Intermittently, the sound of engines running up over~comes the wind.
1995 W. Lehmann in G. Vetter Leak-free Pumps & Compressors ii. 38 When running up the motor, the maximum or pull-out torque is reached at motor torque MMK.
2006 M. Kendall Legacy of Dragons xvi. 145 Peter decided to go out and check Seamaiden, run up the auxiliary engine and charge the batteries.
PV2. With prepositions in specialized senses. to run aboard —— to run across —— to run after —— to run against —— to run before —— to run down —— to run from —— to run in —— † 3. intransitive. To fall into (error, wickedness, etc.); = to run into —— 2 at Phrasal verbs 2. Obsolete. to run into —— † to run of —— † 2. intransitive. To amount to, reach (a given number). Obsolete. to run out of —— to run over —— † 4. intransitive. To treat, touch upon, etc., in a slight or cursory manner. Obsolete. to run round —— to run through —— to run to —— † 2. intransitive. Of disaster, misfortune, etc.: to befall, fall upon, affect (a person). Obsolete.† 3. intransitive. Of money: to go or be put towards (a specified purpose). Obsolete. to run upon —— † 1. intransitive. Of an (esp. unfortunate) event, circumstance, etc.: to come or fall upon (a person); to befall, beset. Cf. sense 8a. Obsolete.† 3. intransitive. To engage in, enter upon (an action, undertaking, etc.). Obsolete.† 5. intransitive. To depend upon (a particular source of finance); esp. to draw upon (credit). Obsolete (U.S. in later use).† 6. intransitive. To make a sudden demand upon (a bank) for funds; to take part in a run (run n.2 39a(a)) on. Cf. sense 12. Obsolete.† 7. intransitive. U.S. colloquial. To tease, ridicule; = to run on —— 3 at Phrasal verbs 2. Obsolete. to run with ——
intransitive. Nautical. Of a ship: to come very close to (another ship), generally so close as to cause damage; to collide with. Also with the commander, crew, etc., of the ship as subject. Cf. to run aboard at Phrasal verbs 1, to run on board (of) —— at Phrases 3c.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (transitive)] > collide with
to run foul1596
to run aboard ——?1606
to run aboard1708
to fall on board (of)1797
foul1828
?1606 J. Saris in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) I. iv. 359 The Pinnasse ranne aboord them with such a surge, as that the water came through her sides.
1652 Mercurius Politicus No. 91. 1451 In running aboard the latter prize, the Friggot broke her head so much, that it will be this five dayes before it can be mended.
1725 T. Hearne R. Mannyng's Chron. Gloss. at Berd Readily ran aboard him.
1806 G. Pinckard Notes W. Indies I. xvi. 155 We..were, every instant, liable to the additional peril of running aboard some neighbouring ship, and being dashed in pieces.
1866 Edinb. Rev. July 219 To make straight for the nearest ‘Monitor’, run aboard her and pierce her armour through the close fire of the rifled guns, was their intention.
1907 W. C. Russell Horatio Nelson & Naval Supremacy Eng. xix. 289 Captain Hardy, who had decided to run aboard the ship that was to starboard, ported his helm and drove towards the Redoutable.
1973 D. Pope Governor Ramage R. N. vi. 64 I was just trying to understand why two ships running aboard each other don't do something about it. Flash lanterns, fire a gun, light a false fire.
2000 C. Ware in P. Le Fevre & R. Harding Precursors of Nelson iii. 90 When the ship tried to moor her cable parted and she ran aboard another ship in the fleet.
intransitive. To meet or fall in with, typically by chance. Cf. to run into —— 9b at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [verb (transitive)] > encounter or experience
ymetec893
findeOE
meetOE
counterc1325
overtakec1390
limp?a1400
tidea1400
runa1450
to fall with ——?c1475
onlightc1475
recounterc1485
recount1490
to come in witha1500
occur1531
to fall on ——1533
to fall upon ——1533
beshine1574
rencontre1582
entertain1591
cope with1594
happen1594
tocome1596
incur1599
forgather1600
thwart1601
to fall in1675
cross1684
to come across ——1738
to cross upon (or on)1748
to fall across ——1760
experience1786
to drop in1802
encounter1814
to come upon ——1820
to run against ——1821
to come in contact with1862
to run across ——1864
to knock or run up against1886
to knock up against1887
1864 F. W. Robinson Mem. Jane Cameron I. xi. 141 He was about Glasgow; some one had seen him last night; Jennie doubtless would run across him soon enough.
1880 ‘M. Twain’ Tramp Abroad xxi. 202 If I don't run across you in Italy, you hunt me up in London before you sail.
1930 D. Runyon in Collier's 20 Dec. 32/3 Now in the summer of 1928 I am in Halifax.., when I run across Louie the Lug.
1990 R. Rendell Going Wrong x. 112 ‘I used to know him just like you did...’ ‘How did you run across him again?’
2006 P. Woit Not even Wrong iii. 43 Do you ever run across a fellow that even you can't understand?
1. intransitive. To follow or take up with (something) eagerly, enthusiastically, or impulsively.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > zeal or enthusiasm > be zealous for [verb (transitive)]
to run after ——c1422
zeal1542
to throw one's heart (also soul, energy, etc.) into1807
to go mad (about, for, over, etc.)1850
to be shook on1888
to be hepped on1926
c1422 T. Hoccleve Tale of Jerelaus (Durh.) in Minor Poems (1970) i. 175 All the wittes rennen aftir synne.
1487 W. Caxton tr. J. Legrand Bk. Good Maners iv. xiv. sig. gvijv As the heuen torneth, semblably our lyf renneth after it wythoute cessyng and wythout restyng.
1593 R. S. Phœnix Nest 66 Run after hopes that mocke thee with retire.
1611 Bible (King James) Jude 11 Wo vnto them, for they..ranne greedily after the errour of Balaam for reward, and perished. View more context for this quotation
1652 F. Hawkins tr. Youths Behaviour (ed. 5) 54 That English itch of running after fashions.
1706 tr. L. Liger Compl. Florist in tr. F. Gentil Le Jardinier Solitaire 384 How often..have I neglected a real Merit, to run after a false Appearance of Desert?
1751 F. Coventry Hist. Pompey the Little 154 [Her] thoughts ran wholly after..operas, Masquerades, Ridottas, and the like.
1823 J. Keble Serm. (1848) iii. 44 To prevent their running blindly after any doctrine, which might please their ear.
1890 T. F. Tout in F. Y. Powell et al. Hist. Eng. III. 109 Frederick and the whole nobility ran after the poorer operas of the fashionable favourite.
1928 D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley's Lover xix. 358 You're one of those half-insane, perverted women who must run after depravity.
1963 S. Plath Bell Jar iii. 30 After nineteen years of running after food marks and prizes and grants..I was letting up, slowing down, dropping clean out of the race.
2003 D. M. Aycock & M. Sutton Still God's Man 77 Those who truly lose weight don't run after every fad diet or the latest food craze.
2. intransitive. To endeavour to gain the companionship or society of, or bestow one's admiration and loyalty upon (a person); (in later use esp.) to seek the company of (a potential romantic or sexual partner).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > affection > [verb (transitive)] > pursue with admiration
to run after ——a1529
a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Gi I am so lusty to loke on..That nonnes wyll leue theyr holynes and ryn after me.
1542 T. Becon Dauids Harpe sig. l.jv A good, honeste, and faythfull wyfe..hath no pleasure to ronne after other men.
1603 R. Parsons Let. 6 July in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1906) 2 214 All this courte rane after him.
1668 T. Manton Let. in Reliquiae Baxterianae (1696) iii. 37 The riffle raffle of the people were not of such Consideration, they being apt to run after every new Teacher.
1738 S. Whatley tr. K. L. von Pöllnitz Mem. III. 269 The Eagerness of the People to run after him was soon abated; they began in a short time after his Arrival, to be indifferent whether they saw him or not.
1767 G. A. Stevens French Flogged iv. 10 They told me..that all the women there would run after an Irishman.
1802 M. Charlton tr. A. La Fontaine Reprobate II. 156 When she found that her daughter was being run after by all our idle young men, she..went away.
1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 164 Every one runs after him—men, women, and children.
1913 W. Cather O Pioneers! v. i. 284 Emil was a good boy, and only bad boys ran after married women.
1995 G. Kamani Junglee Girl (1996) 140 So many girls have been running after him, literally hundreds of them. Who can blame them?
1. intransitive. To dash rapidly and forcibly against (a person or thing). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > impinge upon [verb (transitive)] > forcibly or violently
beatOE
to run against ——a1425
smitec1450
quash1548
dash1611
kick1667
lashc1694
daud?1719
besmite1829
buck1861
tund1885
ram1897
prang1942
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) G. §4. l. 1415 Bayard the blynde..is as boold to renne agayn a stoon As for to goon bisides in the weye.]
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Gen. xxxiii. 4 And so Esau ran aȝens his brothir, and collide hym.
1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 73 I shal rather renne wyth my hede ayenst the walle.
1607 E. Grimeston tr. S. Goulart Admirable & Memorable Hist. 153 Those pieces [of ice] so ran against the boate and bruised it in such sort, that [etc.].
1768 A. Dow tr. M. Firishtah Hist. Hindostan I. ii. v. 92 The projected pikes from the Sultan's boats, did such execution, when they ran against the craft of the Jits, that many of them were overset.
1798 J. Baillie Tryal ii. i, in Series Plays Stronger Passions I. 213 Take the black trunk..upon your shoulder..and be sure you dont run against any body with it.
1850 T. S. Arthur Brilliant 102 A glittering spear ran against his coat of armor.
1880 F. Buckland et al. Rep. Dis. Salmon 52 The fish..ran against the frozen gravel with their heads, and so got injured.
1908 M. Meyer tr. H. Ebbinghaus Psychol. i. 35 Perhaps I am inattentive, or it is dark, so that I run against the obstacle with my feet or my body.
1968 P. Anthony & R. E. Margroff Ring (1969) iv. 135 Jeff's leg shot out in some kind of kick..and the leader ran against it with his kneecap.
2. intransitive. To encounter suddenly or casually; = to run into —— 9b at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare. Cf. to run up against at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [verb (transitive)] > encounter or experience
ymetec893
findeOE
meetOE
counterc1325
overtakec1390
limp?a1400
tidea1400
runa1450
to fall with ——?c1475
onlightc1475
recounterc1485
recount1490
to come in witha1500
occur1531
to fall on ——1533
to fall upon ——1533
beshine1574
rencontre1582
entertain1591
cope with1594
happen1594
tocome1596
incur1599
forgather1600
thwart1601
to fall in1675
cross1684
to come across ——1738
to cross upon (or on)1748
to fall across ——1760
experience1786
to drop in1802
encounter1814
to come upon ——1820
to run against ——1821
to come in contact with1862
to run across ——1864
to knock or run up against1886
to knock up against1887
1821 P. Egan Life in London ii. v. 285 Such is the hypocrisy displayed on the one side, and the saucy low independence exhibited on the other, which are to be run against every day in ‘Life in London’!
1865 R. M. Ballantyne Lighthouse iv. 33 Big Swankie..was about that business [sc. burglary] when Captain Ogilvy unexpectedly ran against him and Davy Spink.
1920 B. King Thread of Flame vi. 47 It was not to be expected that I should look after every blind man I happened to run against in travelling.
1931 T. Burke Pleasantries Old Quong 254 If we run against him again while we're here I shall know how to deal with him.
intransitive. To keep ahead of, to anticipate (a time, a subject, one's thoughts, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > precede or come before [verb (transitive)] > anticipate or forestall > a time
prevent1467
to run before ——1513
1513 J. Skelton Ballade of Scottysshe Kynge Syr squyer galyarde ye were to swyfte. Your wyll renne before your wytte.
1540 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Flores Aliquot Sententiarum sig. A.vjv Ne lingua preuertitor animum. Lette not the tonge runne before the wytte.
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. vi. 4 It is meruaile he out-dwells his howre, for louers euer runne before the clocke. View more context for this quotation
1602 B. Jonson Poetaster v. iii. sig. M4 Let your Matter runne before your Words. View more context for this quotation
1677 M. Hale Contempl. ii. 106 If Passion run before it [sc. judgement]..and so antivert the use of Deliberation.
1720 M. Prior Truth & Falsehood 45 Her tongue, so voluble and kind, It always runs before her mind.
1732 J. Swift Let. to Duchess Queensbury 20 Mar. in Wks. (1766) XI. 99 I mean, that my heart runs before my pen.
1821 Examiner 762/1 Imagination will run before any power of fulfilment.
1860 N. Hawthorne Marble Faun II. xx. 228 An impulse ran before his thoughts.
1908 Kindergarten Rev. Oct. 66/2 A little child is weak and unformed, and his ideas run always before his powers.
1991 A. Mitra New India ii. 47 He gave the impression that his words ran before his thoughts, which invariably put him at a loss to finish a sentence.
intransitive. To consider or describe all of, to go through; to list, enumerate. Cf. rundown n. 3b.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > record > list > [verb (transitive)]
telleOE
reckonc1175
titlea1325
reckonc1400
entitlec1430
recitea1475
recount1481
perusea1535
capitulate1566
recense1583
catalogue1598
item1601
renumerate1605
list1614
enumeratea1649
recenseate1657
cataloguize1820
to run down ——1833
reel1835
to call off1846
itemize1864
enumer1936
1833 Rep. Select Comm. Hertford Borough 14 in Parl. Papers IX. 463 When I come to run down the list I can recollect whether a man worked or not.
1859 Med. & Surg. Reporter 10 Sept. 457/2 I ran down the list of astringents that were used..: alum, tannin, acetate of lead, chloride of iron, creasote, sulphuric acid, and tinct. of iodine.
1920 A. Gleason What Workers Want ii. v. 113 It would be futile to run down the list of pious, unanimous resolutions presented in the agenda.
1977 New Yorker 3 Oct. 38/2 I'll run down some of the things that have come up so far.
2010 J. Menn Fatal Syst. Error x. 284 They ran down some of the evidence against him and assured him that the judge wouldn't believe the confession had been forced.
intransitive. To draw back from (a pledge, undertaking, duty, etc.); to distance oneself from (a statement).
ΚΠ
1600 Abp. G. Abbot Expos. Prophet Ionah 37 The Prophet so firily is set, and so hotely enflamed to run from his dutie.
1642 G. Walker True Relation 20 He would by a wrested exposition gaine-say, and contradict his former words and opinions and run from them.
1824 Examiner 57/2 Mr. D...ran from his wager.
1858 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 19 i. 124 The contracting party may be inclined to run from his word.
1922 A. Patri Child Training iii. 210 He always keeps his promises right on time. I think he might not respect a boy who ran from his promise and his duty.
1994 L. Fisher in K. W. Thompson Inst. & Issues i. 13 It was a very unfortunate situation in which the congressmen ran from their duties and deferred to the Court.
1. intransitive. To fall into (debt, arrears, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > owe [verb (transitive)] > fall into arrears of (payment)
to run in ——c1400
arrearc1547
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xi. 124 (MED) He may renne in arrerage and rowme so fro home.
c1400 J. Wyclif On the Seven Deadly Sins (Bodl. 647) in Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 158 (MED) Þus þei rennen in dette and wasten hor godes.
1433 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. July 1433 §25. m. 11 Þe yeerly moste renne in much gretter dette.
c1500 God spede Plough (Lansd.) l. 70 in W. W. Skeat Pierce Ploughman's Crede (1873) 71 With ronnyng in reragis it doth vs sorowe Inough.
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Conflauit æs alienum, he is runne in dette.
1555–6 Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) I. 453 Whereas the cittie..dyd ronne in entrest due to the said Mr. Umfrey.
1602 C. Sutton Disce Vivere xvi. 308 When we sinne we runne in debt, and commit trespasse agaynst God.
1681 Kirkcudbright Town Council Rec. 23 Feb. The said John..hes run in aryre of ane hundereth and sixtine merks of boat rent.
a1734 R. North Lives of Norths (1826) II. 95 By his voluptuous unthinking course of life he ran in debt.
1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants 82 I fear you must be forced, like the rest of your Sisters, to run in Trust, and pay for it out of your Wages.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones VI. xviii. xiii. 301 She spends three Times the income of her Fortune, without running in Debt. View more context for this quotation
1801 C. B. Brown Jane Talbot iii. 17 How must he have felt on being left quite destitute, penniless, running in arrear for absolute necessaries.
1861 Temple Bar 3 449 He had allowed the Goldthorpe family to run in his debt.
1920 Independent (N.Y.) 29 May 291/2 France is still, eighteen months after the war, running in debt at the rate of over three billion dollars a year.
1937 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 5 Apr. 10/5 Owing to continued illness in my family I ran in arrears to the tune of around £4.
2003 J. C. Upchurch Tales from Sooner Sidelines 34 [He] found his department running in serious debt by the end of the 1946-47 school year.
2. intransitive. To incur, involve oneself in (censure, penalties, loss, danger, etc.). Cf. to run into —— 3 at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring something upon > oneself
underliec960
catch?c1225
to run in ——1403
to run into ——?a1425
incurc1460
to run upon ——1583
contract1598
1403–4 in F. B. Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol (1900) II. 183 (MED) If he do, and therof be atteynt, renne in the paynes aforeseyd.
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) G. §3. l. 905 Ful oft he renneth in a blame.
a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) 1908 (MED) Who so trispas in þis þing, Þai ryn in peryl of cursyng.
c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 75 (MED) Men..schuld tak hed how..þei ren in þe curse of God.
a1500 Rule Minoresses in W. W. Seton Two 15th Cent. Franciscan Rules (1914) 96 (MED) Knowe he þat he renniþ in þe wraþ of god almyhti.
1579 S. Gosson Apol. Schoole of Abuse in Ephemerides Phialo f. 88 Hee forbiddeth the one too runne in daunger of the wolfe.
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII i. ii. 111 I am sorry, that the Duke of Buckingham Is run in your displeasure. View more context for this quotation
1637 Earl of Monmouth tr. V. Malvezzi Romulus & Tarquin 297 He goes himselfe in person, and runs in danger of those who stay behinde.
1730 T. Woolston Mr. Woolston's Def. II. 15 I..shall run in Danger of Prosecution.
1754 London Mag. Oct. 469/2 It [sc. cider] is made so weak..that you run in danger of the colick by drinking it.
a1830 D. L. Cottineau de Kloguen Hist. Sketch Goa (1831) ii. 25 Alfonso de Albuquerque..succeeded Almeida..after running in imminent danger at the court of the Zamorin, or Sovereign of Calicut.
1924 Morning Herald (Hagerstown, Maryland) 16 Aug. 8/1 Just when St. Martin had the Raiders going along at top speed Bartels runs in trouble and will be out of the game for some time.
1989 M. K. Cayton Emerson's Emergence v. 123 The junior minister ran in danger of exceeding the bounds of clerical propriety in the breadth of his sermons.
2005 Nation (Pakistan) (Nexis) 14 Apr. The plight of the Muslims around the world gets worse, as all the freedom struggles run in difficulties.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > lack of truth, falsity > be mistaken, err [verb (intransitive)]
dwelec900
haltc900
marOE
slidea1000
misfangOE
missOE
to have wough?c1225
misnimc1225
misrekec1275
mis-startc1275
err1303
to go wrongc1340
misgo1340
slipc1340
snapperc1380
forvay1390
to miss of ——c1395
to make a balkc1430
to run in ——1496
trip1509
fault1530
mistake1548
misreckon1584
misstep1605
warpa1616
solecize1627
hallucinate1652
nod1677
to go will1724
to fare astray (misliche, amiss)a1849
slip1890
skid1920
1496 J. Alcock Mons Perfeccionis (de Worde) sig. bv He causyd them to renne in apostacye.
a1550 ( G. Ripley Compend of Alchemy (Bodl. e Mus.) f. 54 (MED) These philosophers..blonderith..Reninge in errors aie more and more ffor Lacke of trewe vnderstandynge.
1630 Strange & Wonderfull News of Woman (single sheet) When men and women takes a pride, presumptuously to run in sin.
1675 J. C. Lesson for All True Christians (single sheet) Otheres..doth rob and kill..For money to maintain their grievous sin, And think not on the errors they run in.
1.
a. intransitive. To pass or develop into. Usually with negative connotations. Cf. sense 62a(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > be transformed [verb (intransitive)]
wortheOE
awendOE
golOE
turnc1275
changec1300
runc1384
to run into ——c1384
fare1398
writhea1400
transmewc1400
returnc1475
transume1480
convert1549
transform1597
remove1655
transeate1657
transmute1675
make1895
metamorphose1904
shapeshift1927
metamorphize1943
metamorphosize1967
morph1992
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Eph. iv. 13 Til we rennen alle in vnyte of feith..into a parfyt man.
a1456 tr. Secreta Secret. (Marmaduke, Ashm. 59) (1977) 223 (MED) Man..ever nedeþe norisshinges..and if in þees were vsed superfluite or dyminicion, þane it should renne in-to infirmitee.
a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 151 (MED) His gladnys rynnyth al-way into worse.
1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 211 All will run into a Laborinth and confusion.
1693 J. Dryden Disc. conc. Satire in tr. Juvenal Satires p. viii Unnecessary Coynage, as well as unnecessary Revival [of words], runs into Affectation.
1792 Ann. Reg., Hist. 10 Anarchy, according to the nature of extremes, ran into despotism.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xi. 30 That profound reverence for law and prescription which..runs sometimes into pedantry.
1890 Longman's Mag. Dec. 181 Every sermon..ran into a scathing denunciation of the new Poor Law.
1938 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 751 The Italian introduction..runs into a nettling panegyric of Italian fascism.
1963 L. Untermeyer E. A. Robinson 21 He fell so much in love with the suggestion of a phrase that he let it run into mere sonority.
2000 Express (Nexis) 10 Mar. There comes a time when nationalism runs into outright xenophobia.
b. transitive. To convert or make into; to render as. Formerly also (occasionally) intransitive: †to admit of being made into. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] > in form or appearance
makec1175
transfigurea1340
transformc1340
overcasta1387
translatea1393
shapec1400
resolvea1450
transfigurate?a1475
fashion1528
converta1530
to bless into1534
redact1554
trans-shape1575
deduce1587
star1606
deducta1627
Pythagorize1631
to run into ——a1640
transpeciate1643
transmogrify1656
throw1824
transfeature1875
squirm1876
recontour1913
a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Double Marriage iii. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ddddd4/2 How he has..run your beard into a peak of twenty!
1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot ii. v. 53 I shall once more take the paines to run it into verse.
1700 J. Dryden Fables Pref. sig. *Aij To run them into Verse, or to give them the other Harmony of Prose.
1716 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (ed. 4) I. x. i. 382 A piece of flat Stone two Inches thick, will run perhaps into twenty Slats.
1757 R. Hurd Let. on Marks of Imitation 48 Milton catched at this image and has run it into a sort of paraphrase in those fine lines, [etc.].
1854 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 611/2 Quite a poem; I could run it into verse offhand.
1884 W. E. Henley in T. H. Ward Eng. Poets III. 230 Some of whose discourse he was at the pains of running into English verse.
1906 Expository Times 18 270/2 Give us time and some of us can translate them [sc. sermons]. Did Mr. Russell's hearers run them into English as he spoke?
2. intransitive. To fall into (a bad or sinful practice, error, wickedness, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > do, deal with, acquire, etc., quickly [verb (transitive)] > enter into hurriedly
to run into ——c1384
to step into ——a1616
invade1700
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Royal) (1850) 1 Pet. iv. 4 In which thing thei wondren, ȝou to gydere not rennynge in to the same confusioun of leccherie, blasfemynge.
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 120 (MED) Bi ypocrisie þei rennen in-to pride, coueitise, worldly worschipe, & welfare & idelnesse.
1536 R. Morison Lamentation Seditious Rebellyon sig. A.iv That they shulde for none or smalle cause runne into suche outragious malyce ageynste his grace.
1550 R. Sherry Treat. Schemes & Tropes sig. C.iv When the wytte..runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy, we fall into a vaine bablynge.
1628 J. Earle Micro-cosmogr. v. sig. B10 Hee is one that will not hastily runne into error.
1692 King James II in T. Longueville Adv. James II (1904) xxviii. 478 I..would have you avoyd those faults I have run into.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 64. ¶2 The general Affectation..makes the whole World run into the Habit of the Court.
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. i. 7 These are the Absurdities which even Men of Capacity run into.
1842 S. Ward Let. 22 Feb. in C. Dickens Lett. (1974) III. 75/2 He is so persecuted that he will run into misanthropy.
1891 Sessional Papers Province Ont. XXIII. No. 18. 523 Persons with well-developed brains often run into habits that become injurious to them.
1928 M. Summers tr. H. Institoris Malleus Maleficarum i. 83 We wretches run into sin although God is continually calling us back.
1964 W. J. Grace Approaching Shakespeare viii. 198 In deciding what is essential, we must not..run into the error of considering as unimportant what is not essential.
2002 L. Smith Reasoning by Math. Induction vi. 54 Children run into error by substituting poor reasoning for correct counting.
3. intransitive. To incur (censure, displeasure, loss, etc.); to involve oneself in (difficulty, misfortune, debt, etc.); to expose oneself to (danger, risk, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring something upon > oneself
underliec960
catch?c1225
to run in ——1403
to run into ——?a1425
incurc1460
to run upon ——1583
contract1598
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 46 It is better forsoþ in sich a case for to hide yt þan forto cure it & rynne ynto diffamyng [?c1425 Paris renne vnder sclaundre; L. incurrere diffamiam].
a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 104 Leste that the same Rauf or is heires shold rynne into harme thereof afterwarde.
c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 42 And so many wyse to renne in to þe wrat of God.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 696/1 I runne in to a daunger, or to an inconvenyence, or in the displeasure of a persone, je encours.
1614 J. Cooke Greenes Tu Quoque C j b When the harlotries Doe pine and runne into diseases.
1651 Bp. J. Taylor Rule & Exercises Holy Dying iv. §8. 224 They..That are forward to run into debt knowingly beyond their power.
1736 T. Lediard Life Marlborough III. 300 The Tradesmen were let run into an Arrear of 30,000l.
1765 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy VIII. vi. 18 One would think I took a pleasure in running into difficulties of this kind, merely to make fresh experiments of getting out of 'em.
1826 Republican 1 Sept. 254 Surely, you don't intend to run into trouble, and get into prison again, do you Mrs. Wright?
1863 A. Blomfield Mem. Bp. Blomfield II. x. 208 Nothing could exceed his scrupulousness, about running into debt.
1918 Z. Grey U.P. Trail xx. 235 He had an itch to throw a gun and he was unlucky in always running into trouble.
1966 E. Amadi Concubine xi. 81 It was time he got married, she thought, before he ran into trouble.
2010 Computerworld (Nexis) 10 May You have to spend a lot of time looking at user forums and Googling for information when you run into problems.
4.
a. intransitive. To unite, combine, or coalesce into, as or in the manner of flowing liquid; to merge or blend with. Cf. to run together 2b at Phrasal verbs 1, to run together 2c at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > incorporation or inclusion > assimilation or absorption > be assimilated or absorbed [verb (intransitive)]
to run into ——1570
melt1590
assimilate1763
subside1772
merge1802
inosculate1836
liquesce1920
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > combine [verb (intransitive)]
adjoin1483
combinate1578
meet1581
symbolize1601
cohere1606
to run together1662
consolidate1690
combine1712
to run into ——a1715
compound1727
accrete1730
amalgamate1797
concrete1853
1570 E. Crane tr. S. Bodonius Fortresse of Fayth sig. 3v Berries and Grapes growe in one cluster, but the Ieuise and liquor therof doth runne into one vnitie and substaunce.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια ii. iv. 67 The pores..would fall together again, the parts being so fluid that they would run into one another and bee exquisitely reunited.
1660 J. Harding tr. B. Valentine Triumphant Chariot Antimony 80 If in the calcination the Antimony chanceth to melt and run into balls, Take off the vessel from the fire.
1699 T. Baker Refl. Learning 206 The rest of that MS. is writ in long Lines, and the Words run into one another.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 373 The Church party and the Dissenters were now run into one.
1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 65/1 The Hills that lie beneath them all running one into another with..little Vallies between.
1780 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. (1789) x. §27 In many instances the desire of pleasure and the sense of pain run into one another undistinguishably.
1800 T. Churchill tr. J. G. Herder Outl. Philos. Hist. Man 166 Complexions run into each other: forms follow the genetic character.
1868 Sir J. Herschel in People's Mag. 63 By this the wax on both runs into one.
1924 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 44 262 These colours—and many more—running into each other in fantastic landscapes or rockscapes.
1928 J. B. Priestley Too Many People 88 These six territories..have all run into one another to make up one shining mass of reminiscence.
1978 New York 5 June 46/3 Desserts that go together, that won't run into each other on the plate.
2004 Nature 17 June 703/1 D.F. is unable to visually recognize the forms and shapes of objects—shapes seem to ‘run into each other’.
b. transitive. To cause to unite, combine, merge, or coalesce into.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > combine [verb (transitive)]
compoundc1384
combind1477
consolidate1511
combinea1535
conjoin1554
consociate1566
associate1578
mingle1587
symbolize1590
compack1605
cojoina1616
to run into ——1640
to put together1651
amalgamate1802
integrate1802
conferruminate1826
amalgam1827
synthetize1828
synthesize1830
portmanteau1902
team1939
synchronize1973
1640 T. Nabbes Unfortunate Mother v. sig. H Fury then Runnes them into a lumpe, or monstrous forme With many heads.
1781 H. Downman tr. Voltaire Dramatic Wks. I. 215 Our verses cannot be run into one another.
1850 Littell's Living Age 9 Feb. 241/2 Our colonial empire has never been fully united. Its different parts never have been run into each other.
1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1877) II. 648 The events of two days have been run into one.
1951 J. Macleod Soviet Theatre Sketch Bk. viii. 81 Shaw's two first acts have been run into one.
2000 M. Ryle & K. Soper tr. C. Ginzburg Enigma of Piero p. xxvii I have tried neither to hold the disciplines apart, nor to run them into one.
5. intransitive. To pass on to or continue with (something) in the course of writing, speaking, argument, etc.; to proceed to state or utter. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > continuing > progress, advance, or further continuance > advance (a proceeding) from previous stage [verb (transitive)] > progress or advance into
to run into ——1670
to run on1886
1670 R. Moray Let. 26 Mar. in D. Stevenson Lett. Sir R. Moray to Earl of Kincardine (2007) 268 I find I have let myself run into a long letter.
1679 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. vii. 134 I shall run no further into this Argument.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. Ded. p. xv I have run into a Preface, while I professed to write a Dedication.
1800 H. Davy Res. Nitrous Oxide iv. iii. 547 I should run into an endless digression, were I to enumerate possible physiological experiments with artificial airs.
1856 Proc. Pennsylvania Democratic State Convent. 36 If I do not run into a tedious speech instead of making a few desultory remarks.
1946 Educ. Forum Nov. 38/2 I need not run into a long description of what this has meant to every aspect of our culture.
6.
a. intransitive. To mount up or amount to; to be so large, expensive, etc., as to take up (a specified amount), or to be reckoned in (hundreds, thousands, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > high price or rate > [verb (intransitive)] > be dear or expensive
to cost money1596
to run into ——1718
cost1873
to cost the earth1882
1718 A. Malcolm New Treat. Arithmetick & Bk.-keeping 123 As Business spreads, some Accompts may run into so great length, that by too many Particulars they grow confused.
1754 Earl of Chatham Lett. to Nephew (1804) iii. 13 I find my letter has run into some length.
1815 H. Maddock Treat. Princ. & Pract. Chancery II. ii. 136 Pleadings often run into a great deal of unnecessary verbiage.
1852 N.-Y. Daily Times 29 Sept. 4/2 Will not the annual account run into millions?
1881 G. M. Fenn Vicar's People xxvii. 195 ‘Mr. Trethick..advises its purchase and refixing to pump out the mine.’ ‘But that would run into a lot of money,’ said Tregenna.
1924 Boys' Life Dec. 28/3 Even a brief word regarding each would run into a formidable length.
1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising iv. 33 ‘Consumer’ here is a coverall term for a vast audience often running into millions.
2005 Independent 9 July 44/5 An annual saving on fuel costs that could run into the tens of thousands of dollars.
b. transitive. To cause or allow to amount to or take up.
ΚΠ
1849 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 16 196/1 The narrative is run into three volumes, when it should have been one only.
1909 Munic. Engin. 36 16/2 This means large masonry construction and the removal of great quantities of earth, which run the cost into vast sums.
1998 J. C. Moya Cousins & strangers 10 Discussing all of these towns and villages in every chapter would run the manuscript into the thousands of pages.
c. intransitive. to run into money: to involve or require a considerable amount of money.
ΚΠ
1875 North-eastern Daily Gaz. (Middlesbrough) 31 Mar. 3/4 Hiring big places and advertising freely runs into money.
1897 Daily Mail 27 Apr. 4/5 Ammunition runs into money when you buy it by the million rounds.
1940 D. Aikman All-Amer. Front xix. 324 Sailing and flying distances of more than five thousand miles inevitably ‘run into money’.
2001 A. Shevrin tr. S. Aleichem Further Adventures Menachem-Mendl 84 This will run into money. Printing the book, you understand, will cost more than a few kopeks!
7. intransitive. To tend towards; to be expressed or manifested in.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > tendency > tend or incline [verb (transitive)] > tend, lead, or conduce to
forwenda1325
tend1560
sway1570
affect1612
to trench on or upon1622
apta1640
predeterminea1667
to go far to1668
to run into ——1753
orient1952
tilt1976
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Plastering The modern taste runs greatly into plastering.
1770 L. Nihell Rational Self-love xii. 126 The Taste runs into the more elegant Refinements of the polite Arts.
1821 W. Scott Pirate I. xii. 291 I run into rhyme when I so much as think upon them.
1890 ‘H. S. Merriman’ Suspense II. xiii. 300 [Their] talents ran more into words than into action.
1909 Ann. Rep. President & Treasurer (Columbia Univ.) 34 That type of individualism which runs rather into idiosyncrasy than into common service.
1964 Billboard 4 Jan. 19/2 Their tastes run into show tunes and sound albums like Command.
2003 New Vision (Uganda) (Nexis) 18 Apr. Those whose tastes run into something harder like the exotic home-cultivated ragga and Kenyan manufactured hiphop.
8. intransitive. Hunting. Esp. of hounds: to close with (an animal). Cf. to run in 9a at Phrasal verbs 1. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > move towards [verb (intransitive)] > draw near > of dogs pursuing an animal
to run into ——1850
1793 W. Moore Ramble through Holland, France & Italy I. 141 Within an hour, however, the leading hounds ran into their game.
1797 Sporting Mag. Nov. 87/2 They soon unkennelled a second [fox], which was run into and killed, in a very handsome stile.
1850 R. Gordon-Cumming Five Years Hunter's Life S. Afr. I. iv. 84 One of my greyhounds..at once ran into him and pulled him down.
1893 T. Roosevelt Wilderness Hunter xviii. 378 A good pack of hounds starting him [sc. a fox] close would speedily run into him in the open.
1938 Times 29 Nov. 6/4 They ran into their fox after an excellent gallop of 40 minutes.
9. intransitive.
a. To dash into or collide with (a person or thing), esp. by accident, while moving or travelling in a particular direction.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > impinge upon [verb (transitive)] > accidentally
stumblec1440
to run into ——1829
1829 Niles' Weekly Reg. 2 May 148/2 A steam boat..was lately sunk in deep water..by being run-into by the boat Diana.
1895 Law Times Rep. 73 623/1 To try and prevent the train from running into the children.
1918 Times 22 July 9/2 While Sir John and Lady Simon were returning to their home..in a taxi-cab..the vehicle ran into a street island.
1972 Guardian 22 Dec. 4/1 An airliner ran into a taxi-ing plane while taking off.
2005 ‘Noire’ Candy Licker iii. 33 The driver was staring at them so hard he almost ran into a fire hydrant.
b. Originally U.S. To encounter, meet by chance, come across.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > chance or risk [verb (transitive)] > come upon by chance
tumble1565
to fall with ——1646
pop1668
to luck upon1670
to run into ——1895
1895 Literary World (Boston) 24 Aug. 265/1 I ran into Mr. M. D. Conway in London, looking no older than he did ten years ago.
1926 E. O'Neill Great God Brown i. ii. 35 The one time I ran into him, I thought he told me he'd destroyed all his pictures.
1934 ‘A. Bridge’ Peking Picnic vi. 60 Mrs. Leroy and the Kuniangs, walking with Derek Fitzmaurice on the City Wall, ran into Miss Ingersoll and Henri Delache.
1983 L. Thomas Youngest Sci. ii. 13 Adrenalin was there, in small glass ampules, in case he ran into a case of anaphylactic shock.
2008 Atlantic Monthly Mar. 79/1 Some time after the breakup..Carrie ran into Aidan on the street.
Obsolete.
to run on —— 1. intransitive. To be descended from (a specified person). rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > be descended [verb (intransitive)]
comeOE
springa1200
ofspringc1300
to be descended (from, of)1399
to run of ——?a1400
descenda1413
proceed?a1439
issuea1450
to come downc1450
outspringa1547
decline1598
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 418 Ericton com [of] kyng Dardan; Dardanus of Iubiter ran.
2. intransitive. Of the mind, thoughts, etc.; to be occupied, concerned, or taken up with; = to run on —— 1b at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > fix the attention, concentrate [verb (transitive)]
intend1429
to run upon ——c1443
to run on ——?1499
to run of ——?1504
to stick to ——?1530
affix1553
medite1606
fix1664
meditate1700
linger1835
?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) ii. i. 179 Theyr myndes renne moost of the ende of theyr iourney.
1588 G. Withers View Marginal Notes Popish Test. 314 The sacrifice which your minde runneth of, is now no dutie of a christian.
1685 A. Behn Love Lett. between Noble-man & Sister: 2nd Pt. 346 But your head runs of a young man, because you are married to an old one.
1699 W. Winstanley Essex Champion i. 15 Yet notwithstanding all his Threatnings, Billy's mind did so run of his Knightly Atchievements, that he still continued in his old course.
1707 S. Centlivre Platonick Lady i. 3 Thy Noddle runs of nothing but thy own Business; prithee let's think a little of mine.
1779 H. B. Dudley Flitch of Bacon i. 4 His head runs of nothing else but fighting and wenching from morning to night.
1846 Blackwood's Lady's Mag. June 249 We will away from this land of desolation; even just now my thoughts run of sending thee away.
1. intransitive.
a. To talk about or discourse upon (something); to have reference to, relate to, be concerned with.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > be occupied with a topic [verb (intransitive)]
to be abouta1400
to run on ——a1400
to run upon ——c1443
to speak unto ——1639
to roll upon ——1702
to roll on ——1763
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 223 (MED) Þise er þe materis..þat i thinck in þis boke to schawe, Schortli renand on þis dede.
1472 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 582 My modyr hathe herd of that mater by the reporte of old Wayte, whyche rennyth on it wyth opyn mowthe in hys werst wyse.
1549 T. Chaloner tr. Erasmus Praise of Folie sig. Niij Admitte theyr theme renne on charitee.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 99. ¶5 The whole Story runs on Chastity and Courage.
1770 G. Baretti Journey London to Genoa II. lv. 289 The table-talk ran on the royal palace and the present war.
1848 ‘A Superior Spirit’ Refl. European Revol. iii. 160 The talk ran on the next day's demonstration in favour of Poland.
1901 Iowa State Reg. 31 May 7/3 Passing over a large cemetery ground yesterday with a friend, the discussion ran on suitable shrubs, trees and flowers for such grounds.
1956 H. Peart Red Falcons of Trémoine xxii. 234 The low-voiced talk ran on the siege and the fall of Trémoine.
2006 C. Hughes Dressed in Fiction iii. 35 Characters like Mrs Allen, whose conversation runs on clothes and fashion.
b. Of the mind, thoughts, etc.: to be occupied, concerned, or taken up with (a subject); to concentrate on; to dwell on.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > fix the attention, concentrate [verb (transitive)]
intend1429
to run upon ——c1443
to run on ——?1499
to run of ——?1504
to stick to ——?1530
affix1553
medite1606
fix1664
meditate1700
linger1835
?1499 J. Skelton Bowge of Courte (de Worde) sig. Biijv I haue no coyne nor crosse I am not happy I renne ay on the losse.
1575 P. Beverley Hist. Ariodanto & Ieneura (new ed.) sig. D.v His mynde runnes on Ieneuora, and of hir worthy hew.
?1602 Narcissus (MS Bodl. Rawl. poet. 212) (1893) 181 Your heads may runne on crotchett..to know what manner wight..I am.
1627 H. Scudder Christians Daily Walke iii. 45 Make those best things your Treasure, then your heart will be chiefly set, and your thoughts will chiefly runne on them.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 33. ⁋6 My Head ran all that Day and Night on the exemplary Carriage of this Woman.
1791 N.-Y. Mag. Feb. 96/1 When we let our thoughts run on that amazing exertion of power.
1819 W. Scott Let. 1 Jan. (1933) V. 288 His mind running entirely on mathematics and fortification.
1889 M. E. Carter Mrs. Severn III. iii. iii. 100 Her thoughts had run on illness and death.
1951 G. Heyer Quiet Gentleman xii. 182 It is just that your mind is running a little too much on your pleasuring at Stanyon.
1981 G. Battiscombe Christina Rossetti v. 81 Her thoughts were still running on James Collinson.
2004 L. Prior Ardor 168 All the while he lay incapacitated, his mind ran on the subject of Fernanda Ponderosa.
c. To have or show a preference for or tendency towards (something); to favour. Cf. to run to —— 4c at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > choose in specific way [verb (transitive)] > choose in preference to others > show marked preference for
to run on ——1683
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. Dict. 389 When Matter runs much on some few Sorts of Letters, they say, it Runs on Sorts.
1734 Particular Descr. Dantzick 13 Their Taste runs not on making handsom Stair Cases, or light spatious Kitchins.
1809 E. Stanley Let. 20 Mar. in Lady Morgan Memoirs (1862) I. xxix. 363 You particularly mentioned mitred lace, but I think..the present fashion rather runs on the scolloped edge.
1895 Westm. Gaz. 22 Apr. 1/2 Colour seemed chiefly to run on that blending of purple and geranium.
1908 Iowa City Citizen 22 Apr. 8/2 (advt.) Silks..have the ‘cry’ so dear to Milady whose taste runs on light weight materials.
1929 R. Ramsay in Frozen & Chilled Meat Trade I. 17 The taste runs on meat of fair quality, but with a minimum of fat attached to it.
ΚΠ
1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) 6299 (MED) Whan þe yere of grace On seuen hundryd ran & fourty & nyne, Translatyd was..Marye Mawdelyn To vizelyac & þer leyd in shryne.
3. intransitive. U.S. colloquial. To tease, ridicule, make fun of. Cf. sense 13 and to run upon —— 7 at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > derision, ridicule, or mockery > banter or good-humoured ridicule > banter [verb (transitive)]
tauntc1530
railly1668
rally1672
banter1677
smoke1699
to get, take, or have a rise out of1703
joke1748
to run a rig1764
badinage1778
queer1778
quiz1787
to poke (one's) fun (at)1795
gammon1801
chaff1826
to run on ——1830
rig1841
trail1847
josh1852
jolly1874
chip1898
barrack1901
horse1901
jazz1927
to take the mike out ofa1935
to take the piss (out of)1945
to take the mickey (out of)1948
1830 J. E. Worcester Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Abridged (ed. 3) Run on,..to press with jokes or ridicule; to abuse with sarcasms; to bear hard on.
1870 Little Corporal June 85/3 We used to kind o' run on him at first, and that's the way the [name] ‘Little Piety’ got hitched onto him.
1921 W. M. Raine Gunsight Pass i. 6 The temper of Sanders began to take an edge. He saw no reason why these strangers should run on him, to use the phrase of the country.
1. intransitive.
a. Originally: to run through or squander (one's estate, fortune, money, etc.). Later usually without implication of profligacy or deliberate extravagance: to come to the end of (one's money, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > relinquishing > squandering or prodigality > squander [verb (transitive)]
forspendc893
scatter1154
dispend1303
waste1340
misspendc1390
miswastec1400
consumec1425
waste1474
profund1527
lasha1535
prodige1538
lavish1542
to play away1562
riot1566
embezzle1578
dilapidate1590
squander1593
confound1598
to make ducks and drakes of or withc1600
prodigalize1611
profuse1611
squander1611
paddle1616
bezzle1617
to run out of ——1622
to piss away1628
prodigal1628
decoct1629
to bangle (away)1632
debauch1632
deboise1632
to fribble away1633
to fool out1635
to run outa1640
to fiddle away1667
slattera1681
dissipate1682
to play off1693
duck-and-drake1700
liquidate1702
sparkle away1703
waster1821
befool1861
to frivol away1866
to play (at) duck and drake with1872
to fling away1873
mislive1887
slather1904
mucker1928
profligate1938
peter1956
spaff2002
1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue ii. i. vii. 62 They should not bee such lauish and prodigall spenders, as to ruine themselues..by taking Post-horses, as it were to runne out of their estates.
1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue ii. ii. ix. 187 If I should chance to lose, and runne out of my moneys.
1641 H. Peacham Worth of Peny 13 Many run out of great estates, and have undone themselves by over-sumptuous building.
1710 Tatler No. 221. ⁋2 Having excused himself for running out of his Estate.
1713 Guardian 22 Aug. 2/2 When we had run out of our Mony, we had no living Soul to befriend us.
1747 S. Fielding Familiar Lett. David Simple I. 137 This Gentleman had run out of a good Fortune when young.
1800 R. Bisset Douglas III. ii. 43 I'd run out of money, by having to pay an hundred pounds damages to a friend of mine for his wife.
1808 Sketches of Character III. vii. 226 He has been very wild..and has run out of a large fortune.
1887 Overland Monthly Mar. 283/1 Jack and his comrade had, by this time, run out of their money.
1924 C. Connolly Let. 21 Sept. in Romantic Friendship (1975) 13 I have run out of money and have to spend three nights Third in the train.
1996 T. Wainscott Dreams of You xii. 193 You know that brother of yours was always an idiot with money... Can you believe he's run out of the entire inheritance?
2009 New Yorker 13 Apr. 84/1 His parents run out of money and pull the plug on him.
b. gen. To come to the end of the available supply of (something); to exhaust, have no more of.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > non-possession > not have [verb (transitive)] > lack > run out of
to run out of ——1751
to run short1753
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > use up, expend, or consume [verb (transitive)] > exhaust one's supply of something
to run out of ——1751
1751 J. Edwards Let. in Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1809) 1st Ser. X. 151 It happens from time to time, that the Mohawks, and their instructors are run out of provisions, and have nothing to eat.
1838 J. Logan Notes Journey through Canada iv. 101 A steamer.., on its route from Chicago to Buffalo, had run out of wood.
1865 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia V. xix. ix. 627 In the end, he must run out of men.
1893 Scribner's Mag. Feb. 259/2 The British ran out of ammunition.
1929 D. G. Mackail How Amusing! 244 He had run out of tobacco the night before.
1966 New Statesman 14 Oct. 546/2 There was a popular line about the Tories running into Europe because they had run out of ideas.
1973 J. Porter It's Murder with Dover viii. 71 Do you mind just hanging on for a second, sir? I've-er-run out of cigarettes.
1990 J. Fane Best Friends 13 [He] bought so many young painters' pictures that he ran out of walls to hang them on.
2009 Wall St. Jrnl. 2 June a6/1 Canadian pilots safely glide-landed another Airbus A330 in the Azores after it ran out of fuel high over the Atlantic.
c. to run out of steam (in later use also to run out of gas, etc.): (of a person) to exhaust one's energy, impetus, ideas, etc.; similarly of a process, movement, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > become weary or exhausted [verb (intransitive)] > exhaust one's strength or energy
to break one's back or necka1616
to melt one's grease1645
break1726
to run out of steam1836
to overdo it1853
to peg out1887
1836 J. C. Newman Harmonies of Creation p. xiv Whenever I hear a politician boasting of what he has achieved, and flattering the people with what he intends to do,..I am sure to say to myself—‘Quick promisers are generally very slow performers’—Poor man, you will surely run out of steam!
1907 ‘W. Standish’ Jack Lorimer's Champions xi. 99 Roxbridge [sc. a rowing team] had shot her bolt..and was running out of steam. In the next fifty yards Millvale lapped her.
1924 N.Y. Times 8 Aug. 8/3 At that point [in the game] the Indian offensive ran out of steam.
1954 Jet 8 Apr. 53 Chicago's Du Sable High School basketball team..ran out of gas in its fight for the Illinois state championship.
1973 D. Francis Slay-ride vii. 78 When I'd run out of steam, they would begin to nod while they listened.
1985 San Diego Union-Tribune (Nexis) 29 Sept. (Entertainment section) Will the rock musician run out of juice? When will Brandon Tartikoff give up?
2003 Foreign Affairs May 69 Even Chile..had run out of steam, averaging barely three percent growth between 1999 and 2002.
d. to run out of road: (of a car, driver, etc.) to be unable to avoid passing beyond the end or edge of the roadway (typically through failing to brake sufficiently or to turn into a bend). Also figurative. Similarly to run out of track, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > vehicular traffic > [verb (intransitive)] > suffer an accident > specific type
jackknife1886
to run out of road1922
pile1942
underrun1972
1922 Clearfield (Pa.) Progress 28 Aug. 1/4 When the driver of the Ford attempted to get around another car ahead of him he ran out of road, and the fast travelling Henry toppled down over the bank.
1948 Palm Beach (Florida) Post 26 Jan. 12/4 He was parked in a roadway directly in front of the locomotive when it ran out of track and plowed through steel bumpers.
1953 Pop. Mech. Apr. 242/2 Ask Mr. Graves how many 327-cubic-inch Packards have run out of road trying to chase a little..MG through a few good corners.
1970 Listener 19 Nov. 710/3 The real-life situation of the superstar simply running out of road gives the work a clearly recognisable integrity of plot.
1975 I. S. Black Man on Bridge xii. 170 Munro..drove till he ran out of track.
2006 Lynn News & Advertiser (Nexis) 13 June The team ran out of road on a tight downhill right hand bend.
2. transitive. To cause to run out of something. Frequently reflexive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > use up, expend, or consume [verb (transitive)] > exhaust (oneself) of something
to run out of ——a1652
a1652 R. Brome Mad Couple Well Match'd iii. sig. E6v, in Five New Playes (1653) I see no remedy, unlesse I run my selfe out of credit, defie the life of a Cittizen, and turn Courtly too.
1658 H. Edmundson Fellow-traveller through City & Countrey (new ed.) 84 The debtor runs on borrowing till he run himself out of all.
1695 W. Congreve Love for Love v. i. 78 A pox on't, his Wit run him out of his Money, and now his Poverty has run him out of his Wits.
1719 C. Johnson Masquerade ii. ii. 23 Sir George. And what do you propose by this? Mr. Ombre. To run her out of all her Money and Credit.
1845 B. Taylor Let. 14 Nov. in Life & Lett. (1884) I. iii. 61 We have run him out of money once, and before he could get more from Leghorn he had to borrow himself.
1859 E. F. Allston Let. 12 Sept. in L. P. Towles World turned Upside Down (1996) 247 I don't think that either of them regret going much, for Tom seems to have run himself out of amusements.
1889 A. E. Barr Feet of Clay iii. 45 You have run yourself out of threats, you have not one left that I fear.
1913 Philistine Nov. 183 The Woozy One will soon run himself out of kerosene. And then it is up to the clerk to tow him gently in.
1985 New Yorker 8 July 44/2 [It] could keep a corporation the size of Ben & Jerry's Homemade in court long enough to run it out of money.
2001 R. M. Brown Alma Mater (2002) xxviii. 173 Dad's run us flat out of money. I can't walk off and leave Mom.
1. intransitive. Of a horse, (in later use more commonly) a vehicle or its driver, etc.: to pass over (a person, etc., knocked down or lying in the way); to knock down and pass over; to injure or kill by doing this. Also in extended use. Cf. to run over 6 at Phrasal verbs 1.
a. In active use.
ΚΠ
c1400 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (BL Add.) f. 82v Hi..harled hym forþ fillyche..In a foul pludde in þe stret suþþe me hym slong & arnde ouer hym myd hors.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 686 He made his horse to renne over sir Bleoberys.
1640 J. Mabbe tr. M. de Cervantes Exemplarie Novells iv. 193 He ran athwart..just in such an ill conjuncture of time, that he could not avoyd a Horses running over him... He ranne over him, and left him stretcht on the ground for dead.
1652 R. Zouche Cases & Questions resolved in Civil-law iv. ii. 105 The Carters withdrew themselves, for feare least the Cart might have runne over them.
1735 Lives Most Remarkable Criminals I. 222 Catching them by the Arm, crying out, there's a Coach will run over ye.
1792 Universal Mag. July 16/1 A young Frenchman of quality, driving his English friend in his phaeton, through the streets of Paris, ran over a poor labouring man, who was instantly killed.
1831 La Belle Assemblée May 216/1 His britschka ran over a black child in Park-lane.
1861 Business Life (ed. 2) 144 An omnibus was racing against another..and the driver ran over a man, and killed him.
1925 F. S. Fitzgerald Great Gatsby ix. 215 He ran over Myrtle like you'd run over a dog and never even stopped his car.
1956 Reno (Nevada) Evening Gaz. 1 May 4/8 As I went out the door, a covey of school kids ran over me again.
1985 P. Auster N.Y. Trilogy (1988) i. viii. 60 Once a car nearly ran over him as he was crossing the street.
2008 J. B. Stanley Stiffs & Swine x. 129 He ran over him! That son of a bitch deliberately ran over my husband.
b. In prepositional passive.
ΚΠ
1674 R. Hooke Diary 17 July (1935) 113 Walkd to Exchange. Almost run over by a coach.
1692 J. Edwards Farther Enq. Old & New Test. 153 He dropped down, and was run over by a Cart or Wagon that came by at that time.
1735 Lives Most Remarkable Criminals I. 214 His Wife..was ran over by a Dray and kill'd upon the Spot.
1794 J. Woodforde Diary 15 Feb. (1929) IV. 96 A very young Man coming back from Norwich to day with an empty Waggon, falling under it was run over by it.
1796 Universal Mag. Sept. 220/2 This mail coach came driving up at a furious rate, in consequence of which the boy..was run over, and wounded in such a manner, that he died.
1811 A. de Beauclerc Ora & Juliet III. 30 The alarm of Mr. Belford's being ran over the night before.
1880 Chic (N.Y.) 22 Sept. 12/1 This was the thanks I got for savin' her from bein' run over and kilt.
1954 T. S. Eliot Confidential Clerk iii. 109 Eggerson:..Unfortunately, the father died suddenly... Lady Elizabeth: He was run over. By a rhinoceros In Tanganyika.
1957 C. Brooke-Rose Lang. of Love 15 She jay-walked through the traffic-jam of St. Giles, vaguely hoping to be run over.
1989 D. Leavitt Equal Affections 101 You look like you just got run over on the highway.
2002 Toronto Star 25 Sept. a31/5 A Georgian College student suffered serious injuries after he was run over by a car in the drive-through of a McDonald's restaurant.
2. intransitive.
a. To restate or repeat; to recapitulate; = to run over 2a at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > repetition > repeat [verb (transitive)]
doublec1380
naitc1400
reportc1405
repeat1427
renewa1464
iterate1533
resume1535
to run over ——1538
redouble1580
to go over ——1583
re-say1583
reclaim1590
ingeminate1594
reword1604
reassume1631
reutter1632
oversay1639
to fetch over1642
reassert1647
1538 M. Coverdale tr. M. Luther Expos. Magnificat sig. L.viiv Yet is he not contente to haue brefely runne ouer them, but..he doth now dilate and declare them more largelyer in the other fore verses followynge.
1586 Queen Elizabeth I in R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Eliz. (1630) iii. 102 Not to giue any answer till he had run ouer the letters of the Alphabet.
1654 ‘Palaemon’ Friendship 25 'Twere extreamly tedious to run over all the Vices and shew how they were particularly exclusory of Friendship.
1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xvii. 88 As we are always running over old Stories, when we are alone.
1793 Trial of Fyshe Palmer 83 Mr. Burnet next proceeded to run over the evidence.
1833 W. Howitt Pop. Hist. Priestcraft 59 Let us now briefly run over the great features of priestcraft in Greece.
1878 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 605/1 We shall rapidly run over the leading details of our recent relations with the Ameer.
1922 D. Karsner Talks with Debs in Terre Haute 74 I felt rather embarrassed at running over the story of the parents of Debs, who sat before me.
1962 Classical Philol. 57 146/1 It might be well to run over the principal aspects of Juvenal's program.
2002 O. North & J. Musser Mission Compromised xiv. 342 Let's run over the high points one last time.
b. To glance or look over; to read, scan, or survey, esp. quickly or cursorily. Cf. to run over 2b at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > scan or look over
to look through ——?1536
to run over ——1555
overcast1570
to run over1571
pervise1577
transview1602
scour1909
1555 N. Ridley Let. in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1583) II. 1725/2 I haue runne ouer all your papers.
1557 R. Edgeworth Serm. very Fruitfull Pref. sig. ✠ iiv Perusing, yea rather superficiallie runninge ouer suche sermons as I haue preached in times past.
1573 G. Harvey Let.-bk. (1884) 51 If he wuld but..take the pains to run over the title concerning the Proctor's office.
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iii. ii. 140 You..beare the Inuentory Of your best Graces, in your minde; the which You were now running o're. View more context for this quotation
1697 H. Wanley Let. 21 Sept. (1989) 75 I have run over Boxhornius, and there I find he stands stifly for Harlaem against Bernardus Mallincrotius.
1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 91. ⁋4 He ran over, with a laughing Eye, Crastin's thin Legs, meagre Looks, and spare Body.
1789 F. Burney Diary 6 Sept. (1842) V. 61 I was finishing a charming sermon of Blair, while she was running over some old newspapers.
1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet III. viii. 228 ‘Look at it yourself...’ Fairford ran over the affidavit and the warrant.
1842 Universalist Union 7 May 393/2 In running over recent papers, we find the following names.
1852 C. Anderson Let. in H. Anderson Life & Lett. C. Anderson (1854) xi. 448 I have run over Taylor, but I must look at p. 63 again.
1919 C. B. Jordan tr. V. B. Ibáñez Mare Nostrum 338 One day, running over some forgotten papers in a suit-case, he came across Freya's portrait.
1991 T. Clancy Sum of all Fears iii. 62 Ryan turned on the West Bend drip machine behind his desk before running over the notes from the night-duty staff.
2001 J. W. Herman Three Dirty Women & Bitter Brew xiii. 112 Quickly he ran over the article that Leo kept in his wallet.
c. To review, think over; = to run over 2c at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > thought > think or have in mind [verb (transitive)] > think out
out-thinka1382
to think outa1382
musea1400
excogitatec1530
to run over ——1565
to think through1748
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Cogitatio To runne ouer many thynges in mynde and cogitacion.
a1708 W. Beveridge Thes. Theologicus (1711) III. 145 Examine, whether you be sincere or no; run over the Particulars in your mind.
1727 J. Swift On Dreams in Misc. Last vol. ii. 298 The busy Head..runs o'er The Scenes and Actions of the Day before.
1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind i. i. 17 The Pythagoreans..every Evening thrice run over the Actions and Affairs of the Day.
1823 N.-Y. Mirror 13 Sept. 50/3 I began to run over the events of the day that was gone.
1872 J. H. Ewing in Aunt Judy's Christmas Vol. 212 These were what he had gone to town to fetch, and he ran over them in his mind as he came along, to be sure they were all right.
1954 I. Murdoch Under Net xii. 165 I ran over various moves in my mind.
1988 D. Madden Birds of Innocent Wood iii. 50 Jane listened attentively and later she would run over it again and again in her mind.
2001 K. Follett Jackdaws (2002) xlvi. 400 He nervously ran over the events of the previous evening, asking himself if he had done everything possible.
d. To go over again with some process; to redo, retouch. Also in prepositional passive. Cf. to run over 5 at Phrasal verbs 1. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > repeating > repeat (an action) [verb (transitive)] > go over again with some process
to go over ——1560
to run over ——1580
1580 T. Churchyard Plaine Rep. Daungerous Seruice sig. d.iii My booke of Choice, that was ouer hastely Printed, and must be runne ouer againe.
1608 T. Middleton Your Fiue Gallants sig. E4v The pictuers are all new run ouer againe.
1677 G. Miege New Dict. French & Eng. ii. sig. Ss 4v/3 To run over his work again, repasser, revoir, retoucher son Ouvrage.
1843 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 4 i. 70 If..the turnips have been well hoed once, it is of comparatively little importance whether they are ‘run over’ again.
1917 Ann. Rep. Secretary for Agric. Nova Scotia 1916 iii. 27 In midsummer run over the trees again, and cut back any laterals that are robbing the leader.
3. intransitive. To touch (beads, the keys of a piano, etc.) in quick succession; to go over with the hand or fingers.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > touch and feeling > touching > touching with the hand > touch or feel with the hand [verb (transitive)] > pass the hand over
to run over ——1667
to pass over ——1805
society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > perform (music) [verb (transitive)] > specific style or technique
squeak1577
tinkle1582
divide1590
shake1611
slur1746
da capo1764
rattlea1766
to run over ——1789
skirl1818
spread?1822
develop1838
arpeggio1864
propose1864
recapitulate1873
jazz1915
lilt1916
jazzify1927
thump1929
schmaltz1936
belt1947
stroke1969
funkify1973
scratch1984
scratch-mix1985
1577 R. Willes in R. Willes & R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Hist. Trauayle W. & E. Indies f. 259v They runne ouer their beades, humbly asking of Amida and Xaca wealth, honour, good health, and euerlastyng ioyes.
1667 S. Pepys Diary 24 Dec. (1974) VIII. 588 That they do run over their beads with one hand, and..make signs with the other.
1789 A. M. Bennett Agnes de-Courci I. xxii. 227 While the chocolate was getting ready, Agnes ran over the keys of the organ.
1825 New Monthly Mag. 14 314 He hastily ran over the beads of a rosary.
1895 E. N. Blair Lisbeth Wilson xxvii. 292 Mr. Baker ran over the strings a moment, then played while the young girls sang the song of ‘Ruth’.
1913 A. B. Reeve Dream Doctor i. 23 Quickly Craig ran over the keys of the machine [sc. a typewriter] until he had a sample of every character.
2008 Lang Lang & D. Ritz Journey of Thousand Miles i. 31 I realized that to play the pieces that I loved—to be able to run over the keys like Tom chasing Jerry—I needed to practice.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > carelessness > be careless or heedless of [verb (transitive)] > pass over without adequate attention
skip1412
slip1513
to run over ——1577
overtripa1583
scanta1616
slight1620
slur1660
slur1725
the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > do, deal with, acquire, etc., quickly [verb (transitive)] > do hurriedly and carelessly > go through or over
to run over ——1577
slubber1592
huddle1648
scuffle1844
slur1857
1577 M. Hanmer tr. Evagrius Scholasticus vi. xxiii, in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 512 If I haue omitted ought..or lightly runne ouer any matter.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Pref. ⁋14 Neither did we run ouer the worke with that posting haste that the Septuagint did.
5. intransitive. Originally: to sing or play the notes of (a scale). Hence: to range over (a scale of values, possibilities, etc.). Cf. sense 74b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > include [verb (transitive)] > in a class, description, or reckoning
accounta1464
lap1552
include1575
shroud1593
comprise1597
list1622
classicate1654
classa1658
distribute1664
to run over ——1724
immerse1734
group1759
compute1818
classify1854
count1857
to ring in1916
1724 R. Samber tr. B. Castiglione Courtier ii. 18 [They] renew their Discourse in such a Tone as if they were running over the Gamut.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1763 I. 251 He ran over the grand scale of human knowledge; advised me to select some particular branch to excel in, but to acquire a little of every kind.
1821 London Lit. Gaz. 24 Feb. 126/3 Her principal piece was more like a chromatick exercise than anything else; for except running over the gamut, it has neither musical beginning, middle, or end.
1833 Paris: Bk. One-hundred-and-one III. 267 The commentaries..run over the whole varied scale of probabilities, in matters of suicide.
1881 S. R. Gardiner & J. B. Mullinger Introd. Study Eng. Hist. i. vi. 109 The whole gamut of human passion and feeling was run over.
1910 N.Y. State Jrnl. Med. 10 388/1 In running over the octave the person passes from the set of muscular adjustments required for the chest register to an entirely different set required for the head register.
1956 J. K. Feibleman Inst. of Society vi. 78 Beliefs are acquired and subsequent attitudes formed..as freely, say, as it is possible to run over the range of the values of a variable.
1961 J. B. Wilson Reason & Morals i. ii. 30 They do not have much use for climbing up and down the ladder of ends and means, or running over the scale of their moral criteria.
2000 S. T. Ali et al. Coherent States, Wavelets & their Generalizations xi. 247 The parameter j..runs over the continuous range ½ < j = 1/κ < ∞.
6. intransitive.
a. U.S. colloquial. To treat with contempt, humiliate; to push (a person) around.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > hold in contempt [verb (transitive)] > treat with contempt
unworthc950
to make scorn at, toc1320
to take in vainc1330
despise1377
rebuke?a1400
despite1481
indign1490
to make a mumming of1523
flock1545
scandalize1566
to make coarse account of1578
misregard1582
overpeer1583
to make a pish at (also of)1593
to make a push at1600
to bite by the nose1602
blurta1625
to piss ona1625
to make wash-way of, with1642
trample1646
huff1677
snouch1761
to walk over (the course)1779
to run over ——1816
snoot1928
shaft1959
1816 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 23 Apr. An energetic man..who would command and direct, and not suffer himself to be run over and ruled by men of his own creation.
1836 Spirit of Times 9 July 162/2 I would not advise any man to run over me, for I ask no man any odds further than civility.
1846 Southport (Wisconsin Territory) Amer. 17 Oct. 1/6 By what means has the South been enabled to run over us in this way?
1914 B. Tarkington Penrod xxv. 264 I've stood enough around here for one day, and you can't run over me, Georgie Bassett.
1963 W. Inge Nat. Affection (1991) ii. ii. 61 You dames think you can run right over a man, don't ya? Kick him, insult him, and he's not gonna do anything in return.
2009 Environment & Energy Daily (Nexis) 30 Mar. As long as they don't try to just run over us, we can work things out.
b. Sport. To defeat comprehensively or overwhelmingly; to play significantly better than.
ΚΠ
1896 Daily Mail 29 Oct. 6/5 The Cantabs strengthened their team by the inclusion of Mendelson and Carey, and after the first fifteen minutes ran over their opponents.
1931 Times 30 Mar. 6/3 From the kickoff Old Millhillians ran over their opponents and gave promise of a large score.
1954 Bee (Danville, Va.) 22 Apr. b11/4 He began running over the other two-year-olds. Watching him virtually loaf along until the head of the stretch and then bound into the lead and pull away, we experienced once again the thrill of seeing a champion in action.
2000 G. Evans Play like Man, Win like Woman 144 The guys don't feel guilty because they won, or because they ran over the opposition.
7. intransitive. To exceed (the time allotted); to carry on past (a time limit). Cf. to run over 7 at Phrasal verbs 1.Also with complement specifying by how much the allotted time is exceeded.
ΚΠ
1864 German Reformed Messenger 21 Sept. 2/4 Let a man preach never so well, if he runs five minutes over the time, he is put down as a drone.
1871 G. R. Cathcart Cathcart's Youth's Speaker cxxxiii. 140 Time's up, Sly... If I catch you running over time again, I'll wallop you!
1900 N.Y. Times 6 May 10/5 The, first period showed the closeness of the struggle, as actual play ran three minutes over the limit.
1914 Survey 21 Nov. 203/2 The men were so boisterous and hearty in their applause that the show ran an hour over the time scheduled.
1958 A. R. Block Love is Four Let. Word 117 She had sent Augusta back to the house as soon as she knew the picture would run over the scheduled shooting time.
1994 Billboard 26 Mar. 58/2 The ceremony ran over its allocated time by an hour.
intransitive. Of an idea, thought, etc. : to persist or circulate in (the head, mind, etc.).
ΚΠ
1866 tr. V. A. Thisted Lett. from Hell II. 178 I let it run round my head and my heart for some time.
1919 S. G. Millin Dark River (1920) xxii. 181 Over and over again the thought ran round her mind.
1981 J. Sullivan Only Fools & Horses (1999) I. 1st Ser. Episode 6. 58 Del. I've been thinking. Might not be a bad idea to survive the next war after all! Rodney. Why? You got something up yer sleeve Del? Del. No, no just a little idea that's been running round me old brain box, that's all.
2006 D. Hewson Lizard's Bite (2007) 86 If I get the chance, I throw myself into the work and try to forget what's running round my head.
1. intransitive.
a. To consider, deal with, relate, or rehearse the whole of (something), esp. quickly or summarily; to go through.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > prepare [verb (transitive)] > prepare by going through beforehand
practise1542
rehearse1579
to run through ——1860
c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 11 (MED) Þis book renneþ þorouȝ and vpon þe vij maters vþon [read vpon] whiche is maad al maner of contemplacioun.
?1570 T. Drant Two Serm. sig. G.j I am not to runne through all wordes and all pointes of this text, for that were to full of busy labour.
1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxix. 197 I meane briefly to runne through this title of nobilitie.
1662 J. Evelyn Sculptura Pref. sig. A3v Your modesty do's not permit me to run through all those Transcendencies.
1695 J. Dryden in tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy De Arte Graphica Pref. p. l I have not leisure to run through the whole Comparison of Lights and Shadows with Tropes and Figures.
1749 Memorial for T. Anderson against J. Ormiston 3 It would be tedious to run through all the Particulars of this Roup-Roll.
1788 F. Burney Diary 13 Feb. (1842) IV. 69 He laughed, but told me they were then running through the charges.
1833 T. De Quincey Cæsars in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 45/2 It would be tedious to run through the long Suetonian roll-call of his peccadilloes in this way.
1860 W. Collins Woman in White in All Year Round 9 June 194/1 Let us run through the main points of your statement and see what they are worth.
1914 L. J. Gibson tr. R. Eucken Can we still be Christians? 27 We must..run through the stages we have noted above in reversed order.
1980 K. Hagenbach Fox Potential xvi. 157 I ran through it for her without the grim details... When I had finished the story, Frankie put her hand on my thigh.
1990 Lifeboat Summer 276/2 The video runs through a lifeboat rescue, rescue by helicopter..and abandoning the yacht to a liferaft.
2006 Australian 7 Apr. (Brisbane ed.) (Suppl.) 3/1 Let's run through the key criteria to see how diesel compares with petrol.
b. To look through; to read, peruse, examine, esp. rapidly; to scan. Cf. to run through 2 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > investigate, examine [verb (transitive)] > look through, examine
oversee1348
searcha1387
laita1400
overlooka1400
to look overc1400
to run through ——c1449
oversearch1532
overview1549
tumble1597
coursea1616
perquest1892
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 41 Lete a man renne thoruȝ alle the xxxiti. pointis..whiche ben sett in the first parti of The donet.
1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea 7 If you examine the times after Christ..this wil be more apparant. Run through the book of the Acts.
1670 J. Wilson Treat. Relig. & Governm. ii. xiv. 277 You need not run through the whole book, read but his first Section, and you will heare him say first, that [etc.].
1675 J. Glanvill Acct. Mr. Ferguson his Common-place-bk. 32 When a man shall run through a book, and take the whole Series of Arguments, without owning his Masters.
1743 J. Barclay Treat. Educ. vii. 115 To run through every letter and column for a word, as if they were consulting a dictionary.
1776 D. Hume Let. 18 Mar. in E. Gibbon Misc. Wks. (1796) I. 148 I ran through your volume of history with great avidity and impatience.
1847 Ainsworth's Mag. 12 35 Poor May Thornton felt her heart suddenly elevated as she ran through this advertisement.
1888 ‘F. Warden’ Woman's Face I. viii. 196 It is only a pamphlet, and will not take you long to run through.
1930 Q. Rev. Biol. 5 256/1 A cynical Pantagruelist will get an hour's amusement out of running through the book.
1990 A. S. Byatt Possession xix. 349 I seized the paper from her hands. I ran through the notes.
2009 R. Simon Building Home with My Husband 47 I run through my date book for the last few years, looking for new friends.
2. intransitive. To pass or go through (an experience, sequence of events or developments, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > operation upon something > have effect on [verb (transitive)] > be subjected to or undergo an action > undergo or experience
feelOE
seeOE
passa1325
provec1330
attastec1374
wielda1375
tastec1380
sufferc1390
to pass through ——c1400
expert?a1475
traverse1477
experiment1484
savour1509
to taste of1526
to go through ——1535
sustain1575
approve1578
try1578
experience1588
undergo1600
to run through ——1602
pree1806
1602 2nd Pt. Returne fr. Parnassus v. iv. 2132 We haue run through many trades, yet thriue by none.
1686 tr. J. Chardin Coronation Solyman 121 in Trav. Persia Never had any man run through so many strange adventures.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. iii. 148 The distresses and dangers they had already run through.
1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 607 We had run Through ev'ry change that fancy..has had genius to supply.
1858 Q. Jrnl. Dental Sci. Apr. 124 A person who has run through such an ordeal will usually be found to be proof against the contagion of phthisis.
1869 Trübner's Amer. & Oriental Lit. Record 16 Oct. 562/2 Without ceasing shall I [sc. the Buddha] run through a course of many births, looking for the maker of this tabernacle.
1917 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 14 414 Our punishments..have run through a development as ordeal, torture, great severity, and gradual amelioration.
2001 J. Rollins Deep Fathom v. 88 In Canada she had run through her own long series of bad relationships, from cold to abusive.
3. intransitive.
a. To consume, spend, exhaust, use up, wear out (money, resources, etc.). Frequently with suggestion of extravagance or reckless expenditure.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > use up, expend, or consume [verb (transitive)] > rapidly
to run through ——c1604
c1604 Charlemagne (1938) i. 19 Full twoe & twentye seuerall liuorye coatte..haue I runne throughe in your most faythfull service.
1711 J. Marten Treat. Venereal Dis. (ed. 7) ii. viii. 600 He has by Extravagancy run through a very fine Estate.
1772 T. Simpson Compl. Vermin-killer 25 The stoat..will run through a whole brood of chickens in a little time.
1781 D. Williams tr. Voltaire Dramatic Wks. II. 308 He ran through all he had, and left nothing for you.
1848 J. H. Newman Loss & Gain iii. ix. 374 It might have been worse; you might have run through your money.
1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting i. 24 Oceans of milk, most of which the Kaffirs and dogs ran through.
1905 F. Hume Secret Passage iv. 46 Jennings is a gentleman... But he ran through his money and took up the detective business.
1971 ‘G. Charles’ Destiny Waltz iii. 87 I'm surprised he's only had two wives... I'd have thought he'd have run through four or five by now.
1991 N.Y. Times 24 Nov. ii. 29/5 He boasted of his ‘system’ for winning at roulette, but would regularly run through his cash and wire home for more.
2005 J. Watts Hattie McDaniel vii. 159 Selznick ran through numerous screenwriters and himself made continual revisions of the script.
b. spec. Of a book: to sell in sufficient quantity to exhaust (the specified number of editions, impressions, etc.).
ΚΠ
1744 London Evening-Post 14 Feb. So useful and genuine a Work (which had been so well receiv'd as to run through two Editions..).
1770 W. Hooper tr. J. F. von Bielfeld Lett. III. xv. 113 I would venture to pronounce..that these books would run through a hundred impressions.
1833 New Monthly Mag. 38 142 The novels..would have run through half a dozen editions in a year.
1919 Bookman Aug. 761/1 He had over forty books to his credit, nearly all of which have run through at least ten generous printings.
2001 I. Sinclair in A. Baron Lowlife p. v His first big success, From the City, From the Plough (1948), a novel which ran through countless editions.
4. intransitive. To be or continue present in or throughout; to pervade.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > spreading or diffusion > [verb (transitive)] > pervade
through-seeka1200
filla1300
fulfila1382
to run through ——1638
penetrate1652
inequitate1653
pervade1659
permeate1660
compenetrate1686
perradiate1848
impenetrate1859
1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. v. 262 I have examined your proofes of the former, & found that a veine of Sophistry runs cleane through them.
1646 J. Saltmarsh Reasons for Vnitie in Some Drops 124 The veine of enmity running through Presbytery and Independency.
1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 124. ⁋2 I have received several Letters upon this Subject, but find one common Error running through them all.
1729 W. Law Serious Call x. 157 If any thing of this kind runs thro' the course of our whole life.
1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 20 One unvarying predeliction for the wonderful runs through the whole series of his poems.
1855 A. Bain Senses & Intellect ii. ii. 540 The law of gravitation runs through all Astronomy.
1876 Pall Mall Gaz. 26 July 2/1 The same inversion of the true sequence of consideration runs through Lord Derby's argument.
1920 H. S. Trecartin et al. Way to Greater Production xi. 165 It seems desirable to bring forward again a thought that has been running through every previous chapter.
1971 K. Thomas Relig. & Decline of Magic ix. 269 The notion that purity of life was an essential preliminary to scientific discovery ran through the long history of alchemy.
2007 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Dec. 65/1 Jazz and Beethoven's Appassionata sonata are motifs that run through the book.
5. intransitive. To be printed repeatedly in (different publications) or in instalments in (successive issues of, or the pages of, a periodical).Originally used with reference to errors. Cf. sense 75a.
ΚΠ
1750 in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Wks. IV. 410 The giving this [speech] to Cellide is another very gross Error which has run through all the Editions.
1793 Monthly Rev. Nov. 347 Another mistake, which ran through the periodical prints, and which is here rectified, seems to have been, indeed, an error of the press.
1831 Atkinson's Casket July 324/1 For some weeks past he has been publishing, ‘whispers to a newly married pair’. The whisper to the husband ran through several numbers.
1850 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 623/2 A paragraph which ran through all the newspapers.
1896 Harper's Mag. July 262/2 The story..might have run through six more numbers of the magazine.
1903 T.P.'s Weekly 4 Dec. Mr. Bernard Capes's story, ‘The Secret in the Hill’, which ran through these pages.
1953 D. H. Dickason Daring Young Men (1970) v. 61 [His] ‘Reminiscences’ of early painters and paintings ran through some eleven numbers of the Crayon.
2006 Skiing Heritage Mar. 19/2 One resort ad which ran through most issues of Ski during 1960 came from Stowe.
6. transitive. To score through with (a pen, pencil, etc.) to indicate deletion or correction.
ΚΠ
1760 Voy. & Cruises Commodore Walker Introd. p. v I received it back from his hands much dissatisfied at the severity of his correction, he having run his pen through very near one-third of it.
1840 J. Hayward Ann. Four Years Elizabeth Introd. p. xxx Sir Julius corrected the blunder, and then, with good taste, ran his pen through the sentence.
1869 Weekly Notes 31 July 208/2 The officer..ran a pen through the transfers, and also through Mr. Elliott's name in the register, and replaced the name of Anderson.
1907 J. L. Given Making Newspaper xii. 208 When you have made a mistake run your pencil through the words that are to be omitted.
1933 P. G. Wodehouse Heavy Weather vii. 95 He had run his pen through the word ‘intoxicated’ and substituted for it the more colorful ‘pickled to the gills’.
2007 E. Lever Once more with Feeling iv. 67 Beca ran a pen through another name on her sperm donor list, then went back over it again until it was completely obliterated by black ink.
7.
a. intransitive. Of a bill, measure, etc.: to make progress through the process of being approved by (a legislative body).
ΚΠ
1787 Public Advertiser 8 Feb. The Bill now running through Parliament for the suppression of illicit English policies, don't interfere with the validity of the Irish, as British Acts now have no operation in that country.
1791 Gentleman's Mag. July 616/2 It was conceived that the business would have been soon over, and the bill would rapidly run through parliament.
1853 N.-Y. Daily Times 20 Jan. 4/3 We can understand why every measure for the adornment of Washington City, runs through Congress so oilily.
1891 G. W. Russell Gladstone ix. 213 The Session of 1870 was devoted to two great measures which ran concurrently through Parliament.
1915 C. M. Lloyd Trade Unionism i. 10 A Bill to repeal the Acts and legalise trade societies ran through Parliament without any opposition.
2003 Ottawa Sun (Nexis) 16 May 20 The federal government promised to launch a national sex offender registry last year, but Runciman said it's running through Parliament at a snail's pace.
b. transitive. To put (a bill, measure, etc.) through the process of being approved by (a legislative body).
ΚΠ
1856 N.Y. Herald 29 Dec. 5/5 The consolidation of interests in the effort to run through Congress land grants to railway companies.
1885 W. White Story of Great Delusion Introd. xlvi They acted, they said, under medical advice, and ran the bill through Parliament with little resistance.
1948 Middletown (N.Y.) Times Herald 17 Mar. 4/1 They have just run through Congress..a little requisition of $170,000 which will be used by a subcommittee to investigate the Truman administration.
1971 K. Hindell & M. Simms Abortion Law Reformed ix. 210 To the reformers the prospect of having to use the Parliament Act meant another year's delay and the uncertainty of trying to run the Bill through the Commons once again, this time unscathed.
1998 M. Hay Ukubuyisana ii. 35 The Further Indemnity Bill and General Amnesty, which the apartheid regime ran through parliament before the change of power.
8. intransitive. To perform (a piece of music, a play, etc.), esp. as a rehearsal. Cf. run-through n. 3.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > perform [verb (transitive)] > rehearse (a performance)
rehearse1579
to run through ——1881
1881 M. A. Lewis Two Pretty Girls I. v. 95 Hadn't you better run through your songs, Maude?
1907 H. Wyndham Flare of Footlights ix. 82 Mr. Elliott wants to run through the second act now.
1920 P. G. Wodehouse Little Warrior xi. 188 Principals and chorus rehearse together, running through the entire piece over and over again.
2010 M. Rapkin Theater Geek vii. 166 They run through act one, and the choreographer is still tinkering.
1. intransitive.† b. Of a person: to fall into (sin, bad practices, etc.). Cf. to run into —— 2 at Phrasal verbs 2. Obsolete.
a. To lapse or fall to (ruin, decay, etc.); to go to (waste).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > fall into (some adverse condition) > fall to (ruin)
to run to ——c1400
c1400 (?c1380) Pearl 26 Þer such rychez to rot is runnen.
1536 T. Starkey Pref. Kynges Hyghnes f. 58 Withoute it the doctrine of Christe shoulde runne to ruyne and decaye.
1570 T. Norton tr. A. Nowell Catechisme 25 b All things would runne to ruine, and fall to nothyng, vnlesse by hys vertue..they were vpholden.
1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Trauellers Breuiat 97 It were to be feared, least..the other part opposite would run to ruine & decay.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) i. iii. 127 The Common-wealth hath dayly run to wrack, The Dolphin hath preuayl'd.
1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind i. iii. 54 This will secure the Workings of your Soul from running to waste, and..even your looser Moments will turn to happy Account.
1789 H. L. Piozzi Observ. Journey France I. 177 The school..is running to ruin apace.
1856 Leisure Hour 5 419/2 The estate had run to ruin by neglect.
1874 F. C. Burnand My Time xxxiii. 346 His academicals..run to..utter rack and ruin.
1911 Countess E. Martinengo-Cesaresco Outdoor Life Greek & Rom. Poets x. 187 As there was more than he could eat, much lay running to waste.
1955 E. Bowen World of Love i. 22 I'm sick of having Montefort run to ruin; I'm going into this partnership with Fred.
2000 K. Sayer Country Cottages ii. 55 If she were not at home, all would run to rack and ruin.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > misconduct (one's life) [verb (transitive)] > fall into (sin or error)
fallOE
to run to ——1595
1595 J. Stradling tr. J. Lipsius Two Bks. Constancie ii. ix. 81 Chasticement serueth as a bridle, wich hee rayneth fitlie, when he seeth vs running to wickenes.
1621 W. Loe Vox Clamantis 67 If..the people of this our Nation shall runne to exesse of ryot.
1691 J. Cockburn Contin. Hist. Relation Late Gen. Assembly Scotl. 42 As if one could not be witness to a Feast without running to excess.
1794 tr. Prepar. for Death vii. 82 The readiness with which he run to wickedness and ill company.
c. gen. To pass or develop into (something).Esp. with negative connotations, as when referring to a change for the worse.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > do (something) to excess [verb (transitive)] > pass into (some excess)
to run to ——1800
1800 A. P. W. Philip Treat. Febrile Dis. II. 416 Inflammation of the viscera..is more liable to run to gangrene.
1850 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 747/1 His historical sketches have a tendency to run to some exaggeration.
1881 W. Black Beautiful Wretch I. 226 Her kindness..ran to extravagance.
1914 G. C. Pier Temple Treasures Japan 208 The T'ang Dynasty..incorporated the Tartar style, which rather ran to decoration.
1982 E. Wagenknecht Amer. Profile 84 The emphasis upon scandal and sensation..in news reporting itself, running to exaggeration and even fabrication when necessary.
1991 Independent (Nexis) 10 Aug. 27 A pronounced vein of melancholy, often running to outright madness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [verb (transitive)]
ywortheOE
fallc1225
atrinec1275
to come upon ——a1300
astart1393
to run to ——c1475
to come by ——1523
mishap1592
to come on ——a1599
tryst1645
arrive1655
c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 169 Hunger intollerable, whiche rayneth and shall rayne [F. encourt et courra] so bitterly to euery man that [etc.].
a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxx. f. clii But ye losse ran to they of ye Castell.
1555 in Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS: Var. Coll. (1907) IV. 283 Also the leke paines and penalties shall ronne and be unto all those free Burgesses.
ΚΠ
1482 W. Cely Let. 7 May in Cely Lett. (1975) 149 All that [money] schall ryn to the payment off the nexte hallffe yerys wagys.
1525 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 55 [Money] to rune and to be ymployde to thuse of the reparacon of the said myllys.
4. intransitive.
a. To amount to, be as much as (a specified quantity, length, etc.); to extend in size, weight, etc., to; to come to. Cf. to run up 10 at Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > amount to a quantity or amount [verb (transitive)]
waxc1330
amountc1350
amount1399
to make up1504
to run to ——1528
to make out1535
sum1609
amound1642
tella1794
size1917
the world > space > extension in space > extend [verb (transitive)] > extend to
containc1374
to run to ——1528
comprise?1541
environ1596
the world > relative properties > number > enumeration, reckoning, or calculation > enumerate, reckon, or calculate [verb (intransitive)] > amount or be equal to
goeOE
risec1175
amount1399
mountc1400
to come to ——?a1425
draw1425
reach1431
to run to ——1528
surmount1551
to come unto ——1562
arise1594
to equivalize account1647
tell1671
sum1721
reckon1783
count1819
number1842
to add up1850
to add up to1853
to work out1867
total1880
to tot up1882
1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. viiiv If escuage renne by auctoryte of parlement to any somme of money.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) ii. i. 31 Fashion it thus; that what he is, augmented, Would runne to these, and these extremities. View more context for this quotation
1749 Scots Mag. Oct. 487/1 A black, moist, and spungy soil, which runs to four, five, or more feet deep.
1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 3 Our wells, at an average, run to about sixty-three feet.
1850 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 11 i. 143 The average number..will run to about a sheep to an acre.
1879 Encycl. Brit. IX. 645/1 The morality [play] might run to at least 1000 verses.
1892 Sat. Rev. 7 May 554/1 The Supplement will run to eight or nine numbers.
1954 Economist 31 July 366/1 The Bill..will run to about 900 printed pages, the longest on record.
1964 G. Vidal Julian (1965) i. 15 The estimated cost will run to eighty gold solidi.
1992 In-Fisherman Feb. 29/2 Walleyes are plentiful and range up to 14 pounds; perch run to 2 pounds; and ling run to 5.
2005 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Apr. 24/1 A complete edition of Strachey's letters would apparently run to about six volumes.
b. In non-physical senses: to be sufficiently broad, comprehensive, etc., to include or embrace (something).
ΚΠ
1689 tr. G. B. Primi-Ammonio Acct. Private League Charles II. & French King 5 The Priviledge ran as well to the printing it in Italian as French.
1709 J. Reynolds Death's Vision 35 The subtlety of Matter outreaches the Comprehension of the Mind, altho' it shou'd not run to such Extream Minutenesses, as are there represented.
1841 J. F. Cooper Deerslayer II. ii. 40 A white man's gifts don't run to boasting and singing under torment, for he generally feels smallest when he suffers most.
1914 G. B. Shaw Parents & Children in Misalliance p. xi The something unpleasant may be only a look of suffering..or it may run to forcible expulsion from the room.
2007 Economist (Nexis) 28 July Mutual obligations in communities run even to organising funerals.
c. Esp. with reference to taste or fashion: to have or show a preference for or tendency towards (something); to favour.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > wish or inclination > be disposed or inclined to [verb (transitive)] > be favourably inclined to
reckOE
keep1297
to list ofa1300
to have, take a fancy for, to1465
lean1530
fantasy1548
to run upon ——1550
mind1648
to run to ——1809
whim1842
1809 Monthly Mirror Mar. 132 This taste runs to the fine arts in general.
1864 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 20 Aug. 3/1 Our wedding presents..ran mostly to Illustrated Byrons, papier-maché knives, and cut glass butter coolers.
1896 ‘M. Twain’ in Harper's Mag. Aug. 346/2 In my nature I have always run to pie, whilst in his nature he has always run to mystery.
1918 Printers' Ink 19 Dec. 136/1 In dry goods he runs mostly to the manufactured specialty lines.
1967 ‘S. Woods’ And shame Devil 222 He was brilliantly attired in crimson pyjamas... Who would have thought his taste would run to the exotic?
2008 New Yorker 17 Nov. 36/3 If your home decoration tastes run to Wiener Werkstätte or Scandinavian design, you're in luck.
d. Originally British colloquial. To be up to the demands or requirements of; esp. to be capable of purchasing, to be able to afford. Also with the money, resources, etc., as subject.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > be capable of [verb (transitive)]
suffice1390
to run to ——1859
the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > be sufficient for [verb (transitive)] > of money or payment
to stand for ——1389
to run to ——1859
1859 J. C. Hotten Dict. Slang 84 ‘I don't run to it,’ i.e. I can't do it,..or I have not money enough.
1861 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) III. 104/1 A fellow must be no good if he doesn't pay for the third [bottle] when it comes, and the day's money don't run to it, and you're in a hole.
1888 J. McCarthy & R. C. Praed Ladies' Gallery I. vi. 145 The Unknown's cheque wouldn't have run to that landau and pair.
1892 St. James's Gaz. 8 Feb. 5/2 On week-days workmen..do not run to more than fourpenny ale.
1900 P. White West End v. 40 I always had an idea that the guv'nor had some money, but I didn't imagine it would ‘run’ to this.
1924 H. de Sélincourt Cricket Match iii. 76 [He] only gave it me..because he knows I couldn't run to one of my own.
1953 E. Simon Past Masters iii. 156 Bits and pieces in the press, posters if we can run to them.
1970 Alberta Hist. Rev. Summer 1/1 Frame houses..needed to be heated and insulated with something of the modern thoroughness to be at all tolerable; and few men could run to it.
2002 L. Meier Birthday Party Murder x. 87 I was thinking more along the lines of a string quartet... If the budget won't run to that, you might consider playing some recorded background music, too.
e. To manage to provide; to go so far as to have.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > have or possess [verb (transitive)] > go so far as to possess
to run to ——1880
1880 Punch 25 Dec. 298/2 A red 'un [sc. button-hole] with maiden'air trimmings is what I consider O.K. Suits my style and complexion, yer know, so I runs to it once in a way.
1898 Cosmopolitan Aug. 388/2 In a year or two, perhaps it will run to a clubroom of our own.
1909 ‘I. Hay’ Man's Man (1910) vi. 109 It's ten flights up, and we don't run to an elevator.
1960 Bedside ‘Guardian’ 9 215 Some of the others [sc. theatres] run to 1930-ish chrome and glass fittings.
2001 D. Lessing Sweetest Dream (2003) 326 Our hospital doesn't run to a wheelchair.
5. intransitive. Of a solid: to melt and become (liquid). Also: to dissolve in (liquid).
ΚΠ
1567 Triall of Treasure sig. Divv You are both as constant as snowe in the sunne, Which from snow to water through melting doth run.
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 996 No sooner hath it [sc. snow] evaporated and exhaled a little the thinne and colde aire in it, but immediatly it resolveth and runneth to water.
1760 World Displayed XIV. 163 The wind..brought with it such heat, that the butter in the ship ran to oil.
1807 Monthly Mirror Feb. 87 Esop's ass laden with salt, which, on his lying down in every river, ran to water, and lightened his burden.
1899 Arena Mar. 358 It [sc. metal] melted, hissing as it ran To liquid in the mould.
1900 J. H. Crawford Autobiogr. Tramp i. 5 The snow..was soft..and ran to water.
1960 Woman's Illustr. 16 July 20 I bought ½ lb. of butter, which ran to oil within six hours.
2006 K. Brockmeier Brief Hist. Dead xv. 237 The last of the snow ran to water, and it ceased to rain.
6. intransitive.
a. Of a plant: to cease flowering and develop (seed); to tend to the formation of (straw, wood, etc.), typically in the absence of cultivation or careful management. Of land: to be or become characterized by (a specified kind of vegetation or terrain), esp. as a result of neglect.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > [verb (intransitive)] > of plants: run to seed
to run to ——1601
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. vi. 557 If a ground run to wood and bee overgrowne therewith, Democritus hath taught us the meanes how to kill the same.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxi. xi. 92 Of this Oenanthe, this regard must be had, that the flowers bee often picked and plucked off, and not suffered to run to seed.
1660 R. Sharrock Hist. Propagation & Improvem. Veg. 97 When any land runs to fearn, heath, or ant~hills.
a1706 J. Evelyn Direct. for Gardiner (1932) 79 Poverty, & leanesse of Ground, causes plants to run hastily to seede.
1762 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry I. 152 They..sow it with rye and hay-seed the first year; after which they let it run to grass.
1765 Museum Rusticum 3 157 If they are sown late,..they will be apt to run all to straw.
1825 New Monthly Mag. 15 215/1 They seldom bear at all, but run entirely to leaf.
1847 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 8 i. 215 [Beet,] when transplanted, run much to top.
1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 26 Lemons run to leaves and rind.
1892 Chambers's Jrnl. 17 Sept. 604/2 He preferred to let everything run to grass.
1913 E. G. Montgomery Corn Crops xiv. 146 The available nitrogen is so abundant that wheat or oats would ‘run to straw’ and produce little or no grain.
1936 Cambr. City (Indiana) Tribune 2 Apr. The vines will run to wood if they are ‘spur pruned’.
1980 G. Rickman Corn Supply Anc. Rome v. 101 Olives were better adapted to hillsides than to rich plain land, where they tended to run to wood.
2000 Guardian 12 Oct. ii. 19/4 The footpath led across pastures saturated by autumn downpours, where most wild flowers had long since run to seed.
b. figurative and in extended use. Chiefly in to run to seed: to become habitually unkempt, shabby, ineffective, etc. Cf. to go to seed at seed n. Phrases 1.
ΚΠ
1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 230 A Mans Nature runnes either to Herbes, or Weeds.
1740 H. Fielding in Champion 15 Mar. For Virtue itself by growing too exuberant, and (if I may be allowed the Metaphor) by running to Seed changes its very Nature, and becomes a most pernicious Weed of a most beautiful Flower.
a1822 P. B. Shelley Peter Bell III vi, in Poet. Wks. (?1840) 244/1 Now Peter ran to seed in soul Into a walking paradox.
1832 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 32 506 A race notoriously said like cucumbers to run more to belly than head.
1861 N.Y. Herald 23 Nov. 4/5 Can such a country be..permitted to run to seed?
1924 A. Huxley Little Mexican 249 He pictured a large, blonde, barmaidish personage, thirty-one and not yet married, running a bit to seed.
1953 J. Wain Hurry on Down iv. 66 He was plump, but not yet running to seed; aged about forty-five to fifty.
1976 National Observer (U.S.) 27 Nov. ii. 2/3 Today there is a striking resemblance among many of the 1,000 or so residents, and most of the youngsters run to tow~head.
2006 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 2 June 18 I thought it was a down-at-heel body builder, one who'd neglected to keep up with his medication and was starting to run to seed!
7. intransitive.
a. Agriculture. Of livestock: to tend to yield (meat or milk). Now rare.
ΚΠ
1790 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Midland Counties I. 393 As the modern breed of Midland cattle ‘run to beef’,—its modern breed of sheep ‘run to mutton’; and from the same cause: a natural propensity, of extraordinary strength, to a state of fatness.
1864 Trans. N.Y. State Agric. Soc. 1863 23 594 The Short-Horns are inclined to run to beef, rather than milk.
1879 Amer. Agriculturalist Oct. 379/1 There may be many that will run to meat instead of to milk.
1901 Sugar Beet Jrnl. Apr. 74/2 Whilst a small addition of it [sc. sugar] to their usual food will be found to improve the quality of their milk, too much, and but a very little too much, will cause them to run to beef more.
1922 Boston Daily Globe 13 May 6/1 ‘How are the Duroc-Jerseys these days?’ asked the department manager. He was told they were ‘not givin' as much in butter fat as the should, but run to milk.’
b. to run to fat.
(a) To put on (undesired) weight; to have a tendency to do this. Originally of livestock (cf. sense 7a); later often of a person.
ΚΠ
1809 R. Kerr Gen. View Agric. Berwick (new ed.) xiv. 396 They do not answer for fat lambs quite so well as inferior breeds, not being supposed such good nurses, as more apt to run to fat than to milk.
1845 Punch 8 157/1 Two years ago he weighed eleven stone, he now weighed twelve. It would never do to be running to fat like this.
1867 Farmer's Mag. Apr. 335/1 The sheep all ran to fat in their tails.
1899 Speaker 11 Feb. 171/2 All through history kings have run to fat. Dionysius, King of Heraclea, was so fat as to live in constant terror of suffocation.
1913 J. A. Craig Sheep-farming in N. Amer. iv. 74 Their extra weight and tendency to run to fat do not give them the popularity in the markets that is accorded those breeds that come to maturity at smaller weights.
1954 G. Smith Flaw in Crystal iv. 32 He was a broad, heavily built young man, just beginning to run to fat, good natured and boisterous.
1989 A. Bernays Professor Romeo (1990) i. i. 13 He wanted to see if her mother had run to fat.
2002 I. Knight Don't you want Me? vii. 94 And I hate his big round eyes—I'll bet he has some kind of overactive thyroid disorder. He looks like he'll run to fat, too, within a couple of years.
(b) figurative. To become less active, capable, sharp, etc.; to become unnecessarily large, with the implication of being less efficient.
ΚΠ
1906 W. M. Giffin School Days in Fifties 78 I fear my brain has run to fat.
1964 Science 18 Sept. 1337/1 Most of the major international scientific congresses have run to fat, to such an extent that intelligence gives way to stupor and social vitality to incoherence.
1984 Jrnl. Amer. Stud. 18 132 Multi-volume histories, like the Great American Novel, tend to run to fat.
2000 Independent (Nexis) 9 Jan. 9 You have to manage your business and keep an eye on it or it will run to fat and begin to fall apart.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [verb (intransitive)] > happen to
tocomeeOE
limpc888
i-timeOE
alimpOE
comeOE
on-becomeOE
tidec1000
befallc1175
betidec1175
betimea1225
fallc1225
time?c1225
yfallc1275
timea1325
happena1393
to run upon ——a1393
behapa1450
bechance1530
succeeda1533
attaina1535
behappen1596
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 4869 (MED) Arrons was so wo besein With thoghtes whiche upon him runne.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 3556 (MED) Sir ysaac..Vnfere and eld a-pon him ran.
1423–4 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1423 §55. m. 31 The grete disavauntage that shulde renne upon hym.
1487 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Nov. 1487 §28. m. 11 The same forfeiture to renne upon the seller or lener therof.
a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 84 (MED) In makyng of grete expenses..shall corrupcion rynne vpon the.
?1563 M. Parker Let. in J. Strype Life (1711) App. 200 To avoyde any Suspicion that might run upon hym amongst his owne.
a1586 W. Dunbar in W. A. Craigie Maitland Folio MS (1919) I. 11 Quhar Is ane tretour or ane theiff wpone him selff rynnes the mischeiff.
2. intransitive.
a. To talk about, have reference to, relate to; = to run on —— 1a at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΚΠ
c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 11 (MED) Þis book renneþ þorouȝ and vpon þe vij maters vþon [read vpon] whiche is maad al maner of contemplacioun.
1587 R. Holinshed et al. Hist. Eng. (new ed.) v. xxii. 104/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I A late chronographer running upon this matter..saith that [etc.].
1659 J. Davies tr. G. de Costes de La Calprenède Hymen's Præludia: 9th & 10th Pts. ix. i. 17 His discourse ran upon his misfortune, and his entertainment was of the strange posture of his spirit.
1736 Authentick Mem. Vanella 20 He..tarried with her till it was late, and their Discourse ran upon various Subjects.
1768 P. Thicknesse Useful Hints Tour of France x. 115 A priest, in a mixed company where the conversation ran upon the subject of confession, said, that [etc.].
1817 G. Colman Hist. Elsmere & Rosa II. ii. 48 Which thing nobody took any notice of,..and much talk ran upon Dr. and Mrs. Grove's visit at Spade-oak.
1873 Times 16 Aug. 5/5 Conversation ran upon the sad loss sustained by the death of the Emperor in January last.
1920 B. W. Sinclair Poor Man's Rock 174 These people seldom spoke of money, or of work, or politics... Their talk ran upon dances, clothes, motoring, [etc.].
1996 M. D. Harding Air-bird in Water xv. 267 At a country house party..the conversation runs upon Brigit and Orange and the latter's Roman Catholic ‘practical idealism’.
b. To be occupied with (a subject) in thought; to dwell on; = to run on —— 1b at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > fix the attention, concentrate [verb (transitive)]
intend1429
to run upon ——c1443
to run on ——?1499
to run of ——?1504
to stick to ——?1530
affix1553
medite1606
fix1664
meditate1700
linger1835
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > be occupied with a topic [verb (intransitive)]
to be abouta1400
to run on ——a1400
to run upon ——c1443
to speak unto ——1639
to roll upon ——1702
to roll on ——1763
c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 11 Bi stable contemplacioun, renning longe tyme vpon trouþis of þe same kynde.
1578 A. Golding tr. Seneca Conc. Benefyting iv. xx. 56 [He] hath his mynd ronning vppon the Heritage or Legacies that shall bee bequeathed him.
c1610 J. Speed Let. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Literary Men (1843) 108 My thoughts runnyng upon the well performance of this worke.
1667 T. Tomkins Inconveniences Toleration 34 Each Congregation will have some one little Proposition, which all its Proselytes must be known by, which all their thoughts must be always running upon.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 61 His Mind run upon Men fighting, and killing of one another.
1775 S. Johnson Let. 17 June (1992) II. 226 Write to me something every post, for on the stated day my head runs upon a letter.
1862 C. J. Vaughan Lect. St Paul’s Epist. Philippians xix. 305 It does us harm to let our thoughts run upon it [sc. evil].
1899 W. D. Howells Ragged Lady vi. 49 They knew enough..to value a young fellow whose thoughts were not running upon girls all the time.
1919 C. P. Bement Spinner of Webs xviii. 192 All the way home his mind ran upon the debt.
1973 Forest Park (Illinois) Rev. 25 July 8/2 Then my mind ran upon the present involvement with the many foreign countries that the people of this country do business with.
c. To have a preference for or tendency towards; = to run on —— 1c at Phrasal verbs 2. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > wish or inclination > be disposed or inclined to [verb (transitive)] > be favourably inclined to
reckOE
keep1297
to list ofa1300
to have, take a fancy for, to1465
lean1530
fantasy1548
to run upon ——1550
mind1648
to run to ——1809
whim1842
1550 R. Crowley in Langland's Vision of Pierce Plowman (new ed.) To Rdr. sig. *ii The firste two verses of the book renne vpon .S... The next [line] runneth vpon .H.
1681 H. More Plain Expos. Daniel 110 This sense generally Interpreters run upon, and it is most congruous and coherent.
1705 Philos. Trans. 1704–05 (Royal Soc.) 24 2003 Why might not..the Painter's Complexion be known by his Pictures..as supposing that the Sanguine do naturally run upon Pourtraits, Poetical Histories, Nudities, &c. The Cholerick upon Battel-pieces.
1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. v. 104 Mankind run upon Horses with great Appetites.
1762 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry I. 39 A great deal of the marle in the north country runs much upon the loam; but that in Sussex is more like fuller's earth.
1837 Brit. Cycl. Nat. Hist. III. 98/2 The absurd taste of the age..ran strongly upon the implicit copying of ancient authorities.
1859 E. Wilson Rambles at Antipodes 51 The South Australian land-system runs greatly upon eighty-acre sections.
1878 Graphic 28 Sept. 315/3 The Agricultural Gazette..thinks that the Oxfords are run upon too much.
1905 Connoisseur Apr. 246/2 The so-called ‘Death Mask Stamps’ have been run upon to an enormous extent by stamp collectors and others.
1958 E. M. Sigsworth Black Dyke Mills iii. 74 In the 1860's, the popular fashion amongst women..ran upon cloths suitable for wear with crinolines.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > beginning action or activity > begin action or activity [verb (intransitive)]
beginc1000
onginOE
aginOE
ginc1175
to go tillc1175
to take onc1175
comsea1225
fanga1225
to go toc1275
i-ginc1275
commencec1320
to get (also get down, go, go adown, set, set down) to workc1400
to lay to one's hand(sc1405
to put to one's hand (also hands)c1410
to set toc1425
standa1450
to make to1563
to fall to it1570
to start out1574
to fall to1577
to run upon ——1581
to break off1591
start1607
to set in1608
to set to one's hands1611
to put toa1616
to fall ona1625
in1633
to fall aboard1642
auspicatea1670
to set out1693
to enter (into) the fray1698
open1708
to start in1737
inchoate1767
to set off1774
go1780
start1785
to on with1843
to kick off1857
to start in on1859
to steam up1860
to push off1909
to cut loose1923
to get (also put) the show on the road1941
to get one's arse in gear1948
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. i. f. 29v For..we naturally run vpon things which are forbidden vs.
1676 G. Towerson Explic. Decalogue 525 They may tempt unwary Men to..run upon any Falsity.
1690 T. Bainbrigg Seasonable Refl. Late Pamphlet 53 [They] had their Heads full of Fancies, and particular Notions, and for the sake of them, they could run upon the most desperate Enterprizes.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 247 That I might not be said to run rashly upon any Thing, I stay'd here above nine Months.
4. intransitive. To bring upon oneself, incur, fall into.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring something upon > oneself
underliec960
catch?c1225
to run in ——1403
to run into ——?a1425
incurc1460
to run upon ——1583
contract1598
1583 G. Babington Briefe Conf. Frailtie & Faith iii. 46 Otherwise we run vpon our ruine both in heauen & earth.
1587 G. Whetstone Censure Loyall Subj. sig. D4 Those whose hearts are hardned, haue their iudgements blinde, and their affections swift to run vpon destruction.
1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts ii. 298 They..have runne very deep upon the displeasure of God.
1656 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1897) III. 258 To make there peace, least otherwise they should runne vppon there owne future ruine.
1754 Earl of Chatham Lett. to Nephew (1804) vi. 40 The inconveniences, dangers, and evils, which they themselves have run upon.
1777 J. Gray Dr. Price's Notions Nature Civil Liberty 102 If they will..give a willing ear to false and pernicious doctrines, it is not to be wondered that they run upon destruction.
1844 Monthly Relig. Mag. July 262 There is an impatience of restraint that is mere wantonness and wilfulness, breeding disorder and running upon destruction.
1894 W. Wilson in Rep. 17th Ann. Meeting Amer. Bar Assoc. 440 We shall run upon irreparable disaster unless we ponder very seriously the proper means and practicable measures of reform.
1928 J. Agate in Sunday Times 22 Jan. 6/1 We do not believe in them, and can have none of the Aristotelian fear that by our own folly we should run upon similar disaster.
1948 L. Constantine Cricketers' Carnival xx. 177 We have the bowlers; we shall see what Rhodes does to those who run upon destruction.
2001 S. Blackburn Being Good (2002) 35 Joseph Butler..gives the example of a man who runs upon certain ruin in order to avenge himself for an insult.
ΚΠ
1601 J. Wheeler Treat. Commerce 49 Hee was forced to runne vpon the Exchaunge, or Interest, till his provision came in.
1690 W. Mountfort Successfull Straingers v. 57 If I run upon tick Cuckold me.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1734) II. 359 The Pay of the Army, with the Charge of the Government, was to run upon Credit.
a1744 S. Tempest Religio Laici (?1764) 69 Those who run upon Tick, have nothing but what is both bad of the Kind, and at a high Price.
1816 P. M. Freneau Dialogue News-Printer & Cash-Collector in New-York Weekly Museum 9 Nov. 28/2 Six months, for my board, I have run upon tick.
1863 W. R. Cochrane in E. C. Cogswell Hist. New Boston (1864) 84 He..runs upon credit when he can't upon cash!
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > banking > bank [verb (transitive)] > make sudden demand on bank
to run upon ——1719
run1825
1719 D. Defoe Anat. Exchange-Alley 28 Will they tell us that running upon the Bank, and lowering the Stocks, was no Treason?
1828 Examiner 842/1 The house was..very severely run upon.
1892 Daily News 14 Sept. 5/2 These persons..were infected by panic... They ‘ran’ upon the bank.
1897 Westm. Rev. July 68 There could be no more monetary panics or upsetting of our markets by foreigners running upon the Bank of England for gold.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > derision, ridicule, or mockery > deride, ridicule, or mock [verb (intransitive)]
scorp1535
frump1566
flout1575
to game at1623
to run upon ——1833
1833 S. Smith Life & Writings Major Jack Downing 137 When I see any body run upon too hard I cant help taking their part.
1872 Frank Leslie's Pleasant Hours 13 302/1 You have always been kind to old Kanaka, when he was run upon by every other man in the ship.
8. intransitive. To encounter, esp. suddenly or unexpectedly; to come across. Cf. to run into —— 9b at Phrasal verbs 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > meeting or encounter > meet or encounter [verb (transitive)] > unexpectedly or by chance
stumble1555
to come upon ——1622
to come across ——1738
to come on ——1801
to run upon ——1849
1849 Water Cure Jrnl. Aug. 229 Neither did we hear any more of her until we again casually ran upon our medical friend of the West end.
1892 Trans. & Rep. Nebraska State Hist. Soc. 4 150 He was momentarily expecting to run upon the robbers and of course expected a fight.
1920 Gastonia (N. Carolina) Daily Gaz. 16 Sept. 1/4 The raiding officers a short time later unexpectedly ran upon the second distillery.
a1956 E. S. Kelley Devil's Hand (1974) v. 62 Later they ran upon Ruby in the grocery store.
2005 J. L. McCullough My Journey on Mississippi iii. 32 While I was down in Gulf Port I ran upon one of those carpenters.
1. intransitive.
a. Of a person: to associate with (a person or group); to keep company with.Originally in or with reference to biblical use (see quot. c1350); the appearance of a neutral or positive use in the same sense in western U.S. contexts in the late 19th cent. seems to be an independent development.
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society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > associate with [phrase]
to run with ——c1350
to cast (also throw) in one's lot with1535
to cast in one's lot among or with1535
the mind > emotion > love > amorous love > fall in love [verb] > associate or consort with someone
to run with ——c1350
the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > make friends with [verb (transitive)] > act as friend to or befriend
befriend1559
frienda1592
to run with ——1875
eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) xlix. 19 (18) Si uidebas furem, simul currebas cum eo : gif ðu gesege ðeof somud ðu urne mid hine.]
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xlix. 19 Ȝyf þou sest a þef, þou ran wyþ hym [L. currebas cum eo] and laid þy porcioun wyþ spouse-breches.
a1450 ( in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 43 (MED) Wiþ theues and wiþ spouse breche Þou delest and rennest nyȝt and day.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xlix. [l.] B Yf thou seist a thefe, thou runnest with him, and art partaker with the aduouterers.
1574 J. Studley tr. J. Bale Pageant of Popes f. 151v He at length followed Boniface his practice..according to the saying: If thou sawest a theefe run thou diddest run with him.
1607 H. Ainsworth Communion of Saincts ix. 132 Wee are taught of God..not to run with the thief nor partake with the adulterer.
1628 T. Taylor Practise of Repentance xiv. 158 Some pretend to runne with wicked men to win them.
1807 E. Peach Serm. I. 453 I have run with sinners, and have trod in all their ways.
1859 Children's Friend Nov. 249 A little boy who used profane language, or who told lies, or who delighted to run with wicked associates.
1875 C. L. Ruggles Perils of Scout-Life 336 Leaving my horse with a scout that had run with me considerably, I went to the hospital.
1914 B. Tarkington Penrod xiv. 126 You fellers have treated me nice—and some day you come over to my yard; I'd like to run with you fellers. You're the kind of fellers I like.
1922 E. O'Neill Hairy Ape vi. 64 If I can't find her I'll take it out on de gang she runs wit.
1975 New Rev. May 70/1 Hunter Thompson, who ran with the Hell's Angels for eighteen months to write The Hell's Angels.
2000 N.Y. Times 6 July a17/4 These young men..reminded him of the black friends he used to run with in Chicago.
2007 T. Smith Crescent City Lynchings 48 Some organizers protested that Macheca..had a big mouth and was running with bad company.
b. Of an animal: to associate with (other animals), sometimes spec. for the purpose of mating. Cf. to run in 15 at Phrasal verbs 1.
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1566 T. Blundeville Bredynge of Horses v. f. 18, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe I would wyshe you to remoue the Stallions from theym and not to suffer them to runne wyth the Mares all the yere.
1615 G. Markham Eng. Hus-wife in Countrey Contentments ii. 108 The Housewife..must reare her Calues vpon the finger with floten milke, and not suffer them to run with the dammes.
1727 R. Bradley Compl. Body Husbandry 216 The horse has been allow'd to run with the mares, in some places, when they were only two years old; but tho' they will then couple, [etc.].
1735 Sportsman's Dict. I. at Colt After the colts have been foaled, you may suffer them to run with the mare till about Michaelmas.
1815 G. B. Worgan Gen. View Agric. Cornwall xiii. 139 These [inferior bulls] are..kept for the purpose of running with stock which are sent thither for summer pasture.
1897 Jrnl. Compar. Med. & Vet. Arch. Apr. 206 It is said that the bull, when allowed to run with the herd, refuses to give any attention to the pregnant cows.
1920 H. M. Lamon & R. R. Slocum Mating & Breeding Poultry ii. 47 Allowing one of the males to run with the flock in the morning and the other in the afternoon.
1972 Country Life 3 Feb. 288/3 The heifers..run with the Hereford bull to produce their first calf.
2009 Western Morning News (Nexis) 1 Apr. 10 Some [stallions] even still run with their mares, with all the risks that brings to both stallions and mares.
2. intransitive.
a. To go along with; to be concurrent or coextensive with; to follow the same path or line as; to accompany, keep pace with; (also) to march with.
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the world > movement > rate of motion > move at specific rate [verb (transitive)] > keep pace with
to hold a wayOE
to run with ——?c1400
coast1413
endure1588
to keep upa1633
to keep with ——1817
pace1931
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) v. pr. vi. l. 5206 Þe present eternite of hys syȝt renneþ alwey wiþ..oure dedes dispensyng..medes to goode men, and tourmentz to wicked men.
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 100 (MED) But goddis curs renneþ many þousand tyme wiþ al þis.
c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 115 (MED) In as moche as þei ben getun bi oure laboure, rennyng with þe worching and purveiyng of god, þei ben callid oure vertues.
1595 S. Daniel First Fowre Bks. Ciuile Warres iv. cxvii. sig. Z3v With such as with the time did run He doth in most vpright opinion stand.
1678 H. Vaughan Thalia Rediviva 71 A fatal sadness, such as..runs along with publicke plagues and woes, Lies heavy on us.
1711 Law of Covenants xi. 106 The Plaintiff..would have it to be as a real Covenant running with the Land, and charge the other Land with the whole Rent.
1753 C. Viner Gen. Abridgm. Law & Equity IX. 58 That Privilege runs with the Possession.
1837 Penny Cycl. VIII. 117/1 It has been contended that a covenant by the owner of land respecting the land should always run with the land; but this doctrine has not been established.
1893 Chambers's Jrnl. 1 Apr. 203/1 [He] offered to buy the Fairfield Farm..which ran with his own little estate.
1922 N. W. Paine Smith Provincetown Bk. 133 The story of the Catholic Church runs with that of the Portuguese people.
1975 E. H. Levi in P. B. Kurland Supreme Court & Patents & Monopolies 16 The restriction, if it is to be enforced, may raise the question whether it runs with the chattel.
2001 K. Fassett & L. P. Lucy Passionate Patchwork 145/3 Although you are drawing around the patches on the straight grain, the outlines do not run exactly with the stripes.
b. To concur or agree with; to be in accordance with. Formerly also: †to accept, go along with (an account of events) (obsolete).
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the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > agree, harmonize, or be congruous with [verb (transitive)]
conspirec1384
accorda1393
to stand with ——c1449
to sit with ——a1500
correspond1545
resound1575
square1583
quader1588
to comport with1591
sympathize1594
beset1597
range1600
even1602
consort1607
to run with ——1614
countenancea1616
hita1616
sympathy1615
filea1625
quadrate?1630
consist1638
commensurate1643
commensure1654
to strike in1704
jig1838
harmonize1852
chime in with1861
equate1934
to tie in1938
to tune in1938
to tie up1958
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. viii. §7. 144 Herein..Melanchton runnes with the tide of common opinion, and sets Mesech in Muscouia.
1662 Earl of Orrery Coll. State Lett. (1743) II. 429 Nor does this instruction run with the introductive words of the former.
1792 J. Gutch tr. A. Wood Hist. & Antiq. Univ. Oxf. I. 121 This is the common vogue of Historians; but some say..he died at London of a natural death... But howsoever it is, I shall run with the general report.
1867 R. Simpson Edmund Campion xiv. 271 Public opinion did not altogether run with the statute.
1894 Rev. of Reviews (N.Y. ed.) Dec. 653/1 A broad, thorough, and practical..measure, which shall legislate for posterity and once for all shall run with the best scientific opinion.
1915 Eccl. Rev. Aug. 137 My own opinion runs with that of Planché.
2002 N. Holder & D. Viguie Witch 138 The bishop's thinking had run with that of the nobleman's family: the lower classes did not need to marry.
3. intransitive. colloquial (originally U.S.). (a) to run with the ball: see ball n.1 Phrases 1m; (b) To advance or proceed with (an idea, undertaking, etc.).
ΚΠ
1946 Sports Afield Jan. 10/2 The Soil Conservation Service grabbed the idea and ran with it.
1977 Rotarian Apr. 50/1 The author..had suggested the preparation of a ‘multihobby kit’ for long-term and chronically ill patients. Scout Tom Taylor took the suggestion and ran with it.
1987 W. Percy Thanatos Syndrome (1989) iii. xi. 225 Give a technologist a new technique and he'll run with it like a special-team scatback.
1991 A. Roddick Body & Soul v. 112 We discovered we would have to get approval from separate foreign branches of Greenpeace, none of whom seemed to want to run with the idea.
2002 Times Educ. Suppl. 27 Sept. 13/4 And when you get a DfES paper, if you like the look of it, you can run with it. If not, you've got to have the confidence to say, ‘It's not appropriate for my community.’
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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n.11440
n.2c1475
adj.1493
v.eOE- virgin breccia
- virgin bush
- virgin clay
- virgin comb
- virgin copper
- virgin cork
- virgin country
- virgin cream
- virgin dip
- virgin earth
- virgin field
- virgin forest
- virgin generation
- virgin gold
- virgin hay
- virgin honey
- virgin islander
- virgin land
- virgin lead
- virgin mary
- virgin mary's honeysuckle
- virgin mary's nut
- virgin mercury
- virgin metal
- virgin mould