ruffledadj.¹

Brit.

/ˈrʌfld/, U.S.

/ˈrəf(ə)ld/

Forms: see ruffle v.¹ and -ed suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: ruffle v.¹, -ed suffix¹.

Etymology: < ruffle v.¹ + -ed suffix¹.

1. Disordered, disarranged; made uneven or irregular; rumpled, crumpled.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > rough > made rough or ruffled

ruffled1440

hackled1611

crizzledc1639

asperated1677

roughened1715

roughed1758

rasped1864

sand-blasted1908

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > [adjective] > put out of order > ruffled or dishevelled

ruffled1440

toused1582

betumbled1594

rifled1638

dishevelled1647

tumbleda1657

mousled1691

fuffled1827

rufflesome1868

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 439 Rufflyd [?a1475 Winch. Ruffyld], or snarlyd, innodatus, illaqueatus.

a1542 T. Wyatt vii. Penytentiall Psalmes (1549) sig. A.v Hys fayre hoore bearde, of reuerente grauitie Wyth ruffeled heyre.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. vi. sig. E8^v The wyld woodgods..Find the virgin..With ruffled rayments, and fayre blubbred face.

1638 F. Quarles Elegie Dr. Wilson in Divine Poems (rev. ed.) 510 No farre-fetch'd Metaphor shall smooth or slick My ruffled straine.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1138 Bristles..like those that ridge the back Of chaf't wild Boars, or ruffl'd Porcupines.

1701 Fable of Cuckoo 4 [The eagle] skreek'd, like one possest with raging Fumes, Shaking, like Porcupines, her ruffled Plumes.

1757 T. Gray Ode I i. ii, in Odes 6 With ruffled plumes, and flagging wing.

1845 H. W. Herbert Warwick Woodlands 35 The drake reflects his purple neck to preen his ruffled wing.

1855 E. C. Gaskell North & South I. xxii. 285 Margaret tried to rise, and drew her ruffled, luxuriant hair instinctly over the cut.

1878 B. Taylor Prince Deukalion i. i. 21 Yonder bird Prinks with deliberate bill his ruffled plumes.

1941 G. Heyer Faro's Daughter i. 1 While the butler went to convey this message to the morning-caller, her ladyship tidied her ruffled person.

1954 M. K. Wilson tr. K. Lorenz Man meets Dog iii. 34 A strange looking dog, with..ruffled mane and wild eyes.

2005 N. WIlson Nature of Rare Things 96 She lay, sweating and frightened between ruffled sheets.

2. Of the sea, clouds, etc.: agitated, disturbed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [adjective] > agitated

wilda1250

unpeaceablea1398

troubly1398

troubleda1425

trouble1509

working1558

disquiet1587

fretful1616

ruffled1640

fretteda1854

1640 J. Gower tr. Ovid Festivalls iii. 60 Heaven was his footing, and his feet his wings, Whiles 'twixt the skie and ruffled clouds he springs.

1697 C. Hopkins Boadicea iii. i. 23 Winds cease to blow, and weeping Clouds to Rain, And ruffled Seas grow still and smooth again.

1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 6 While black with Storms the ruffled Ocean rolls.

1792 J. Hurdis Sir Thomas More ii. 35 His [sc. the sun's] red morning rays Dance on the ruffled water.

1816 P. B. Shelley Alastor 22 Along the dark and ruffled waters.

1897 J. B. Brown tr. E. de Amicis On Blue Water viii. 158 Gray, ruffled sea which set us rolling violently and covered the deck with spray.

1920 E. Wharton Age of Innocence (1921) xxiii. 239 Ahead lay a fresh world of ruffled waters, and distant promontories.

2001 E. C. Pielou Energy of Nature vii. 75 A slick is a band of smooth water forming a lane across a gently ruffled sea.

3. Of the mind, emotions, etc.: disquieted, stirred up, irritated.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > [adjective]

ofgrameda1200

agrameda1300

irk1303

overthoughta1325

aggrievedc1330

annoyedc1330

noyfula1387

teena1400

vexed?c1425

annoyousa1450

angry1485

noyeda1500

irked1513

engrieved1591

exulceratec1592

galled1601

incommodate1622

exulcerated1640

ruffled1659

uncommoded1683

chagrin1706

exacerbated1727

chagrineda1754

vexatious1756

discommoded1773

pipped1797

roiled1818

riled1825

outraged1836

put-out1836

vex1843

niggled1878

narked1888

hacked1892

wired1904

peeved1908

1659 W. Chamberlayne Pharonnida iv. ii. 25 Almanzor oft had vext The calmer passions of the Princess in To rufled anger.

1700 C. Gildon Meas. for Meas. i. i. 7 Musick they say can Calm the ruffled Soul.

1769 J. Wesley Let. 19 Nov. (1931) V. 157 You seem quite ruffled and discomposed because a story was invented of you.

1849 C. Brontë Shirley I. vi. 122 All-powerful in soothing her most ruffled moods.

1891 S. Baring-Gould In Troubadour-land ii He..endeavoured by every means to allay her ruffled temper.

1912 Overland Monthly May 455/1 My ruffled feelings..led me to take a stroll.

1955 W. Tucker Wild Talent xi. 151 Somebody down at State had to soothe his ruffled feelings.

2004 H. Z. Li Water Lily Pond xiv. 115 Busy thoughts raced through my ruffled mind.

Phrases

to smooth (a person's) ruffled feathers: †(a) to smarten a person's disarranged or dishevelled appearance or dress (obsolete); (b) to restore a person's equanimity; to appease a person. Hence also simply: ruffled feathers n. a state of anger or irritation.

ΚΠ

1796 J. White Orig. Lett. Sir J. Falstaff 8 Master Pluck, thou wilt be as bare as a drawn goose, an thou dost not smooth thy ruffled feathers.

1840 W. Mudford Stephen Dugard viii. 90 The discovery..was certain to take place as soon as they had smoothed their ruffled feathers.

1888 W. H. Dawson German Socialism & Ferdinand Lassalle 187 Once he wrote to Robertus—it was the only time he showed ruffled feathers during a long controversial correspondence with this valued friend.

1909 Virginia Law Rev. 15 327 The making of the rule absolute as to Shipp and some of his co-defendants in this case is more to ‘smooth ruffled feathers’.

1988 E. Segal Doctors xxxiv. 513 Flattery..smoothed Barney's ruffled feathers._

1997 Electronic Engin. Times 14 July 75/2 Part of the reason for the ruffled feathers was haste.

2010 Scotsman (Nexis) 12 July 30 I can smooth ruffled feathers... I'm well versed as peacemaker.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

ruffledadj.²

Brit.

/ˈrʌfld/, U.S.

/ˈrəf(ə)ld/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: ruffle n.¹, -ed suffix².

Etymology: < ruffle n.¹ + -ed suffix².

Having a ruffle or ruffles; adorned with ruffles. See ruffle n.¹ II.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [adjective] > having specific parts > ornamented or trimmed > ruffled or flounced

ruffled1602

furbelowc1680

furbelowed1702

flounced1709

ruffly1859

flouncy1906

1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iv. sig. I When I see one..wears a ruffled boot, I feare the fashion of his legge.

a1643 W. Cartwright Ordinary (1651) i. ii. 8 Now it looks just like A ruffled boot.

1713 J. Addison in Guardian 27 July 1/2 A small Skirt of fine ruffled Linnen.

1718 A. Ramsay Tartana 19 How does that naked Space the Spirits move, Between the ruffl'd Lawn and envious Glove?

1801 H. Fuseli Lect. Painting I. ii. 79 A mob of shepherds and shepherdesses,..ruffled Endymion's, humble Juno's.

1868 R. Browning Ring & Bk. I. i. 49 Powdered peruke on nose,..And cane dependent from the ruffled wrist.

1954 N.Y. Times 19 Mar. 20/2 ‘Baby doll’ dresses had ruffled aprons, tiers of tucks and lace.

1992 J. Cartwright Rise & Fall of Little Voice ii. 54 A fancy blouse..from 1964 or thereabouts, with ruffled frontage.

2003 Z. Packer Drinking Coffee Elsewhere (2004) 148 Roaming the halls together in their ankle-length skirts, their long-sleeved ruffled blouses.

Compounds

C1.

ruffled shirt n. = ruffle shirt n.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [noun] > member of

optimate1574

gentle blood1575

patrician1631

grandlinga1637

(man, woman) of fashion1702

Brahmani1704

ruffled shirt1754

aristocrat1789

thoroughbred1817

Brahmin1823

big bug1826

ruffle shirt1830

ruffle-shirter1842

blue blood1850

aristo1864

upper1955

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > shirt > types of > other

bloody shirta1586

ruffle shirt1749

ruffled shirt1754

dicky1781

overshirt1805

camise1812

mill tog1821

boiled shirt1853

Crimean shirt1853

Crimea shirt1857

shirtwaist1859

shirt1867

polo shirt1887

zephyr1887

Ghost Shirt1890

Henley1890

negligée shirt1895

turtle-neck1897

rugby shirt1902

bush shirt1909

tunic shirt1918

safari shirt1921

button-down1924

thousand-miler1929

aloha shirt1936

buba1937

zoot shirt1942

Hawaiian shirt1955

sweater-shirt1964

beach shirt1966

kimono shirt1968

dashiki1969

1754 in Cal. Virginia State Papers (1875) I. 249 2 fine Ruffled shirts and 2 plain shirts for themselves..sent by the Governor to them.

1860 O. W. Holmes Professor at Breakfast-table i. 19 Joe Warren, the first bloody ruffled-shirt of the Revolution, was as good as born here.

1905 A. H. Rice Sandy 271 A portrait of her grandfather, brave in a high stock and ruffled shirt.

1996 C. Higson Getting Rid of Mr Kitchen viii. 84 Tonight he had on a dinner suit with ruffled shirt and bow tie.

C2. In the names of plants and animals.

a. General uses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [adjective] > having ruff

ruffled1777

1777 J. Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. 1025 [Agaricus anulatus] Ruffled Agaric. Anglis.

1850 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1849: Agric. 289 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (31st Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 20, Pt. 2) VI The ruffled oat is very much cultivated, and highly esteemed.

1941 J. Steinbeck & E. F. Ricketts Sea of Cortez xvii. 170 There were many of the ruffled clams with hard, thick, wavy shells.

2002 Smithsonian Aug. 72 (caption) From left to right: Malaysia's dwarf Pinanga palm; the South Pacific's Licuala grandis , or giant ruffled fan palm.

ruffled grouse n. now chiefly Canadian the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Bonasa > bonasa umbellus (ruffled grouse)

partridge1578

pheasant1766

birch partridge1823

white flesher1827

ruffled grouse1850

willow grouse1850

pat1933

1850 S. F. Cooper Rural Hours 13 Our Partridge or Pheasant, or Ruffled Grouse, as we should rather call it, is a more hardy bird.

1878 N. H. Bishop Voy. Paper Canoe 134 The Ruffled Grouse (Bonasa umbellus), so abundant in New Jersey, is not a resident of the peninsula.

2003 Canad. Geographic May 114/2 Heinrich takes us into the secret, subnivian..passages of voles, shrews, mice and the occasional ruffled grouse.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ruffled
释义	ruffledadj.¹ Brit. /ˈrʌfld/, U.S. /ˈrəf(ə)ld/ Forms: see ruffle v.¹ and -ed suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: ruffle v.¹, -ed suffix¹. Etymology: < ruffle v.¹ + -ed suffix¹. 1. Disordered, disarranged; made uneven or irregular; rumpled, crumpled. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > rough > made rough or ruffled ruffled1440 hackled1611 crizzledc1639 asperated1677 roughened1715 roughed1758 rasped1864 sand-blasted1908 the world > relative properties > order > disorder > [adjective] > put out of order > ruffled or dishevelled ruffled1440 toused1582 betumbled1594 rifled1638 dishevelled1647 tumbleda1657 mousled1691 fuffled1827 rufflesome1868 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 439 Rufflyd [?a1475 Winch. Ruffyld], or snarlyd, innodatus, illaqueatus. a1542 T. Wyatt vii. Penytentiall Psalmes (1549) sig. A.v Hys fayre hoore bearde, of reuerente grauitie Wyth ruffeled heyre. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. vi. sig. E8^v The wyld woodgods..Find the virgin..With ruffled rayments, and fayre blubbred face. 1638 F. Quarles Elegie Dr. Wilson in Divine Poems (rev. ed.) 510 No farre-fetch'd Metaphor shall smooth or slick My ruffled straine. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1138 Bristles..like those that ridge the back Of chaf't wild Boars, or ruffl'd Porcupines. View more context for this quotation 1701 Fable of Cuckoo 4 [The eagle] skreek'd, like one possest with raging Fumes, Shaking, like Porcupines, her ruffled Plumes. 1757 T. Gray Ode I i. ii, in Odes 6 With ruffled plumes, and flagging wing. 1845 H. W. Herbert Warwick Woodlands 35 The drake reflects his purple neck to preen his ruffled wing. 1855 E. C. Gaskell North & South I. xxii. 285 Margaret tried to rise, and drew her ruffled, luxuriant hair instinctly over the cut. 1878 B. Taylor Prince Deukalion i. i. 21 Yonder bird Prinks with deliberate bill his ruffled plumes. 1941 G. Heyer Faro's Daughter i. 1 While the butler went to convey this message to the morning-caller, her ladyship tidied her ruffled person. 1954 M. K. Wilson tr. K. Lorenz Man meets Dog iii. 34 A strange looking dog, with..ruffled mane and wild eyes. 2005 N. WIlson Nature of Rare Things 96 She lay, sweating and frightened between ruffled sheets. 2. Of the sea, clouds, etc.: agitated, disturbed. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [adjective] > agitated wilda1250 unpeaceablea1398 troubly1398 troubleda1425 trouble1509 working1558 disquiet1587 fretful1616 ruffled1640 fretteda1854 1640 J. Gower tr. Ovid Festivalls iii. 60 Heaven was his footing, and his feet his wings, Whiles 'twixt the skie and ruffled clouds he springs. 1697 C. Hopkins Boadicea iii. i. 23 Winds cease to blow, and weeping Clouds to Rain, And ruffled Seas grow still and smooth again. 1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 6 While black with Storms the ruffled Ocean rolls. 1792 J. Hurdis Sir Thomas More ii. 35 His [sc. the sun's] red morning rays Dance on the ruffled water. 1816 P. B. Shelley Alastor 22 Along the dark and ruffled waters. 1897 J. B. Brown tr. E. de Amicis On Blue Water viii. 158 Gray, ruffled sea which set us rolling violently and covered the deck with spray. 1920 E. Wharton Age of Innocence (1921) xxiii. 239 Ahead lay a fresh world of ruffled waters, and distant promontories. 2001 E. C. Pielou Energy of Nature vii. 75 A slick is a band of smooth water forming a lane across a gently ruffled sea. 3. Of the mind, emotions, etc.: disquieted, stirred up, irritated. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > [adjective] ofgrameda1200 agrameda1300 irk1303 overthoughta1325 aggrievedc1330 annoyedc1330 noyfula1387 teena1400 vexed?c1425 annoyousa1450 angry1485 noyeda1500 irked1513 engrieved1591 exulceratec1592 galled1601 incommodate1622 exulcerated1640 ruffled1659 uncommoded1683 chagrin1706 exacerbated1727 chagrineda1754 vexatious1756 discommoded1773 pipped1797 roiled1818 riled1825 outraged1836 put-out1836 vex1843 niggled1878 narked1888 hacked1892 wired1904 peeved1908 1659 W. Chamberlayne Pharonnida iv. ii. 25 Almanzor oft had vext The calmer passions of the Princess in To rufled anger. 1700 C. Gildon Meas. for Meas. i. i. 7 Musick they say can Calm the ruffled Soul. 1769 J. Wesley Let. 19 Nov. (1931) V. 157 You seem quite ruffled and discomposed because a story was invented of you. 1849 C. Brontë Shirley I. vi. 122 All-powerful in soothing her most ruffled moods. 1891 S. Baring-Gould In Troubadour-land ii He..endeavoured by every means to allay her ruffled temper. 1912 Overland Monthly May 455/1 My ruffled feelings..led me to take a stroll. 1955 W. Tucker Wild Talent xi. 151 Somebody down at State had to soothe his ruffled feelings. 2004 H. Z. Li Water Lily Pond xiv. 115 Busy thoughts raced through my ruffled mind. Phrases to smooth (a person's) ruffled feathers: †(a) to smarten a person's disarranged or dishevelled appearance or dress (obsolete); (b) to restore a person's equanimity; to appease a person. Hence also simply: ruffled feathers n. a state of anger or irritation. ΚΠ 1796 J. White Orig. Lett. Sir J. Falstaff 8 Master Pluck, thou wilt be as bare as a drawn goose, an thou dost not smooth thy ruffled feathers. 1840 W. Mudford Stephen Dugard viii. 90 The discovery..was certain to take place as soon as they had smoothed their ruffled feathers. 1888 W. H. Dawson German Socialism & Ferdinand Lassalle 187 Once he wrote to Robertus—it was the only time he showed ruffled feathers during a long controversial correspondence with this valued friend. 1909 Virginia Law Rev. 15 327 The making of the rule absolute as to Shipp and some of his co-defendants in this case is more to ‘smooth ruffled feathers’. 1988 E. Segal Doctors xxxiv. 513 Flattery..smoothed Barney's ruffled feathers._ 1997 Electronic Engin. Times 14 July 75/2 Part of the reason for the ruffled feathers was haste. 2010 Scotsman (Nexis) 12 July 30 I can smooth ruffled feathers... I'm well versed as peacemaker. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). ruffledadj.² Brit. /ˈrʌfld/, U.S. /ˈrəf(ə)ld/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: ruffle n.¹, -ed suffix². Etymology: < ruffle n.¹ + -ed suffix². Having a ruffle or ruffles; adorned with ruffles. See ruffle n.¹ II. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [adjective] > having specific parts > ornamented or trimmed > ruffled or flounced ruffled1602 furbelowc1680 furbelowed1702 flounced1709 ruffly1859 flouncy1906 1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iv. sig. I When I see one..wears a ruffled boot, I feare the fashion of his legge. a1643 W. Cartwright Ordinary (1651) i. ii. 8 Now it looks just like A ruffled boot. 1713 J. Addison in Guardian 27 July 1/2 A small Skirt of fine ruffled Linnen. 1718 A. Ramsay Tartana 19 How does that naked Space the Spirits move, Between the ruffl'd Lawn and envious Glove? 1801 H. Fuseli Lect. Painting I. ii. 79 A mob of shepherds and shepherdesses,..ruffled Endymion's, humble Juno's. 1868 R. Browning Ring & Bk. I. i. 49 Powdered peruke on nose,..And cane dependent from the ruffled wrist. 1954 N.Y. Times 19 Mar. 20/2 ‘Baby doll’ dresses had ruffled aprons, tiers of tucks and lace. 1992 J. Cartwright Rise & Fall of Little Voice ii. 54 A fancy blouse..from 1964 or thereabouts, with ruffled frontage. 2003 Z. Packer Drinking Coffee Elsewhere (2004) 148 Roaming the halls together in their ankle-length skirts, their long-sleeved ruffled blouses. Compounds C1. ruffled shirt n. = ruffle shirt n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > [noun] > member of optimate1574 gentle blood1575 patrician1631 grandlinga1637 (man, woman) of fashion1702 Brahmani1704 ruffled shirt1754 aristocrat1789 thoroughbred1817 Brahmin1823 big bug1826 ruffle shirt1830 ruffle-shirter1842 blue blood1850 aristo1864 upper1955 the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > shirt > types of > other bloody shirta1586 ruffle shirt1749 ruffled shirt1754 dicky1781 overshirt1805 camise1812 mill tog1821 boiled shirt1853 Crimean shirt1853 Crimea shirt1857 shirtwaist1859 shirt1867 polo shirt1887 zephyr1887 Ghost Shirt1890 Henley1890 negligée shirt1895 turtle-neck1897 rugby shirt1902 bush shirt1909 tunic shirt1918 safari shirt1921 button-down1924 thousand-miler1929 aloha shirt1936 buba1937 zoot shirt1942 Hawaiian shirt1955 sweater-shirt1964 beach shirt1966 kimono shirt1968 dashiki1969 1754 in Cal. Virginia State Papers (1875) I. 249 2 fine Ruffled shirts and 2 plain shirts for themselves..sent by the Governor to them. 1860 O. W. Holmes Professor at Breakfast-table i. 19 Joe Warren, the first bloody ruffled-shirt of the Revolution, was as good as born here. 1905 A. H. Rice Sandy 271 A portrait of her grandfather, brave in a high stock and ruffled shirt. 1996 C. Higson Getting Rid of Mr Kitchen viii. 84 Tonight he had on a dinner suit with ruffled shirt and bow tie. C2. In the names of plants and animals. a. General uses. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [adjective] > having ruff ruffled1777 1777 J. Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. 1025 [Agaricus anulatus] Ruffled Agaric. Anglis. 1850 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1849: Agric. 289 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (31st Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 20, Pt. 2) VI The ruffled oat is very much cultivated, and highly esteemed. 1941 J. Steinbeck & E. F. Ricketts Sea of Cortez xvii. 170 There were many of the ruffled clams with hard, thick, wavy shells. 2002 Smithsonian Aug. 72 (caption) From left to right: Malaysia's dwarf Pinanga palm; the South Pacific's Licuala grandis , or giant ruffled fan palm. b. ruffled grouse n. now chiefly Canadian the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Bonasa > bonasa umbellus (ruffled grouse) partridge1578 pheasant1766 birch partridge1823 white flesher1827 ruffled grouse1850 willow grouse1850 pat1933 1850 S. F. Cooper Rural Hours 13 Our Partridge or Pheasant, or Ruffled Grouse, as we should rather call it, is a more hardy bird. 1878 N. H. Bishop Voy. Paper Canoe 134 The Ruffled Grouse (Bonasa umbellus), so abundant in New Jersey, is not a resident of the peninsula. 2003 Canad. Geographic May 114/2 Heinrich takes us into the secret, subnivian..passages of voles, shrews, mice and the occasional ruffled grouse. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.¹1440adj.²1602
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ruffledadj.1

Phrases

ruffledadj.2

Compounds

ruffledadj.¹

ruffledadj.²