| 释义 |
ruffiann.adj. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French ruffian. Etymology: < Middle French ruffian, rufian, ruffien, rufien (French (now literary or archaic) ruffian , rufian , rufien ) (noun) pander, pimp (early 14th cent.), lecher, degenerate, bawd (end of the 14th cent.), general term of abuse (1449), (adjective) bawdy (1496 of the Devil), probably < Italian ruffiano pander, pimp (1st half of the 13th cent.), flatterer, one who ingratiates himself (a1468; also regional (north.) roffiano , rofian ), further etymology uncertain and disputed: for a summary of various suggestions, see M. Cortelazzo & P. Zolli Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana (ed. 2, 1999) at ruffiàno. The English word has been influenced semantically and formally by association throughout its history with rough adj. Compare also Ruffin n.1 and discussion at that entry. Compare ruffiano n.Compare Old Occitan rofian (1213), rufian (1312; Occitan rufian ), Catalan rufià (14th cent.), Spanish rufián (14th cent.), Portuguese rufião (1720; 15th cent. as refiam , rufiães , a1569 as rafião ), post-classical Latin ruffianus (from 14th cent. in Italian sources; compare earlier rufiana , feminine (13th cent. in a French source)), all in senses ‘pimp, fornicator, lecher’. Compare also Middle Dutch roffiaen , ruffiaen pander, pimp (Dutch roffiaan , also from early 17th cent. in sense ‘rogue, scoundrel’; probably < French or Occitan), Middle Low German ruffiān , roffiān pander, pimp ( < Italian, perhaps via French or Dutch), Middle High German ruffiān (German †Ruffian ; probably < Italian) in similar senses. With sense A. 1 compare rough adj. 12a and γ. forms at that entry. Compare also the form rochian , apparently reflecting association with α. forms at rough adj. With sense A. 2 compare ruff n.2 and ruff n.3 This word is difficult to distinguish formally from Ruffin n.1 (compare variants at that entry), and some senses given here could be interpreted instead as extended senses of that word. Conversely, the material at Ruffin n.1 2 could instead be interpreted as showing a development of the present word, with formal influence from Ruffin n.1 1. A. n.the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > ruffian > [noun] the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > person α. a1525 A. Cadiou tr. A. Chartier Porteous Noblenes in W. A. Craigie (1923) I. 174 Thai ar becummyn..of mair vyle condicioun than be dronkart or ruffien [Fr. villains]. 1531 T. Elyot ii. xii. sig. Vijv A commune and notable rufian or thefe, whiche had robbed and slayne a man. 1569 R. Grafton II. 119 Assemblyng together a great rowte of Ruffians and Robbers. 1633 G. Herbert 163 The old debauched ruffian would turn writer. 1664 H. More 413 Their beginnings being helped on by a rabble of Ruffians and Robbers. 1727 J. Thomson 27 Within an Inch the dreadless Wanderer oft Passes, as oft the Ruffian shows his Front. 1752 E. Young iv. i Stab me yourself, nor give me to the knife Of midnight ruffians. 1789 J. White II. 94 The unrespectable pride of being descended from some ancient..ruffian. 1838 C. Dickens I. iv. 71 Take down the shutters, yer idle young ruffian! 1868 E. A. Freeman II. vii. 67 The courts of ruffians like Harold and Harthacnut. 1898 O. Wilde 11 May (1962) 738 Bosie..is devoted to a dreadful little ruffian aged fourteen. 1900 S. J. Weyman (new ed.) ix. 102 I expected to find the ruffian in the act of robbing the girl, and clutched my cudgel. 1921 J. Galsworthy vi. 175 This torn-up letter from some anonymous ruffian, whose impudent intrusion into his private life he so violently resented. 1946 A. P. Harper 53 These young ruffians frequently assaulted any lone pedestrian who happened to come their way. 2002 R. Cohen iii. ix. 207 Holmes uses his skill with the singlestick to beat off ruffians in Regent Street. 2. In specific uses. the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > dissolute conduct > dissolute person > [noun] the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > person > distinguished by dress or appearance 1560 Bp. J. Pilkington sig. H ij b A Ruffin wil haue more in a ruffe and hys hose, than he should spend in a yeare. 1583 Ld. Burghley sig. E.i All in their apparell, as roisters or ruffins. 1603 By-law Fraternity Eastland Co. of Soc. Eng. Russia Merchant-adventurers 10 Nov. in J. Brand (1789) II. 232 [Apprentices shall not] weare their haire longe nor locks at their ears like ruffians. 1606 N. Baxter sig. K3v Each swaggering Ruffin now that walk's the streetes, Proud as Lucifer, stabbeth whom he meetes. 1623 R. Carpenter 54 A feast in sicknesse when worldlings hopes..lag like a Ruffians starcht Ruffe in a storme of raine. 1675 R. Baxter ii. i. 298 I can remember since among the Religious stricter party, it was abominable to wear long hair, even to cover the ears, and now these twenty years they many of them exceed those that then were accounted Ruffians. society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > living on earnings of prostitute > man who > protector of prostitute or courtesan 1563 Bp. J. Pilkington sig. G.iiii Goddes house must be a house of prayer, and not..the Popes market place, nor a stewes for bawdes and Ruffians. 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin xxxv. 211 Whooremaisters and Ruffians may bee suffered to bring in their lewde trickes. 1608 T. Dekker sig. H1v A plot betwixt this panderly ruffian and the whore to geld the silly foole of all the money hee hath. a1630 F. Moryson in (1903) v. i. 412 The Common sorte lodge with Baudes called Ruffians, to whome in Venice they pay of their gayne the fifth parte. 1680 T. Otway i. i. 8 I'd rather see thee in a Brothel trapt, And basely wedded to a Ruffian's Whore. 1693 J. Dryden tr. Juvenal in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal vi. 101 A Priviledge, to Pimps and Panders left;..she prefers Her Ruffians, Drudges and Adulterer's. 1792 T. Whitehead x. 89 I heard of his haunts, which were chiefly in Hedge-lane, amongst a set of whores and ruffians. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > [noun] > boxer > types of 1791 19 77/2 There was a second battle between the Ruffian and Johnson's brother, which was a very severe trial of strength without skill. 1793 1 171 Saturday last, a very severe battle was fought at Datchet, between the ruffian and a noted bruiser of the name of Mattocks. 1806 Oct. 29/2 Though Ducket, was a known scientific man, his opponent, a noted ruffian, was the favourite. 1823 P. Egan (rev. ed.) Ruffian, in the pugilistic cant, is a fellow regardless of a knowledge of the science; one who hits away right or wrong, so that he can only obtain conquest. 1845 21 June 173/1 Burley was also a complete ruffian, and tried what downright force could effect; but Jones..completely foiled his attacks. 1880 June 324 The bruiser..was a ruffian, and his avocation [sc. pugilism without gloves or rules] a disgrace to all who sanctioned it. the mind > attention and judgement > fashionableness > [noun] > dandy 1818 8 Aug. 510/2 I never was a turfman, and am only a spectator of what our Dandies and Ruffians do. 1819 10 Apr. 236/1 He was once..young;..but he has quite-forgotten that era, and he fain would persuade you that..there were no Exquisites, Dandies, nor Ruffians, in his days. 1836 E. Howard III. xv. 196 It was in the reign of the ‘bloods’ and the ‘ruffians’, more ferocious species of coxcombs than our dandies. 1864 5 Mar. 290 The Ruffian seems to have been an ordinary dandy, with certain sporting or ‘turfy’ characteristics superadded. 2009 M. Gill iii. 76 English Regency culture..differentiated between several varieties of male dandy, including uncouth ‘ruffians’ and urbane ‘exquisites’. The former..were distinguished by their noisily ostentatious behaviour. B. adj. ( attributive). the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > ruffian > [adjective] the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > ruffian > [adjective] > describing society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > low or vulgar person > [adjective] 1528 sig. diiii Fryers? nowe they are worst of all, Ruffian wretches and rascall, Lodesmen of all knavisshnes. 1572 J. Bossewell iii. f. 2 v Then shall the rablemente of those ragged and ruffyan runnygates flee. 1600 W. Shakespeare (2nd issue) iii. i. 22 The winds, Who take the ruffian pillowes by the top. View more context for this quotation 1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais v. 237 Rovers, Ruffian-Rogues, and Hedge-creepers; Female Chamberlains. 1728 J. Thomson 2 See where surly Winter..calls his ruffian Blasts. 1747 R. Colvill i. 18 To tempt the ruffian savage from his woods,..to commit..crimes of monstruous guilt. 1813 W. Scott i. 34 Despite his craft, he heard with awe This ruffian stabber fix the law. 1821 R. Southey 212 (note) A hero of the ruffian breed. 1871 C. Kingsley I. vi. 195 The ruffian army, which is the usual curse of a Spanish American republic. 1929 23 341 Many brutal scenes enacted by the police and ruffian bands of the Kokusuikai. 1999 (Nexis) 14 Nov. 115 ‘Good manners’, she would intone to a ruffian child, ‘cost nothing.’ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > [adjective] the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > characteristic of hooligans or ruffians 1553 T. Wilson 75 b To eschue all folishe talke & ruffin maners. 1590 E. Spenser i. iv. sig. D4v His ruffin raiment all was staind with blood. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) v. iii. 49 Was't thou ordain'd..thus To die in Ruffian battell? View more context for this quotation 1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer I. iv. 977 Experienc'd age May timely intercept their ruffian rage. 1748 J. Thomson ii. xv. 48 Guile and ruffian Force were all their Trade. 1815 W. Scott vi. xxvi. 260 Some fought from ruffian thirst of blood. 1854 T. De Quincey On War in IV. 275 A..predatory and ruffian war. 1922 L. Grudin in Sept. 306 She bore the smear of insult on her face, And heard the ruffian voices. 2006 D. R. Ambaras iii. 82 A gang of delinquent..youths, extorting money and ‘mediating’ fights in the ruffian style. the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > relating to ruffians 1843 G. Borrow I. xii. 258 One..whose name will live for many a year in the ruffian histories of Madrid. 1868 10 Oct. 421/2 The saving up of the Ruffian class by the Magistracy and Police..the conventional preserving of them, as if they were Partridges. 2009 (Nexis) 5 May a1 It makes us look like the town is this ruffian town—you go down to King Street and you're going to get beat up. Compounds1793 T. Hastings vii. 81 Two ruffian looking fellows came into the main shop, crying aloud,—here he is! this is him! 1859 29 Jan. 209/2 These ruffian-guarded thieves'-dens. 1875 C. F. Woolson 133 ‘Your talk may do for women-folks, not for us.’ ‘Women-folks!’ repeated the ruffian-faced man. 1992 (Nexis) 1 Aug. 26 ‘If we could find work, we'd be willing to abandon this in an hour,’ said one ruffian-looking individual. C2. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > fencing > [noun] > fencing place 1592 T. Nashe (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. E3 As if men will needes carouse, conspire and quarrell, that they may make Ruffians hall of hell. a1640 P. Massinger (1658) i. ii. 76 Beat down their weapons. My gate ruffians hall: What insolence is this? 1678 J. Ray (ed. 2) 323 He is only fit for Ruffians hall. 1866 May 443/2 Sir Richard Rich..gave a turn with his own hand to the rack by which Anne Askew was tortured; so he was quite at home..in Ruffian's Hall. 1939 P. Lindsay vii. 205 Although we have decided that murder alone is not sufficient guarantee for Ruffians' Hall she is worth a passing notice. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). ruffianv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: ruffian n. Etymology: < ruffian n. Compare Middle French, French †ruffienner to have a debauched lifestyle (c1480 as ruphienner ; also late 16th cent. as ruffianer ), Spanish rufianear (end of the 15th cent.), Italian ruffianare to pander, to act as a pimp (1283). Compare earlier ruffianing n. 1. the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > behave violently or use force [verb (intransitive)] > behave like a hooligan or ruffian 1594 O. B. 12 b What would haue serued their turnes fiue yeares at home,..must be spent in one yeare on proud ragges, to ruffin it out in the companie of their betters. 1601 A. Munday & H. Chettle sig. F4 Her hauty father Ruffians it vp and downe. 1869 W. T. Washburn xvi. 250 With these careless humors, until morning dawned, our young friends ruffianed it, and made night's rafters ring with songs and wild uproar. 1901 J. B. Crozier III. i. i. 14 In those old days despots and kings so ruffianed it over one another by brute force alone, that a single battle often decided the fate of nations. the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > have or be in specific kind of motion [verb (intransitive)] > be rough the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow strongly a1616 W. Shakespeare (1622) ii. i. 7 Me thinkes the wind does speake aloud at land,..If it ha ruffiand so vpon the sea [etc.]. 1822 W. Tennant i. 9 Their foam-becrested heads that rowl and ruffian on! 2. transitive. Boxing. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > box [verb (transitive)] > hit unfairly or damage 1808 32 77 Gully..kept him from falling until he had ruffianed him into an apparent senseless state. 1819 4 728 [He] ruffian'd the reeling youngster round the Ring. 1825 8 Feb. 275 By employing Jew-boxers &c., to ruffian the public, [he] has made use of a two-edged sword; he has driven all but ruffians from his house. 1902 W. E. Henley Ess. Fielding in I. p. xxviii He never ceased from ruffianing—(a slang word; but it exactly expresses what I mean) the unvenerable progenitor of Theophilus and Mrs. Charke. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > box [verb (intransitive)] > box unfairly 1817 2 Apr. Stephenson..and Alexander..ruffianed it; but they were followed by... a fine display of science. 1819 22 Dec. Spring continually closed upon him and ruffianed him down. 1820 7 190 Even I,..who never ‘ruffian'd’ in the ring, Nor know of ‘challenge’. 1828 23 843 [Brougham] is not particularly conscientious about a foul blow..and he is too much given to ruffianing it. 1899 A. Morrison xxviii. 238 Mr. Butson punched and ruffianed—being careful to leave no disreputable marks in visible sports, such as black eyes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.adj.a1525 v.1594 |
