ruffen.

Brit.

/rʌf/, U.S.

/rəf/

Inflections: Plural ruffes, unchanged.

Forms: Middle English roffe, Middle English rowe, Middle English ruf, Middle English– ruffe, 1600s–1700s rough, 1600s– ruff.

Origin: Apparently formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rough adj.

Etymology: Apparently < rough adj. (compare forms at that entry), with allusion to the texture of the skin of these fish. Compare post-classical Latin aspredo roughness (from 4th cent. denoting certain medical conditions), name given to the freshwater fish by J. Caius ( De rariorum animalium et stirpium historia (1570) 107), perhaps after the English name of the fish. Compare later ruffle n.³ and perhaps also ruff n.⁵ (see discussion at that entry).Post-classical Latin rufus is recorded earlier as the name of an unknown species of fish (c1200 in a British source; apparently < classical Latin rūfus red: see rufous adj.), but derivation from this word would not be consistent with the early spellings, which indicate pronunciation with a short vowel.

†1. A sea bream or other sparid marine fish. Cf. sea-ruff n. at sea n. Compounds 6d, ruffle n.³ Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > family Sparidae (sea-breams) > [noun] > member of (sea-bream)

baleenc1185

sea-bream1530

old wife1585

pargo1589

ruffle1601

sargon1601

sargus1605

sea-liver1611

ruffe1647

silver-fish1703

porgy1725

brassem1731

red gilt-head1776

sparoid1842

panga1902

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 438 Ruffe, fysche, sparrus.

c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 612/41 Sparrus, a rowe.

1538 T. Elyot Dict. Melanurus, a kynde of perches, callydde Ruffes.

1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. (Fishes) A Ruffe or a Sea Breame, een Zee-braessem.

1668 W. Charleton Onomasticon Zoicon 140 Synodon..Ruff, with dogs Teeth.

1824 W. H. Smyth Mem. Sicily App. p. lxxii (table) [Sparus] dentex... Sea rough—Ruff?

1855 Ladies' Repository Nov. 670/1 The mackerel, the cod, the gar, the ruff, the star-fish move in shoals or dart singly in search of food.

2. A small Eurasian freshwater fish, Gymnocephalus cernuus (family Percidae), with an olive-brown back, yellow sides and underparts, and rough prickly scales; = pope n.¹ 6.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > family Percidae (perches) > [noun] > acerina cernua (ruff)

ruffec1450

black-tail1601

pope1653

sea-ruff1668

coal-perch1671

stone-perch1888

c1450 Treat. Fishing in J. McDonald et al. Origins of Angling (1963) 155 The bleke, and the gogyn & þe Roffe.

1496 Treat. Fysshynge wyth Angle in Bk. St. Albans (rev. ed.) sig. iij The ruf is ryght an holsom fysshe: And ye shall angle to him..in the same wise as I haue tolde you of the perche.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iv. f. 173^v Some sortes..delighting only in Grauelly, Stony, and Sandy Waters, as..Gudgins, Bullheddes, Ruffes, Trowtes.

1608 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 109 Like as a Roach, or Ruff, or Gudgeon, born By som swift stream into a weer..Frisks too and fro.

1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler xi. 204 There is also another fish called a Pope, and by some a Ruffe;..it is much like the Pearch for his shape, but will not grow to be bigger than a Gudgion.

1740 R. Brookes Art of Angling i. xv. 44 The Ruff or Pope..is found in most of the large Rivers in England.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 102/1 The Yare has a fish peculiar to it called the ruffe.

1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes I. 18 The Ruffe is common to almost all the canals and rivers of England.

1882 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 105 Great quantities of ruffs are caught at times, and the men's fingers get pricked with their sharp spines.

1931 E. G. Boulenger Fishes xvi. 121 The Pope, or Ruff, as it is sometimes called, closely resembles the Perch, but is smaller.

2010 C. Jackson Alien Invasion iii. 23/1 Ruffes feed on fish that native species need to eat.

†3. A sea urchin. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Echinodermata > [noun] > subphylum Eleutherozoa > class Echinoidea > member of (sea-urchin)

echinusc1374

urchin fish1566

ruffe1591

sea-hedgehog1598

urchin1601

sea urchin1605

sea-bear1611

sea-chestnut1613

sea-thistle1661

sea-apple1666

sea-egg1666

button-fish1668

sea-button1668

urchin-worm1668

whore's egg1674

sea-shilling1713

echinite1750

echinid1835

pancake1843

echinoid1864

oursin1914

kina1960

1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Erizo, an hedgehog,..also a fish called a Ruffe.

1706 J. Stevens New Spanish Dict. i Erizo de mar, a deform'd Shell-fish call'd a Ruff.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ruffe
释义	ruffen. Brit. /rʌf/, U.S. /rəf/ Inflections: Plural ruffes, unchanged. Forms: Middle English roffe, Middle English rowe, Middle English ruf, Middle English– ruffe, 1600s–1700s rough, 1600s– ruff. Origin: Apparently formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rough adj. Etymology: Apparently < rough adj. (compare forms at that entry), with allusion to the texture of the skin of these fish. Compare post-classical Latin aspredo roughness (from 4th cent. denoting certain medical conditions), name given to the freshwater fish by J. Caius ( De rariorum animalium et stirpium historia (1570) 107), perhaps after the English name of the fish. Compare later ruffle n.³ and perhaps also ruff n.⁵ (see discussion at that entry).Post-classical Latin rufus is recorded earlier as the name of an unknown species of fish (c1200 in a British source; apparently < classical Latin rūfus red: see rufous adj.), but derivation from this word would not be consistent with the early spellings, which indicate pronunciation with a short vowel. †1. A sea bream or other sparid marine fish. Cf. sea-ruff n. at sea n. Compounds 6d, ruffle n.³ Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > family Sparidae (sea-breams) > [noun] > member of (sea-bream) baleenc1185 sea-bream1530 old wife1585 pargo1589 ruffle1601 sargon1601 sargus1605 sea-liver1611 ruffe1647 silver-fish1703 porgy1725 brassem1731 red gilt-head1776 sparoid1842 panga1902 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 438 Ruffe, fysche, sparrus. c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 612/41 Sparrus, a rowe. 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Melanurus, a kynde of perches, callydde Ruffes. 1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. (Fishes) A Ruffe or a Sea Breame, een Zee-braessem. 1668 W. Charleton Onomasticon Zoicon 140 Synodon..Ruff, with dogs Teeth. 1824 W. H. Smyth Mem. Sicily App. p. lxxii (table) [Sparus] dentex... Sea rough—Ruff? 1855 Ladies' Repository Nov. 670/1 The mackerel, the cod, the gar, the ruff, the star-fish move in shoals or dart singly in search of food. 2. A small Eurasian freshwater fish, Gymnocephalus cernuus (family Percidae), with an olive-brown back, yellow sides and underparts, and rough prickly scales; = pope n.¹ 6. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > family Percidae (perches) > [noun] > acerina cernua (ruff) ruffec1450 black-tail1601 pope1653 sea-ruff1668 coal-perch1671 stone-perch1888 c1450 Treat. Fishing in J. McDonald et al. Origins of Angling (1963) 155 The bleke, and the gogyn & þe Roffe. 1496 Treat. Fysshynge wyth Angle in Bk. St. Albans (rev. ed.) sig. iij The ruf is ryght an holsom fysshe: And ye shall angle to him..in the same wise as I haue tolde you of the perche. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iv. f. 173^v Some sortes..delighting only in Grauelly, Stony, and Sandy Waters, as..Gudgins, Bullheddes, Ruffes, Trowtes. 1608 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 109 Like as a Roach, or Ruff, or Gudgeon, born By som swift stream into a weer..Frisks too and fro. 1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler xi. 204 There is also another fish called a Pope, and by some a Ruffe;..it is much like the Pearch for his shape, but will not grow to be bigger than a Gudgion. View more context for this quotation 1740 R. Brookes Art of Angling i. xv. 44 The Ruff or Pope..is found in most of the large Rivers in England. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 102/1 The Yare has a fish peculiar to it called the ruffe. 1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes I. 18 The Ruffe is common to almost all the canals and rivers of England. 1882 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 105 Great quantities of ruffs are caught at times, and the men's fingers get pricked with their sharp spines. 1931 E. G. Boulenger Fishes xvi. 121 The Pope, or Ruff, as it is sometimes called, closely resembles the Perch, but is smaller. 2010 C. Jackson Alien Invasion iii. 23/1 Ruffes feed on fish that native species need to eat. †3. A sea urchin. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Echinodermata > [noun] > subphylum Eleutherozoa > class Echinoidea > member of (sea-urchin) echinusc1374 urchin fish1566 ruffe1591 sea-hedgehog1598 urchin1601 sea urchin1605 sea-bear1611 sea-chestnut1613 sea-thistle1661 sea-apple1666 sea-egg1666 button-fish1668 sea-button1668 urchin-worm1668 whore's egg1674 sea-shilling1713 echinite1750 echinid1835 pancake1843 echinoid1864 oursin1914 kina1960 1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Erizo, an hedgehog,..also a fish called a Ruffe. 1706 J. Stevens New Spanish Dict. i Erizo de mar, a deform'd Shell-fish call'd a Ruff. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1440
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