† runishadj.¹

Forms: Middle English roynyshe, Middle English runisch, Middle English runysch, 1800s runish (English regional).

Origin: Perhaps formed within English, by derivation. Perhaps a word inherited from Germanic. Etymons: roun n., -ish suffix¹.

Etymology: Either < roun n. + -ish suffix¹, or the reflex of Old English rȳnisc mystical (see note below). With the semantic development compare uncouth adj. Compare also ranish adj., which shows partial semantic overlap, and with which the word was apparently confused in Middle English, although the difference in stem vowel makes it unlikely that the one is a variant of the other; see discussion and references at that entry.Old English rȳnisc ( < rȳne mystery (see roun n.) + -ish suffix¹) is attested only once (in the south-eastern form renisc ):OE Hymns (Vesp. D.xii) xxxvii. 3 in H. Gneuss Hymnar u. Hymnen im englischen Mittelalter (1968) 306 Spiritus rex misticus agnosceris : gast cyningc renisc ancnawan. In form roynyshe perhaps influenced by roynish adj., roinous adj.

Obsolete.

1. Mysterious, strange.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective]

retheeOE

hotOE

strongOE

woodlyc1000

un-i-rideOE

stoura1122

brathc1175

unridec1175

unrudec1225

starklyc1275

toughc1275

wood1297

ragec1330

unrekena1350

biga1375

furialc1386

outrageousc1390

savagea1393

violenta1393

bremelya1400

snarta1400

wrothlya1400

fightingc1400

runishc1400

dour?a1425

derfc1440

churlousa1450

roida1450

fervent1465

churlish1477

orgulous1483

felona1500

brathfula1522

brathlya1525

fanatic1533

furious1535

boisterous1544

blusterous1548

ungentle1551

sore1563

full-mouthed1594

savage wild1595

Herculean1602

shrill1608

robustious1612

efferous1614

thundering1618

churly1620

ferocient1655

turbulent1656

efferate1684

knock-me-down1760

haggard-wild1786

ensanguined1806

rammish1807

fulminatory1820

riproarious1830

natural1832

survigrous1835

sabre-toothed1849

cataclysmal1861

thunderous1874

fierce1912

cataractal1926

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1545 Ay biholdand þe honde til hit hade al graven And rasped on þe roȝ woȝe runisch sauez.

a1500 (c1400) St. Erkenwald (1977) l. 52 (MED) Þe bordure enbelicit wyt bryȝt golde lettres, But roynyshe were þe resones þat þer on row stoden..alle muset hit to mouthe and quat hit mene shulde.

2. Fierce, violent, rough. English regional in later use. D. L. Hoffman in Notes & Queries 215 (1970) 447–9 argues that quot. c1400 shows sense 1; likewise he interprets the examples of runishly from the same source as showing the sense ‘mysteriously’.It is unclear whether the later examples reflect genuine regional currency or merely represent citations (in standardized spelling) of the Middle English use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] > rough or abusive

runishc1400

tousy1873

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > [adjective]

grimlyc893

wrothc893

reighOE

grima1000

grillc1175

witherc1175

grimfula1240

sturdy1297

wild1297

fiercea1300

man-keenc1300

stoutc1300

cruelc1330

fell?c1335

wicked1375

felonousc1386

felona1400

cursedc1400

runishc1400

keen?c1425

roid?c1425

wolvishc1430

ranishc1450

malicious1485

mankind1519

mannish1530

lionish1549

truculent?c1550

lion-like1556

tigerish?1573

tiger-like1587

truculental1593

Amazonian1595

tigerous1597

feral1604

fierceful1607

efferous1614

lionly1631

tigerly1633

feroce1641

ferocious1646

asperous1650

ferousa1652

blusterous1663

wolfish1674

boarisha1718

savage-fierce1770

Tartar1809

Tartarly1821

wolfy1828

savagerous1832

hawkish1841

tigery1859

attern1868

Hunnish1915

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 457 (MED) With a runisch rout þe raynez he tornez.

1847 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words II. 698/2 Runish, violent; fierce; rough.

1862 Notes & Queries 1 470/1 In Yorkshire, the charlock is called also runsh; a name which may have been given to it on account of its hirsute stem, from the provincial word runish, ‘rough’.

Derivatives

runishly adv. fiercely, roughly, vigorously.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > [adverb]

grimc893

grimly971

bremeOE

reighlyOE

witherc1200

felonly1303

asperlyc1314

fellc1330

fellyc1330

fiercelya1375

sturdilyc1374

wickedlya1375

sternly1398

runishlyc1400

witherlyc1400

felonmentc1470

cruelly1487

blusterously1548

boarishlya1563

tiger-like1576

sternfully1582

mankindly1606

wolvishly1628

truculently1654

tigerously1698

tigerishly1878

c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 191 He..Arayned hym ful runyschly what raysoun he hade In such slaȝtes of sorȝe to slepe so faste.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 304 (MED) Runisch-ly his rede yȝen he reled aboute.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 432 (MED) Ruyschly [read runyschly] he raȝt out..Laȝt to his lufly hed & lyft hit vp sone.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

runishadj.²

Brit.

/ˈruːnɪʃ/, U.S.

/ˈrunɪʃ/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rune n.², -ish suffix¹.

Etymology: < rune n.² + -ish suffix¹. Compare earlier runic adj. and foreign-language forms cited at that entry.

Runic.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written character > [adjective] > of or relating to runes

runic1690

runish?1775

?1775 Curiosities Great Brit. V. 114 A Saxon or Danish ring,..having Runish or Danish characters inscribed thereon.

1786 G. M. A. Baretti Tolondron ix. 256 A Spaniard would no more understand him, than if he were reading the book of necromancy, written in Runish characters by Satan himself.

1846 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 565/1 A jasper ring.., with a Runish inscription, supposed to have been a charm against the plague.

1883 Yorks. Arch. & Topogr. Jrnl. 8 55 The lithograph in Sjöborg is useless for minute runish purposes.

1919 Mod. Philol. 16 149 Workmen uncovered a splendid tomb inscribed with runish letters, which none could read.

2006 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 4 July b1/5 An Anglo-Saxon dialect, employing a partly runish alphabet, that is closer to Icelandic than the language we speak today.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	runish
释义	† runishadj.¹ Forms: Middle English roynyshe, Middle English runisch, Middle English runysch, 1800s runish (English regional). Origin: Perhaps formed within English, by derivation. Perhaps a word inherited from Germanic. Etymons: roun n., -ish suffix¹. Etymology: Either < roun n. + -ish suffix¹, or the reflex of Old English rȳnisc mystical (see note below). With the semantic development compare uncouth adj. Compare also ranish adj., which shows partial semantic overlap, and with which the word was apparently confused in Middle English, although the difference in stem vowel makes it unlikely that the one is a variant of the other; see discussion and references at that entry.Old English rȳnisc ( < rȳne mystery (see roun n.) + -ish suffix¹) is attested only once (in the south-eastern form renisc ):OE Hymns (Vesp. D.xii) xxxvii. 3 in H. Gneuss Hymnar u. Hymnen im englischen Mittelalter (1968) 306 Spiritus rex misticus agnosceris : gast cyningc renisc ancnawan. In form roynyshe perhaps influenced by roynish adj., roinous adj. Obsolete. 1. Mysterious, strange. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] retheeOE hotOE strongOE woodlyc1000 un-i-rideOE stoura1122 brathc1175 unridec1175 unrudec1225 starklyc1275 toughc1275 wood1297 ragec1330 unrekena1350 biga1375 furialc1386 outrageousc1390 savagea1393 violenta1393 bremelya1400 snarta1400 wrothlya1400 fightingc1400 runishc1400 dour?a1425 derfc1440 churlousa1450 roida1450 fervent1465 churlish1477 orgulous1483 felona1500 brathfula1522 brathlya1525 fanatic1533 furious1535 boisterous1544 blusterous1548 ungentle1551 sore1563 full-mouthed1594 savage wild1595 Herculean1602 shrill1608 robustious1612 efferous1614 thundering1618 churly1620 ferocient1655 turbulent1656 efferate1684 knock-me-down1760 haggard-wild1786 ensanguined1806 rammish1807 fulminatory1820 riproarious1830 natural1832 survigrous1835 sabre-toothed1849 cataclysmal1861 thunderous1874 fierce1912 cataractal1926 c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1545 Ay biholdand þe honde til hit hade al graven And rasped on þe roȝ woȝe runisch sauez. a1500 (c1400) St. Erkenwald (1977) l. 52 (MED) Þe bordure enbelicit wyt bryȝt golde lettres, But roynyshe were þe resones þat þer on row stoden..alle muset hit to mouthe and quat hit mene shulde. 2. Fierce, violent, rough. English regional in later use. D. L. Hoffman in Notes & Queries 215 (1970) 447–9 argues that quot. c1400 shows sense 1; likewise he interprets the examples of runishly from the same source as showing the sense ‘mysteriously’.It is unclear whether the later examples reflect genuine regional currency or merely represent citations (in standardized spelling) of the Middle English use. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] > rough or abusive runishc1400 tousy1873 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > [adjective] grimlyc893 wrothc893 reighOE grima1000 grillc1175 witherc1175 grimfula1240 sturdy1297 wild1297 fiercea1300 man-keenc1300 stoutc1300 cruelc1330 fell?c1335 wicked1375 felonousc1386 felona1400 cursedc1400 runishc1400 keen?c1425 roid?c1425 wolvishc1430 ranishc1450 malicious1485 mankind1519 mannish1530 lionish1549 truculent?c1550 lion-like1556 tigerish?1573 tiger-like1587 truculental1593 Amazonian1595 tigerous1597 feral1604 fierceful1607 efferous1614 lionly1631 tigerly1633 feroce1641 ferocious1646 asperous1650 ferousa1652 blusterous1663 wolfish1674 boarisha1718 savage-fierce1770 Tartar1809 Tartarly1821 wolfy1828 savagerous1832 hawkish1841 tigery1859 attern1868 Hunnish1915 c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 457 (MED) With a runisch rout þe raynez he tornez. 1847 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words II. 698/2 Runish, violent; fierce; rough. 1862 Notes & Queries 1 470/1 In Yorkshire, the charlock is called also runsh; a name which may have been given to it on account of its hirsute stem, from the provincial word runish, ‘rough’. Derivatives runishly adv. fiercely, roughly, vigorously. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > [adverb] grimc893 grimly971 bremeOE reighlyOE witherc1200 felonly1303 asperlyc1314 fellc1330 fellyc1330 fiercelya1375 sturdilyc1374 wickedlya1375 sternly1398 runishlyc1400 witherlyc1400 felonmentc1470 cruelly1487 blusterously1548 boarishlya1563 tiger-like1576 sternfully1582 mankindly1606 wolvishly1628 truculently1654 tigerously1698 tigerishly1878 c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 191 He..Arayned hym ful runyschly what raysoun he hade In such slaȝtes of sorȝe to slepe so faste. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 304 (MED) Runisch-ly his rede yȝen he reled aboute. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 432 (MED) Ruyschly [read runyschly] he raȝt out..Laȝt to his lufly hed & lyft hit vp sone. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). runishadj.² Brit. /ˈruːnɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈrunɪʃ/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rune n.², -ish suffix¹. Etymology: < rune n.² + -ish suffix¹. Compare earlier runic adj. and foreign-language forms cited at that entry. Runic. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written character > [adjective] > of or relating to runes runic1690 runish?1775 ?1775 Curiosities Great Brit. V. 114 A Saxon or Danish ring,..having Runish or Danish characters inscribed thereon. 1786 G. M. A. Baretti Tolondron ix. 256 A Spaniard would no more understand him, than if he were reading the book of necromancy, written in Runish characters by Satan himself. 1846 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 565/1 A jasper ring.., with a Runish inscription, supposed to have been a charm against the plague. 1883 Yorks. Arch. & Topogr. Jrnl. 8 55 The lithograph in Sjöborg is useless for minute runish purposes. 1919 Mod. Philol. 16 149 Workmen uncovered a splendid tomb inscribed with runish letters, which none could read. 2006 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 4 July b1/5 An Anglo-Saxon dialect, employing a partly runish alphabet, that is closer to Icelandic than the language we speak today. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.¹c1400adj.²?1775
随便看	a pair of jumps a pair of marquois scales a pair of nippers a pair of nips a pair of nutcrackers a pair of oars a pair of organs a pair of pincers a pair of scales a pair of scissors a pair of scullers a pair of snuffers a pair of sods a pair of spectacles a pair of stays a pair of steelyards a pair of tables a pair of taws a pair of tenters a pair of trousers a pair of turns a pair of tweezers a pair of tweezes a pair of vice grips a pair of virginals

† runishadj.1

Derivatives

runishadj.2

† runishadj.¹

runishadj.²