| 释义 |
roundingn.1 Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: round v.1, -ing suffix1. Etymology: < round v.1 + -ing suffix1. Now rare ( archaic or historical in later use). the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > [noun] > whispering the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > private conversation α. OE Ælfric Homily (Trin. Cambr. B.15.34) in B. Assmann (1889) 79 Hi..muþetton and on synderlicum runungum þæt riht eall ræddon. OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope (1967) I. 380 And þæs behofað se cyning þæt he clypige to his witum, and be heora ræde, na be rununge fare. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1978) l. 7021 He wolde wið þan kinge holden runinge. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Otho) (1963) l. 1623 Þe Scottene king and þe duk..mid hire stille rouning [c1275 Calig. rune]. c1400 (?a1300) (Laud) (1952) 7610 After þis queynt rounyng Alisaunder spedde in þis doyng. c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1960 Ouer alle the houses Angles Ys ful of rovnynges and of Iangles. c1450 (1900) 191 (MED) Þi rounnynges, þi iangelynges..in holy cherche & in goddys seruyse, in processiouns..feendys beryn hem fro þo mowth & offryn hem vp to here prince Sathan in helle. c1475 (Harl. 5086) (2002) i. 4 Withe-oute lowde lauhtere or..Rovnynge, Iapynge. a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 64 (MED) Blessid be þo eres þat receyueþ of goddys rounynge & takiþ non hede of þe rounyng of þis worlde. 1533 T. More 240 Castyng abrode a suspicyouse bablynge, of gatheryng, and assemblynge, and rownynge, and talkynge. a1800 Rare Willie x, in F. J. Child (1904) 507/1 An fat means a' this rouning? 1874 R. Cleasby & G. Vigfusson (new ed.) 135/2 Eyra-rúna, a rowning of secrets in one's ear. 1896 J. H. Wylie III. lxxxv. 432 They proved that he had denounced ear-rowning, or confession, as a wooing-time. 1980 P. Gradon (1982) 192 This permissive attitude..is far from the angry denunciations of rowning in the ear found in the vernacular texts. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). roundingn.3 Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: round adj., -ing suffix1; round v.2, -ing suffix1. Etymology: Partly < round adj. + -ing suffix1, and partly < round v.2 + -ing suffix1. I. Concrete senses. society > faith > worship > cleanness (ceremonial) > tonsure > [noun] 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More sig. Oviii He shoulde be dyscryued by hys rounding and his eare marke. the world > space > shape > curvature > [noun] > a curve > curved part the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > styles of hair > [noun] > cut or cropped a1582 W. Bourne Treat. Properties of Glasses iii, in J. O. Halliwell (1839) 38 That Glasse woulde make the face..narrowe accordinge vnto the roundinge of the glasse. 1680 J. Moxon I. xiii. 226 A Tooth of Steel with such Roundings and Hollows in the bottom of it as I intended to have Hollows and Roundings upon my Work. 1694 R. Blome tr. A. Le Grand ii. ii. ix. 47/2 There are many Devexities or Roundings in Snow, from whence the Light may be reflected, which are not to be found in Ice. 1769 H. Brooke IV. xvii. 235 Never, did I behold such beauty of symmetry, such roundings of angles. 1782 F. Douglas xix. 152 The pier continues to increase in thickness, till it comes to where the rounding of the head begins to be formed. 1833 J. C. Loudon §602 The rounding of the chimney breast. 1897 8 Jan. 8/3 The cork disc is driven..down into the rounding outside the bottle top. 1917 Nov. 77 The effect of slight roundings on the upstream edge on the amount of water. 1981 C. Voigt iv. 213 They were gentle roundings, mere ripples in the land. 2007 D. J. Parker vii. 207 It would be nice to change the size of the rounding on the corners. 3. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > protection against chafing of or by rope 1672 J. Narbrough Jrnl. 7 Oct. in R. C. Anderson (1946) (modernized text) 210 The Boatswain used several of the oldest running ropes to make keckling and rounding for the cable. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter ii. i. 115 An iron chain, or good rounding,..to secure them [sc. cables] from being rubbed by the foulness of the ground. 1769 W. Falconer Transl. French Terms Fourrer, to serve the cables, as with rounding, keckling, plat, &c. 1840 R. H. Dana iii. 21 This chafing gear consists of..roundings, battens, and service of all kinds. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher at Mat Rounding is now used instead of mats, it being neater and holding less water. 1912 W. I. Downie 196 Several of us were up aloft, taking the rounding off the mizzen rigging. 1956 P. O'Brian xii. 201 I..gackled 7 fathom from the service with roundings of hawser, on account of the coral. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > parts of headgear > [noun] > other 1732 Oct. 351/1 The Head-Dresses, with the Peeks, Lappets, and Roundings. 4. Tanning. the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a fragment > shaving or chip > shavings, chippings, or clippings 1683 J. Houghton Acct. 25 Apr. in (1728) IV. 202 Coney roundings. 1743 C. Leadbetter (new ed.) ii. x. 312 The Offal Part of the Hide is most frequently met with in remote Collections, in some of which they are also known by the Name of Roundings. 1816 Rep. Select Comm. Leather Trade 57 in (H.C. 386) VI. 1 The greatest portion of the glue made in this kingdom now is from the roundings of foreign hides. 1883 R. Haldane 2nd Ser. 300/2 ‘Wet’ materials:..roundings of hides previously limed. 1889 Jan. 9 [They] are forced..to sell the ‘roundings’ (inferior portions)..at a considerable loss. 1922 553 Ratings apply..on tanners' tear-offs or rough roundings. 1816 Rep. Select Comm. Leather Trade 38 in (H.C. 386) VI. 1 A tanner at present may reduce and round his hides and skins, and obtain the knowledge of the currier in addition, in sorting such as are most fit for reduction and rounding. 1892 447 The first operation, requiring much technical knowledge, is that of ‘rounding’, or removing what the curriers call the ‘offal’ from the hides. 1960 I. Mann (U.N. Food & Agric. Organization) 68 39 The rounding of hides for sole leather. 2002 C. Henderson ii. 45/2 After removal from the lime pits, the hides are thrown back into cold water ready for scudding and rounding. II. The action of rounding, and related senses. 5. society > trade and finance > money > mutilating coin > [noun] the world > space > shape > curvature > [noun] > action or process > so as not to be angular the world > space > shape > curvature > roundness > [noun] > making round the world > space > shape > curvature > curved surface > [noun] > convexity > becoming convex society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > elegance > [noun] > neatness > neat turning of period 1562–3 c. xi. §1 Clipping, washing, rounding, or filing..of any the proper Moneys or Coines of this Realme. 1567 J. Jewel xiv. §iv. 281 Sutche nipping, and roundinge of sentences hath euer ben taken for a marke to know Heretikes by. 1611 R. Cotgrave at Arrondissement The pieces, or shreds that are cut off in the rounding of a garment. 1624 H. Wotton ii. 86 Force consisteth, in the Roundings and Raisings of the Worke, according as the Limbes doe more or lesse require it. 1732 J. Whaley 48 With happy Roundings swell'd the Breast. 1754 J. Barrow at Anvil At one end is sometimes a pike, bickern or beak-iron, for the rounding of hollow work. 1823 T. Ross tr. F. Bouterwek I. 260 Combining the unity of ideas, which ought to distinguish that species of composition [sc. the sonnet], with the most elegant rounding and regularity of structure. 1886 T. Frost xi. 121 Canning..was so extremely fastidious about the rounding of his periods. 1922 T. M. Lowry xxix. 491 Incipient fusion is therefore generally indicated only the sintering of the powder or by the rounding of the sharp edges of a crystal. 1998 July 79/3 Unlike cheaper allen keys these resist rounding. the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > vowel > [noun] > types of > articulation of 1833 XIII. 34/1 W; the twenty-third letter of the English alphabet, representing a sound formed by opening the mouth with a rounding of the lips. 1869 A. J. Ellis I. i. iii. §3. 161 When the labial passage is large and unconstrained by rounding or narrowing of the labial orifice. 1936 78 The rounding of ă to [ɔ] is in Middle English generally held to be a West Midland feature. 1992 90 101 However, the high unrounded vowel [i]..is transparent to the rule, allowing rounding to spread past it to vowels later in the word, as in morinoos. the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > [noun] > movement in circle 1612 86 Such gentlemen..as are appointed by their Captaine for rounders..are to receiue their directions from him, as Likewise those of the companies vpon the guards for their order of rounding. 1674 N. Fairfax 90 Suppose..the Planets still holding their rooms, and holding on their roundings as they did before. 1722 A. Cockburn v. 33 The Elastick Corpuscles can withstand the Impulse, being the strongest Particles in this Composure, by reason of their frequent Roundings and Circumventions about the Spiral Centres. 1836 A. Alison V. xxxix. 317 The weight of the attack was reserved for the rounding of Cape Gris Nez. 1868 F. P. Verney x. 127 Come, Roland, I'll none waste my time with such roundings. 1910 W. H. Koebel (1911) xxiv. 295 The rounding of a bend reveals a domestic scene. 1972 G. P. Seng iv. 29 He sometimes used to take Kwang Meng for a ride on the bicycle... Their evening roundings seemed to Kwang Meng to have taken them to another world. 2005 A. Cort & R. Stearns vi. 93/1 In a big fleet..executing a good rounding can make a huge difference. society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [noun] > operations on ropes or tackle 1766 T. H. Croker et al. III Rounding up a Tackle, the act of drawing the block or pullies together when no weight is suspended by it. 1769 W. Falconer Rounding-in, generally implies the act of pulling upon any rope which passes through one or more blocks, in a direction nearly horizontal. 1769 W. Falconer Rounding-up..is expressed of a tackle which hangs in a perpendicular position, without sustaining or hoisting any weighty body. 1794 D. Steel I. 56 Rounding is giving the rope an additional turn after being closed. 1867 Mar. 101 Ben and Tom superintended the stowing away of all loosegear, the hoisting of the sails and the rounding in of the chain. 1890 W. C. Russell 498 The sailors fell to rounding-in, as it is called, upon the main and main-topsail braces. 1984 J. Harland (1985) i. 14/2 ‘Bracing to’, was a temporary easing or ‘checking’ of the lee fore brace, and a rounding in of the weather brace, in the early stages of tacking. the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [noun] > particular qualities > estimated or approximate 1842 Mar. 8 Some slight poetic grouping of incidents and rounding of numbers. 1871 J. Parton 379 The rounding of the piazza cost. 1915 14 755 There is..a positive objection to the rounding of such numbers. 1953 41 1270/1 Different calculations may require different methods of rounding in order to reduce the residual rounding error to an acceptably low level. 1963 Rep. Comm. Inq. Decimal Currency iii. 18 in (Cmnd. 2145) XI. 195 Outstanding balances would convert exactly on the changeover date, with no discrepancies which might or might not be explained by decimalisation roundings. 1973 C. W. Gear vi. 249 The errors introduced by rounding and truncation are initially small, but sometimes their effect is amplified by subsequent operations. 2008 (Nexis) 20 Sept. The numbers don't total correctly due to rounding. society > communication > information > informing on or against > [noun] 1862 Nov. 646 ‘Rounding’ or treachery is always spoken of very indignantly, and often severely..punished. 1885 25 Apr. 136/2 A favourite method..is to ‘round’ upon each other. Rounding is constantly going on among them. 1904 ‘No. 1500’ 251/2 Rounding, betraying. Compounds1683 J. Reid i. iii. 12 Prepare the rounding string viz. a piece line doubled and tyed near the point of a stick. 1688 R. Holme iii. 383/1 Rounding Knife, a short broad Blade like a Turkish scimitar, a thick back and short handle. 1843 C. Holtzapffel I. 232 The top and bottom rounding tools..are made of all diameters for plain cylindrical works. 1845 W. Youatt iii. 83 When the time comes, the ears of the dog should be rounded; the size of the ear and of the head guiding the rounding-iron. 1852 C. Tomlinson (1854) II. 6/1 When quite dry, the proper width is given to the brim by means of a rounding-brass, or gauge. 1876 IV. 44/1 The backing-machine is worked by the hand, and its action is somewhat similar to that of the rounding-machine. 1901 P. N. Hasluck 30 Rounding planes, or rounders, are used to make cylindrical rods. 1988 Apr. 336/1 Try out the tool on previously rounded material, using a rounding engine or a hand crank. 2001 C. H. Wendel 78/2 The turning and rounding hammers shown here were intended for fitting the shoe. C2. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > inaccuracy, inexactness > [noun] > in calculation > instance of > introduced by rounding 1938 (Royal Soc.) A. 237 84 The smoothing out of the effect of rounding errors in F(η)..gives the set of ωrF(r) values. 1962 A. Battersby 115 Allowing for rounding errors, the stockholding cost at ½ per cent would be £15. 1977 K. Robinson in P. W. MacAvoy i. 5 Broadcast television went from a rounding error in 1947 to about 50 percent penetration of the nation's homes in five years. 2008 A. M. Lipper & D. Sease ix. 70 The second investor experiences a much larger dollar loss, but in reality it is just a rounding error in his overall wealth. 2009 (Nexis) 3 Dec. 26 Once a program processes these numbers..accuracy errors known as rounding errors will occur if the programmer has not been very careful. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > inaccuracy, inexactness > [noun] > in calculation > instance of > introduced by rounding 1935 A. 150 20 The inevitable rounding-off errors involved in working to a finite number of significant figures. 1974 W. T. Welford vi. 84 A heavy demand on the computer when rounding-off errors are allowed for, since the computer word length may correspond to only about eight decimal digits. 2006 (Nexis) Nov. 641 The bias introduced by the rounding-off errors in the dependent variable is relatively small. C3. With following adverb, forming nouns of action corresponding to phrasal verbs (see round v.2 Phrasal verbs). a. 1795 J. Malham I. 252/2 The channel of St. Nicholas comes in..parallel with the rounding off of the Corton Sand. 1836 W. Yarrell II. Suppl. 72 The Raia oxyrhynchus..may be distinguished by a great tendency to circularity in the disk, formed chiefly by a rounding off of the pectoral fins. 1849 Sept. 88/2 We spare our readers the detail of a final interpolation and additional rounding off of individual errors by a geographical process which completes the discussion. 1886 R. J. Shee tr. R. Gneist ii. 46 As a rounding-off of this scheme, we come upon the feudal-system of the distress. 1903 5 82 This rounding off of stature and ages makes the comparison of annual increments somewhat uncertain. 1935 C. N. Shuster & F. L. Bedford iv. 14 In computation with approximate numbers, rounding off should be done by these rules. 1961 E. A. Powdrill iii. 38 The private developer refers to most forms of peripheral development as ‘rounding-off’. 1971 P. Gresswell 132 Development will be severely restricted except for a reasonable amount of infilling and/or rounding off. 2005 M. Steinberg 287 Twenty years after he completed the score, there was a rounding-off that touched him deeply. 1857 Dec. 450 This would matter little, were the financial disorders all that is involved in the rounding out of such cycles. 1897 J. Winsor xxv. 573 So ends the story of the rounding out of the territorial integrity of the Republic. 1949 53 957/1 The cabin floor angle in the steeper types, such as Dakotas and Lancastrians, is changed as slowly as possible by slow rounding out and by landing with the tail just off the ground. 1998 J. Brown vii. 209 It suggests the unifying and rounding out of the whole of Peter's detective career and personal development. b. the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of cattle > [noun] > herding of cattle > round-up the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [noun] > droving > rounding up 1813 ‘T. Martin’ 47/1 The concavity or hollow of the upper stone exceeds that of the convexity or rounding up of the lower. 1871 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1869 II. 276/2 in (41st Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 102) XIII For use in the stock a of a ‘rounding-up’ machine, the knife made with a cylindrical pivot, b, grooved across, substantially as and for the purpose described. 1876 M. Whilldin 16 It soon became evident that a place near us had been selected for ‘rounding up’. 1881 F. J. Britten (ed. 4) 134 The fraises do not supersede the Rounding Up Tool. 1906 13 Jan. 70 A little rounding up of the abdomen. 1916 6 Sept. 4 There can rarely..have been a better example of the insolence of Zabernism than the ‘rounding up’ of crowds of unoffending people at the stations. 1932 W. C. Holden xiii. 172 Our rounding-up outfit was camped about eight miles from the Yellow House Canyon. 1976 C. Birtwistle iii. 35 23 is rounded down to 20 and 28 is rounded up to 30. Where is the critical point at which rounding down changes to rounding up? Obviously it is the half-way mark, 25. 1993 Z. Bauman 228 Mass deportations, roundings-up, hostage-taking and concentration camps are well-remembered as cost-effective. c. 1825 July 190 The detrition and rounding down of the hardest substances in nature. 1891 Apr. 30/2 Were it not for a slight rounding down at the edges of the rubber the cylinder might as well contain water. 1914 G. W. Clapp 56 Note the very decided rounding down of the soft tissues in the posterior portion of the impression. 1962 26 Oct. 17/6 Falls in prices of basic materials were insufficient to disturb the index owing to the rounding down of a rise of ½ of 1 per cent. 2003 C. Foster iv. 11 ‘Rounding down’ can be confusing, since the digit doesn't change. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † roundingadj.1n.2Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: round v.1, -ing suffix2. Etymology: < round v.1 + -ing suffix2. Obsolete ( Scottish in later use). the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > [adjective] > whispering eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 292 Musitantes, þa runiendan. OE tr. Felix (Vesp.) (1909) v. 128 Hi hæfdon woge sceancan, and mycele cneowu and hindan greate, and miscroccetan and hasrunigendum stefnum. a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Ecclus. xxi. 31 The rownende [a1382 Bodl. 959 rownynge; a1425 L.V. priuy] grucchere [L. Susurro] shal defoule his soule. c1400 (?c1380) 112 (MED) Swangenade swete þe water con swepe, Wyth a rownande rourde raykande aryȝt. 1685 in W. Hector (1878) II. 140 Calling of me..ane pocked Glasgow whoor & rounden notorious thief. Derivatives the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > [adverb] > in a whispered manner ?1406 T. Hoccleve La Mâle Règle l. 172 in E. P. Hammond (1927) 62/2 No man durste I depraue But rownyngly. c1475 (a1400) J. Wyclif (1880) 328 Sum confessioun is made to man..ouþer opynly & generaly..or priuely & rownyngly. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). roundingadj.2Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: round v.2, -ing suffix2. Etymology: < round v.2 + -ing suffix2. Compare earlier rounding n.3 the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > surrounding > [adjective] 1600 C. Tourneur sig. C7v All with their poyson like a rounding ring: The good encombred Knight encompassing. 1628 O. Felltham xlviii. sig. Q6v The Golden Sunne charriots through the rounding Skie. a1717 W. Diaper tr. Oppian (1722) ii. 87 With stubborn Squeeze the tortur'd Parts constrain, And with firm Braces fix the rounding Chain. 1726 J. Dyer in R. Savage 246 Surprizing Pictures rising to my Sight, With all the Life of Colours and of Lines, And all the Force of rounding Shade and Light. 1830 Ld. Tennyson Mariana iv, in 16 For leagues no other tree did dark The level waste, the rounding grey. 1851 W. C. Bennett in 1 Oct. 315/2 Morn, on lowland slopes..On forest, hillside cot, and rounding sea. a1922 A. C. T. Meynell (1923) 120 The rounded earth, the rounding skies. 1949 D. Devlin tr. S.-J. Perse (ed. 2) i. ii. 13 The rounding sea rolls her noise of skulls on the shores. 2. the world > space > shape > curvature > roundness > [adjective] > somewhat round 1628–9 in J. Imrie & J. G. Dunbar (1982) II. 210 To the saweris for sawing of..aucht runding draucht in daillis. 1694 24 Upon which rounding Point stand black Rocks. 1709 No. 4510/7 The Hoy Burthen 9 or 10 Tun,..with a clean Tail, a rounding Wale. 1786 J. Abercrombie 94 Turning..the clean fresh gravel to the top, levelling it even in a rounding manner. 1847 June 33 The face of the musician is drawn with..considerable power of rounding surfaces. 1869 J. G. Whittier 14 Unbroken over swamp and hill The rounding shadow lay. 1911 R. Estes 79 Scald one pint of milk and add one rounding tablespoon of lard. 1925 Apr. 27/3 (advt.) They come to me and expect a miracle of dressmaking—that I shall make straight lines of rounding curves. 2009 June 40/1 If it was to come to life, this cleaver-sharp science project would need the rounding influence of storytelling. 1681 R. Knox i. iii. 8 They are made rounding like a C or Half-Moon. 1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville 155 You..fill them with Mold.., which you lay rounding in the Middle like an Ass's Back. 1793 J. Smeaton (ed. 2) §80 In some degree rounding, like the Rockers of a cradle. 1846 C. Holtzapffel II. 499 If it [sc. a board] should be obviously higher..at the edges from being ‘cast and rounding’. 1858 4 Care should be taken to allow for the remedy of that defect, by laying the joist rounding. 1910 July 123 The corner of each joist is cut off on the line with a hand axe, making them rounding as shown. 1936 May 768 With one side cut off rounding as shown, a perforated cake turner makes a good strainer. the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > [adjective] > moving in circle 1708 (ed. 3) Caracol, as Wheel by Caracol; used only among the Horse, and is a Serpentine or Rounding Motion of Wheeling. 1728 D. Mallet ii. 59 Where these huge Globes Sail undisturb'd, a rounding Voyage each. 1781 T. J. Mathias i. 3 While the vessel's floating pride Stems duration's rounding tide. 1850 F. Fauvel-Gouraud i. 112 A graceful rounding motion of the arm. 1883 J. G. Whittier 35 Alone, the rounding century finds Thy liberal soil by free hands tilled. 1903 (U.S. Bureau Foreign Commerce) 26 132 Briquette machine, fitted with feed, compressing, and rounding motions. 1950 S. Thompson (1951) i. 18 Rond is a round or rounding movement. 2001 T. Field vi. 105 With the flat of your hand, give slow, rounding strokes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1OE n.31551 adj.1n.2eOEadj.21600 |
