roughenv.
/ˈrʌfn/, U.S. /ˈrəfən/ 1.
a. transitive. To make rough; to bring into a rough state; to create in a rough form. Also with off, up.Occasionally reflexive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > make uneven [verb (transitive)] > make rough
engrail1576
roughen1582
unplain1611
unsmooth1626
asperate1656
granulate1692
to rough upa1722
rough1728
ruffle1731
jar18..
crizzle1821
bristle1872
grain1888
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 53 Whilst..seas, with north blast and wynter frostye, be roughned [L. et glacialis hiems Aquilonibus asperat undas].
1665 R. Hooke Micrographia i. 2 Holes and scratches..that roughen the surface [of the needle], were onely so many marks of the rudeness and bungling of Art.
1697 J. Dryden Ded. Æneis in tr. Virgil Wks. sig. e Such difference there is in Tongues, that the same Figure which roughens one, gives Majesty to another.
1720 A. Hill Wks. (1753) I. 16 That no harsh technical terms should be introduc'd to roughen poetry with the dryness of philosophy.
1755 Connoisseur No. 83. ⁋8 To roughen the verse and make it roar again with reiteration of the letter R.
1817 Ld. Byron Lett. 1 July (1976) V. 244 I have roughened off about rather better than thirty stanzas.
1844 G. Dodd Textile Manuf. Great Brit. iii. 105 The nap of the cloth is roughened up by a brush.
1856 C. Dickens Little Dorrit (1857) i. xvi. 143 There are times when that girl's whole nature seemed to roughen itself against seeing us so bound up in Pet.
1900 H. L. Keeler Our Native Trees 41 Bark—Light gray, roughened by excrescences.
1952 ‘R. Gordon’ Doctor in House xiv. 154 The London atmosphere silted up patients' sinuses and roughened their lungs.
2000 P. Vincent Mountain Bike Maintenance 29/1 Locate the puncture and roughen the surface of the inner tube using sandpaper.
b. transitive. figurative. To irritate, ruffle. Also with up.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > irritation > irritate [verb (transitive)]
gremec893
grillc897
teenOE
mispay?c1225
agrillec1275
oftenec1275
tarya1300
tarc1300
atenec1320
enchafec1374
to-tarc1384
stingc1386
chafe?a1400
pokec1400
irec1420
ertc1440
rehete1447
nettlec1450
bog1546
tickle1548
touch1581
urge1593
aggravate1598
irritate1598
dishumour1600
to wind up1602
to pick at ——1603
outhumour1607
vex1625
bloody1633
efferate1653
rankle1659
spleen1689
splenetize1700
rile1724
roil1742
to put out1796
to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823
roughen1837
acerbate1845
to stroke against the hair, the wrong way (of the hair)1846
nag1849
to rub (a person, etc.) up the wrong way1859
frump1862
rattle1865
to set up any one's bristles1873
urticate1873
needle1874
draw1876
to rough up1877
to stick pins into1879
to get on ——1880
to make (someone) tiredc1883
razoo1890
to get under a person's skin1896
to get a person's goat1905
to be on at1907
to get a person's nanny1909
cag1919
to get a person's nanny-goat1928
cagmag1932
peeve1934
tick-off1934
to get on a person's tits1945
to piss off1946
bug1947
to get up a person's nose1951
tee1955
bum1970
tick1975
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. iv. iv. 230 Till all France is ruffled,—roughened up (metaphorically speaking) into one enormous,..red-guggling Turkey Cock.
1859 C. Dickens Tale of Two Cities ii. v. 58 What has roughened your temper?
1888 J. Kennedy What Words Say 91 To exas'perate is to irritate (or roughen up).
1896 Mrs. H. Ward Sir George Tressady 190 The creditor's temper had been roughened by a somewhat unfortunate letter George had written.
1913 ‘B. M. Bower’ Gringos xxv. 232 There was reaction from a month of worry to roughen his mood.
2002 M. Berk & G. S. Malhi in M. Maj et al. Bipolar Disorder iii. 273 This review correctly emphasizes the propensity of antidepressants to ‘roughen mood’ and increase cycle frequency.
2.
a. intransitive. To become rough (in various senses).In quot. 1822 figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > be or become uneven [verb (intransitive)] > become rough
crizzle1673
roughen1728
to rough up1904
1728 Epist. Sapho to Philenis 2 His Chin, which roughens with increasing Hairs, Harsh Courtship and robustous Change declares.
1730 J. Thomson Autumn in Seasons 153 The cap, the whip, the masculine attire, In which they roughen to the sense.
1794 H. L. Piozzi Brit. Synonymy II. 327 The wild scenery roughens at every step.
1813 J. C. Eustace Tour through Italy I. vii. 168 The river roughening into a torrent.
1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 16 Latmos, and Mycale, roughen With horrent arms.
1865 C. Thirlwall Lett. (1881) II. 37 The wind was rising and the sea roughening.
1919 D. Canfield Day of Glory 3 Her long slim pianist's fingers reddened and roughened till they bled, because cold cream was far too costly a luxury.
1953 C. A. Lindbergh Spirit of St. Louis II. vi. 206 If mechanical trouble develops—if engine roughens or oil pressure drops..—I'll turn back.
1987 G. Turner Sea & Summer 79 Her skin was roughening and would become lined.
2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 9 Oct. 49/3 His resonant pinewood voice lifted, and roughened, and his cadence shifted gradually to that of testifying.
b. intransitive. To have a rough feel. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > be or become uneven [verb (intransitive)] > become rough > feel rough
roughen1745
1745 W. Thompson Sickness ii. 64 The forehead roughens to the wond'ring hand.
1829 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. 2nd Ser. II. 429 Something that roughens in the hand, like gold.
1966 C. H. Hayward Home Handyman iii. 62 If the hand is passed back and forth..the carpet will feel smooth in one direction, whereas in the other the pile roughens to the touch.
3. transitive. To grind down roughly. Also intransitive.In quot. 1908 figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > grind (down)
rough-grind1664
to rub down1794
roughen1839
sand1858
profile-grind1941
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 955 Pointing, is executed on two iron or steel grindstones, by two workmen, one of whom roughens down, and the other finishes.
1867 T. Sutton & G. Dawson Dict. Photogr. (ed. 2) 270 When cold, the [glass] plate is removed, and carried in an upright position to a part of the manufactory where it is to be roughened down and polished.
1908 D. H. Lawrence Let. 13 May (1979) I. 54 I am being roughened down to a blunt blade; I am already rusting.
1922 Jrnl. Western Soc. Engin. June 167 The piece..is roughened down by several passes in the roughing stand. It is then entered into the finishing mill.
2005 C. Tuplin in P. Bienkowski et al. Writing & Anc. Near Eastern Soc. 222 The masons continued to roughen the surface down to a point level with the end of column III.
4. transitive. To ‘rough’ (a horse); to adapt (a horse's shoes) to prevent slipping. Also intransitive. See rough v.2 1c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > shoe [verb (transitive)] > put in frost-nails
frost1572
frost-nail1594
calk1624
rough1792
sharp1841
roughen1864
sharpen1897
1864 J. W. Carlyle Lett. III. 238 I had him roughened the first day of the frost.
1881 T. Carlyle in I. W. Dyer Bibliogr. Carlyle's Writings (1927) App. I, 581 If it be my lot to shoe and ride next year, I will have my December shoes made beforehand with such holes, that I may fit in my wedges, and roughen at five minutes' notice.
2008 E. S. Sears George Seward v. 80 The slippery roads had delayed them, as they had neglected to roughen their horse's shoes.
Derivatives
ˈroughener n. a person who or thing which roughens (in various senses).
ΚΠ
1825 L. Hunt tr. F. Redi Bacchus in Tuscany 82 This letter [r]..he had learnt..most probably in Tuscany, where it is in great request, as the roughener of a soft language.
1912 Automotive Industries 16 May 1153/2 A rubber roughener for scarifying the surface of a tire before cement is applied.
2007 UK Newsquest Regional Press (Lake District) (Nexis) 4 May Mr Somervell said that typical tools and materials..included leather soles;..stitching awl and leather palm; wire leather roughener; [etc.].
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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