Romen.

Brit.

/rəʊm/, U.S.

/roʊm/

Forms: Old English Roma (rare), Old English–Middle English Rom, late Old English– Rome, Middle English–1700s Roome, 1500s Room, 1700s Rhoome; Scottish pre-1700 Rom, pre-1700 Romme, pre-1700 Rowme, pre-1700 Roym, pre-1700 Rum, pre-1700 Rwme, pre-1700 1700s– Rome, 1800s Roome, 1900s– Room.

Origin: From proper names. Etymons: proper names Rōma, Rome.

Etymology: < classical Latin Rōma, name of the city of Rome, also people of Rome, eponymous goddess of Rome, in post-classical Latin also as the name of Constantinople (5th cent. in Roma nova ‘new Rome’, 6th cent. in Roma novella ‘new Rome’). In Middle English perhaps reinforced by Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French Rome (c1100, also Romme; French Rome; < classical Latin Rōma). Compare ancient Greek Ῥώμη, name of Rome, in Byzantine Greek also as the name of Constantinople (in ἡ νέα Ῥώμη new Rome, Βυζαντιάς Ῥώμη Byzantine Rome, ἑκατέρα Ῥώμη the other Rome); corresponding forms of the name of the city are also attested in other European languages (also in similar transferred uses), e.g. Italian Roma (12th cent.), Spanish Roma (11th cent.), Middle Dutch Rōme (Dutch Rome), Old High German Rōma, Rūma (Middle High German Rōme, German Rom).Rome occurs as a place name in English contexts from Old English onwards, in Old English as Rōm (and also occasionally in unassimilated form Rōma ), in Middle English as Rom , Rome , Room , Roome , Rombe , in early modern English as Rome , Room , Roome . For examples of the place name in Old English, Middle English, and early modern English compare:eOE Metres of Boethius (transcript of damaged MS) (2009) i. 19 Ða wæs Romana rice gewunnen, abrocen burga cyst; beadurincum wæs Rom gerymed.OE Blickling Homilies 191 Ic wille gangan to Rome.lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxvii. 298 Se Catulus wæs heretoga on Rome, swiðe gesceadwis man.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9165 Sannt iohan. Bigann off crist to spellenn..O þatt kaseress time. Þatt wass i rome kaserr king Tiberiuss ȝehatenn.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 5986 Brennes walde Rome fulle fiftene ȝere.c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 1016 Þeȝ eni god man to hom come, So wile dude sum from rome, For hom to lere gode þewes..He miȝte bet sitte stille.?a1300 Maximian (Digby) l. 238 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 99 As i rod þoru-out rome, Richest alre home..Maidenes..Comen for me biholde.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 38 Me were leuere kepe hire come þen beon pope ant ryde in Rome.?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) i. pr. iv. l. 441 Now I am remewed fro þe Citee of rome almost fyue-hundreþ þousand pas.c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 161 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 33 The folk of Rowme.1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos lxv. 166 The historyes of the romayns, and of theym that founded roome.1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 310 Lucius Cornelius Sylla ye father had proscribed no small noumbre of ye citezens of Roome.1561 T. Hoby in tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer ii. sig. Y.i The Rota in Roome is suche another matter as the Court of the Arches in England.1605 A. Munday tr. G. Affinati Dumbe Divine Speaker 261 I speake to you which are the inhabitants of Roome.a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 157 When could they say (till now) that talk'd of Rome, That her wide Walles incompast but one man? Now is it Rome indeed, and Roome enough When there is in it but one onely man.1705 G. Berkeley Descr. Cave of Dunmore in Wks. (1871) IV. 508 Those artificial caves of Rome and Naples called catacombs. From the early 18th cent. onwards the spelling Rome is usual, but for later currency of the pronunciation /ruːm/ compare e.g. the rhyme in quot. 1711 at sense 1a. This pronunciation is recorded in various editions of J. Walker Crit. Pronouncing Dict. until 1862; for further evidence of 19th-cent. currency compare:1866 Notes & Queries 8 Dec. 456/1 In my early days I was taught that Room was the genteel, and therefore proper, pronunciation for the capital of Italy.1899 W. D. Geddes Mem. J. Geddes iii. 53 The Fourth Canto of Childe Harold, as dealing with Rome, or, as he invariably called it, 'Room', in the old Shakesperian pronunciation, was a special favourite.This pronunciation survived in regional speech into the 20th cent. (compare quots. 1873, 1909 at sense 2a; Sc. National Dict. (at Room) records the pronunciation /rum/ as still in use in Banffshire in 1968). It shows the regular reflex of Middle English long close ō , in turn reflecting Old English ō . By contrast, the modern standard pronunciation was influenced by the pronunciation of the Latin and Italian forms of the place name. Compare also the discussion of historical pronunciation at Roman n.¹ and adj.¹ In Old English and Middle English the name also occurs in several compounds denoting the city of Rome or the Roman Empire; compare Old English Rōmeburg (Middle English Romeburgh ) Rome (compare borough n., and also Old Icelandic, Icelandic Rómaborg ), early Middle English Romeland the Roman Empire (compare land n.¹), early Middle English Romeriche the Roman Empire (compare riche n.):eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) ii. iii. 40 Æfter þæm þe Romeburg getimbred wæs.OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 196) 26 June 133 On þone syx and twentigoðan dæg þæs monðes byð þæra æðelra wera gemynd Iohannes and Paules, þæra lychoma restað on Romebyrig.c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 34 Þone ðridde dæl [sc. of the cross] þe papæ siluester forþ mid him to romeburiȝ hæfde.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7010 Þurrh þe king off rome burrh himm ȝifenn wass þatt riche.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8305 He bigann to rixlenn. I rome riche.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5596 Costantin..hauede al Rome-lond. þe stod an his aȝere hond.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5683 Heo come to Rome buri [c1300 Otho Rome]. ▸ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. 715 The noble Cesar Julius..tho was king of Rome lond.a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 12665 Ȝow were wel bettere at Rome burgh Þan reyse baner a-geyn Arthurgh.Compare also Rome city, Rome town:c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 196 Þat emperour het..þat þai bringge him sket To Rome toun.c1450 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Fairf. 16) (1879) l. 1869 Ne never was ther kyng in Rome tovn Syn thilke day.a1525 Bk. Sevyne Sagis 19, in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 1 In Rome cite þan was þar' sevyne Sagis.1606 P. Holland in tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars Annot. 31* Vpon which day, the foundation of Rome Citie was laid.1862 J. A. Clarke What Prophets Foretold xii. 206/2 A great catastrophe in which Rome city should be consumed by flame from heaven.2005 Irish Times (Nexis) 9 June 12 A winter which saw the coldest night recorded in Rome city for more than 200 years.

a. The ancient Roman Empire; the city of Rome regarded as representing ancient Roman authority, civilization, etc.; the personification of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > named cities or towns > [noun] > in Italy > Rome

RomewardeOE

RomeOE

Romewards1527

Leonine City1870

Vatican City1929

OE St. Eustace (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 204 Þa ferdon soðlice twegen cempan þa wæron genemde Antiochus and Achaius, þa ær wæron under Eustachius handa, and þurhferdon ealle þa land þe into Rome hyrdon, oððæt hi comon þær he wunode.

OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) 6 (table of contents) Ðæt Bryttas fram Scottum & Peohtum wæron forhergode; & hi to Rome him fultumes bædon.

c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 818 (MED) Þe heghe emperour of Rom [rhyme com] Went adoun of his tour.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22241 All kingrikes þat rome was vnder, Fra lauerd-hed o rome þam sundre.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. 3432 Þise were to Lumbardie to procure Rome more partie.

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 3534 Þe Saxonys..Agane Rome rasse wiþe mekyl mycht.

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 248^v One of the olde souldyours of Roome.

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus i. i. 82 These that suruiue, let Rome reward with loue.

1624 F. Quarles Iob Militant x. xxix Who, that did e're behold the ancient Rome, Would rashly give her Glorie such a doome?

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 80 All Nations now to Rome obedience pay.

1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 39 From the same Foes, at last, both felt their Doom, And the same Age saw Learning fall, and Rome.

a1771 T. Gray Agrippina in Poems (1775) 131 The willing homage Of prostrate Rome.

1780 W. Cowper Boadicea 17 Rome..Tramples on a thousand states.

1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) v. i. 149 A wife's dishonour unking'd Rome for ever.

1882 H. Caine Recoll. D. G. Rossetti 102 Defending..the vices of Neronian Rome.

1927 W. E. Peck Shelley II. xiv. 63 The triumphal arch which Cottius, having resigned his throne to Rome and accepted a Roman prefectorship, had erected.

1973 C. Price Theatre in Age of Garrick ii. 6 In one respect at least England could rival ancient Rome.

2005 J. Diamond Collapse (2006) 13 For over a thousand years, Rome successfully held off the barbarians.

b. Constantinople (modern Istanbul), the capital of the eastern Roman Empire. Later also: Moscow, proposed as being destined to assume a similarly dominant role in world affairs. Also with modifying adjective. [In use with reference to Moscow after Russian Tretij Rim ‘Third Rome’ (Old Russian Tretij Rim′′ (16th cent.), itself after Russian Church Slavonic Tretij Rimŭ (1523–4 in the Letter of Starets Filofej, the source translated in quot. 1945)). In use with reference to Constantinople, ultimately after the Latin and Greek compounds cited in the main etymology.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > named cities or towns > [noun] > Constantinople

Rome1509

Topkhana1668

Phanar1753

1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant Shyppe of Fooles (de Worde) xcv. sig. Bb.i^v The pleasaunt place of Constantinoble, whiche was the newe Rome.

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 13 Yet haue the Sarasins attempted both Romes; they haue besieged Constantinople, and haue wasted..the Sea coasts of Italy.

1609 W. Biddulph Trauels Certaine Englishmen 21 In the decrees of Emperours, mention is made of two Romes: one, the olde, which is the true Rome, built by Romulus; the other, the new, which is Constantinople.

1823 R. Lyall Char. of Russians 28 Moscow is a third Rome, say these historians, and a fourth shall never be.

1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity II. iv. vii. 158 The bishops of the two Romes, Germanus of Constantinople, and Pope Gregory II., were united in one common cause.

1896 Amer. Hist. Rev. 2 37 After the fall of the Rome on the Bosphorus, Moscow was hailed as the third Rome that was to rule the world.

1945 N. Zernov tr. Filofei in Russians & their Church 51 The Church of old Rome fell for its heresy; the gates of the second Rome, Constantinople, were hewn down by the axes of the infidel Turks; but the Church of Moscow, the Church of the new Rome, shines brighter than the sun in the whole universe.

1999 G. Vallée Shaping of Christianity x. 203 The weakening of the two Romes created the space for the emergence of both the Holy Roman Empire of the Franks and the Islamic Empire.

a. The city of Rome as the original capital of Western Christendom, and the seat of the Pope, regarded as the place from which the authority or influence of the church (after the Reformation spec. the Roman Catholic Church) is exerted; (more generally) the Roman Catholic Church, its institutions, practices, etc.Court of Rome: see court n.¹ Phrases f. Lady of Rome: see lady n. Phrases 2b. man of Rome see man n.¹ Phrases 2y. to go over to Rome: see to go over 2a at go v. Phrasal verbs 1. See of Rome: see n.¹ 5.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > [noun]

RomeeOE

Babylon1530

popishness1531

popery?1536

popistry?1542

papistry1543

mass-monging1552

antichristianity1555

antichristianism1588

Babel1599

papacy1599

Romanism1603

poping1608

Babylonism1610

Catholicism1613

Romanality1637

catholicship1653

Romishness1653

Roman Catholicism1662

Roman Catholicity1806

catholicity1830

popism1841

old religion1934

eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) ii. iv. 44 Ond nu ure cristne Roma bespricð þæt hiere wealles for ealdunge brosnien, nales na for þæm þe hio mid forheriunge swa gebismrad wære swa Babylonia wæs. Ac heo for hiere cristendome nugiet is gescild.

OE Bidding Prayer (York) in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1912) 27 10 Wutan we gebiddan for urne papan on Rome, and for urne cyning.

OE Rec. Gifts of Bp. Leofric to Exeter Cathedral (Bodl.) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 228 And II salteras, & se þriddan saltere swa man singð on Rome.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1123 Ða com se ærcebiscop of Cantwarabyrig & wæs ðære fulle seoueniht ær he mihte cumen to þes papes spræce... Ac þet ofercom Rome þet ofercumeð eall weoruld, þet is gold & seolure.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13188 France heo biwunnen and seoððen heo..biȝeten Rome.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 407 (MED) Holdeþ þe Ester day in dewe tyme, and ȝeve bapteme in þe manere of þe chirche of Rome.

?c1430 (?1383) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 281 (MED) Howevere we speken of dispensacion of þe Bischop of Rome, þis symonyent mot do verey pennaunce.

c1450 (a1375) Octavian (Calig.) (1979) l. 918 (MED) Ech lord lette wyth dolour Þe se of Rome.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 12 (MED) In þe court of Rome mai no man geyt no grace, but if it be bowt.

1537 T. Starkey Let. 26 Jan. in Eng. in Reign Henry VIII (1878) i. p. xlvii The wych you perauenture wyl impute to thys defectyon from Rome.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 70 King Iohn hath reconcil'd Him~selfe to Rome .

1654 J. Bramhall Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. ccxciii. 612 Your selves have preached so much against Rome, and his Holiness, that Rome and her Romanists will be little the better for that Change.

1673 H. Hickman Hist. Quinq-articularis 431 I will not ask, How..it came to pass, that not one Contraremonstrant ever went over to Rome?

1769 T. Gray Ode at Installation Duke of Grafton 6 The majestic Lord, That broke the bonds of Rome.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1784 II. 499 He argued in defence of some of the peculiar tenets of the Church of Rome.

1840 J. H. Newman in Brit. Critic Jan. 53 Rome, though not deferring to the Fathers, recognizes them.

1873 J. Brown Round Table Club 54 The Kirk o' Englan' 's rinnin' aff tae Roome, I'm tauld, helter skelter, amon' a blaze o' caunels..an' incense.

1892 J. M. Stone Faithful unto Death vi. 119 It was also thought that many clergymen hesitated to marry,..in case of a reconciliation with Rome.

1909 J. Tennant Jeannie Jaffray 13 Pavin' the road for's back to Room an' the days fan the country wis subjec' to ecclesiastic rule.

1911 Catholic Encycl. XII. 268/1 Cyprian denies his right of appeal to Rome, and asserts the sufficiency of the African tribunal.

1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism iii. 159 It was administered no longer by the clergy acting as the agents of Rome, but by civilians acting under the authority of the Crown.

1976 Times 28 July 15/6 The very existence of the Anglican Church..has partly depended..on some Christians not agreeing with everything that Rome says.

2006 D. Winner Those Feet 192 Britain's surge to great-power status began with Henry VIII's break with Rome.

b. In extended use.

ΚΠ

1789 J. Pinkerton Enq. Hist. Scotl. II. vi. ii. 279 Hyona [i.e. Iona] may be regarded as the Rome of Pikland, supporting its own power and interest, by keeping the subjects of its church in ignorance.

1802 tr. J. L. Soulavie Hist. & Polit. Mem. V. ix. 190 They have become the primitive model of all the protestant churches, and, if we may be allowed the expression, the Rome of calvinism.

a1822 P. B. Shelley Charles I i, in Posthumous Poems (1824) 239 First Speaker That Is the Archbishop. Second Speaker Rather say the Pope. London will be soon his Rome.

1886 G. E. Raum Tour round World xxv. 303 Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed, and the Rome of Islam, is 65 miles from Jeddah.

1934 F. Eby & C. F. Arrowood Devel. Mod. Educ. iv. 126 Calvin gradually transformed the city [of Geneva] into the ‘Rome of Protestantism’.

1985 R. Davies What's bred in Bone (1986) iii. 150 She wondered aloud if in a city sometimes called ‘the Rome of Methodism’ [sc. Toronto] it might not be better to [etc.].

3. The Holy Roman Empire; the city of Rome regarded as the symbolic source of authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > aggregate of sovereign states under one rule > the Holy Roman or German Empire

RomeOE

empirec1485

German Empire1550

Roman Empire1583

Sacred Empire1617

Holy Roman Empire1698

OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1067 Of geleaffullan & æðelan cynne heo [sc. Margaret] wæs asprungon, hire fæder wæs Eadward æþeling, Eadmundes sunu kynges, Eadmund Æþelreding, Æþelred Eadgaring, Eadgar Eadreding, & swa forð on þæt cynecynn, & hire modorcynn gæð to Heinrice casere, þe hæfde anwald ofer Rome.

?1457 J. Hardyng Chron. (Lansd.) in E. P. Hammond Eng. Verse between Chaucer & Surrey (1927) 236 (MED) The Emperour of Rome, Sir Sygismounde..had his stall vpon the kynges lifte honde In the Colage of seynt George.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 188 Thus have we evydence inowghe to the empyre of hole Rome.

1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 273 (MED) He gate..Isabell, the wyfe of Frederyk, Emperoure of Rome, [a lorde full] poletyk.

1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. 95 The Pope calleth the Emperour, Emperour of Roome, and..yet can hee haue no more roome in Rome, then it pleaseth the Pope to permit vnto him.

1621 R. Crakanthorpe Def. Constantine 330 Aeneas Syluius [i.e. Pope Pius II] cals, the sacred Empire of Rome, Romanam regiam potestatem, the Regall power of the Romanes.

1845 Congregational Mag. May 356 A priest, calling himself the Count of Lausanne and prince of the holy empire of Rome, (although that empire had ceased to exist at the commencement of this century).

1951 H. Myers Utmost Island 28 How Charlemagne, King of the Franks, restored and ruled the ancient Holy Empire of Rome, when once he had Rome's Church beside him to proclaim his right Divine.

2007 A. Ruiz Vibrant Andalusia 170 Sigismund..was King of Hungary and Bohemia as well as Holy Emperor of Rome and Germany.

Phrases

P1. Proverbs.

a. when in Rome, do as the Romans do (also as Rome does): when abroad or in an unfamiliar environment, adopt the customs or behaviour of those around you (formerly also †when at Rome, do after the doom). In later use frequently shortened to when in Rome. [Compare post-classical Latin cum fueris Romae, Romano vivito more (and variants) (15th cent.), Anglo-Norman quant vos a Roume sereiz, selun les Romeins vos vivreiz (c1260).]

ΚΠ

c1475 Proverbs (Rawl. D.328) in Mod. Philol. (1940) 38 122 Whan tho herd hat Rome, Do so of ther þe dome.

1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) f. 51^v With this laten prouerbe agreeth y^t which is commonly in euery mans mouth in England Whan y^u art at Rome, do as they do at Rome.

a1550 in R. Dyboski Songs, Carols & Other Misc. Poems (1908) 130 Whan thou art at Rome, do after the dome; And whan þou art els wher, do as they do ther.

1591 J. Florio Second Frutes i. 97 Be Romane if in Rome thou bide.

1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. i. 5 Whilst one is at Rome, one must live as they do there.

1768 J. Cremer Jrnl. 19 July in R. R. Bellamy Ramblin' Jack (1936) 164 His Answer was, when we was in Rhoome, we must doe as Roome did.

1818 Ld. Byron Beppo ix. 5 And you at Rome would do as Romans do, According to the proverb.

1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting vii. 267 I always do in Rome as Rome does, eat (if I can) whatever is set before me.

1912 Overland Monthly Feb. 127/2 I thought first I'd expose myself for the ninny I am, but when in Rome, you know. Didn't I act like a Roman?

1939 El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post 23 May 4/4 ‘When in Rome do as Rome does’ is an established rule of etiquette.

1990 T. W. Kang Gaishi iii. 64 Japanese customers and partners tell U.S. firms to conform: ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do.’

2002 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 4 Aug. 81/1 When in Rome, as the saying goes..so I ordered the Guinness pie.

b. Rome was not built in a day: a complex task or great achievement is bound to take a long time and should not be rushed. [Compare German Rom wurde nicht in einem Tag erbaut (and variants) (from 16th cent.). The source translated in quot. 1545 does not have a corresponding Latin proverb.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > slowness of action or operation > [phrase] > without haste > proverbs

festina lente1537

Rome was not built in a day1545

to make haste slowly1565

to hasten slowly1623

steady as she goes1971

1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) sig. Di^v Ye may use this prouerbe when ye wol signifie that one daye..is not ynoughe for..acheuinge..a great matter..Rome was not buylt in one day.

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. sig. Div Rome was not bylt on a daie (quoth he) & yet stood Tyll it was fynysht, as some saie, full fayre.

1610 Bp. J. Hall Common Apol. against Brownists xxv. 63 But Rome was not built all in a day.

1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus xxix. 375 Rome was not built in a day, nor is a Reformation in the true Law-sense effectable presently.

1776 A. Adams in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 202 But Rome was not built in a day.

1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel II. x. 237 Rome was not built in a day—you cannot become used to your court-suit in a month's time.

1849 C. Brontë Shirley I. vi. 123 ‘As Rome’, it was suggested, ‘had not been built in a day, so neither had Mademoiselle Gérard Moore's education been completed in a week.’

1901 S. Lane-Poole Sir H. Parkes xvii. 316 The Japanese..went too fast and fell into grave commercial, monetary, and administrative troubles. Neither Rome nor New Japan could be built in a day.

1950 T. Williams Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone i. 34 Patience, said the Contessa. Rome was not built in a day!

2001 S. Brett Death on Downs (2002) iii. 22 Less than a month since we moved in. Rome wasn't built in a day, eh?

c. Chiefly Scottish. do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope (and variants): do not attempt to criticize or oppose a powerful person while in his or her own territory.

ΚΠ

1561 W. Maitland Let. 10 Aug. in G. Cook Hist. Reformation Scotl. (1819) III. App. p. xl If this cannot be brought to pass, then I see well, at length it will be hard for me to dwell in Rome and strive with the Pope.

a1598 D. Fergusson Sc. Prov. (1641) sig. F2 Ye may not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope.

1641 W. Laud Recantation Prelate of Canterbury 38 It is certainly a great losse, not to have the Parliaments affection, and very hard (as they say) to sit in Rome, and strive against the Pope.

a1666 R. Blair Life (1848) (modernized text) ii. 37 [Reportedly said in Glasgow Cathedral in 1621] He [sc. Robert Boyd] uttered his indignation in very high words..; for he said, ‘I will not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope.’

1824 J. Russell Tour Germany II. v. 305 They are too apt to forget the homely saying, that it is folly to live in Rome and quarrel with the Pope.

1846 C. I. Johnstone Edinb. Tales III. 258/2 I need not tell you of not sitting in Rome and striving with the Pope.

1907 S. MacManus Dr. Kilgannon 11 ‘Still, of course,’ he went on, softening his tone, ‘there's no use living in Rome and fighting with the Pope.’

2007 Daily Monitor (Kampala) (Nexis) 22 Aug. [He] tried to go against Mr Ssempijja too, and is right now in political oblivion. It is folly to live in Rome and rub shoulders with the pope.

d. all roads lead to Rome (and variants): there are many different ways of reaching the same goal or conclusion. [Probably ultimately after post-classical Latin Mille viae ducunt homines per saecula Romam (12th cent. in Alanus ab Insulis Liber parabolarum). Compare Italian si va per più vie a Roma (a1589; a1484 as †vassi pure a Roma per più strade , 1585 as †si va per tante strade a Roma ), French tous chemins vont à Rome (1694 in the passage translated in quot. 1806).]

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > [phrase] > proverb

all roads lead to Rome1795

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 36 Euery wyght whiche that to rome went Halt nat al o path or alwey o manere.

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) Prol. 2 Ryht as diuerse pathes leden diuerse folk the rihte wey to Roome.]

1795 tr. M. Ehrenstrom Let. 15 Mar. 1793 in tr. Baron Armfelt Corr. xlvii. 67 This difference in the choice of our means ought not to stop our career. All roads lead to Rome.

1806 R. Thomson tr. J. de La Fontaine Fables IV. xii. xxiv. 110 Three diff'rent roads the three concurrents chose, All roads alike conduct to Rome [Fr. Tous chemins vont à Rome].

1837 Morning Chron. 29 Mar. The Tories act in the spirit of the old adage, ‘All roads lead to Rome.’

1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth I. xxiv. 270 All roads take to Rome.

1911 J. A. Thomson Introd. Sci. iii. 63 All roads lead to Rome, and he must be a bold man who will declare any of Nature's beckonings to be unworthy of attention.

1922 I. Fisher Making of Index Numbers xii. 266 All the roads lead to Rome,—whether the roads be the arithmetic, the harmonic, the geometric, or the aggregative.

2007 Liverpool Echo (Nexis) 18 May (Features section) 4 I'm still discovering my art, but all roads lead to Rome. I was always going to end up finding certain conclusions.

†P2. to go (also hop, etc.) to Rome with a mortar on one's head (and variants, generally involving a ludicrous mode of travel): taken as the type of a hopelessly difficult (and often pointless) task. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 371 (MED) I had leuer go to rome, yei thryse, on my fete, Then forto grefe yonde grome.

?1515 Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. B.i Yf ony of vs thre be mayre of london I wys y wys I wyll ryde to rome on my thom.

a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) ii. ii. sig. C.iiij But what should I home againe without answere go? It were better go to Rome on my head than so.

1600 W. Kemp Nine Daies Wonder Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v Me thinkes I could flye to Rome (at least hop to Rome, as the olde Prouerb is) with a morter on my head.

a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Faire Maide of Inne v. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ggggggg2^v/2 He did measure the starres with a false yard, and may now travaile to Rome with a morter on's head to see if he can recover his mony that way.

a1642 B. J. Trag. Hist. Guy Earl of Warwick (1661) sig. A4v Old. But whither wilt thou go soon ha? Clow. Faith Father, Romo Romulus, even to Rome, Morter morteribus, with a Morter on my Head.

1853 T. Carlyle Occas. Disc. Nigger Question 15 Good heavens, if signing petitions would do it, if hopping to Rome on one leg would do it, think you it were long undone!

Compounds

C1.

†a. General attributive without determiner, with reference to the city of Rome, as Rome gate, Rome wall, etc. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13921 He..wold..Rome walles rihten þe ȝare weoren to-fallen.

c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 1553 Þourgh Rome stretes, wide and side, Þe ferthe maister þer com ride.

c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 2223 He com to Rome ȝate.

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 228 (MED) There ryngnede neuer syche realtee within Rome walles.

1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 48 As farre as hence to Rome gates.

1564 N. Haward in tr. Eutropius Briefe Chron. ix. f. 114 (side-note) Rome walles new made.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. v. 206 Hee'l go he sayes, and sole the Porter of Rome Gates by th'eares.

b. Objective, locative, etc., as Rome-believer, Rome-bred, etc.

ΚΠ

1613 E. Cary Trag. Mariam iv. ii. sig. F May you long in prosperous fortunes liue With Rome commanding Caesar.

1614 A. I. in A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia To Transl. sig. A5^v Lucans Spaine-borne, Rome-bred, Muse-nurc't wit.

1661 H. Adis Fannaticks Alarm 23 Is not that great Goliah of our times, defying the Host of the Israel of God, that Rome-bred Monster, Persecution?

1792 G. Galloway Poems 40 Pit [= put] sandals on, Or bare-foot scud like Rome-believers.

1823 S. T. Coleridge Let. 24 Aug. (1971) V. 298 A pleasure linked to so many delightful and ennobling Recollections in my Rome-haunting Spirit.

1896 Contemp. Rev. Jan. 106 The poet of antiquity who most consciously ‘returned to Nature’..was..the Rome-born Tibullus.

1912 ‘G. Metlake’ Christian Social Reform xiv. 192 The Liberal majority was made up almost exclusively of Rome-hating, Rome-baiting fanatics.

1992 Philadelphia Inquirer 22 Aug. c6/1 The escalating war of words between the network and its Rome-based correspondent ended yesterday.

C2.

Rome–Berlin Axis n. now historical the close relationship (later a formal alliance) formed in 1936 between Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany, which effectively came to an end with the surrender of Italy to the Allies in 1943. [ < the name of Rome + the name of Berlin (see Berlin n.) + axis n.¹ (compare axis n.¹ 4b), after Italian asse Roma–Berlino (1935 or earlier; compare German Achse Rom–Berlin, Achse Berlin–Rom (both 1937 or earlier)).

Variants of the term were apparently used earlier in Hungarian by the then Prime Minister of Hungary, Gyula Gömbös von Jáfka (1886–1936), who suggested the formation of an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Hungary (which failed to materialize) in various speeches between 1922 and 1934; compare e.g. Gömbös's statement in a parliamentary speech on 24 July 1922: látom, hogy az európai politikának tengelye Berlinbe Rómán át fog vezetni ‘I believe that the axis of European politics will lead to Berlin through Rome’. The Hungarian compoundRóma–Berlin tengely ‘Rome–Berlin Axis’ is attested in 1935 (in a transcript of parliamentary sessions) or earlier.]

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > alliance or confederacy > an alliance > specific alliances

auld alliance1566

the League1589

armed neutrality1780

German Confederation1786

Germanic Confederation1815

Holy Alliance1823

the Concert of Europe1841

Sonderbund1847

Triplice1896

Soviet block1919

communist bloc1922

Eastern bloc1922

Soviet bloc1924

axis1936

Rome–Berlin Axis1936

Eastern block1938

communist block1941

Western European Union1944

Arab League1945

Western Union1948

Atlantic Pact1949

NATO1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization1949

Seato1954

W.E.U.1954

Warsaw Pact1955

Atlantic Alliance1958

ASEAN1967

G201972

1936 Times 3 Nov. 15/1 The ‘Rome–Berlin axis’ is a conceit which has its momentary attractions.

1938 E. Ambler Cause for Alarm viii. 128 The Rome–Berlin axis is one of the most effective principles of European power-politics that has ever been stated.

2007 J. Gooch Mussolini & his Generals vi. 327 Recent accords with Yugoslavia..had ‘notably reinforced’ the Rome–Berlin Axis.

† Rome-lede n. [ < the name of Rome + lede n.¹; compare Middle High German Rōmliute (Old High German Rōmliute), plural noun] Obsolete (in plural) Romans; (hence occasionally) the Roman Empire.Only in Laȝamon.

ΚΠ

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 2818 Þa comen liðen þa weore þa Rom-leoden [c1300 Otho þat weren Romleode].

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4598 He bigon to senden ȝeond al þan Romleoden [c1300 Otho ouer al Romleode].

† Rome-thede n. [ < the name of Rome + thede n.] Obsolete the Roman nation or people.Only in Laȝamon.

ΚΠ

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4512 Kinbelin..weorede Rome-þeode wið vncuðe leode.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	rome
释义	Romen. Brit. /rəʊm/, U.S. /roʊm/ Forms: Old English Roma (rare), Old English–Middle English Rom, late Old English– Rome, Middle English–1700s Roome, 1500s Room, 1700s Rhoome; Scottish pre-1700 Rom, pre-1700 Romme, pre-1700 Rowme, pre-1700 Roym, pre-1700 Rum, pre-1700 Rwme, pre-1700 1700s– Rome, 1800s Roome, 1900s– Room. Origin: From proper names. Etymons: proper names Rōma, Rome. Etymology: < classical Latin Rōma, name of the city of Rome, also people of Rome, eponymous goddess of Rome, in post-classical Latin also as the name of Constantinople (5th cent. in Roma nova ‘new Rome’, 6th cent. in Roma novella ‘new Rome’). In Middle English perhaps reinforced by Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French Rome (c1100, also Romme; French Rome; < classical Latin Rōma). Compare ancient Greek Ῥώμη, name of Rome, in Byzantine Greek also as the name of Constantinople (in ἡ νέα Ῥώμη new Rome, Βυζαντιάς Ῥώμη Byzantine Rome, ἑκατέρα Ῥώμη the other Rome); corresponding forms of the name of the city are also attested in other European languages (also in similar transferred uses), e.g. Italian Roma (12th cent.), Spanish Roma (11th cent.), Middle Dutch Rōme (Dutch Rome), Old High German Rōma, Rūma (Middle High German Rōme, German Rom).Rome occurs as a place name in English contexts from Old English onwards, in Old English as Rōm (and also occasionally in unassimilated form Rōma ), in Middle English as Rom , Rome , Room , Roome , Rombe , in early modern English as Rome , Room , Roome . For examples of the place name in Old English, Middle English, and early modern English compare:eOE Metres of Boethius (transcript of damaged MS) (2009) i. 19 Ða wæs Romana rice gewunnen, abrocen burga cyst; beadurincum wæs Rom gerymed.OE Blickling Homilies 191 Ic wille gangan to Rome.lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxvii. 298 Se Catulus wæs heretoga on Rome, swiðe gesceadwis man.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9165 Sannt iohan. Bigann off crist to spellenn..O þatt kaseress time. Þatt wass i rome kaserr king Tiberiuss ȝehatenn.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 5986 Brennes walde Rome fulle fiftene ȝere.c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 1016 Þeȝ eni god man to hom come, So wile dude sum from rome, For hom to lere gode þewes..He miȝte bet sitte stille.?a1300 Maximian (Digby) l. 238 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 99 As i rod þoru-out rome, Richest alre home..Maidenes..Comen for me biholde.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 38 Me were leuere kepe hire come þen beon pope ant ryde in Rome.?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) i. pr. iv. l. 441 Now I am remewed fro þe Citee of rome almost fyue-hundreþ þousand pas.c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 161 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 33 The folk of Rowme.1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos lxv. 166 The historyes of the romayns, and of theym that founded roome.1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 310 Lucius Cornelius Sylla ye father had proscribed no small noumbre of ye citezens of Roome.1561 T. Hoby in tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer ii. sig. Y.i The Rota in Roome is suche another matter as the Court of the Arches in England.1605 A. Munday tr. G. Affinati Dumbe Divine Speaker 261 I speake to you which are the inhabitants of Roome.a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 157 When could they say (till now) that talk'd of Rome, That her wide Walles incompast but one man? Now is it Rome indeed, and Roome enough When there is in it but one onely man.1705 G. Berkeley Descr. Cave of Dunmore in Wks. (1871) IV. 508 Those artificial caves of Rome and Naples called catacombs. From the early 18th cent. onwards the spelling Rome is usual, but for later currency of the pronunciation /ruːm/ compare e.g. the rhyme in quot. 1711 at sense 1a. This pronunciation is recorded in various editions of J. Walker Crit. Pronouncing Dict. until 1862; for further evidence of 19th-cent. currency compare:1866 Notes & Queries 8 Dec. 456/1 In my early days I was taught that Room was the genteel, and therefore proper, pronunciation for the capital of Italy.1899 W. D. Geddes Mem. J. Geddes iii. 53 The Fourth Canto of Childe Harold, as dealing with Rome, or, as he invariably called it, 'Room', in the old Shakesperian pronunciation, was a special favourite.This pronunciation survived in regional speech into the 20th cent. (compare quots. 1873, 1909 at sense 2a; Sc. National Dict. (at Room) records the pronunciation /rum/ as still in use in Banffshire in 1968). It shows the regular reflex of Middle English long close ō , in turn reflecting Old English ō . By contrast, the modern standard pronunciation was influenced by the pronunciation of the Latin and Italian forms of the place name. Compare also the discussion of historical pronunciation at Roman n.¹ and adj.¹ In Old English and Middle English the name also occurs in several compounds denoting the city of Rome or the Roman Empire; compare Old English Rōmeburg (Middle English Romeburgh ) Rome (compare borough n., and also Old Icelandic, Icelandic Rómaborg ), early Middle English Romeland the Roman Empire (compare land n.¹), early Middle English Romeriche the Roman Empire (compare riche n.):eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) ii. iii. 40 Æfter þæm þe Romeburg getimbred wæs.OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 196) 26 June 133 On þone syx and twentigoðan dæg þæs monðes byð þæra æðelra wera gemynd Iohannes and Paules, þæra lychoma restað on Romebyrig.c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 34 Þone ðridde dæl [sc. of the cross] þe papæ siluester forþ mid him to romeburiȝ hæfde.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7010 Þurrh þe king off rome burrh himm ȝifenn wass þatt riche.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8305 He bigann to rixlenn. I rome riche.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5596 Costantin..hauede al Rome-lond. þe stod an his aȝere hond.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5683 Heo come to Rome buri [c1300 Otho Rome]. ▸ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. 715 The noble Cesar Julius..tho was king of Rome lond.a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 12665 Ȝow were wel bettere at Rome burgh Þan reyse baner a-geyn Arthurgh.Compare also Rome city, Rome town:c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 196 Þat emperour het..þat þai bringge him sket To Rome toun.c1450 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Fairf. 16) (1879) l. 1869 Ne never was ther kyng in Rome tovn Syn thilke day.a1525 Bk. Sevyne Sagis 19, in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 1 In Rome cite þan was þar' sevyne Sagis.1606 P. Holland in tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars Annot. 31* Vpon which day, the foundation of Rome Citie was laid.1862 J. A. Clarke What Prophets Foretold xii. 206/2 A great catastrophe in which Rome city should be consumed by flame from heaven.2005 Irish Times (Nexis) 9 June 12 A winter which saw the coldest night recorded in Rome city for more than 200 years. 1. a. The ancient Roman Empire; the city of Rome regarded as representing ancient Roman authority, civilization, etc.; the personification of this. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > named cities or towns > [noun] > in Italy > Rome RomewardeOE RomeOE Romewards1527 Leonine City1870 Vatican City1929 OE St. Eustace (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 204 Þa ferdon soðlice twegen cempan þa wæron genemde Antiochus and Achaius, þa ær wæron under Eustachius handa, and þurhferdon ealle þa land þe into Rome hyrdon, oððæt hi comon þær he wunode. OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) 6 (table of contents) Ðæt Bryttas fram Scottum & Peohtum wæron forhergode; & hi to Rome him fultumes bædon. c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 818 (MED) Þe heghe emperour of Rom [rhyme com] Went adoun of his tour. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22241 All kingrikes þat rome was vnder, Fra lauerd-hed o rome þam sundre. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. 3432 Þise were to Lumbardie to procure Rome more partie. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 3534 Þe Saxonys..Agane Rome rasse wiþe mekyl mycht. 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 248^v One of the olde souldyours of Roome. 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus i. i. 82 These that suruiue, let Rome reward with loue. View more context for this quotation 1624 F. Quarles Iob Militant x. xxix Who, that did e're behold the ancient Rome, Would rashly give her Glorie such a doome? 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 80 All Nations now to Rome obedience pay. View more context for this quotation 1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 39 From the same Foes, at last, both felt their Doom, And the same Age saw Learning fall, and Rome. a1771 T. Gray Agrippina in Poems (1775) 131 The willing homage Of prostrate Rome. 1780 W. Cowper Boadicea 17 Rome..Tramples on a thousand states. 1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) v. i. 149 A wife's dishonour unking'd Rome for ever. 1882 H. Caine Recoll. D. G. Rossetti 102 Defending..the vices of Neronian Rome. 1927 W. E. Peck Shelley II. xiv. 63 The triumphal arch which Cottius, having resigned his throne to Rome and accepted a Roman prefectorship, had erected. 1973 C. Price Theatre in Age of Garrick ii. 6 In one respect at least England could rival ancient Rome. 2005 J. Diamond Collapse (2006) 13 For over a thousand years, Rome successfully held off the barbarians. b. Constantinople (modern Istanbul), the capital of the eastern Roman Empire. Later also: Moscow, proposed as being destined to assume a similarly dominant role in world affairs. Also with modifying adjective. [In use with reference to Moscow after Russian Tretij Rim ‘Third Rome’ (Old Russian Tretij Rim′′ (16th cent.), itself after Russian Church Slavonic Tretij Rimŭ (1523–4 in the Letter of Starets Filofej, the source translated in quot. 1945)). In use with reference to Constantinople, ultimately after the Latin and Greek compounds cited in the main etymology.] ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > named cities or towns > [noun] > Constantinople Rome1509 Topkhana1668 Phanar1753 1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant Shyppe of Fooles (de Worde) xcv. sig. Bb.i^v The pleasaunt place of Constantinoble, whiche was the newe Rome. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 13 Yet haue the Sarasins attempted both Romes; they haue besieged Constantinople, and haue wasted..the Sea coasts of Italy. 1609 W. Biddulph Trauels Certaine Englishmen 21 In the decrees of Emperours, mention is made of two Romes: one, the olde, which is the true Rome, built by Romulus; the other, the new, which is Constantinople. 1823 R. Lyall Char. of Russians 28 Moscow is a third Rome, say these historians, and a fourth shall never be. 1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity II. iv. vii. 158 The bishops of the two Romes, Germanus of Constantinople, and Pope Gregory II., were united in one common cause. 1896 Amer. Hist. Rev. 2 37 After the fall of the Rome on the Bosphorus, Moscow was hailed as the third Rome that was to rule the world. 1945 N. Zernov tr. Filofei in Russians & their Church 51 The Church of old Rome fell for its heresy; the gates of the second Rome, Constantinople, were hewn down by the axes of the infidel Turks; but the Church of Moscow, the Church of the new Rome, shines brighter than the sun in the whole universe. 1999 G. Vallée Shaping of Christianity x. 203 The weakening of the two Romes created the space for the emergence of both the Holy Roman Empire of the Franks and the Islamic Empire. 2. a. The city of Rome as the original capital of Western Christendom, and the seat of the Pope, regarded as the place from which the authority or influence of the church (after the Reformation spec. the Roman Catholic Church) is exerted; (more generally) the Roman Catholic Church, its institutions, practices, etc.Court of Rome: see court n.¹ Phrases f. Lady of Rome: see lady n. Phrases 2b. man of Rome see man n.¹ Phrases 2y. to go over to Rome: see to go over 2a at go v. Phrasal verbs 1. See of Rome: see n.¹ 5. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > [noun] RomeeOE Babylon1530 popishness1531 popery?1536 popistry?1542 papistry1543 mass-monging1552 antichristianity1555 antichristianism1588 Babel1599 papacy1599 Romanism1603 poping1608 Babylonism1610 Catholicism1613 Romanality1637 catholicship1653 Romishness1653 Roman Catholicism1662 Roman Catholicity1806 catholicity1830 popism1841 old religion1934 eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) ii. iv. 44 Ond nu ure cristne Roma bespricð þæt hiere wealles for ealdunge brosnien, nales na for þæm þe hio mid forheriunge swa gebismrad wære swa Babylonia wæs. Ac heo for hiere cristendome nugiet is gescild. OE Bidding Prayer (York) in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1912) 27 10 Wutan we gebiddan for urne papan on Rome, and for urne cyning. OE Rec. Gifts of Bp. Leofric to Exeter Cathedral (Bodl.) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 228 And II salteras, & se þriddan saltere swa man singð on Rome. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1123 Ða com se ærcebiscop of Cantwarabyrig & wæs ðære fulle seoueniht ær he mihte cumen to þes papes spræce... Ac þet ofercom Rome þet ofercumeð eall weoruld, þet is gold & seolure. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13188 France heo biwunnen and seoððen heo..biȝeten Rome. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 407 (MED) Holdeþ þe Ester day in dewe tyme, and ȝeve bapteme in þe manere of þe chirche of Rome. ?c1430 (?1383) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 281 (MED) Howevere we speken of dispensacion of þe Bischop of Rome, þis symonyent mot do verey pennaunce. c1450 (a1375) Octavian (Calig.) (1979) l. 918 (MED) Ech lord lette wyth dolour Þe se of Rome. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 12 (MED) In þe court of Rome mai no man geyt no grace, but if it be bowt. 1537 T. Starkey Let. 26 Jan. in Eng. in Reign Henry VIII (1878) i. p. xlvii The wych you perauenture wyl impute to thys defectyon from Rome. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 70 King Iohn hath reconcil'd Him~selfe to Rome . View more context for this quotation 1654 J. Bramhall Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. ccxciii. 612 Your selves have preached so much against Rome, and his Holiness, that Rome and her Romanists will be little the better for that Change. 1673 H. Hickman Hist. Quinq-articularis 431 I will not ask, How..it came to pass, that not one Contraremonstrant ever went over to Rome? 1769 T. Gray Ode at Installation Duke of Grafton 6 The majestic Lord, That broke the bonds of Rome. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1784 II. 499 He argued in defence of some of the peculiar tenets of the Church of Rome. 1840 J. H. Newman in Brit. Critic Jan. 53 Rome, though not deferring to the Fathers, recognizes them. 1873 J. Brown Round Table Club 54 The Kirk o' Englan' 's rinnin' aff tae Roome, I'm tauld, helter skelter, amon' a blaze o' caunels..an' incense. 1892 J. M. Stone Faithful unto Death vi. 119 It was also thought that many clergymen hesitated to marry,..in case of a reconciliation with Rome. 1909 J. Tennant Jeannie Jaffray 13 Pavin' the road for's back to Room an' the days fan the country wis subjec' to ecclesiastic rule. 1911 Catholic Encycl. XII. 268/1 Cyprian denies his right of appeal to Rome, and asserts the sufficiency of the African tribunal. 1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism iii. 159 It was administered no longer by the clergy acting as the agents of Rome, but by civilians acting under the authority of the Crown. 1976 Times 28 July 15/6 The very existence of the Anglican Church..has partly depended..on some Christians not agreeing with everything that Rome says. 2006 D. Winner Those Feet 192 Britain's surge to great-power status began with Henry VIII's break with Rome. b. In extended use. ΚΠ 1789 J. Pinkerton Enq. Hist. Scotl. II. vi. ii. 279 Hyona [i.e. Iona] may be regarded as the Rome of Pikland, supporting its own power and interest, by keeping the subjects of its church in ignorance. 1802 tr. J. L. Soulavie Hist. & Polit. Mem. V. ix. 190 They have become the primitive model of all the protestant churches, and, if we may be allowed the expression, the Rome of calvinism. a1822 P. B. Shelley Charles I i, in Posthumous Poems (1824) 239 First Speaker That Is the Archbishop. Second Speaker Rather say the Pope. London will be soon his Rome. 1886 G. E. Raum Tour round World xxv. 303 Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed, and the Rome of Islam, is 65 miles from Jeddah. 1934 F. Eby & C. F. Arrowood Devel. Mod. Educ. iv. 126 Calvin gradually transformed the city [of Geneva] into the ‘Rome of Protestantism’. 1985 R. Davies What's bred in Bone (1986) iii. 150 She wondered aloud if in a city sometimes called ‘the Rome of Methodism’ [sc. Toronto] it might not be better to [etc.]. 3. The Holy Roman Empire; the city of Rome regarded as the symbolic source of authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > aggregate of sovereign states under one rule > the Holy Roman or German Empire RomeOE empirec1485 German Empire1550 Roman Empire1583 Sacred Empire1617 Holy Roman Empire1698 OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1067 Of geleaffullan & æðelan cynne heo [sc. Margaret] wæs asprungon, hire fæder wæs Eadward æþeling, Eadmundes sunu kynges, Eadmund Æþelreding, Æþelred Eadgaring, Eadgar Eadreding, & swa forð on þæt cynecynn, & hire modorcynn gæð to Heinrice casere, þe hæfde anwald ofer Rome. ?1457 J. Hardyng Chron. (Lansd.) in E. P. Hammond Eng. Verse between Chaucer & Surrey (1927) 236 (MED) The Emperour of Rome, Sir Sygismounde..had his stall vpon the kynges lifte honde In the Colage of seynt George. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 188 Thus have we evydence inowghe to the empyre of hole Rome. 1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 273 (MED) He gate..Isabell, the wyfe of Frederyk, Emperoure of Rome, [a lorde full] poletyk. 1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. 95 The Pope calleth the Emperour, Emperour of Roome, and..yet can hee haue no more roome in Rome, then it pleaseth the Pope to permit vnto him. 1621 R. Crakanthorpe Def. Constantine 330 Aeneas Syluius [i.e. Pope Pius II] cals, the sacred Empire of Rome, Romanam regiam potestatem, the Regall power of the Romanes. 1845 Congregational Mag. May 356 A priest, calling himself the Count of Lausanne and prince of the holy empire of Rome, (although that empire had ceased to exist at the commencement of this century). 1951 H. Myers Utmost Island 28 How Charlemagne, King of the Franks, restored and ruled the ancient Holy Empire of Rome, when once he had Rome's Church beside him to proclaim his right Divine. 2007 A. Ruiz Vibrant Andalusia 170 Sigismund..was King of Hungary and Bohemia as well as Holy Emperor of Rome and Germany. Phrases P1. Proverbs. a. when in Rome, do as the Romans do (also as Rome does): when abroad or in an unfamiliar environment, adopt the customs or behaviour of those around you (formerly also †when at Rome, do after the doom). In later use frequently shortened to when in Rome. [Compare post-classical Latin cum fueris Romae, Romano vivito more (and variants) (15th cent.), Anglo-Norman quant vos a Roume sereiz, selun les Romeins vos vivreiz (c1260).] ΚΠ c1475 Proverbs (Rawl. D.328) in Mod. Philol. (1940) 38 122 Whan tho herd hat Rome, Do so of ther þe dome. 1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) f. 51^v With this laten prouerbe agreeth y^t which is commonly in euery mans mouth in England Whan y^u art at Rome, do as they do at Rome. a1550 in R. Dyboski Songs, Carols & Other Misc. Poems (1908) 130 Whan thou art at Rome, do after the dome; And whan þou art els wher, do as they do ther. 1591 J. Florio Second Frutes i. 97 Be Romane if in Rome thou bide. 1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. i. 5 Whilst one is at Rome, one must live as they do there. 1768 J. Cremer Jrnl. 19 July in R. R. Bellamy Ramblin' Jack (1936) 164 His Answer was, when we was in Rhoome, we must doe as Roome did. 1818 Ld. Byron Beppo ix. 5 And you at Rome would do as Romans do, According to the proverb. 1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting vii. 267 I always do in Rome as Rome does, eat (if I can) whatever is set before me. 1912 Overland Monthly Feb. 127/2 I thought first I'd expose myself for the ninny I am, but when in Rome, you know. Didn't I act like a Roman? 1939 El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post 23 May 4/4 ‘When in Rome do as Rome does’ is an established rule of etiquette. 1990 T. W. Kang Gaishi iii. 64 Japanese customers and partners tell U.S. firms to conform: ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do.’ 2002 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 4 Aug. 81/1 When in Rome, as the saying goes..so I ordered the Guinness pie. b. Rome was not built in a day: a complex task or great achievement is bound to take a long time and should not be rushed. [Compare German Rom wurde nicht in einem Tag erbaut (and variants) (from 16th cent.). The source translated in quot. 1545 does not have a corresponding Latin proverb.] ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > slowness of action or operation > [phrase] > without haste > proverbs festina lente1537 Rome was not built in a day1545 to make haste slowly1565 to hasten slowly1623 steady as she goes1971 1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) sig. Di^v Ye may use this prouerbe when ye wol signifie that one daye..is not ynoughe for..acheuinge..a great matter..Rome was not buylt in one day. 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. sig. Div Rome was not bylt on a daie (quoth he) & yet stood Tyll it was fynysht, as some saie, full fayre. 1610 Bp. J. Hall Common Apol. against Brownists xxv. 63 But Rome was not built all in a day. 1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus xxix. 375 Rome was not built in a day, nor is a Reformation in the true Law-sense effectable presently. 1776 A. Adams in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 202 But Rome was not built in a day. 1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel II. x. 237 Rome was not built in a day—you cannot become used to your court-suit in a month's time. 1849 C. Brontë Shirley I. vi. 123 ‘As Rome’, it was suggested, ‘had not been built in a day, so neither had Mademoiselle Gérard Moore's education been completed in a week.’ 1901 S. Lane-Poole Sir H. Parkes xvii. 316 The Japanese..went too fast and fell into grave commercial, monetary, and administrative troubles. Neither Rome nor New Japan could be built in a day. 1950 T. Williams Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone i. 34 Patience, said the Contessa. Rome was not built in a day! 2001 S. Brett Death on Downs (2002) iii. 22 Less than a month since we moved in. Rome wasn't built in a day, eh? c. Chiefly Scottish. do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope (and variants): do not attempt to criticize or oppose a powerful person while in his or her own territory. ΚΠ 1561 W. Maitland Let. 10 Aug. in G. Cook Hist. Reformation Scotl. (1819) III. App. p. xl If this cannot be brought to pass, then I see well, at length it will be hard for me to dwell in Rome and strive with the Pope. a1598 D. Fergusson Sc. Prov. (1641) sig. F2 Ye may not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope. 1641 W. Laud Recantation Prelate of Canterbury 38 It is certainly a great losse, not to have the Parliaments affection, and very hard (as they say) to sit in Rome, and strive against the Pope. a1666 R. Blair Life (1848) (modernized text) ii. 37 [Reportedly said in Glasgow Cathedral in 1621] He [sc. Robert Boyd] uttered his indignation in very high words..; for he said, ‘I will not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope.’ 1824 J. Russell Tour Germany II. v. 305 They are too apt to forget the homely saying, that it is folly to live in Rome and quarrel with the Pope. 1846 C. I. Johnstone Edinb. Tales III. 258/2 I need not tell you of not sitting in Rome and striving with the Pope. 1907 S. MacManus Dr. Kilgannon 11 ‘Still, of course,’ he went on, softening his tone, ‘there's no use living in Rome and fighting with the Pope.’ 2007 Daily Monitor (Kampala) (Nexis) 22 Aug. [He] tried to go against Mr Ssempijja too, and is right now in political oblivion. It is folly to live in Rome and rub shoulders with the pope. d. all roads lead to Rome (and variants): there are many different ways of reaching the same goal or conclusion. [Probably ultimately after post-classical Latin Mille viae ducunt homines per saecula Romam (12th cent. in Alanus ab Insulis Liber parabolarum). Compare Italian si va per più vie a Roma (a1589; a1484 as †vassi pure a Roma per più strade , 1585 as †si va per tante strade a Roma ), French tous chemins vont à Rome (1694 in the passage translated in quot. 1806).] ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > [phrase] > proverb all roads lead to Rome1795 a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 36 Euery wyght whiche that to rome went Halt nat al o path or alwey o manere. c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) Prol. 2 Ryht as diuerse pathes leden diuerse folk the rihte wey to Roome.] 1795 tr. M. Ehrenstrom Let. 15 Mar. 1793 in tr. Baron Armfelt Corr. xlvii. 67 This difference in the choice of our means ought not to stop our career. All roads lead to Rome. 1806 R. Thomson tr. J. de La Fontaine Fables IV. xii. xxiv. 110 Three diff'rent roads the three concurrents chose, All roads alike conduct to Rome [Fr. Tous chemins vont à Rome]. 1837 Morning Chron. 29 Mar. The Tories act in the spirit of the old adage, ‘All roads lead to Rome.’ 1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth I. xxiv. 270 All roads take to Rome. 1911 J. A. Thomson Introd. Sci. iii. 63 All roads lead to Rome, and he must be a bold man who will declare any of Nature's beckonings to be unworthy of attention. 1922 I. Fisher Making of Index Numbers xii. 266 All the roads lead to Rome,—whether the roads be the arithmetic, the harmonic, the geometric, or the aggregative. 2007 Liverpool Echo (Nexis) 18 May (Features section) 4 I'm still discovering my art, but all roads lead to Rome. I was always going to end up finding certain conclusions. †P2. to go (also hop, etc.) to Rome with a mortar on one's head (and variants, generally involving a ludicrous mode of travel): taken as the type of a hopelessly difficult (and often pointless) task. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 371 (MED) I had leuer go to rome, yei thryse, on my fete, Then forto grefe yonde grome. ?1515 Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. B.i Yf ony of vs thre be mayre of london I wys y wys I wyll ryde to rome on my thom. a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) ii. ii. sig. C.iiij But what should I home againe without answere go? It were better go to Rome on my head than so. 1600 W. Kemp Nine Daies Wonder Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v Me thinkes I could flye to Rome (at least hop to Rome, as the olde Prouerb is) with a morter on my head. a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Faire Maide of Inne v. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ggggggg2^v/2 He did measure the starres with a false yard, and may now travaile to Rome with a morter on's head to see if he can recover his mony that way. a1642 B. J. Trag. Hist. Guy Earl of Warwick (1661) sig. A4v Old. But whither wilt thou go soon ha? Clow. Faith Father, Romo Romulus, even to Rome, Morter morteribus, with a Morter on my Head. 1853 T. Carlyle Occas. Disc. Nigger Question 15 Good heavens, if signing petitions would do it, if hopping to Rome on one leg would do it, think you it were long undone! Compounds C1. †a. General attributive without determiner, with reference to the city of Rome, as Rome gate, Rome wall, etc. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13921 He..wold..Rome walles rihten þe ȝare weoren to-fallen. c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 1553 Þourgh Rome stretes, wide and side, Þe ferthe maister þer com ride. c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 2223 He com to Rome ȝate. c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 228 (MED) There ryngnede neuer syche realtee within Rome walles. 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 48 As farre as hence to Rome gates. 1564 N. Haward in tr. Eutropius Briefe Chron. ix. f. 114 (side-note) Rome walles new made. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. v. 206 Hee'l go he sayes, and sole the Porter of Rome Gates by th'eares. View more context for this quotation b. Objective, locative, etc., as Rome-believer, Rome-bred, etc. ΚΠ 1613 E. Cary Trag. Mariam iv. ii. sig. F May you long in prosperous fortunes liue With Rome commanding Caesar. 1614 A. I. in A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia To Transl. sig. A5^v Lucans Spaine-borne, Rome-bred, Muse-nurc't wit. 1661 H. Adis Fannaticks Alarm 23 Is not that great Goliah of our times, defying the Host of the Israel of God, that Rome-bred Monster, Persecution? 1792 G. Galloway Poems 40 Pit [= put] sandals on, Or bare-foot scud like Rome-believers. 1823 S. T. Coleridge Let. 24 Aug. (1971) V. 298 A pleasure linked to so many delightful and ennobling Recollections in my Rome-haunting Spirit. 1896 Contemp. Rev. Jan. 106 The poet of antiquity who most consciously ‘returned to Nature’..was..the Rome-born Tibullus. 1912 ‘G. Metlake’ Christian Social Reform xiv. 192 The Liberal majority was made up almost exclusively of Rome-hating, Rome-baiting fanatics. 1992 Philadelphia Inquirer 22 Aug. c6/1 The escalating war of words between the network and its Rome-based correspondent ended yesterday. C2. Rome–Berlin Axis n. now historical the close relationship (later a formal alliance) formed in 1936 between Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany, which effectively came to an end with the surrender of Italy to the Allies in 1943. [ < the name of Rome + the name of Berlin (see Berlin n.) + axis n.¹ (compare axis n.¹ 4b), after Italian asse Roma–Berlino (1935 or earlier; compare German Achse Rom–Berlin, Achse Berlin–Rom (both 1937 or earlier)). Variants of the term were apparently used earlier in Hungarian by the then Prime Minister of Hungary, Gyula Gömbös von Jáfka (1886–1936), who suggested the formation of an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Hungary (which failed to materialize) in various speeches between 1922 and 1934; compare e.g. Gömbös's statement in a parliamentary speech on 24 July 1922: látom, hogy az európai politikának tengelye Berlinbe Rómán át fog vezetni ‘I believe that the axis of European politics will lead to Berlin through Rome’. The Hungarian compoundRóma–Berlin tengely ‘Rome–Berlin Axis’ is attested in 1935 (in a transcript of parliamentary sessions) or earlier.] ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > alliance or confederacy > an alliance > specific alliances auld alliance1566 the League1589 armed neutrality1780 German Confederation1786 Germanic Confederation1815 Holy Alliance1823 the Concert of Europe1841 Sonderbund1847 Triplice1896 Soviet block1919 communist bloc1922 Eastern bloc1922 Soviet bloc1924 axis1936 Rome–Berlin Axis1936 Eastern block1938 communist block1941 Western European Union1944 Arab League1945 Western Union1948 Atlantic Pact1949 NATO1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization1949 Seato1954 W.E.U.1954 Warsaw Pact1955 Atlantic Alliance1958 ASEAN1967 G201972 1936 Times 3 Nov. 15/1 The ‘Rome–Berlin axis’ is a conceit which has its momentary attractions. 1938 E. Ambler Cause for Alarm viii. 128 The Rome–Berlin axis is one of the most effective principles of European power-politics that has ever been stated. 2007 J. Gooch Mussolini & his Generals vi. 327 Recent accords with Yugoslavia..had ‘notably reinforced’ the Rome–Berlin Axis. † Rome-lede n. [ < the name of Rome + lede n.¹; compare Middle High German Rōmliute (Old High German Rōmliute), plural noun] Obsolete (in plural) Romans; (hence occasionally) the Roman Empire.Only in Laȝamon. ΚΠ c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 2818 Þa comen liðen þa weore þa Rom-leoden [c1300 Otho þat weren Romleode]. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4598 He bigon to senden ȝeond al þan Romleoden [c1300 Otho ouer al Romleode]. † Rome-thede n. [ < the name of Rome + thede n.] Obsolete the Roman nation or people.Only in Laȝamon. ΚΠ c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4512 Kinbelin..weorede Rome-þeode wið vncuðe leode. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.eOE
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