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Romann.1adj.1 Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin Rōmānus, French romain. Etymology: Originally (in α. forms) < classical Latin Rōmānus (noun) inhabitant or native of ancient Rome, (adjective) of or belonging to Rome or its people, characteristic of the people of Rome, in post-classical Latin also (as noun) Frenchman (c1130 in a British source), (as adjective) of or relating to the church in Rome (5th cent.), pagan (5th cent.), Christian (6th cent.), French (from 12th cent. in British sources) < Rōma Rome n. + -ānus -an suffix. In β. forms < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French romain, romayn, romein (French romain ) (noun) inhabitant or native of medieval or modern Rome (c1100), inhabitant or native of ancient Rome (1119 in Anglo-Norman), inhabitant of the Holy Roman Empire (1337 in Anglo-Norman in li empereres des romains the Holy Roman Emperor; now historical), (in plural) the Christian inhabitants of ancient Rome, (specifically) the congregation addressed by St Paul in his Epistle (1422 in the passage translated in quot. a1500 at sense A. 2a, or earlier), typeface of a kind derived from Italian humanist scripts and characterized by simple, upright, rounded letterforms (1547), member of the Roman Catholic Church (1561; obsolete after early 17th cent.), (adjective) of or relating to Rome as centre of authority for the western Christian church (c1170), of or relating to ancient Rome (1212), of or relating to medieval or modern Rome (first quarter of the 13th cent.), designating a typeface of a kind derived from Italian humanist scripts and characterized by simple, upright, rounded letterforms (although this is first attested slightly later: 1528 in lettre rommaine ), of or relating to the Roman Catholic Church (1535 in Calvin), (of qualities, virtues, etc.) of a type or kind exemplified by, or considered characteristic of, the ancient Romans (1644, earliest in vertu romaine ), designating or belonging to the system of numerals developed by the ancient Romans (1677 in chiffre romain ) < classical Latin Rōmānus (see above). With the use to denote a language (see sense A. 5) compare post-classical Latin Romanum (c1180 in a British source), also Romana , neuter plural (14th cent. in a British source), both in sense ‘French’, and also Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French †romain early vernacular form of French (1212), spoken Latin (1752 in †langue romaine rustique ) and the etymologically distinct Middle French, French roman Romance (see romance adj.1). With the use as noun compare Romeware n. With the use as adjective compare earlier Romanish adj. With α. forms compare Old Occitan roman (a1215 or earlier as adjective; also as noun), Catalan romà (13th cent. as adjective, a1336 as noun), Spanish romano (13th cent. as adjective and noun), Portuguese romano (16th cent.; 13th cent. as †romão , †rromano ), Italian romano (second half of the 12th cent. as adjective, mid 13th cent. as noun). Compare also Anglo-Norman (rare) roman , adjective (1214 or earlier), variant (influenced by classical Latin Rōmānus ) of romain , romein , etc. (see below). With β. forms compare Middle Dutch Romein (noun) inhabitant or native of Rome ( < French).In Old English usually with plural -e (the i -stem declension usual for ethnonyms); a weak by-form (plural -an ) is attested once (see quot. OE4 at sense A. 1aα. ). In the occasional plural form Romani after the Latin nominative plural. The β. forms greatly predominate over the α. forms in Middle English; the later dominance of the form Roman probably results from remodelling after classical Latin Rōmānus, and the quality of the vowel of the first syllable from the influence of the changing pronunciation of the place name Rome . (A direct reflex of the Old English noun would be expected to show the reflex of Middle English close ō rather than of open ō . Compare the discussion of pronunciation history at Rome n.) With King of the Romans at sense A. 1c, Emperor of the Romans at sense A. 1c compare post-classical Latin rex Romanorum (12th cent. or earlier), imperator Romanorum (9th cent.), in this sense. In Roman balance n., Roman beam n., Roman steelyard n., the first element is ultimately < Arabic rummāna pomegranate, also Roman balance (singular form corresponding to rummān (collective noun) pomegranate), via one or more Romance languages; compare Middle French romman (1399), romanne (1400), Middle French, French romaine (a1457; compare French balance romaine (1661)), Franco-Provençal roman (c1340), Old Occitan romà (1360), romana (1400), Catalan romana (1375), Spanish romana (1397), all in sense ‘Roman balance’, Italian romano counterweight of the Roman balance (1279), and also post-classical Latin romanum (1227 in an Italian source), romana (1288 in an Italian source). The balance was so called on account of the shape of its counterweight, which resembles a pomegranate. In post-classical Latin and the Romance languages, and hence in English, the Arabic loanword underwent folk-etymological alteration after the respective parallels of Roman adj.1 from an early date. See further Französisches etymol. Wörterbuch XIX. at rummān(a). A. n.1 1. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > ancient Romans > [noun] > native or inhabitant of ancient Rome α. eOE tr. Orosius (BL Add.) (1980) 2 (table of contents) Hu Romanum wearð an wundor oþiewed. OE Ælfric (Royal) (1997) vi. 228 Ða ealdan romani on hæðenum dagum ongunnon þæs geares ymbrene on þisum dæge. OE (Julius) 30 July 163 Þa weop eall Romana dugoð for þære dæde. OE (Corpus Cambr.) xi. 48 Gif we hine forlætaþ ealle gelyfað on hine, & Romane cumað & nimað ure land. OE (Corpus Cambr. 41) 25 Dec. 1 Romanan [altered to Romanana] gesawon firen cleowen feallan of heofnum. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 13 In þis temple was so moche golde þat, whanne þe Romanys sette hit a fuyre, þerfrom ran a streem of gold of nayles i-melt in to þe brook. ?c1450 (c1425) Brut (Harl. 24) in (1874) 52 19 (MED) Sithe hit be falle that kyng Arthur..wolde gon to alle ffraunce that thanne was clepede Galle, thurgh Romanis that thane helde that lande. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun (Nero) iv. l. 1231 A Roman saw a Frankkis man. c1550 (1979) xvii. 117 Quhen ony romane hed dune ane vailȝeant act. 1565 T. Cooper at Gradus The Romans hadde waye..by Sicilie to atteine the empire of Afrike. a1591 H. Smith (1593) iiii. sig. I2v Mahomet with his Arabians want, & first tooke part with the Romanes. 1611 Acts xxii. 26 Take heede what thou doest, for this man is a Romane . View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. ii. 73 Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears. View more context for this quotation 1658 Sir T. Browne ii. 15 Nor is it improbable that the Romanes early possessed this Countrey. 1660 Bp. J. Taylor p. xvii Tribonianus the Lawyer, who out of the Laws of the old Romans collected some choice Rules. ?1700 tr. Lucian 5 Your palate it seems is more nice and delicate than the Romanes in Tully's time. 1711 J. Addison No. 81. ¶7 When the Romans and Sabines were at War. 1788 E. Gibbon V. liii. 511 In the lowest period of degeneracy and decay, the name of Romans adhered to the last fragments of the empire of Constantinople. 1815 (Royal Soc.) 105 97 The wars waged by the Romans with the successors of Alexander, and the later Greek republics. 1871 J. Ruskin I. ii The Romans did more, and said less, than any other nation that ever lived. 1937 12 Apr. 62/2 (caption) Shown above is the reassembled Basilica of the Caesars, built by Romans of yellow Numidian marble. 1958 I. Berlin 13 The notion of individual rights absent from the legal conceptions of the Romans and Greeks. 2003 Spring 42/2 When the Romans arrived centuries later, they erected their own temple. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > the Italians > [noun] > native or inhabitant of Italy > Rome OE (Tiber. B.i) anno 797 Her Romane Leone þam papan his tungon forcurfon & his eagan ut astungon & hine of his setle aflymdon. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 13 (MED) For þe malys of þe Romayns, þat made of hem self unlaweful popes, he ordeyned þat no pope schulde be i-made wiþoute assente of þe emperour. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (Paris) (1971) 560 (MED) Tho tymes of þe ȝere þat ben ouer hote and ouer colde ben to be eschewede..of the whiche þe Romayns taken 20ti fro þe ende of Iule vnto 20ti in þe bygynnynge of haruest. c1450 J. Capgrave (Bodl. 423) (1911) 85 (MED) Þis is þe cause as I suppose þat fewe romanes walk þe sercle but þe stacioun as a man may pleynly se. a1549 A. Borde (1870) 177 Naples is ioyned to Italy, wherfore they do vse the fashions..of Italyons and Romayns. 1614 T. Lodge in tr. Seneca (Of Benefits iii. xxiv) 54 The Romanes now call it, Campe del Santo Pelino. 1652 T. Urquhart 273 The inclinations of the Greeks and Romans now, compared with those of their Ancestors, in the days of Xerxes and Hannibal. 1694 P. A. Motteux iv. xii. 48 One of our Droggermen related to Pantagruel their strange way of living, diametrically oppos'd to that of our modern Romans. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler II. 32 The heat of the climate makes the Romans passionately fond of spring-water, iced and cooling liquors; so that great quantities of snow and ice..are consumed there. 1788 E. Gibbon VI. lxix. 552 The Romans were excluded from the election of their prince and bishop. 1808 C. Stower 38 Aldus Manutius, by birth a Roman. 1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton II. v. vii. 279 By birth a Frenchman, and full of the bitterest prejudices against the Romans. 1876 H. James iii. 88 The old man is a Roman, a hanger-on of the mamma. 1922 E. H. Haight 72 The Romans will sip hot black coffee while English or Americans linger over tea-cups. 1950 T. Williams i. 34 Patience, said the Contessa. Rome was not built in a day! I am a Roman, said Paolo, but I am not Rome. 2004 (Nexis) 1 Aug. (Travel section) 1 The largest of the Pontine Islands, Ponza is the favourite summer resort of well-heeled Romans. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > of western or Holy Roman Empire c1450 (1904) I. 9 (MED) Ane Abbott..come vnto Philipp, þat was kyng of Romayns, for dyvers nedis of his howse. 1492 in T. Dickson (1877) I. 200 To pass..to get the letteris subscriuit to the King off Rowmanis. 1494 Loutfut MS f. 43, in at Romane And giff ȝe demand quhy he is nocht callit Empriour of Allemaigne the Romanis wald tak our gret displesans. c1536 in R. Dyboski (1908) 152 This yer [sc. 1503] cam a gret embasset from þe Kyng of Romayns. 1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes vii. iii. 274 The peace was concluded..whereunto the King of the Romaines agreed, to the end he might repose his subiects. 1619 Visct. Doncaster Let. in S. R. Gardiner (1865) 1st Ser. 201 If his Maty shall command me to returne to Francfurt to congratulate with King Ferdinand when he shall be elected King of the Romans. 1693 S. R. tr. A. Baillet i. 28 This Prince was Elected King of the Romains the 28th of August, and was Crowned Emperour the 30th of the said month. 1704 III. xiv. 418 That meeting for the choosing a King of the Romans, was of vast expense to every one of them. 1728 E. Chambers (at cited word) King of the Romans, in our Age, is a Prince elected, and design'd Successor to the German Empire. 1788 E. Gibbon V. 151 They respectfully saluted the august Charlemagne with the acclamations of basileus, and emperor of the Romans. 1818 E. Baines I. i. xxiv. 178/1 The negociation between the French republic, and his majesty the Emperor of the Romans, Kind of Hungary and Bohemia, proceeded. 1845 XII. 39/2 Again was a compromise effected, in which the King of the Romans appeared as a mediator. 1878 VIII. 180/1 The German sovereign..called himself merely ‘King of the Romans’..until he had received the sacred crown in the sacred city. 1910 I. 448/2 Behind the Rathaus is the Grashaus, in which Richard of Cornwall, king of the Romans, is said to have held his court. 1954 G. J. Mangone ii. 37 Until 1806 the precedence of the Pope and the Emperor of the Romans over all other princes was acknowledged. 2003 56 1028 He saw an alliance with the French as a counterbalance to the election of Charles Hapsburg..as King of the Romans. 2. In plural. society > faith > sect > Christianity > person > [noun] > ancient Roman c1384 (N.Y. Publ. Lib.) (1850) Rom. Prol. 298 He writeth therfore to the Romaynes, the whiche beende summe of Jewis and summe of paynymes bileeuende, wolden with proud contencioun vnderpoten either other. a1425 (Magdalene Coll. Cambr.) (1850) Rom. Prol. 298 Here bygynneth the prologe of Jerome in to the episteles of Poule to Romaynes. a1425 (Lansd.) (1850) Rom. 2nd Prol. 301 Romayns ben thei, that of Jewis and of hethene men gaderiden to gidere, and bileeueden in Crist. a1500 tr. A. Chartier (Rawl.) (1974) 37 For as the Apostle wrote to the Romayns, ‘The kynge is nat the feer of wele-doers, [etc.].’ 1549 H. Latimer 5th Serm. sig. Pvii The stepes thereof are set forthe in the tenth to the Romains. 1577 W. Fulke sig. D.i S. Paule in deede commendeth the fayth of the Romanes, to be celebrated in all the world. 1611 Rom. i Paul commendeth his calling to the Romanes. 1632 R. Sanderson 21 The matter whereabout the eater and the not-eater differed in the case of the Romanes. a1704 J. Locke (1707) 5 The Assurance he labours to give the Romans, that they are by Faith in Jesus Christ the People of God. 1758 T. Newton II. xii. 378 When St. Paul wrote his epistle to the Romans, he had not been at Rome, and consequently could not allude to any former discourse with them. 1790 J. Erskine 163 When Paul wrote to the Romans, A.D. 58, or in the 4th of Nero, he supposes that a considerable part of them were Jews. 1828 T. Dwight xxii. 418 He, who addressed the Romans, whom he had never seen, in terms so affectionate, could not but regard his own converts, universally, with the strongest attachment. 1879 F. W. Farrar II. ix. xxxiv. 123 [Paul] most earnestly entreats the Romans..to agonise with him in their prayers to God. 1921 L. J. Ohleyer iv. 100 Therefore, Paul exhorts the Romans, who have been already baptized [etc.] 1993 R. D. Cottrell in J. D. Lyons & M. B. McKinley i. 4 As Paul reminded the Romans (8:17), the only way to share Christ's glory is to share his suffering. society > faith > aspects of faith > Bible, Scripture > Testament > New Testament > epistle > [noun] 1397 (Caius) (1850) John p. 297b Here endith the gospel of Joon, and here bigynnith the prologe to Romayns. a1400 (BL Add. 15580) (1850) Rom. Prol. 298 Heere bigynnyth the prologe on Romayns. 1538 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Sarcerius f. lxxxiiiv These & semblable effects or workes of iustificacion appere openly in the Romains. 1676 Bp. J. Taylor (ed. 3) The Table s.v. Romans 14.14 that nothing is unclean of it self. 1701 (new ed.) iii. 101 The Cavaliers..us'd to trump up the 13th of the Romans upon the Parliament. 1757 E. Perronet (new ed.) iii. cccxxviii. 208 Let any man in his senses only read over attentively the fourth chapter of the Romans, and then see whether he receives any authority from St. Paul, to [etc.]! 1824 T. Chalmers Let. in W. Hanna (1851) III. 38 I have now finished the eighth chapter of the Romans. 1882 W. Smith & H. Wace III. 221/1 Romans is the brightest and most interesting of the letters. 1902 J. Denney 180 Romans sixth has nothing to do with Romans third. 1967 20 May 9/2 That was the conclusion at which St. Paul arrived in the searing self-analysis of Romans chapter seven. 2000 A. Hastings et al. 6/1 Adam is a type prefiguring Christ, he argues in Romans 5:14. 3. society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > person > [noun] 1537 tr. f. 42 v (heading) The secte, order and fayth of the Latines or Romanes. 1583 R. Sempill vi Mak nevir ane Romen rewillar in this region. 1607 R. Pricket sig. D2v The true harted Protestants..did quickly Cut the Throats of our English Romaines. 1689 3 As long as the Romans in Brittain bore sway, Good Men was Degraded, and in Prison lay. 1719 D. Defoe 170 You will allow it to consist with me, as a Roman, to distinguish far, between a Protestant and a Pagan. 1750 J. Wesley Jrnl. 28 June in (1872) II. 197 The congregation was four times larger than usual, in which were abundance of Romans. 1818 M. M. Sherwood (ed. 4) x. 59 I..attended mass, which is the name the Romans give to the Lord's Supper. 1899 Oct. 285 A Puritan is satisfied with the Pilgrim's Progress and a Roman with the Imitation of Christ. 1936 S. Dark iii. 101 Tory Romans were henceforth allowed to wear primroses in their buttonholes on the anniversary of the death of Benjamin Disraeli. 1956 R. Macaulay xxii. 255 I decided that it should stick to Anglican churches, eschewing both Knox and the Romans. 1975 B. N. Byfield & F. L. Tedeschi (1976) i. 2 The Romans might have a nice large new..church right in town..but the little Anglican wooden shack..had wine. 2003 (Nexis) 21 Apr. 12 Both churches agree on the eternal resting part but whereas the Anglicans call it Paradise, the Romans call it Purgatory. society > faith > worship > observance, ritual > kinds of rite > Roman Catholic > [noun] 1882 G. H. Forbes 28 (margin) The Postcommon in the Roman is different. 1882 G. H. Forbes 35 (margin) This Service is not in the Sarum nor the Roman. society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > style of type > [noun] > type face or font > Roman 1548 f. lxxiij Ouer whose hedde was written in letters of Romayn in gold, faicte bonne chere quy vouldra. 1598 Ord. Stationers' Co. in (1887) 129 Those in pica Roman and Italic and in English. a1627 J. Fletcher & T. Middleton Nice Valour iv. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher (1647) sig. Xxx/1 Did I not say, this Whirrit, and this Bob, Should be both Pica Roman. 1676 J. Moxon 3 I..have elected them for a Patern in Romans and Italicks. 1683 J. Moxon II. 100 Each of these several Sizes in the Roman,..for the Punches of Romans and Italicks..are not to be Forged to the same shape. 1706 (new ed.) (at cited word) English Roman, a sort of large Printing-letter. 1755 J. Smith 2 Roman, is at present the general, and almost only Letter which is used for printing. 1770 P. Luckombe 227 Roman is at present the most prevailing Letter used in printing. 1824 J. Johnson II. 22 In Roman, f and j are the only kerned letters; but, in Italic, d,g,j,l,y are kerned on one side, and f on both sides of its face. 1845 P. Barlow Manuf. in VIII. 771/2 No intermixture of Roman and Italic. 1848 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare (1867) 2nd Ser. 393 The notion that one is to gain strength by substituting italics for romans. 1889 T. MacKellar (ed. 17) 61 There are..descending letters in both Roman and Italic. 1929 26 36 The printer, whose name is perfectly anagramatised in two places, and made conspicuous by being printed in large romans, in a setting of italics. 1989 (U.K. ed.) May 139/3 They cost between £66 and £99 for each complete type family in bold, italic, bold italic and roman. 2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam iv. 81/1 Duplexed matrices meant that the italics for Linotype faces had always to match the width of the roman rather than be narrower, as is usually the case. 5. the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > postulated Italo-Celtic > Romance > Italian > varieties of 1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione i. sig. G.i In times past T. Liuius was not neglected, althoughe some one sayde he founde in him mere Padowan: Nor Virgil, for that he was reprehended that he spake not Romane. 1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy ii. f. 24v Vnto Virgill who was a Mantuan, it was reproached that he spake not Romain. 1598 J. Florio Ep. Ded. sig. a4 How shall we, naie how may we ayme at the Venetian, at the Romane, at the Lombard, at the Neapolitane, at so manie, and so much differing Dialects, and Idiomes, as be vsed and spoken in Italie, besides the Florentine? 1642 J. Howell xi. 138 There is in Italy the Toscan, the Roman, the Venetian, the Neapolitan,..and others..and all these have severall Dialects and Idiomes of Speech. 1887 C. Sotheran 213 The above edition was translated from the Roman (Italian) of the author into Greek..and from Greek into Latin. 1973 22 Feb. (Colour Suppl.) 65/3 She..spoke such a flowery Roman that I wondered if this wasn't a sort of cultural or social dust thrown into one's eyes. 1994 J. Rudlin ii. 141 He speaks Roman, Neapolitan or Calabrese, or the dialect of his adopted region. the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > postulated Italo-Celtic > Latin 1607 T. Tomkis i. i. sig. A3v Who by my meanes conceiust as many tongues, As Neptune closeth lands betwixt his armes; The ancient Hebrewe clad with misteries..The Romaine Eloquent, and Tuscane graue... These pretious Iewells that adorne thine eares. 1625 S. Purchas I. i. xii. 104 I rather thinke the barbarous people to haue beene a cause of increasing the corruption, and of further alteration and departure of those languages from the Roman, then of beginning them. 1690 W. Temple Ess. Anc. & Mod. Learning 58 in The three modern Tongues most esteemed, are Italian, Spanish and French, all imperfect Dialects of the Noble Roman. 1777 June 430 We now perceive two languages prevailing through that kingdom, the original Roman or Latin, and the Arabic introduced by these new inhabitants. 1789 J. Pinkerton II. ii. ii. 113 The Roman was never entirely spoken in Britain as in Italy, Spain, Gaul... Britain was a remote frontier; and the Romans who defended it keeped separate from the people. 1862 R. G. Latham 650 The only Roman which is known to us, i.e. the Latin of the classics. 1934 27 197 This (book of the) Acts of the Apostles..has been translated from the Roman and Greek into Ethiopic. the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > postulated Italo-Celtic > Romance 1789 J. Pinkerton II. ii. ii. 113 Their [sc. the Gauls'] tongue, tho spoken of with contempt at first, as the lingua Romana rustica, prevailed over the Francic; and was called Roman, but now French. 1838 X. 432/2 The German monarch [in 847] took the oath in Roman, and the French in Teutonic. 1861 T. Wright I. vi. 88 Europe was divided among the peoples who spoke Roman, and those who spoke Teutonic. society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by type of service > [noun] > unpaid 1785 F. Grose Roman, a soldier in the foot guards, who gives up his pay to his captain for leave to work; serving like an ancient Roman, for glory and the love of his country. 1802 C. James (at cited word) Before the establishment of the mess at the Horse Guards..the captain of the guard at St James's, kept a table for the subalterns attached to that duty. In order to enable the captains to support these expenses, a certain number of men were allowed to work in the metropolis, on condition they left their pay in their officer's hands. These men were called Romans. the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > nose > [noun] > types of nose 1725 tr. R. de Bussy-Rabutin 186 [He] had large soft Eyes, a good Mouth, a large Nose inclining to the Roman..and a fortunate Look.] 1821 1 438 There are critics who extend the same taste to the bridge of the nose, deeming the Roman handsomer than the Grecian. 1839 C. Dickens v. 34 Snubs and romans are plentiful enough. 1889 K. P. Woods ii. iv. 183 How do I know that my nose is a Roman and yours a snub? the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > lily and allied flowers > hyacinth and allied flowers 1881 10 Feb. 106 The bulbs were potted in 5-inch pots, four in a pot and treated like white Romans, each bulb producing three or four spikes. 1925 26 Aug. 8/7 Early Romans are in, but at a very high price. 1934 ‘E. M. Delafield’ 126 Early Romans should certainly be well above ground now. 1992 H. Mitchell iii. 49 Various quite early tulips and Roman hyacinths, especially the blue (the white Romans are not hardy). B. adj.1 I. Senses relating to ancient Rome. 1. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xxii. 28 How liȝtly seist thou thee a Romayn citeseyn? I with moche summe gat this ciuylite. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) 22343 (MED) Bot at þe last the romain king Sal of his ost mak gret gadering. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 3338 Þei conseild..þat Brenne suld turne ageyn to withstand þe oste Romeyn. c1475 tr. C. de Pisan (Cambr.) (1977) 65 (MED) The right worthy Romayne prynces..had their hartis so moche in the loue of the comon wele..that for verray nede they myght [not] mary their owyn doughtirs but of the propir dispensis of the comone. 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy (1901) I. Prol. 3 The empire..Fra romane kingis vnto consullis went. 1589 G. Puttenham i. viii. 13 Horace the most delicate of all the Romain Lyrickes. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. ii. 4 Let's present him to the Duke like a Romane Conquerour. View more context for this quotation 1658 A. Cokayne 121 The Golden Age remains with us, so fam'd By your Athenian and Roman Poets. 1712 R. Steele No. 502. ⁋1 Some perusing Roman Writers, would find [etc.]. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler II. 277 On the window-shutters are to be seen the heads of celebrated Roman ladies, as Martia, Julia, Aurelia. 1829 T. Price 3 The Greek and Roman writers do describe the various barbarous tribes of Europe. 1841 XX. 80/2 Admixture of the northern people with the Roman population. 1909 J. Bigelow I. iii. 57 To compare and contrast the duties of Roman lawyers with those of our own time and country. 1950 G. Brenan viii. 178 One particularly large paso..showed the scene of Christ being whipped by Roman soldiers. 2004 24 41 Cassius Dio, who was a Roman senator, consul and governor in the second century of the common era. the world > the earth > named regions of earth > named cities or towns > [adjective] > in Italy > Rome the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > ancient Romans > [adjective] a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 149 Þe souþside of Scotlonde þat streccheþ [from þe] þwart ouer wal of Romayn werk to þe Scottische see. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1028 In the olde Romayn [v.r. Romeyne] gestes may men fynde Maurices lyf. a1439 J. Lydgate (Bodl. 263) vi. 3104 (MED) It is remembred among oratours How Tullius pleted causes tweyne In the Romeyn court affor the senatours. a1500 MS Vesp. E.ix f. 91v, in at Romain Þe Romane yere is made by þe course of þe sonne, wiche performythe his course ccclxv dayes and vi ourys, havynge in ye same space xii monthis. 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy (1903) II. iv. xviii. 115 Skairslie mycht þe romane tentis be þat day defendit. 1548 f. lxxiij A pyller with was of auncient Romayne woorke. 1565 T. Cooper App. Romulus, as the Romayne stories affyrme, the son of Mars. 1613 T. Dekker sig. B1v A Race,..with some triumphing in Chariots, after the Roman fashion. 1671 J. Milton i. 217 To rescue Israel from the Roman yoke. View more context for this quotation 1738 Apr. 233/2 A Robe somewhat resembling the Roman Habit. 1781 E. Gibbon III. 65 The authority of Theodosius was cheerfully acknowledged by all the inhabitants of the Roman world. 1819 S. Parkes (ed. 9) 574/1 Tin, used in the Roman coinage. 1872 J. Ruskin II. xxi Just where the Roman galleys used to be moored. 1945 H. G. Wells v. 13 He [sc. Jesus] began his career as a good illiterate patriotic Jew in indignant revolt against the Roman rule and the Quisling priests who cringed to it. 1995 May 31/1 He named it [sc. an asteroid] Ceres for the Roman goddess of grain. the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Italic > of or relating to Latin the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Italic > of Romance languages a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) ii. 1406 (MED) For Couste in Saxoun is to sein Constance upon the word Romein. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 12214 With þise tuo went sir Waweyn for he couth speke þe speche Romeyn. a1500 (?c1425) (1936) 3 (MED) Ye haue hadde and saide sermones in the same tymes here afore endytid to youre honde in Latyn or Romayne tonge. a1525 Bk. Sevyne Sagis 1888, in W. A. Craigie (1925) II. 60 He had ane pyot..Was sa perfyte in Romane leid. a1613 E. Brerewood (1614) vi. 41 The Spaniards call their language Romance till this day, which yet we know to differ much from the right Romane tongue. c1620 A. Hume (1870) i. ii. §5 Quhat was the right roman sound of them is hard to judge, seeing now we heer nae romanes. 1685 J. Dryden Pref. sig. a6 This was impossible for Virgil to imitate; because the severity of the Roman Language denied him that advantage. 1712 J. Swift 14 The Roman Language arrived at great Perfection before it began to decay. 1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in 605 'Tis not enough that Greek or Roman page, At stated hours, his freakish thoughts engage. View more context for this quotation 1841 R. G. Latham 45 At a given epoch between the first and fifth centuries the language of Gaul was more Roman and less Celtic than that of Britain. 1873 J. Earle (ed. 2) x. 547 The two great linguistic elements of Western civilization, the Roman and the Gothic. 1907 S. de Leon tr. E. Sue ii. 18 Albinik, who had learned in the Roman tongue, these only words: ‘We are Breton Gauls; we would speak with Caesar,’ addressed them to his captors. the world > time > relative time > the past > oldness or ancientness > [adjective] > of antiques or ancient relics > belonging to a specific era 1598 W. Shakespeare v. ii. 606 The face of an olde Roman coyne, scarce seene. View more context for this quotation 1664 S. Butler ii. i. 23 Love in your heart as idely burns, As fire in antique Roman-Urns. 1699 (Royal Soc.) 21 287 Some of the backermost part of which is an Ancient Roman building. 1705 J. Addison 354 The Workmanship of the old Roman Pillars. 1765 i. 75 At Brundisi, a hundred rotoli of Roman silver denarii were lately discovered. 1772 T. Pennant (1774) 151 The vestiges of the Roman camp..are almost annihilated. 1842 251/2 A complete collection of all the Roman inscriptions found in the province of Brescia. 1864 VI. 23/1 As seen in ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman lamps. 1883 XVI. 854/2 The modern so-called ‘Roman mosaic’ is formed of short and slender sticks of coloured glass. 1930 P. Volkov tr. R. Altamira ii. 33 Many traces of Roman fortifications remain..; they were remarkable for their strength and beauty. 1995 B. Bryson (1996) xiii. 173 Underneath those bags was a virtually complete Roman mosaic, about 5 feet square. the world > time > relative time > the past > history or knowledge about the past > [adjective] > of types of history > relating to the study of or studying 1652 R. Filmer 32 The Roman Historians cannot agree among themselves, what Consuls to assigne, or name for each yeer, although they have Capitoline Tables, Sicilian and Greek Registers, and Kalenders, fragments of Capitoline Marbles, linen Books or Records to help them. 1684 C. Cotton (advt.) The Roman Historian; or compendious History of the Lives, signal Enterprizes and Deaths of all the Roman Emperors from Iulius Caesar to Leopold the first now Reigning. 1791 W. Robertson Index Gibbon, Mr. the Roman historian. 1879 X. 65/1 Though public games..must be studied by the Roman historian.., yet [etc.]. 1887 15 Apr. 368/2 You are a Hellenic and Roman scholar, and you are probably a theologian. 1910 A. L. Frothingham v. 170 The Porta Romana, is what a Roman archæologist would go far to see, if he knew of it. 1951 41 175 Every other Roman numismatist of to-day owes him the debt appropriate in disciples. 2008 (Nexis) 19 Dec. 32 Roman experts can finally reveal the true significance of Fortress Deva. ?a1425 (?1373) (1938) f. 24v (MED) Sacrefolium: Full in englishe tonge, yn romayne, jubarbe. 1530 J. Palsgrave 44 Thoughe the olde Romayne tonge use many suche wordes, the trewe frenche tonge leaveth never the e..onwritten. a1613 E. Brerewood (1614) vi. 41 Nithardus..calleth the French then vsuall..the Roman tongue, which yet hath no more agreement with the latin then the French hath that is now in vse. 1715 S. Lewis tr. P.-D. Huet 105 [They] set upon Romancing with great Fury... These Fables were composed in the Roman Tongue. 1727 N. Bailey II Roman Language, a mixture of Gaulish and Latin. 1804 W. Mitford (ed. 2) 237 Southern French, formerly distinguished from the northern by the name of the Roman, Romanesk, or Romance language. 1880 1 411 In the popular Roman language the classical form of the Pluperfect was commonly used..in the sense of the Imperfect. 1905 H. E. Bourne 76 Its [sc. Latin's] place in the region of modern France was taken by the ‘Roman language’, something halfway between Latin and French. 2004 A. Cameron tr. A. Barbero 119 The Franks who had settled in Neustria had already adopted the ‘Roman language’ of the local population. 3. society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > style of type > [adjective] > Roman 1519 Indent. in (1867) 364 After thre dyverse letters, on for the englysh, an other for the laten, and the thyrde of great romayne letter. 1588 16 Dec. To be printed and marked with EL crowned, and a Romaine T with R. 1665 in H. J. F. Swayne (1896) 239 One large Bible in folio Buft and bost of a very faire Roman letter. 1683 J. Moxon II. 13 Bodies are commonly Cast with a Romain, Italica, and sometimes an English Face. 1728 E. Chambers at Printing Hitherto there had been nothing printed but in Latin, and the vulgar Tongues; first in Roman Characters, then in Gothic, and at last in Italic. 1755 J. Smith 3 The Germans, indeed, have more than once made essayes to print prayer-books in Roman letter, to try how they would be received by the public. 1771 P. Luckombe 239 A Fount of Roman Letter, of what Body or Weight soever, is constituted of Lower-case Sorts, Capitals, Double Letters, [etc.]. 1808 C. Stower 35 Even in those nations works are printed..with Roman letters. 1857 I. 186/2 The first quarto edition of the authorised version, printed in the Roman letter. 1875 E. H. Knight II. 912/2 Frame,..a desk containing two pairs of cases, containing roman and italic letters for the use of a compositor. 1926 (Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew) No. 3. 129 The rejected names are printed in italics, and are followed by the corresponding conserved ones in roman type. 1954 40 719 Even going as far as to provide elaborate instructions for printing Anglo-Saxon with a Roman font. 1998 Mar. 106/2 The s in ‘Mariner I's flight program’ should have been roman, not italic. society > communication > writing > handwriting or style of > [adjective] > round 1534 T. Warley Let. 13 Aug. in (P.R.O.: SP 3/14/41) f. 52v He writes a very fayre secretory hand & text hand & Roman. 1567 in J. Cranstoun (1891) I. 33 With Romaine hand he could weill leid ane pen. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. iv. 26 I thinke we doe know the sweet Romane hand. View more context for this quotation 1686 R. Boyle v. 155 If he should have made a Text-hand as fair as a Roman-hand. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu 12 Feb. (1965) I. 308 Achmet-Beg..can allready write a good Roman hand. 1766 J. Towers I. 294 A very beautiful manuscript of this work of Earl Rivers, written in a fair, regular, and even a Roman hand. 1859 G. A. Sala (1861) 261 So may run the wafered announcements signed in the fine Roman hand of the..stage-manager. 1893 18 Jan. 5/2 People who have to write great quantities of ‘copy’ for the Press..find their hands, if Roman and fine at first, gradually disappearing in scrawl. 1957 C. O. Peare (U.S. ed.) i. 14 There was an extra charge for lessons in the skill of writing a good Roman hand with quill, ink and paper. 1999 39 41 John Davies criticized the many writing masters who limited women to the Roman hand, even though ‘women have as much facility in joyning, and are as numble handed in all manuall qualities..as men’. 4. society > communication > writing > system of writing > alphabet > [adjective] > Roman 1523 J. Skelton sig. C.i They had wrytyng sum greke, sum ebrew Some romaine letters as I vnderstode. 1611 E. Aston tr. J. Boemus iii. x. 237 They haue a proper speach but not much differing from the Boemian language, and though they haue a forme of letters of their owne, yet vse they altogether the Roman character. 1651 J. F. tr. H. C. Agrippa ii. xx. 235 In the Roman Alphabet there are wanting four to make up the number of twenty seven Characters. 1695 G. Ridpath tr. T. Craig v. 37 He relates that in the Time of his Father-in-Law Iulius Agricola..the British Youth began to be instructed in Roman Letters, (as the Americans are now by the Assistance of the Spaniards). 1728 E. Chambers at Character Roman Characters consist of the Uncial or Majuscule Letters of the Roman alphabet. 1745 (Royal Soc.) 43 285 The Letters in this Sculpture are mixed, being partly Roman, and partly Saxon. 1846 M. Williams 1 The following are the Devanāgarī letters, with their equivalents in the Roman character. 1879 IX. 631/2 Many new sounds had to be represented which were not provided for in the Roman alphabet. 1904 T. L. De Vinne vi. 231 Reprint or clear manuscript copy in Latin, French..or in any other language that uses the roman character, can be decently rendered in type by a careful compositor. 1958 4 Dec. 914/1 The Indonesians..write their common language, Bahasa Malay, in Roman letters. 1998 A. Dalby 242/2 Under British rule a Roman alphabet for Hausa was developed and assiduously encouraged. the world > relative properties > number > mathematical notation or symbol > [adjective] > written or designated by figures > Roman numerals a1638 J. Mede (1672) iv. xcv. 880 It is pretty, I confess, what your Author observeth of the Roman Numeral letters CDILMVX, idest, MDCLXVI. 1736 (Royal Soc.) 39 139 The Roman Numeral Ten, which was made in this Form, like an X. 1758 28 56 The Roman numerals..are yet retained in use in some cases. 1800 in 13 124 All the sums are specified in Roman characters. 1847 32 364 His singular intermixture of Arabic and Roman numerals. 1876 V. 473/2 The valency of an element is usually expressed by dashes or Roman numerals placed on the right of its symbol. 1929 8 Oct. 22/5 The four larger satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo..are almost invariably specified by the Roman numbers I. to IV. in order of distance from their primary outwards. 1962 E. Bruton (1963) 149 Roman Striking. Method of striking by Roman numerals instead of Arabic. 2003 R. Taylor 151 Images of the Commandments are shown on two stone tablets, often identified only by their Roman numerals. 5. Of a type or kind exemplified by, or considered characteristic of, the ancient Romans. the mind > emotion > courage > [adjective] society > morality > virtue > [adjective] > conforming to high moral standards 1577 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara 43 Longinus vnderstanding thereof, dranke poison... This Romaine straunge act of Longinus gaue great admiration. 1600 W. Shakespeare iii. ii. 293 One in whom the auncient Romaine honour more appeares then any that drawes breath in Italie. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. ii. 77 He was dispos'd to mirth, but on the sodaine A Romane thought hath strooke him. View more context for this quotation 1762 H. Walpole I. Pref. p. x It is not rigid nor Roman to say it, but a people had better be unhappy by their own fault, than by that of their government. 1785 W. Cowper iv. 168 A Roman meal;..a radish and an egg. 1803 M. Hays III. 433 Charlotte [Corday].., with a truly Roman spirit, meditated a generous sacrifice for the deliverance of her bleeding country. 1860 W. Collins (new ed.) III. 320 With a Roman austerity, I show my empty purse and Percival's to the shrinking public gaze. 1914 L. McD. Milburn ix. 172 Rodrigo the Cid, with Gothic strength, Roman bravery, Iberian grace And wit, Turanian intrigue combining. 1962 D. Knowles iv. 25 There is something Roman in his [sc. Lanfranc's] character and mind; a clarity, an order, a keenness, a granite strength. 1982 R. Grudin v. 81 They possess the Christian virtues we all praise, but lack the Roman virtues, the courage and aggressiveness, that would in proper proportion give them moral fullness. 2000 (Nexis) 21 Sept. That would not have satisfied the Roman rigour of the four Liberal Democrats who now hold office. society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > ornateness > [adjective] > lofty or grandiloquent 1619 J. Dyke 23 Others..affect..such a Roman-English, as plaine English men cannot vnderstand. 1641 J. Trapp 227 Plainly to the capacity of the Hearers,..not in a stately stile, or Roman English. 1679 Bp. G. Burnet I. iii. 211 Bembo, or the other Italians, who at that time affected to revive the purity of the Roman Stile. 1747 S. Richardson I. xxxi. 193 These gentlemen affected the Roman style, as they called it, in their letters. 1799 W. Gifford Ep. Ded. p.vi While wearing fast away is every trace Of Grecian Vigour, and of Roman Grace,..we yet one Bard behold, As Horace polish'd, and as Persius bold. 1847 J. A. Giles tr. William of Malmesbury viii. 148 Osberne.., who wrote his life with Roman elegance, forbids me to relate farther praiseworthy anecdotes of him. 1884 S. Andrews 114 His [sc. Swift's] style has not the Roman grandeur of his predecessors. 1948 A. C. Baugh 1063 The noble Roman style of Conyers Middleton's Life of Cicero (1741). 1992 J. Tatum in J. Parini xvi. 216 Myra, Duluth, and the historical novels demonstrate with Roman clarity the connections between American notions of sexuality and American political practice. the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > nose > [adjective] > types of nose 1665 R. Head I. xxxv. 276 Her face was made up of excellent parts; as a quick eye and full; her circled brows graceful and big; her nose not over Roman, with a full mouth. 1688 A. Behn 21 His Nose was rising and Roman. 1701 M. D'Assigny 97 His Shoulders and Brest were large, his Forehead elevated..his Eyes great and black, his Nose Roman, and his Mouth large. 1798 T. Brown xix. 446 Whether the nose be Roman, or Grecian, or long, or short. 1825 1 May 109 Mr Canning (five feet eight or nine inches high, rather retreating forehead, nose long and slightly Roman). 1857 22 Oct. 8/1 The length or shortness of your nose, whether it be Roman or Greek, aquiline or ‘snub’. 1876 M. A. Fleming ii. x. 333 Her Roman nose higher in the air, and more awfully Roman than Sydney ever remembers to have seen it. 1919 M. W. Harper 25 In general, the Scotch horse is more upstanding than the French horse... The face or nose is often slightly Roman. 2006 15 July 40/1 Whether bulbous, Roman, or pug, the nose gets all the credit. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [adjective] > classical orders 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in (1651) 225 The Compound Order, or as some call it, the Roman; others more generally the Italian. 1703 R. Neve 28 Scamozzi makes the Roman Base 30 m. high. 1728 E. Chambers at Composite The Composite is also called the Roman and Italic Order. 1827 J. Elmes 119 He names the Spanish order, and pronounces it to be more elegant than the Roman or Composite, both in the whole and in its parts. 1904 R. Sturgis I. 272 The so-called Composite or Roman capital..appears in many forms in which the unwieldy magnificence of a coarser form of the Ionic capital crowns the two rows of daintily curved acanthus leaves. 1981 24 16 Both [buildings] use the Composite or Roman order above the Ionic in the manner of Scamozzi. society > law > branch of the law > [adjective] > civil or Roman a1768 J. Erskine (1773) II. iii. viii. 544 The doctrine of both is the same by the Roman system; but there is a wide difference between them by the law of all the nations of Europe which have adopted the feudal plan. 1797 D. Hume I. Introd. p. lx Our lawyers have been in the use of resorting to the Roman code for a confirmation of their arguments in criminal matters. a1832 (1845) II. 748/1 To the Roman lawyer the study of Roman antiquities is essential. 1899 1 273 The law of England exercised great influence till Scots law was recast on the Roman model. 1921 R. Pound i. 2 In the Philippines and in Porto Rico there are many signs that common-law administration of a Roman code will result in a system Anglo-American in substance. 1999 (Nexis) 8 Feb. 14 The Scottish legal system will probably be more tenacious in its retention of Latin bearing in mind Roman and civilian influences which have affected the development of Scottish law. II. Other uses. society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > [adjective] a1500 (a1471) in (1972) XXIV. 219 Y, Reynold Pekoke..have holdyn', Wrytyn', and taught ortherwyse than the holy romayne and universal' chirche prechyth, techeyth, and obseruith. 1535 D. Lindsay 237 First, at the Romane Kirk will ȝe begin. 1566 J. Rastell i. iv. sig. Liiijv The Primacie or Principalitie of the Apostolike Chayre hath euermore bene in force in the Romaine Church. 1578 J. Nelson in W. Allen (1882) sig. D5v A voluntary departure from the vnitie of the Catholike Roman faith. 1628 W. Prynne Ep. sig. Av The very pillars, and foundation stones of the Roman and Arminian Faction. 1660 Bp. J. Taylor Pref. p. iv The Casuists of the Roman Church take these things for resolution. 1706 E. Wells 48 Those called by you Roman Missionaries might with more accuracy have been called Romish Missionaries. 1788 E. Gibbon V. xlix. 136 That name, with the addition of saint, is inserted in the Roman calendar. 1812 J. Brady I. 250 The present method of chaunting..is frequently called the Gregorian chaunt, as well as the Roman chaunt. c1845 W. E. Gladstone in (1879) May 930 Probabilism is by no means the universal or compulsory doctrine of the Roman theologians. 1891 Tonsure-plate, a round thin plate slightly convex so as to fit the top of the head, used to mark the line of the tonsure according to the Roman rite. 1900 3 Oct. 10/4 Their clergy dressed up in Roman vestments, and they celebrated what was nothing else but the Roman Mass. 1962 15 Feb. 317/3 The Roman Church's dramatic Passions now come into view with Victoria's and Byrd's settings of the turba. 2003 A. W. Marx iii. 110 Charles I shifted the Church of England toward more Roman practices, or at least practices so perceived and resented. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > the Italians > [adjective] > Rome 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart I. f. ccvii/1 Yf ye make any other, the romayne people and counsayles woll nat take hym for pope. 1591 Edinb. Test. XXIII. f. 266v, in at Romane Ten pund of cannell Roman, price of the pund xxviij s. 1608 J. Ussher Let. in R. Parr (1686) Coll. x. 22 We have long expected them from the Roman Press. a1627 T. Middleton (1661) ii. i. 24 Your Roman Gallants, that cannot wear Good Suits but they must have them cut and slasht in giggets. 1705 J. Addison 364 In several of the Roman Churches and Chappels. a1715 Bp. G. Burnet (1734) II. 546 He staid several Years at Rome, where he became acquainted with a Roman Lady. 1728 E. Chambers at Italian The Tuscan is usually preferred to the other Dialects, and the Roman Pronunciation to that of the other Cities. 1841 XX. 134/1 A collection of popular Roman songs was published by the Cavaliere Visconti. 1853 H. N. Humphreys II. 514 This modern Roman series has generally the name of the pope on one side. 1908 13 326 Not the least interesting and important of these sources is the mentalité of the medieval Roman people. 1959 H. J. Spiro vi. 76 The Roman chief of police was accused of trying to cover up the crime and of accepting bribes from the central figure in the plot. 1990 14 May 35/2 Navratilova refused to be ruffled by a defeat which..put the emotions of the Roman crowd through the mangle. society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [adjective] > system of bidding 1959 9 Feb. 15/6 Walter Avarelli and Giorgio Belladonna play the Roman Club System. This features an artificial one-club opening bid. 1959 T. Reese & A. Dormer 190 Roman system... Opening bids of one diamond, one heart, and one spade, show a genuine suit and are forcing for one round. 1964 21 May 851/1 ‘Roman leads’..is a method whereby the lower of two touching honours, rather than the higher, is the normal lead. 1975 27 Sept. 10/7 Opening bids with double meanings which we now associate with the Roman and other artificial systems. 2006 (Nexis) 9 Jan. c6 Belladonna responded two diamonds instead of one spade because in the Roman system the shorter suit is normally mentioned first when responder has a good hand. Compounds1625 P. Heylyn (rev. ed.) 677 They deliuered vp all their bookes to the censure of the Roman-Spanish Archbishop of Goa. a1732 J. Ayliffe (1734) ii. xxiii149 The Electors of the Roman-German Empire. 1827 J. Bentham V. x. viii. 720 The maxim of Roman-Gallic law. 1854 H. H. Milman II. iv. iii. 55 The gradual expulsion..of the British and Roman British inhabitants. 1901 E. Nicholson 44 A weight two-thirds of the Roman-Alexandrian talent. 1957 W. M. Hailey (rev. ed.) xxii. 1520 In South Africa ownership of the land is, in accordance with the principles of Roman-Dutch law, held to comprise all values in the land including mineral rights. 2008 (Nexis) 23 May e. 28 Included [in the exhibition] are Indian ivories, Roman-Egyptian glass vessels, Greek and Greco-Bactrian bronzes and carved stone. 1837 A. B. Granville II. iv. 108 The deeper green with which the white Grecian and Roman looking buildings of this lovely place are intermingled in profusion. 1869 ‘M. Twain’ xlviii. 505 We came to a..Roman-looking ruin. 1911 Feb. 267/1 It is similar in style to another reverse with a half Roman-sounding legend. 1965 69 186/1 The reviewer still does not believe that the Roman-looking fragment of tree and snake..can have anything to do with the Parthenon. 2008 (Nexis) 2 Sept. 54 Roman-seeming amphorae have been discovered in the waters off Rio de Janeiro. C3. 1685 W. Salmon (ed. 5) ii. xvii. 98 The chief Yellows are these, Orpiment,..Oker de Luce, English-Oker, Roman-Oker, Gallstone. ?1790 J. Imison Curious & Misc. Articles (new ed.) 71 in (ed. 2) Roman oker and Prussian blue mixed in different proportions will be useful. 1835 G. Field 99 An observation which applies to various lakes under the names of Roman Lake, Venetian Lake [etc.]. 1835 G. Field 69 Roman White is of the purest white colour. 1909 10 Scarlet lake is one of a numerous lot of lakes made from cochineal, others being Florentine lake, Hamburg lake, Chinese lake, Roman lake, and carminated lake. 1920 22 29 Feet varying from Roman ochre to yellow ochre. 2008 (Nexis) 6 Apr. (Home section) 37 I hate the Roman Ochre and Sienna Earth combo. b. In the names of plants and fruits. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > stone fruit > apricot 1665 J. Rea ii. vi. 219 The Great Roman Apricock is bigger in all the parts than any of the former [kinds], the fruit also bigger than that of any other kind, and excellent to preserve. 1717 (ed. 2) at Apricock The green Roman-Apricock, the largest of all kinds and excellent for Compotes. 1831 G.Lindley iii. 136 The Turkey and Roman Apricots are continually confounded with each other, and yet their characters are obviously and clearly distinct. 1918 L. H. Bailey (new ed.) ix. 421 (caption) Roman Apricot. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens 474 In Englishe of Turner it is called kidney beane.., it may be also named Garden Smilax, or Romaine Beanes [Fr. en bas Aleman Roomsche boonen]. 1650 R. Weston 9 His Roman-beans, his Hops, and Orchard thrived verie well. 1727 B. Langley 121 The English also call it [sc. the kidney bean] Roman Bean, and many French Bean. 1834 Dec. 595 There were also some fine specimens of potatoes, Roman beans, peas, cabbages, cucumbers, [etc.]. 1920 Mar. 34/2 There are also the dried vegetables, split navy beans and peas used for soup, and also lima, kidney and Roman beans. 2002 R. Robertson viii. 268 Borlotti are meaty Italian beans that resemble large pinto beans. They are sometimes called Roman beans. 1597 J. Gerard ii. xxxviii. 252 The great red Beete or Romaine Beete boiled and eaten with oile, vineger and pepper is a most excellent and delicate sallade: but what might be made of the red and beautifull roote. 1620 T. Venner vii. 143 The great red Beete, or Romane Beete. 1788 tr. J.-B. Grosier I. iv. v. 435 Its leaves [sc. of a Chinese pot-herb] give it some resemblance to the Roman beet; but it differs from it in its flower. 2006 A. P. Draycott ii. 10/2 In Britain, red ‘Roman beets’ with thickened midribs were introduced in the sixteenth century. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > [noun] > camomile 1721 W. Gibson iii. 192 Flowers of Roman Chamomile, of each a Dram. 1858 30 238 The Roman chamomile (anthemis nobilis), long disdained by therapeutists, is only mentioned in their treatises on materia medica as fit for soothing stomach-aches. 1901 19 535 Combined with isobutyric and angelic acids it has been found thus far in but one volatile oil, viz. that of Roman chamomile. 2001 3 Mar. 130/2 Gardeners can incorporate, for example, dill, roman chamomile, and garlic chives into many landscape features. 1712 (Royal Soc.) 27 391 Tall Roman Catch-Fly... The Root is as thick as ones Thumb, from whence rise divers stalks,..it branches very much towards the top, each ending in single, whitish, deep cut Flowers. 1648 H. Hexham Roomsche Coriander, romaine Coriander, or black Cummine-seed. 1799 P. A. Nemnich at Alpivre Roman coriander, fennel-flower seed. 1830 ‘Philo Vectis’ 59 Mr. Harmer has shewn that those were cakes or biscuits strewed and therefore spotted with seeds, as of Sesamon, Roman Coriander, &c. 1996 170 Black Cumin, Fennel Flower, Nutmeg Flower, Roman Coriander. This is a delightful and easily grown annual with slightly hairy, finely divided foliage. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > geranium and allied flowers > allied flowers 1648 J. Bobart Eng. Catal. at Cranes-bill, in Roman Cranesbill, Geranium Romanum. 1731 P. Miller I. at Geranium Roman Crane's-bill, with strip'd Flowers. 1765 J. Hill IX. 3 Sometimes the Flower is white embroidered with red veins like the Roman Crane's-bill. 1822 S. Clarke II. 189 E[rodium] Romanum. Roman Crane's Bill. 1850 II. 40 Roman cumin-oil, by distillation with pentachloride of phosphorus, yields, in addition to oxichloride of phosphorus, a colourless liquid. 1860 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin XIV. 144 Roman cumin seeds, distilled four times with water, yield 3·27 p.c. oil. 1896 W. T. Brandt (ed. 2) II. 274 Cuminaldehyde..exists in the oils of Roman cumin, water hemlock, etc. 2006 E. Small (ed. 2) 340 While Roman caraway is cumin, Roman cumin is caraway. 1665 J. Rea 123 The Roman Cyclamen hath rounder leaves than the last. 1686 R. Blome 229/1 These [sc. sow-bread] are also of several sorts, viz. the purpled Cyclamen of the Spring, the white Candy Cyclamen of the Spring,..the Roman Cyclamen, the Ivy-leaved Cyclamen, [etc.]. 1770 R. Weston I. 254 Large rooted Roman Cyclamen. 1874 F. A. Flückiger & D. Hanbury 274 Sweet Fennel,—known also as Roman Fennel, is cultivated in the neighbourhood of Nîmes in the South of France. 1935 A. L. Winton & K. B. Winton II. i. 251 This plant, known also as sweet or Roman fennel, is being featured by seedsmen for general cultivation. 2003 J. Famularo 65/2 This anise-flavored vegetable is sometimes called sweet or Florentine (and sometimes Roman) fennel. 1847 Oct. 487/1 Anemones, cyclamens, crocuses, and Roman hyacinths, as prescient of the coming heat, lose no time in quickening. 1911 11 Mar. 7/1 You come upon a sheet of ‘Roman’ hyacinths, daffodils, narcissi, growing as if haphazard under a knot of pines. 1993 Mar. 183/2 Another bulb from the south of France that can be grown with water without a cool period is the Roman hyacinth. 1745 R. Pococke II. ii. ii. xviii. 95 I observed this day a great variety of trees of almost all sorts..and particularly apple,..what I took to be the Roman laurel, and a dwarf shrub. 1896 8 509 Roman laurel and grass-fern were plentiful. 2006 (Nexis) 21 Jan. f4 Whatever you call it—bay, bay laurel, sweet bay or Roman laurel—the bay leaf is synonymous with a bouquet garni. 1611 R. Cotgrave Lavande Romaine, Roman Lauender. 1678 W. Salmon tr. iv. iv. 483 Balsamum Vitæ Bilgens, Balsam of Life. Take Myrrh,..Roman Lavender,..mix and infuse in SV. rectified. 1729 E. Martin tr. G. Veneroni (ed. 2) (Dict.) Roman lavender, spica Romana. 1907 Dec. 50 Salts, smelling..Pinaud's Roman Lavender. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > leaf vegetables > lettuce > types of 1577 ii. xv. 59 The owner or Gardener maye not remoue (to sette agayne) the small or common Lettuces, but the greate, whyche wyll become crisped and thicke (named of diuerse, the Romayne Lettuce) that yeeldeth whyte and farre bigger seedes. 1706 G. London & H. Wise I. ii. xv. 192 Now you may sow..the George Lettuce, the Roman, the Royal [etc.]. 1864 A. V. Kirwan 204 The Roman lettuce is sometimes served with odoriferous herbs, but hard eggs are rarely added to the seasoning. 2007 (Nexis) 22 Mar. The menu is mainly Continental with bits of Mediterranean, like olives, feta cheese and Roman lettuce. 1767 J. Rutter & D. Carter i. lxxii. 180 The most fashionable [melon] is the roman-melon, commonly called the Cautaleupe. 1830 J. Macculloch in J. Jacob i. 204 The Roman melon is..raised in Jersey without the assistance of the hand-glass. 1988 L. R. Lind tr. G. de Zerbis i. xxxvii. 227 Avicenna says the Roman melon or gourd is not used medicinally; it neither cools nor warms and is eaten solely for pleasure. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > stone fruit > peach > nectarine 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 72 in Nectarines..Red-Roman, little Green Nectarine [etc.]. 1773 R. Weston (ed. 2) ii. 15 I..preferred..the Newington, the Roman, and Temple necctarines; all these sorts are in general good bearers, and not subject to be blighted. 1868 C. Darwin I. x. 341 In 1844 a Vanguard peach-tree produced, in the midst of its ordinary fruit, a single red Roman nectarine. 1905 14 Sept. 246/2 The Roman Nectarine, a variety which has been under cultivation in England for 200 years, has produced from seed a nice bright red melting Peach. the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Urticaceae (nettle and allies) > [noun] 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens 129 The first kind is now called..in English, Greek or Romayne Nettel [Fr. Vrtica Romana,..en bas Aleman Roomsche Netelen]. 1682 N. Grew iv. iii. 169 In Mallow, Holyoak, and all of that kind, they are beset round about with little Thornes; whereby each looks like the Seed-Ball of Roman Nettle. 1834 II. 420/2 In the Roman nettle (Urtica pilulifera) they [sc. the flowers] are collected into round heads. 1905 Feb. 437/2 When I first visited the inn its air accorded too well with the Roman nettle, which still grows under its walls..to be altogether a knightly residence. 1996 R. Mabey 68/2 ‘Roman nettle’, U. pilulifera, occurred as a casual in some parts of Britain until the 1950s. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault i. xii. 73 For to cause women to haue their termes, they must drinke euery morning two ounces of the water of mugwoort,..the seede of common or Romaine nigella [Fr. nielle vulgaire ou Rommaine], of the roote of smallage, [etc.]. 1745 R. James III. at Nigella For Loss of Smelling, take of Roman Nigella, a sufficient Quantity: Reduce it to Powder, and work it with old Oil in a Mortar. 1840 J. W. Loudon i. 11 The Roman Nigella is a very common flower in gardens, and it is found in all the published lists of flower-seeds from the time of Tusser to the present day. 1920 L. Weiner I. v. 107 Often they [sc. Errhines] are made of powdered pepper,..Roman nigella,..or other powders mixed in small quantity. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > stone fruit > peach > types of peach 1629 J. Parkinson iii. xv. 582 The Romane Peach is a very good Peach. 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 72 in Roman Peach, Man Peach, Quince Peach. 1716 H. Stevenson 89 Roman Peach. 1597 J. Gerard ii. 1047 The great Pease is called..in English Romane Pease,..also garden Pease. 1836 (P. Lawson & Son) 71 Red or purple American field pea... Sample in grain by Alexander Thomson, Esq. of Banchory, under the name of Roman Pease. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > stone fruit > peach > nectarine 1629 J. Parkinson iii. xvi. 583 The Romane red Nectorin, or cluster Nectorin, hath a large or great purplish blossome, like vnto a Peach. 1802 W. Forsyth iv. 41 The Roman Red Nectarine is a large fruit, of a dark red colour next the sun, but of a yellow colour on the other side. 1597 J. Gerard 192 Romaine Rocket is cherished in gardens. 1753 Suppl. at Eruca The broad-leav'd, narrow-podded Rockett, called the Rockett gentle, or Roman Rockett. 1943 33 105 Among the legumes listed are the lupine or Roman rocket. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens v. ix. 558 Oxalis Romana. Tours Sorrel or Romayne Sorrel [Fr. en François Ozeille Romaine: en Aleman Roomsch Surckele]. 1611 R. Cotgrave Ozeille Romaine, Roman Sorrell,..Tours Sorrell. 1776 T. Ellis i. 89 The Roman Sorrel must be planted two feet asunder each way, because of its creeping roots. 1842 J. C. Loudon 658 The French sorrel, syn. Roman sorrel, or round-leaved sorrel, R. scutatus L. is a perennial, a native of France and Italy. 1906 21 Apr. 220/3 There is a round-leaved variety well worth growing known as Roman Sorrel; it is a hardy perennial and rather acid. the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Compositae (composite plants) > [noun] > Artemisia or mugwort the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > medicinal and culinary plants > medicinal and culinary plant or part of plant > [noun] > wormwood 1551 W. Turner sig. Aiiij. Ponticum absinthium, whych maye be named in english, wormwode gentle or wormwode Romane, Wormwod pontyke. 1672 R. Wild Poetica Licentia in 27 This bitter Cup hath Roman Wormwood in 't. 1731 P. Miller I. at Absinthium The Roman and Sea Wormwoods are great Creepers at the Root. 1814 J. Bigelow 221 Ambrosia elatior L. Tall Ambrosia. Roman Wormwood... A troublesome weed in cultivated grounds, hardly entitled to the character, which its name might imply. 1913 H. S. Adams xvii. 165 The southernwood (Artemisia abronatum), Roman wormwood (Artemisia pontica) and lavender cotton..are similarly useful. 1996 10 237/1 For a long time the weed was known as Roman wormwood and hogweed. A troublesome weed that is very generally distributed throughout the U.S. 1735 J. Moore 44 There are other Sorts of Runts, as the Roman Runt. 1870 P. Gillmore tr. G. L. Figuier (1892) vii. 426 The Roman Pigeons, thus named because they are very common in Italy, are easily recognised from the circle of red which surrounds their eyes. 1898 E. E. Morris Roman-Lamp Shell, name given in Tasmania to a brachiopod mollusc, Waldheimia flavescens. 1922 F. A. Hazard xxxi. 172 One of the foremost breeders of Runts in this country claims that they have come from the Roman Runt. C4. the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alum > Roman alum 1653 J. Howell sig. Fffv The Pope hath long since publish'd a Manifesto, that if any shipp be taken by Pyrates, or cast away by storm being laden with Roman Allum, when he comes again he shall have it at halfe the rate he payed for it before. 1753 Suppl. at Alum Roman Alum properly denotes a rock Alum, of a red colour, prepared in the country near Rome. 1839 A. Ure 38 It is probable that Roman alum is a sulphate of alumina and potash, with a slight excess of the earthy ingredient. 1917 H. F. V. Little in J. N. Friend IV. 84 In this district [sc. La Tolfa] the manufacture of the so-called Roman alum is still an important industry. 2007 H. J. Cook vii. 272 Into the tin box was introduced sixty pints of the very best rum, freshly made, fifty pints of Roman alum very finely ground, [etc.]. 1657 H. Stubbe 48 Inpunè, Inprudens, Inperiosus was wrote upon the Roman arch triumphal. 1779 H. Swinburne x. 72 In the evening we passed by torch-light under a Roman arch. 1863 N. Hawthorne I. 174 A Roman arch, which..has been striding across the English street ever since the latter was a faint village-path. 1917 L. Thorndike xxxii. 601 To such hemispherical domes they stand in much the same relation that a pointed Gothic arch does to a round Roman arch. 2002 O. Figes (2003) ii. iv. 106 Dachas might incongruously add a Roman arch and columns to the front. the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > steelyard 1585 S. Daniel tr. P. Giovio sig. F.iiiv The Countie of Metalone, the Generall of King Ferandino, had for his deuise Romaine Ballance [It. vna stadera], with this mot of the holy scripture, Hoc fac & viues. 1664 G. Havers tr. T. Renaudot et al. iv. 23 It appears by that which they call the Roman Balance, that the same weight hang'd neer the Centre, weighes less then when it is more distant from it. 1728 E. Chambers at Balance In the Roman Balance..the Weight used for a Counterbalance is the same but the Points of Application various; in the Common Balance, the Counterpoise is various and the Points of Application the same. 1875 E. H. Knight III. 2370/1 A Roman balance found at Pompeii shows that they also had two centers of suspension for varying grades of weights. 1913 Aug. 552/2 The Roman balance, the prototype of the modern steelyard, consisted of a bar of steel with ends of unequal length. 1970 14 Feb. (Review section) 5/5 The steelyard is also known as the Roman balance, which gives an idea of its antiquity. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > public building > [noun] > other spec. 1680 C. Blount tr. Philostratus i. xii. 65 So magnificent were the Roman Baths, so stately and glorious were their Fabricks, that they resembled so many Cities. 1766 T. Smollett I. x. 160 Here were discovered the ruins of Roman baths, which had been formed and adorned with equal taste and magnificence. 1879 1 Apr. An old Roman bath stands on one side. 1926 16 Jan. a13/4 (advt.) $3000 Cash buys my new 7-room home, extra large living & dining rms., dome ceiling.., Roman bath & shower. 1949 53 268/1 Records of a Roman bath in upper Egypt... A French-Polish expedition..uncovered, in the central area of the ancient town, a bathing establishment of five rooms. 1990 N. Payne in N. Payne & J. Buffong 59 Jessie decided to fill the Roman bath which was six and a half feet deep and had a number of steps leading to the bottom. 2009 (Nexis) 18 June 12 During their work the children had investigated how the Romans lived and also visited the Roman Baths. the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > steelyard 1611 R. Cotgrave Crochet,..a Romane beame, or Stelleere. 1678 J. Phillips tr. J.-B. Tavernier Indian Trav. Acct. Money Asia 9 in tr. J.-B. Tavernier They carry their weights always along with them, being like a Roman Beam, or a Stelleer. 1704 tr. D. Fernández Navarrete Acct. Empire China ii, in A. Churchill & J. Churchill I. i. 61 The current coin of China is plain Silver without any Stamp, but it goes by weight,..for which reason all Buyers or Sellers carry about them a little curious Roman Beam. 1858 New Ser. 2 15 A Roman beam of similar description has, I am informed, been recently found in Kent. 1904 A. S. Palmer 96 This weighing contrivance has also fared badly at the hands of folk-etymology in the matter of its synonymous name ‘Roman beam’ or ‘Roman balance’. 1963 19 May (Home Mag. section) 35/1 A revival of both Roman blinds and pull-up shades for nearly every area of a house. 1998 Mar. 42 A Roman blind pulls down to cover the central windows of the bay. 1656 W. Dugdale 50/1 By digging the ground near the Church, he hath met with foundations of old Walls, and Roman bricks, part whereof I my self have seen. 1683 (Royal Soc.) 13 238 5 courses of this small squared stone are laide, and over them 5 courses of Roman Brick. 1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve xiv. 233 In some parts of the walls courses of Roman brick might still be seen. 1980 W. M. Spackman (1982) iv. 40 The severe march of long Roman bricks was broken, between the formal course of the windows, by fylfots. 2008 (Nexis) 23 Nov. e1 Much of Wright's early Prairie features burned, but first-floor built-in furnishings and the Roman brick fireplace survived. 1613 T. Fitzherbert iv. 177 Peter the head of all the Apostles sate first in the Roman chayre. 1708 M. Sylvester II. vi. 210 The doctrines of the Roman chair. 1844 J. D. Haas tr. F. Kohlrausch viii. 201 The power of the Roman chair is greater than the power of the throne, and the king is accordingly subject to the pope. 1945 Mar.–Apr. 77/2 Equipment for the Strength course consists of barbell,..Roman chair,..chinning bar, and posture wall... The Roman chair is a strenuous exercise and fine for the development of the abdomen. 1987 M. Martin iv. xx. 414 He was not any longer confined by a Roman chair. 2009 (Nexis) 11 Jan. 3 e I want to buy a Roman chair and a Nautilus machine. society > faith > artefacts > vestments > neck and shoulder garb > [noun] > collar > Roman collar 1844 E. Newton iv. 155 Somewhat quaintly attired in the clerical costume of the last century, relieved by a few additional peculiarities—to wit, a Roman collar, &c. 1955 G. Libaire tr. J. Neuvecelle et al. iv. xiv. 94 When a man becomes monsignore he exchanges the black rabat that tucks beneath his Roman collar for a violet one. 2007 (Nexis) 14 Jan. (Mag.) 22 A husky, bespectacled fellow, dressed this evening in a black suit, black patent-leather shoes, and Roman collar. 1795 June 172 The difference between the Athenian Doric column of 5½ diameters high, and the Roman Doric of eight diameters. 1855–8 (Archit. Publ. Soc.) at Baton The torus between the listel or fillet and the plinth, in the base commonly assigned to the Roman Doric order. 1928 R. Nevill ii. 39 The lower order is Roman-Doric. 1991 T. A. Gaines vii. 148 The nicely profiled Atkinson Hall—a veritable palazzo, with Roman Doric columns on the first floor. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > family > [noun] > family or household > head of household 1739 tr. C. Tolomei i. 21 That most noble Example of a Roman Father, in sacrificing with his own Hand his Daughter's Life to Honour. 1750 W. Whitehead v. ii. 74 Has not a Roman father power to take The lives of all his children? 1897 R. Overton ix. 73 I'll be a Roman Father and stick to my resolution, if you'll do the same by yours. 1922 T. E. Lawrence 26 Aug. (1938) 361 Perhaps I'm playing the Roman father trick, and it's not as bad as I think. 1940 H. G. Wells i. iv. 89 My Roman father! The Cadi of Clarges Street! 2002 29 97 This resort to classical drag was commonplace, yet as the Roman father was troped into the black American mother, the characteristics of the heroic deed changed in an important way. the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > stadium (ancient Greek or Roman unit) > ancient Roman units 1538 T. Elyot (at cited word) The fote of the squire vsed by our Carpentars is shorter than the Romayne foote of Budeus one ynche, soo that it conteyneth xv. fyngers. 1607 E. Topsell 655 The hornes of this Strepsiceros are..long, about two Roman feet and three palmes. 1761 (Royal Soc.) 51 774 An Enquiry into the Measure of the Roman Foot. 1839 XV. 210/1 Taking the Roman foot at 11.62 English inches, the original Roman mile was therefore 1614 yards. 1911 1 182 Oblong buildings 90 metres, i.e. 300 Roman feet long. 1987 46 271/2 The standard Roman foot was 0.295 meters. 2005 J. Diamond (2006) vii. 246 Between 1200 and 1255, Norwegian builders abandoned their previous unit of linear measurement (the so-called international Roman foot) and adopted the shorter Greek foot. the world > plants > [noun] > exotic or unusual plants 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens i. ii. 5 They do commonly call al such straunge herbes as be vnknowen of the common people, Romish or Romayne herbes [Fr. herbes Romaines, Du. Roomsche cruyden], although the same be brought from Norweigh. the mind > emotion > pride > proper pride or self-respect > [noun] > dignity > proverbial type 1596 ‘L. Pyott’ tr. A. Sylvain iii. 21 This noble yong man did very well shew himselfe to be the sonne of a Roman matron, holding that noble mind of his mother. 1695 J. Dryden in tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy Pref. p. xxi Neither is there any expression in that Story, which a Roman Matron might not reade without a blush. 1779 H. More iv. 48 I have a Roman matron for my daughter, And not a feeble girl. 1835 C. Thirlwall I. 327 A dignity of character, which makes them worthy rivals of the Roman matrons. 1988 R. Christiansen iii. 109 She saw herself as a Roman matron, exerting influence from the family hearth by force of her incorruptible virtue. the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > stadium (ancient Greek or Roman unit) > ancient Roman units 1627 G. Hakewill iii. iv. 182 That the Romane mile came short of ours, appeares by the great stones set vp at every miles end in the Appian way. 1776 E. Gibbon I. iii. 60 The great chain of communication, from the north-west to the south-east point of the empire, was drawn out to the length of four thousand and eighty Roman miles. 1839 XV. 210/1 Taking the Roman foot at 11.62 English inches, the original Roman mile was therefore 1614 yards. 2008 (Nexis) 7 Aug. (Editorial section) 21 It took an act of Elizabeth I's parliament in 1592 to turn the simple beauty of a Roman mile into the 5,280-foot mile we know today. 1902 O. Thomas in 10 516 (title) On the mole of the Roman district.] 1905 43 L. Camarano has made an elaborate comparison between the Roman mole (Talpa romana Oldfield Thomas), the common mole..and T. cæca Savi. 1994 75 529 Among European species [of Talpidae], three taxa finally have been recognised as true species: the Roman mole, Talpa romana, from southcentral Italy; [etc.]. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tribute > [noun] > specific 1670 No. 525/2 The Contribution of the Empire, called the Roman Months, is not yet resolved. 1702 J. Savage 71 I should now..give an Account of the Circles in Detail, and what they Contribute to the ordinary and extraordinary Taxes to the Empire, either by the Roman Month, or for the Entertainment of [etc.]. 1790 J. Dornford tr. J. S. Pütter I. v. x. 507 Every State must pay so many times twelve or four florins for a Roman month, according to his rate of horse or foot soldiers in the Matricula of the Empire. 1831 V. 449/1 A Roman month, for the whole empire, consisted of 20,000 infantry and 4000 cavalry, which amounted to the sum of 128,000 florins. 1995 T. A. Brady 228 The matricular levy,..granted in multiples called ‘Roman months’, and assessed on the estates according to registers (Reichsmatrikeln). 1624 T. Heywood v. 264 The second hath his bending separate from the brow, and the swelling in the middle part of the nose like a Hawkes byll, and those are the markes of Courage and Beautie, and such we tearme a Hawkes nose, or a Roman nose. 1650 J. Bulwer 84 We use to call such an high and eminent Nose, a Roman Nose. 1709 No. 75. ⁋5 The Butler, who was noted for round Shoulders, and a Roman nose. 1780 W. Cowper 396 Some Cæsar shows—Defective only in his Roman nose. 1831 W. Youatt viii. 117 In some horses, this arch is more than usually developed... These horses are said to have Roman noses. 1883 I. 88 In man there is the Roman nose, the pug, the straight, the flat, the broken. 1907 20 244 He prefers the horse which has a Roman nose, broad forehead, and flowing mane and tail. 1994 29 Dec. 19/4 She regarded this as a tactful suggestion that her prominent Roman nose was too big. the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > unit or denomination of weight > ounce 1565 T. Cooper at Talentum The finenesse or basenesse of English money maketh Talentum more or lesse. But any man maye easily caste the value, comparinge the rate of money presently currannt to eight Denarios, whiche was the Romaine ownce. 1686 R. Cumberland iv. 107 Both the Roman Ounce, and our Averdupoise Ounce, had their more remote Original from the Eastern Shekel doubled. 1727 J. Arbuthnot 15 The weight of the Denarius, or the seventh part of a Roman Ounce, comes out 624/ 7 grains. 1905 25 Feb. 156/2 This division of the Roman ounce into drachms and scruples was applied to other ounces which arose in the Middle Ages. 1986 Nov. 17/2 Between 218 and 213 bc the Roman as, then the standard unit of account, had fallen from ten to less than two Roman ounces. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > artificial stone > [noun] > artificial pearl 1792 19 Jan. 2/3 A white sattin gown and crape petticoat, embroidered with gold spangles and Roman pearls, with a white sattin sash. 1857 H. M. G. Smythies I. v. 82 Her jet black hair was wreathed with Roman pearls. 1922 A. E. Blanchard v. 81 Very likely they are Roman pearls which are quite a good kind, of course not the real thing, still not cheap. 2000 C. Phillips ii. 75 Visitors to Rome brought back shell cameos, miniature mosaic panels and ‘Roman pearls’. 1813 T. Moore iii. 21 We were all in high gig—Roman Punch and Tokay Travelled round, till our heads travelled just the same way. 1862 Mar. 364/1 Orange-water ices, Roman punch, vanilla and pistachio creams, [etc.]. 1920 E. Wharton ii. xxxiii. 330 As Mrs. Archer remarked, the Roman punch made all the difference. 1990 B. Neal ix. 187 Roman Punch was one of a variety of frozen beverages served at fancy dinners to stimulate the inundated palate. 1849 10 Mar. 5/2 The difficulty attending the adjustment of the Roman question. 1856 9 Aug. 381/2 It is said that Austria and France are so far disposed to act in accord on the Roman question as to threaten the Pope with the withdrawal of foreign troops. 1861 18 Feb. 5/1 The pamphlet..contains an exposé of the Roman question. The author says that the spiritual power of the Papacy is not endangered, but the temporal power is now passing through a grave crisis. 1929 7 June 15/1 (heading) Duce, Vatican will sign peace treaties today. Simple ceremony to mark end of Roman Question. 2002 J. M. Sánchez ii. 38 The Lateran Accords that ended the Roman Question and provided for mutual recognition between the Italian state and the Holy See. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > gymnastics > [noun] > equipment 1894 8 Sept. 25/4 (advt.) New York, U.S.A...Frères Martinetti, Acrobats and Roman Rings. 1965 F. Sargeson vi. 165 The creak of parallel bars and Roman rings. 1992 6 Sept. (New Delhi ed.) (Colour Mag.) 8/6 He gritted his teeth, fought back the pain and bile to complete his routine on the pommelled horse and the roman rings—with a broken knee. society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > Roman road 1640 W. Somner 23 It will..be easily granted that the Roman-roads betweene Port and Port; and betweene one great Towne and another, were made and laid out as direct and streight as might be. 1732 J. Horsley iii. ii. 460 I continued the Roman road for two or three miles where it is rarely visited. It is very beautiful, smooth on both sides, broad at top, the holes remaining whence it was taken, with a ditch on each hand. 1884 XVII. 568 The Roman road from London nearly bisects the country, and still goes familiarly under the name of ‘the Watling Street’. 1923 57 359 Here two air-photos will certainly reveal the course of undiscovered Roman roads. 2001 T. Mueller in F. Mayes (2002) 223 Flying low over Europe one can easily pick out the Roman roads, those clean straight vectors among the chaotic medieval checkerboard of lanes and farmers' fields. 1800 W. Somerville Jrnl. 8 Apr. in (1979) i. 28 The shoe is somewhat like the roman sandal, a soal with straps over the instep and one between the great toe and the second holding it on the foot. 1909 4 196 A well-preserved Roman sandal gives an accurate idea of the ancient footwear. 2001 B. Hatch 105 He's saving money because he's already shelled out for a pair of Roman sandals. 1873 6 May (advt.) Particular attention is called to our line of Roman satin stripes, figured bandas, and linen grenadines. 1881 F. Caddy viii. 168 Why is a pattern of dirty, dim oranges on rhubarb-draught-coloured Roman satin thought so ‘correct’? 1914 C. Mackenzie II. iii. iv. 559 Stella..was rushing from window to window, trying patterns of chintz and damask and Roman satin. 1975 I. Stone i. vi. 55 Sophia was able to find a gown which was newly sewn, of pure white Roman satin. 1846 tr. A. Dumas I. xxxiii. 258 He wore a vest of garnet-coloured velvet..; a Roman scarf [Fr. écharpe romaine] tied round his neck. 1894 23 June (Suppl.) 3/7 Their ties were dark blue and orange silk, and a Roman scarf of many colours was worn round each waist and knotted on the left hip. 1973 P. White x. 487 She had tied up her hair in a Roman scarf, as though she were again a child dressing up on a wet afternoon. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > Italian Renaissance or 14-16th century > [noun] > schools 1695 R. Graham Short Acct. Eminent Painters in J. Dryden tr. C. A. Du Fresnoy 285 By studying the Antique, together with the Works of Raphael, and Michael Angelo, he became one of the boldest and best Designers of the Roman School. 1728 E. Chambers School, in Painting, is a Term used to distinguish the different Manners of Places, and Persons: As, the Roman School, the Venetian School, the Flemish School, &c. 1797 XIII. 599/2 The artists in the Florentine and Roman schools painted most commonly in water colours or in fresco. 1865 6 Apr. 13/1 There was considerable competition for a painting of the Roman school by Domenico Feti. 1932 A. M. Hind ii. 21 He is more conventional in his general praise of Venetian painting for its colour in contrast with the draughtsmanship of the Roman school. 2001 (Nexis) 29 Dec. a13/1 Hanging alongside [Raphael's La Fornarina] is..a mid-16th century Roman School copy, ‘Portrait of a Woman, Called La Fornarina or Vittoria Colonna’. 1959 16 May v. 3/1 Four Roman shades of heavy, luxurious brocade cover the top half of the window. 2004 14 40/3 Sheer panels or Roman shades..would conjure up a dreamy mood. 1826 M. A. Venning 67 The Roman snail! Oh, I wish I had one! 1861 R. T. Hulme tr. C. H. Moquin-Tandon iii. ii. 84 The Helix Pomatia (Linn.) or Roman Snail. The shell of this species is 1½ inch in height. 1939 T. L. Green i. 83 The Roman or Apple Snail (Helix pomatia) should be used for dissection, though the common garden snail..can be used. 1983 (Nexis) 9 June Britain's Roman Snail..is in danger of extirpation. the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > steelyard 1730 E. Wright I. 292 They shew'd us an antique Statera Romana, (Roman Steelyard) with a Bust for its Weight. 1858 I. S. Homans & I. S. Homans 1758/2 The Statera Romana, or Roman steelyard, is mentioned in 315 b.c. 1905 8 Apr. 273 I personally witnessed the unearthing of what was probably a Roman Steelyard. 2004 S. Angel xii. 118 To weigh himself, he used the ancient principle of the Roman steelyard scale. 1766 11 Apr. (advt.) To be sold at John Greenhow's store..toys, fiddles, Roman strings, [etc.]. 1857 T. C. Faber i. ii. 127 Purvey for David's harp ‘best Roman strings’. [Note] ‘Best Roman strings sold here’—is often seen posted up in our music-shops. 1917 Jan. 26/2 I get the finest Roman strings, which give out a very fine, full tone, and are always to be depended on. 2000 L. Libin in C. A. Traupman-Carr 98 The so-called Roman strings [in an inventory of 1787] have graduated unit values of 4d., 6-¼d., 7-½d., and 9d. the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > washing oneself or body > [noun] > bathing > vessel for bathing in > types of 1911 4 Sept. 12/3 (advt.) Apartments of 4 to 9 rooms, with 2 and 3 baths, containing every modern convenience... Sunken sanitary Roman tubs. 1972 Jan. 140c (advt.) You'll have a cocktail lounge and restaurant on the premises. An outside elevator joining the opulent pool deck area and the beach. A Roman tub in your master bath. 1996 (Nexis) 11 Sept. 26 Their furnishings project the social image to which they aspire—built-in mini bars and Roman tubs are popular choices for this group. society > communication > writing > handwriting or style of > [noun] > semi-uncial 1723 J. Henley tr. R. A. de Vertot et al. 102 Two Sepulchres of Stone appear'd..on the Outside of one was inscrib'd in Roman Uncial Letters, intermingled, [etc.]. 1784 T. Astle v. 102 The Roman-Saxon writing is very similar to the Roman-Uncial. 1849 F. Madden tr. J. J. Champollion & A. Champollion I. 319 The writing is in Roman uncials, but subsequent to the period of its greatest elegance. 1897 H. W. Johnston 70 Half-Uncials are derived from the uncials and represent the last efforts of the book hand to differentiate itself from the improved business hand of the time... It is also called the Roman Uncial and Pre-Caroline Minuscule. 1906 E. Johnston i. 38 Roman uncials were fully developed by the fourth century. 2001 S. R. Fischer (2003) 144 Roman uncial writing came into use as a literary hand around the fourth century ad. the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > salts named by atomic number > sulphates or sulphites > copper sulphate the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > sulphur > [noun] > compounds > sulphates > of copper ?a1425 f. 146v Leie apon þe bone þe pouder of vitriol romayne and remewe it euerye daye ones. 1573 7 Then put in it two unces of greene Coporas, or els of Romayne Vitrial, which is beste. 1698 E. Ward I. ii. 8 I have had nothing in return of my Kindness..but a little Roman Vitriol for a Shanker, or a piece of Orrice-root for my issue. 1761 J. Wesley (ed. 9) 42 Boil..with a little Roman Vitriol dissolved in a Pint of Water. 1903 45 41/2 In cases of slight hemorrhage he used Roman vitriol mixed with a small quantity of Armenian bole. 2000 5 205 A powerful emetic distilled from Roman vitriol, mercury, and other substances, the pietra filosofale was a key ingredient in several of his drugs. 1630 tr. G. Botero (rev. ed.) i. 44 That admirable Roman wall in the North of England..for keeping out of the Picts.] 1670 J. Milton iv. 179 Not better was the end of Elswald in Northumberland, two years after slain miserably by the conspiracy of Siggan, one of his Nobles, others say of the whole people at Scilcester by the Roman Wall. 1708 J. Chamberlayne (ed. 22) ii. i. iii. 411 The Roman Wall in Scotland... The first occasion of building the Roman Wall, which now goes by the Name of Graham's Dyke, was..to exclude the Scotch-Highlanders. 1815 W. Scott II. 6 Part of Brown's view in chusing that unusual track..had been a desire to view the remains of the celebrated Roman Wall. 1977 18 June 14 I am reserving the last excellent stretch of the walk out along the Roman Wall and by Cheviot to Kirk Yetholm for a few days. 2000 M. McALlister i. 2 Remains of farms, leftovers from other tumbled-down towers, and stones from the Roman Wall and the ruined Border abbeys were all in those walls. 1757 A. Cooper iii. xlviii. 213 Recipe for a Gallon of Roman Water. Take the outer..Peels of six Citrons;..a Gallon of Proof Spirit, and two Quarts of Water. 1800 H. Glasse (rev. ed.) 358 To make a Gallon of Roman Water. 1855 tr. C. C. Dornat 93 (heading) Eau Romaine, (Roman water.) Derivatives 1576 G. Gascoigne sig. G.iiiiv Some do (Romainelike) Esteme their pall, and habyte ouermuche. a1684 J. Evelyn anno 1645 (1955) II. 436 Yet is one of the sides, much more Roman like than the other, I meane that which reguards the Sea. 1796 R. Jephson i. i. 13 Thy forward zeal bad me despise complaint, And Roman-like trust to my arm for vengeance. 1808 J. Cottle I. ix. 166 There lives not, in the air we breathe, than mine, More roman-like and sterner rectitude. 1908 W. S. Sparrow vi. 89 It [sc. a fireplace] is built partly of Roman-like tiles. 2003 (Nexis) 21 Sept. 10 Evergreen wisteria climbs the Romanlike pillars. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). romann.2 Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French roman. Etymology: < Middle French, French roman (see romance n.). The French word was also borrowed into other European languages; compare Dutch roman (1642 in sense 1, 17th cent. in sense 2), German Roman novel (1641) and (via German) Swedish roman novel (1734), Danish roman (1695 in sense 1, 1723 in sense 2), all of which are now only used in sense ‘novel’. Compare earlier romance n. and the discussion at that entry, and also earlier romaunt n.Not fully naturalized in English. society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > romance > [noun] > a romance 1574 F. Kinwelmersh tr. J. Gohory in tr. A. le Roy Pref. sig. A.iij The 13 Booke of the Spanish Romane of Amadis de Gaule. 1602 tr. G. Corrozet 225 That renowned booke of The Roman of the Rose. 1624 T. Heigham tr. G. de Chevalier 18 Things more extravagant and fantasticall, then the tales of Melusina, and of the Roman of the Rose. 1762 T. Warton (ed. 2) II. viii. 41 An account, and many specimens, of french Romans, in a curious Memoir. 1765 T. Percy III. p. vi As the Songs of Chivalry became the most popular compositions in that language, they were emphatically called Romans or Romants. 1814 S. Turner I. ii. iv. 466 The roman entitled Les gestes de Garin..contains above 25,000 rhimed lines. 1877 F. Jacox 2nd Ser. i. 37 Ass grated on his ears, as a cognate epithet did on those..of Bishop Foulques, in Soulié's mediæval roman. 1959 3 Dec. 1007/3 The re-creation of the medieval roman..in The Story of Reynard. 1991 C. Freccero ii. 22 Unlike the knight in many of the medieval romans whose father is unknown, unnamed, or wounded. society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [noun] > other types of novel 1867 J. J. Tayler 8 Sept. (1872) II. 285 I have..been reading a French roman, ‘Le Maudit’, by an Abbé who does not give his name. 1910 H. H. Johnson xxxi. 109 Sir Walter Scott (so superior, according to W. E. Henley, to Victor Hugo in his romans). 1920 A. R. Riddell iv. 60 Some of the romans [of Maupassant]..produce the impression of a succession of short stories rather than of one continuous long story with succeeding chapters. 1978 D. Bair xv. 368 He wanted to be absolutely sure that it [sc. Molloy] was truly a French roman, and not simply an English novel translated into French. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). romann.3Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Dutch. Partly a borrowing from Afrikaans. Etymons: French rooman; Dutch roodeman; Afrikaans rooiman. Etymology: In sense 1 < French rooman (1790 in the passage translated in quot. 1790) and its etymon South African Dutch roodeman (Afrikaans rooiman ) < roode (see rooibok n.) + man man n.1; compare red man n. 3a. In sense 2, and in β. forms in sense 1, directly < Afrikaans rooiman; compare red man n. 3b. The animals in question are so named on account of their coloration. The form roman is apparently influenced by folk-etymological association with Roman n.1 South African. the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > family Sparidae (sea-breams) > [noun] > member of genus Chrysoblephus 1790 E. Helme tr. F. Le Vaillant I. ii. 22 Among those [fish] in greatest estimation, they distinguish the rooman [Fr. le Rooman] a red fish [etc.]. 1801 J. Barrow I. i. 30 Next to the Roman are the red and the white Steenbrassems. 1804 R. Percival 43 The most common is the Roman fish... It is of a deep rose colour and of the perch kind. 1893 H. A. Bryden xx. 449 Many of the fish in Cape waters furnish excellent eating; the Roman, kingklipvisch, stomneus, steenbras, and klipvisch being among the choicest. 1957 S. Schoeman iii. 32 It is universally known as ‘roman’, although some anglers and fishermen call it ‘rooi roman’ (red roman). 1971 14 May 14 John Hughes shot a roman of 4,1 kg—which is equal to the South African spearfishing record. 2005 Feb. 116/1 You can steer middle ground with a prawn curry or red roman in soy, ginger and garlic. the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Arachnida > [noun] > division Pseudoarachnida > order Solpugida > member of 1905 F. Purcell in W. Flint & J. D. F. Gilchrist III. iii. 178 The large nocturnal..species of Solpuga..are variously known by the name of Romans, Jagd-spinnekoppen (Hunting Spiders) or Haar-sheerders (Hair cutters). c1939 S. H. Skaife 81 Everybody will agree that the creatures known variously as jerrymunglums, haarskeerders, jag-spinnekoppe, or romans are among the most repulsive of all living creatures. 1966 E. Palmer xiv. 233 On the farm we know..the nocturnal species [of spiders] as Rooimans or Red Men, and of these latter I can neither think nor speak except in capitals. 2007 R. Piper viii. 272 They are known by a variety of names other than sun spider; these include, wind scorpion, camel spider, red roman, haarskeerders, and baardskeerders. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Romann.4adj.2 Origin: Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: Romani n. Etymology: Probably an alteration (by folk-etymological association: compare quots. 1776 (although this appears to show a misapprehension) and 1800 at sense A.) of Romani n. after Roman n.1 Compare later Rom n.2 and (with the use as adjective) later Rom adj., Romani adj.For the association of the Roma people with the inhabitants of the Roman Empire, compare the following quot.:1776 W. J. Mickle in tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad x. 438 (note) The Turks of Romania pretended to be the descendants of the Roman Conquerors, and the Indians gave them the name of Rumes, or Romans. Now rare. A. n.4the world > people > ethnicities > race > nomads > [noun] > Gipsies or Romanies > person 1800 W. Whiter Pref. The Gipsies—the Ægyptians or the Copts, are in their own language called Romans or Romani. 1851 G. Borrow III. iii. 42 ‘I am no gypsy; not I, indeed!’ ‘Don't be afraid, brother, you are no Roman.’ 1871 M. Collins I. ii. 94 We Romans have had Ashridge Common for our camps. 1937 V. S. Pritchett in Autumn 97 In a faltering voice,..she said: ‘We don't often get no Romans here.’.. ‘She means gypsies.’ B. adj.2the world > people > ethnicities > race > nomads > [adjective] > Gipsy or Romany 1851 G. Borrow III. iv. 64 You were always fond of what was Roman. 1857 G. Borrow I. vi. 64 Mr. Petulengro was dressed in Roman fashion. 1985 (Nexis) 9 May a20/1 We commemorated the Sinti and Roman gypsies, the homosexuals and the mentally ill who were killed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1adj.1eOE n.21574n.31790 n.4adj.21800 |
