Roentgenn.

Brit.

/ˈrʌntjən/,

/ˈrəːntjən/,

/ˈrɒntjən/,

/ˈrʌntɡən/,

/ˈrəːntɡən/,

/ˈrɒntɡən/, U.S.

/ˈrɛntɡən/,

/ˈrɛntdʒən/

Forms: 1800s– Roentgen, 1800s– Röntgen. Also with lower-case initial.

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Röntgen.

Etymology: < the name of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, discoverer of X-rays (see Roentgen rays n.).In sense 2 after French roentgen (I. Solomon 1921, in Arch. d' électricité médicale expér. et clin. 29 362), though Röntgendosis had been used earlier in German as the name of a unit of radiation energy ( B. Krönig & W. Friedrich Physikalische u. biol. Grundlagen der Strahlentherapie (1918) i. 9). The form Roentgen reflects the German convention of using oe instead of ö where a suitable letter type is not available. N.E.D. (1909) enters this word under Röntgen and gives the pronunciation as (rö·ntγ^yĕn) /ˈrœntɣjən/ (the German pronunciation is actually /ˈrœntɡən/). The first edition of D. Jones Eng. Pronouncing Dict. (1917) gives a main pronunciation /ˈrəːntjən/ and an alternative with /ˈrɔn-/ as the first syllable. The 8th edition (1947) gives /ˈrɔntjən/ as the main form, with alternatives for the first syllable /ˈrʌn-/, /ˈrəːn-/, and for the termination /-tɡən/, with a note that ‘the B.B.C. has recommended /ˈrʌntɡən/ (1935)’. The 15th edition (1997) gives, for British usage, only /rɒn-/ and /rɜːn-/ for the first syllable and both /-jən/ and /-ɡən/ for the termination; for U.S. usage, /ren-/, /rɜːn-/, or /rʌn-/ for the first syllable and /-ɡən/ or /-tʃən/ for the termination. Cent. Dict. Suppl. (1909) gives /ˈrəːntɡən-/ (in compound words). Webster's Third New Internat. Dict. (1961) gives /ren-/ or /rən-/ for the first syllable and /tʃən-/ or /-tjən/ for the termination. The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation (2006) gives /ˈrɒntɡən/ as the recommended pronunciation but adds ‘commonly also runt-juhn [= /ˈrʌntdʒən/]; both are established anglicizations’.

I. Compounds.

1. attributive. In compounds relating to X-rays or their production or use, as Roentgen examination, Roentgen tube, etc. Now chiefly U.S.Earliest in Roentgen rays n. See also roentgen therapy n.

ΚΠ

1896 Lancet 1 Feb. 326/2 Do Roentgen's rays possess germicidal properties?]

1896 Times 13 Feb. 14/1 He said that on one point respecting the Röntgen rays there was a good deal of misapprehension.

1896 Nature 27 Feb. 391 The methods of producing Röntgen photographs.

1898 J. Conrad Let. 29 Sept. (1956) 143 Neil Munro stood in front of a Röntgen machine and on the screen behind we contemplated his backbone and his ribs.

1905 Nature 27 July 301/1 The recent Röntgen congress at Berlin.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 695/1 The radiation..from tin is as penetrating as that given out by a fairly efficient Röntgen tube.

1940 H. K. Pancoast et al. Head & Neck in Roentgen Diagnosis xi. 773 The chest should always be included as a part of any roentgen examination of the neck.

1956 L. A. Hadley Spine iv. 95 By this method it is possible to furnish roentgen evidence of ligamentous or soft tissue injury.

1959 W. T. Murphy Radiation Therapy xxxvi. 770 Roentgen sickness is not frequently seen after pelvic irradiation.

1978 S. Sheldon Bloodline ii. 33 A Roentgen desk in the library.

1991 Univ. Maryland Graduate School Catal. 1991–3 37/1 The course includes instruction in embryology, roentgen anatomy.

2004 I. M. Modlin & G. Sachs Acid Related Dis. (ed. 2) 343 Knothe observed 300 cases..representing 8% of all patients subjected to gastrointestinal roentgen examination.

II. Simple uses.

2. Usually with lower-case initial. A unit of exposure to X or gamma radiation, now defined as equal to the quantity of radiation that gives rise to ions carrying a total positive or negative charge of 2·58 × 10⁻⁴ coulomb per kg of air under standard conditions. Formerly also roentgen unit. Symbol R or r. The precise definition of this unit has been altered several times (cf. quot. 1950). Exposure to ionizing radiation is now usually measured according to the SI system, in which the unit is coulombs per kg. Cf. rem n.¹, rep n.⁹

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > measurement of ionizing radiation > [noun] > unit of exposure

Roentgen1922

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > X-rays > [noun] > unit of exposure

Roentgen1922

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > measurement of ionizing radiation > [noun] > units of radioactivity > roentgen unit

R1922

roentgen unit1922

1922 Physics Abstr. A. 25 508 The instrument is calibrated in terms of a unit R (the Röntgen), i.e. the ionisation produced in 1 sec. by 1 gm. of Ra at a distance of 20 mm. after filtration by 0·5 mm. of Pt.

1932 Radiology 18 95/2 At the second International Congress of Radiology in 1928..the measurement of air ionization was accepted as the basis of international dosage measurement and a definition was given of the unit of dosage designating a roentgen unit and written in abbreviated form as ‘r’.

1938 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xxiv. 258 The maximum daily dosage of γ-rays that a human being can tolerate without apparent harm is 0·1 röntgen unit.

1950 Radiology 55 744/1 As our exciting energies increased, we were placed in a position of having continually to modify the definition of the roentgen in order to cope with the new properties of the higher-energy radiations. Because of this situation, minor modifications in the definition of the roentgen were made in 1931, 1934 and 1937.

1955 Bull. Atomic Scientists Sept. 257/2 Radiation dosages in the levels of 400 roentgen units..are lethal to about half the individuals exposed.

1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxxiii. 4/2 The same exposure (in roentgens) may result in different absorbed doses (in rads) in different tissues.

1989 C. Caufield Multiple Exposures (1990) vi. 48 The US Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection decreed that workers could tolerate one-tenth of a roentgen of X-rays or gamma rays a day.

2008 S. LeVay When Sci. goes Wrong vii. 147 By the time they were halfway up the staircase, their radiation detector was pegging out an 500 roentgens per hour.

Derivatives

Roentˈgenically adv. rare by means of or as regards X-rays.

ΚΠ

1896 Strand Mag. July 111/2 The sock was visible optically, almost invisible Röntgenically.

1986 Scripta Medica 59 300 Roentgenically no dislocation of inserted bone material was proved.

ˈRoentgenism n. now rare the practice of using X-rays therapeutically.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > radiography or radiology > [noun] > specific techniques

fluorography1896

fluoroscopy1896

Roentgenism1898

roentgenoscopy1903

skiascopy1908

teleradiography1908

teleroentgenography1908

orthoroentgenography1911

pneumography1921

stereofluoroscopy1928

kymography1930

tomography1935

photofluorography1941

neutron radiography1948

pantomography1952

photofluoroscopy1955

orthopantomography1959

panography1961

stereoradiography1965

computerized axial tomography1973

computed tomography1974

computerized tomography1974

CT1974

positron emission tomography1976

PET1979

1898 Jrnl. Electrotherapeutics 16 93 (heading) Experiments in Roentgenism.

1908 Pennsylvania Med. Jrnl. 11 850/1 Massive and prolonged Röntgenism..is commended as offering results in the treatment of the very malignant or recurrent types of sarcoma.

1968 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 104 43/1 Mice could be ‘immunized’ against cancer by means of cancer cells which had been treated by roentgenism.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	roentgen
释义	Roentgenn. Brit. /ˈrʌntjən/, /ˈrəːntjən/, /ˈrɒntjən/, /ˈrʌntɡən/, /ˈrəːntɡən/, /ˈrɒntɡən/, U.S. /ˈrɛntɡən/, /ˈrɛntdʒən/ Forms: 1800s– Roentgen, 1800s– Röntgen. Also with lower-case initial. Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Röntgen. Etymology: < the name of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, discoverer of X-rays (see Roentgen rays n.).In sense 2 after French roentgen (I. Solomon 1921, in Arch. d' électricité médicale expér. et clin. 29 362), though Röntgendosis had been used earlier in German as the name of a unit of radiation energy ( B. Krönig & W. Friedrich Physikalische u. biol. Grundlagen der Strahlentherapie (1918) i. 9). The form Roentgen reflects the German convention of using oe instead of ö where a suitable letter type is not available. N.E.D. (1909) enters this word under Röntgen and gives the pronunciation as (rö·ntγ^yĕn) /ˈrœntɣjən/ (the German pronunciation is actually /ˈrœntɡən/). The first edition of D. Jones Eng. Pronouncing Dict. (1917) gives a main pronunciation /ˈrəːntjən/ and an alternative with /ˈrɔn-/ as the first syllable. The 8th edition (1947) gives /ˈrɔntjən/ as the main form, with alternatives for the first syllable /ˈrʌn-/, /ˈrəːn-/, and for the termination /-tɡən/, with a note that ‘the B.B.C. has recommended /ˈrʌntɡən/ (1935)’. The 15th edition (1997) gives, for British usage, only /rɒn-/ and /rɜːn-/ for the first syllable and both /-jən/ and /-ɡən/ for the termination; for U.S. usage, /ren-/, /rɜːn-/, or /rʌn-/ for the first syllable and /-ɡən/ or /-tʃən/ for the termination. Cent. Dict. Suppl. (1909) gives /ˈrəːntɡən-/ (in compound words). Webster's Third New Internat. Dict. (1961) gives /ren-/ or /rən-/ for the first syllable and /tʃən-/ or /-tjən/ for the termination. The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation (2006) gives /ˈrɒntɡən/ as the recommended pronunciation but adds ‘commonly also runt-juhn [= /ˈrʌntdʒən/]; both are established anglicizations’. I. Compounds. 1. attributive. In compounds relating to X-rays or their production or use, as Roentgen examination, Roentgen tube, etc. Now chiefly U.S.Earliest in Roentgen rays n. See also roentgen therapy n. ΚΠ 1896 Lancet 1 Feb. 326/2 Do Roentgen's rays possess germicidal properties?] 1896 Times 13 Feb. 14/1 He said that on one point respecting the Röntgen rays there was a good deal of misapprehension. 1896 Nature 27 Feb. 391 The methods of producing Röntgen photographs. 1898 J. Conrad Let. 29 Sept. (1956) 143 Neil Munro stood in front of a Röntgen machine and on the screen behind we contemplated his backbone and his ribs. 1905 Nature 27 July 301/1 The recent Röntgen congress at Berlin. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 695/1 The radiation..from tin is as penetrating as that given out by a fairly efficient Röntgen tube. 1940 H. K. Pancoast et al. Head & Neck in Roentgen Diagnosis xi. 773 The chest should always be included as a part of any roentgen examination of the neck. 1956 L. A. Hadley Spine iv. 95 By this method it is possible to furnish roentgen evidence of ligamentous or soft tissue injury. 1959 W. T. Murphy Radiation Therapy xxxvi. 770 Roentgen sickness is not frequently seen after pelvic irradiation. 1978 S. Sheldon Bloodline ii. 33 A Roentgen desk in the library. 1991 Univ. Maryland Graduate School Catal. 1991–3 37/1 The course includes instruction in embryology, roentgen anatomy. 2004 I. M. Modlin & G. Sachs Acid Related Dis. (ed. 2) 343 Knothe observed 300 cases..representing 8% of all patients subjected to gastrointestinal roentgen examination. II. Simple uses. 2. Usually with lower-case initial. A unit of exposure to X or gamma radiation, now defined as equal to the quantity of radiation that gives rise to ions carrying a total positive or negative charge of 2·58 × 10⁻⁴ coulomb per kg of air under standard conditions. Formerly also roentgen unit. Symbol R or r. The precise definition of this unit has been altered several times (cf. quot. 1950). Exposure to ionizing radiation is now usually measured according to the SI system, in which the unit is coulombs per kg. Cf. rem n.¹, rep n.⁹ ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > measurement of ionizing radiation > [noun] > unit of exposure Roentgen1922 the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > X-rays > [noun] > unit of exposure Roentgen1922 the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > measurement of ionizing radiation > [noun] > units of radioactivity > roentgen unit R1922 roentgen unit1922 1922 Physics Abstr. A. 25 508 The instrument is calibrated in terms of a unit R (the Röntgen), i.e. the ionisation produced in 1 sec. by 1 gm. of Ra at a distance of 20 mm. after filtration by 0·5 mm. of Pt. 1932 Radiology 18 95/2 At the second International Congress of Radiology in 1928..the measurement of air ionization was accepted as the basis of international dosage measurement and a definition was given of the unit of dosage designating a roentgen unit and written in abbreviated form as ‘r’. 1938 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xxiv. 258 The maximum daily dosage of γ-rays that a human being can tolerate without apparent harm is 0·1 röntgen unit. 1950 Radiology 55 744/1 As our exciting energies increased, we were placed in a position of having continually to modify the definition of the roentgen in order to cope with the new properties of the higher-energy radiations. Because of this situation, minor modifications in the definition of the roentgen were made in 1931, 1934 and 1937. 1955 Bull. Atomic Scientists Sept. 257/2 Radiation dosages in the levels of 400 roentgen units..are lethal to about half the individuals exposed. 1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxxiii. 4/2 The same exposure (in roentgens) may result in different absorbed doses (in rads) in different tissues. 1989 C. Caufield Multiple Exposures (1990) vi. 48 The US Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection decreed that workers could tolerate one-tenth of a roentgen of X-rays or gamma rays a day. 2008 S. LeVay When Sci. goes Wrong vii. 147 By the time they were halfway up the staircase, their radiation detector was pegging out an 500 roentgens per hour. Derivatives Roentˈgenically adv. rare by means of or as regards X-rays. ΚΠ 1896 Strand Mag. July 111/2 The sock was visible optically, almost invisible Röntgenically. 1986 Scripta Medica 59 300 Roentgenically no dislocation of inserted bone material was proved. ˈRoentgenism n. now rare the practice of using X-rays therapeutically. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > radiography or radiology > [noun] > specific techniques fluorography1896 fluoroscopy1896 Roentgenism1898 roentgenoscopy1903 skiascopy1908 teleradiography1908 teleroentgenography1908 orthoroentgenography1911 pneumography1921 stereofluoroscopy1928 kymography1930 tomography1935 photofluorography1941 neutron radiography1948 pantomography1952 photofluoroscopy1955 orthopantomography1959 panography1961 stereoradiography1965 computerized axial tomography1973 computed tomography1974 computerized tomography1974 CT1974 positron emission tomography1976 PET1979 1898 Jrnl. Electrotherapeutics 16 93 (heading) Experiments in Roentgenism. 1908 Pennsylvania Med. Jrnl. 11 850/1 Massive and prolonged Röntgenism..is commended as offering results in the treatment of the very malignant or recurrent types of sarcoma. 1968 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 104 43/1 Mice could be ‘immunized’ against cancer by means of cancer cells which had been treated by roentgenism. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Roentgenv. Brit. /ˈrʌntjən/, /ˈrəːntjən/, /ˈrɒntjən/, /ˈrʌntɡən/, /ˈrəːntɡən/, /ˈrɒntɡən/, U.S. /ˈrɛntɡən/, /ˈrɛntdʒən/ Forms: 1800s– Röntgen, 1900s– Roentgen. Also with lower-case initial Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Röntgen. Etymology: < the name of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (see Roentgen n.). Compare German röntgen to expose to X-rays, to make visible by means of X-rays (beginning of the 20th cent.), which shows reanalysis of the ending -en as infinitive ending. Compare slightly later X-ray v. Now rare. transitive. = roentgenize v. 1, 2. ΚΠ 1898 R. Gregory Let. 19 Aug. in W. H. G. Armytage Sir Richard Gregory (1957) v. 43 He has by far the best equipment, and has Röntgened a large number of medical and surgical cases. 1904 F. F. Moore Original Woman xii Lady Evelyn felt that her inmost thoughts were being Röntgened. 1915 Scribner's Mag. Apr. 434/2 Her sea-gray eyes roentgened my consciousness. 1986 Brit. Patent 2,166,630 3/1 The objects are roentgened with radiation from a gamma source. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1896v.1898
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Roentgenn.

Derivatives

Roentgenv.