rivev.¹

Brit.

/rʌɪv/, U.S.

/raɪv/

Inflections: Past tense rived; past participle riven Brit.

/ˈrɪvn/, U.S.

/ˈrɪv(ə)n/, rived;

Forms: 1. Present stem.

α. Middle English–1600s riue, Middle English–1600s ryue, Middle English–1600s ryve, Middle English– rive, late Middle English ryvy (probably transmission error), late Middle English rywe; English regional (northern) 1800s ryve, 1800s– rahve, 1800s– rauve, 1900s– raave, 1900s– rhave; Scottish pre-1700 reve, pre-1700 riue, pre-1700 riwe, pre-1700 ryiue, pre-1700 ryive, pre-1700 ryue, pre-1700 rywe, pre-1700 1700s– rive, pre-1700 1700s– ryve. a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 15 Þung [read ȝung] and old and brith an-siene, al he [sc. death] riueth an his streng.c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 3255 His launce gan to riue And tobrast on peces fiue.c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 2439 I rede thow ryde vttere, Lesse þat þey rywe the with theire rownnd wapyn.a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Comm. on Canticles (Univ. Oxf. 64) in Psalter (1884) 518 Deuyls, the whilk cruelly ryuys saules fra god.c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) i. 16 Lucan..said that the vecht of rome, suld gar it ryue in mony partis.1699 in A. Watt Early Hist. Kintore (1865) 30 For riving out three furrs out of the comontie.1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 119 The body of the willow tree rives into pales.1856 G. Henderson Pop. Rhymes Berwick 70 Where the scythe cuts, and the sock rives.1889 J. Nicholson Folk-speech E. Yorks. 80 Scrat her ees oot, Molly; or else she'll rahve thi hair.1905 W. Watson Glimpses o' Auld Lang Syne 131 Ye're a great feel to ryve and full muck.1939 Stud. Philol. 36 574 Death..would rive the heart with his spear and go his silent way.

β. Chiefly northern Middle English rif, Middle English rife, Middle English rijf, Middle English ryfe, Middle English ryff, Middle English ryffe, Middle English–1500s riffe; Scottish pre-1700 rif, pre-1700 rife, pre-1700 riff, pre-1700 riffe, pre-1700 ryf, pre-1700 ryfe, pre-1700 ryff, pre-1700 ryffe, pre-1700 ryif. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 26015 Þarfor agh sinful man and wijf On þis maner þair hert to rijf.c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 362 I sall..ryfe it in sondyre.1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xx. 255 Thair mycht men se men rif thar hare.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 13 To were my shoyn & ryfe my hose. ▸ ?a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 36 Ane rude speir..did his precious body ryff.1573 P. Moore Almanack C vj Riffe up your layed land.1594 J. Colville Orig. Lett. (1858) 115 To keip this man to be ane wage of his awin wood to ryif him.a1600 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 108 To ryfe the lyfe out of my bodie.

2. Past tense. a. Strong.

α. Chiefly northern Middle English raf, Middle English rafe, Middle English raffe, Middle English rave, Middle English–1500s raue, late Middle English rayue (northern); English regional (northern) 1800s– rahve, 1800s– rave; Scottish pre-1700 raef, pre-1700 raeff, pre-1700 raf, pre-1700 rafe, pre-1700 raif, pre-1700 raife, pre-1700 raiff, pre-1700 raue, pre-1700 rawe, pre-1700 rayf, pre-1700 1700s– rave, pre-1700 1800s raive, 1800s raeve (Shetland). c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11948 [He] smat i þere breoste. þat þat spere þurh raf [c1300 Otho þorh rof].a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7510 I þair chafftes raue [Gött. raf] in tua.c1450 (a1425) Metrical Paraphr. Old Test. (Selden) l. 5824 The prophett by þe mantyll he hentt, so þat [yt] rayue and worthed to wast.c1480 (a1400) St. Clement 93 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 375 Scho..grat, & rawe hir hare.1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. xlvii. 160 It raue clene in sondre.1558 in C. S. Romanes Sel. Rec. Regality of Melrose (1917) III. 160 Matho violentlie raef the samyn precept furth of our handis.1603 Reg. Privy Counc. Scotl. VI. 589 [He] raive and distroyit it.1621 in C. Innes Black Bk. Taymouth (1855) 372 He raif up sum sauch and haisseill to teill land.1718 A. Ramsay Christ's-kirk on Green iii. 29 Wi her Nails she rave his Face.1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 190 [They] rugg't and rave them out.1871 W. Alexander Johnny Gibb x. 62 But 's wife's freens raive a heap o' 't aff o' 'im fan he wus livin'.1898 R. Blakeborough Wit N. Riding Yorks. 435 He..rahve it reet across.1920 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. (at cited word) [Caithness] 'E win' rave 'e reef off o' the hoose.1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/2 He rāve it ti bits.

β. Middle English rof, Middle English rofe, Middle English roff, Middle English roffe, Middle English roof, Middle English roofe, Middle English rooff, Middle English rooffe, Middle English 1600s rove, Middle English–1600s roue; English regional (chiefly northern) 1800s– rauve, 1800s– rov, 1800s– rove, 1800s– ruv, 1900s– rooave; Scottish pre-1700 roif, 1700s roove (north-eastern), 1900s– rove. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 13259 Þe spere..rof þorh þan swere.a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 9287 Hys rolle to-braste and rofe.c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 2346 Fyrst I mansed þe muryly with a mynt one, & roue þe wyth no rof-sore.c1450 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Fairf. 16) (1879) l. 661 He..roof hym-self anoon thurgh-out the herte. ▸ a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 69 She..rove [1485 Caxton rofe] hirselff thorowoute the body.a1525 G. Myll Spectakle of Luf in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 283 [She] set the pomell of the sword to the erd and roif hir self throw the hart.1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Kings xiii. 5 Y^e altare roue.c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 10298 Þai..Rofe hit full Roidly.1631 D. Lloyd Legend Capt. Iones 4 Then came his good sword.., Which pierc't skin, ribs, and riffe, and rove her heart.1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 24 She ran an' skream'd, an' roove out at her hair.1807 in Allan's Tyneside Songs (1891) 90 Aw..Rove my breeks.1869 E. Waugh Snowed-up iii. 61 They rove (tore) his white sheet into ribbins.1877 F. Ross et al. Gloss. Words Holderness Rauve, p[ast] t[ense] of to rive, or tear.1904 J. H. Brown in Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 129/2 [Nottinghamshire] He rove it a two.1995 A. Fenton Craiters ii. 67 I geed tae Lewis fin e win rove in a windae in e lounge.

γ. Middle English reefe, Middle English ref, Middle English reffe, Middle English reue; English regional (northern) 1800s– reave, 1800s– reavv; Scottish pre-1700 reaf, pre-1700 reav, pre-1700 reife, pre-1700 reiffe, 1800s reave (north-eastern), 1800s reive (north-eastern), 1800s rieve (north-eastern), 1800s– reeve (north-eastern), 1900s– rev (Orkney). a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 7809 Þourȝe his body my swerd I ref [Vesp. draif].a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 24420 Þe temple fra þe rof it ref [Vesp. raf, Fairf. rafe].a1500 (a1450) Partonope of Blois (BL Add.) (1912) l. 4103 Wyth þe dynt þe sadyll reffe.a1540 (c1460) G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander 545 Sum he reaf with his tuskis and thame ett.1567 in P. F. Tytler Hist. Scotl. (1864) III. 247 I wald ye reif this after the reading.1684 in G. S. Pryde Court Bk. Kirkintilloch (1963) 130 [She] beat the said Jonnet and reav hir cloathes.1828 P. Buchan Anc. Ballads & Songs N. Scotl. II. 262 His father made moan, his mother made moan, But Meggie reave her yellow hair.1862 C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds & Neighbourhood xi Ah..reave me goon.1879 Eleven Years at Farm Work 5 Ane o' them ate taties and butter milk till he reive.1929 J. Milne Dreams o' Buchan 17 But O! it reeve my he'rt in twa.1956 C. M. Costie Benjie's Bodle 189 He cheust glowered at me an' rev on the lacer.

δ. English regional 1800s riv. 1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 318 Riv, the preterite of the verb rive. This rhymes to sieve.

b. Weak.

α. late Middle English–1500s ryued, 1500s 1700s ryved, 1500s–1600s riued, 1500s– rived; English regional 1800s– rahv'd (Yorkshire), 1800s– reived (Northumberland); Scottish pre-1700 riued, pre-1700 ryved, pre-1700 rywed, pre-1700 1800s riv'd, 1900s– rived. 1496 Bk. J. Mandeville (Pynson) sig. cii The roche ryued in two and in that ryft he hyd hym.a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxiii. f. cliiii^v The wynde..ryued..ouer the nomber of C.vi. howses.1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes b iij b It riued a sunder their kyngdome.1595 E. Spenser Astrophel in Colin Clouts come Home Againe sig. F2^v That it both bone and muscles ryued quight.1619 J. Higgins Falles Vnfortunate Princes 271 He shriked so withall, As though the heauens riued with the noise.1669 Rec. Barony Court Holmains 11 Oct. In a dispute..when John ryved Williams coatt.1727 D. Defoe Protestant Monastery 14 She..used me in such a Manner as has riv'd my..Heart.1784 J. Byng Diary 19 July in C. B. Andrews Torrington Diaries (1934) I. 183 Miss Seward's poem..perfectly ryved my heart, and divested me of appetite.1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xx. 475 Achilles drove his spear, And rived his skull.1887 H. Caine Deemster III. xxxvii. 150 [I] rived them [sc. rabbits] asunder.1892 M. C. F. Morris Yorks. Folk-talk 294 T' lads 'as rahv'd t' yat off t' creeaks.1986 D. Shields Dead Lang. (1990) ix. 65 Moses..whose Ten Commandments tablet God rived in half.

β. Scottish (north-eastern) 1900s– reeved. 1929 N. M. Campbell in T. W. Paterson Scotch Readings 2nd Ser. 86 The sooter tried to carv't. He reeved and howket wi't a' efterneen.

3. Past participle. a. Strong.

α. Middle English iriuen, Middle English rifen (northern), Middle English ryffen (northern), Middle English ryfyn (northern), Middle English ryuyn (in a late copy), Middle English–1500s riuin, Middle English–1500s ryuen, Middle English–1500s ryven, Middle English–1600s riuen, 1500s– riven, 1700s– rivven (English regional); Scottish pre-1700 riffin, pre-1700 rivin, pre-1700 rivine, pre-1700 rivvin, pre-1700 riwin, pre-1700 ryveing, pre-1700 ryven, pre-1700 ryvin, pre-1700 ryvine, pre-1700 rywen, pre-1700 rywine, pre-1700 rywyn, pre-1700 1700s– riven, 1800s rivan (Orkney), 1900s– riv'n, 1900s– rivven, 1900s– ryv'n; N.E.D. (1909) also records a form late Middle English riven. c1300 St. Patrick's Purgatory (Laud) l. 281 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 208 Þis hokes and þis pikes weren faste i-riuen.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 4165 He riuen es Wit beistes wild.a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 3539 Þair sheldes war shiferd and helms rifen.c1480 (a1400) St. Adrian 346 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 282 Þane wes he..rywine & rente.1483 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 89074) (1881) 310/1 To be Ryven, fatiscere.1566 in E. Peacock Eng. Church Furnit. (1866) 48 Torn, broken, and ryven in peces.1621 R. Montagu Diatribæ Hist. Tithes 323 A rough knot, not riuen out.1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence ii. lxxi. 76 The Brand by which the Rocks are riven.1790 A. Wheeler Westmorland Dial. 53 We fand it [sc. goose] rivven ta Bits.1870 T. H. Huxley Lay Serm. (1874) xiv. 342 Riven by the lightenings.1880 W. T. Dennison Orcadian Sketch-bk. 38 Every stappal was rivan oot.1929 Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. at cited word She's like the wifie's pink e'e't tatties, she's sair riv'n oot.1984 J. Seymour Forgotten Arts (1985) 26/2 The best axe handles, or helves, are cut from billets of solid wood riven from a log at least 10 inches thick.1996 M. Flaws & G. Lamb Orkney Dict. 55/2 The wid in the deck o the boat is rivven wi the sun.

β. Middle English iryue, Middle English reue, Middle English ryue, 1500s rive (archaic); English regional 1800s– riv', 1800s– riv; Scottish pre-1700 ryfe, pre-1700 ryve. a1325 St. Patrick (Corpus Cambr.) 331 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 97 Þis hokes & þis pikes were vaste iryue.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 1855 Ofte þei wende her shippe wold ha ryue [Vesp. suld riue, Fairf. to rife] Wiþ wynde or wawe or dynt of clyue.a1450 Generides (Pierpont Morgan) (1865) 6001 On the sheld that was reue..such a stroke he yeue.a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) iii. vi. 115 For tha partis..Be fors of storm war in sondir ryfe.a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) vii. ix. 111 Allace..we ar tobroke and ryve By the fatis.1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. xi. sig. X2^v That seem'd a marble rocke asunder could haue riue.1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 318 Our language requires riven, or as we call it riv. The latter word we rhyme to live; Rive to hive.1895 A. Patterson Man & Nature on Broads 22 Years ago, afore laths was riv'.1948 M. Carbery & E. Grey Herts. Heritage 126 'E'd a riv (reeved) the shirt off'n me back ef I'd let 'im.

γ. Middle English reuen, Middle English reuin, Middle English reuyn, Middle English reuyne, Middle English reven, Middle English revyn, Middle English revyne, late Middle English reuenen (transmission error); Scottish pre-1700 ravein, pre-1700 ravin, pre-1700 reavin, pre-1700 reaving, pre-1700 refyn, pre-1700 reifen, pre-1700 reiffin, pre-1700 reiuen, pre-1700 reivin, pre-1700 reuin, pre-1700 reuyn, pre-1700 reven, pre-1700 revyn, pre-1700 revyne, pre-1700 rewand, pre-1700 rewen, pre-1700 rewin, pre-1700 rewine, pre-1700 rewyn, pre-1700 rewyne, pre-1700 (1800s Shetland) revin. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 22636 Þe erd þan sal it do to rift And vp vte of þe stede to lift, þe deuils vt sal be for-driuen Of þat erd þat sal be reuin [Vesp. riuen].c1425 (c1400) Laud Troy-bk. 13320 Ther schal be reuen many a scheld.c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 390 Þis..monke..wolde hafe revyn down þe ymage.c1480 (a1400) St. Peter 25 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 7 He wald haf refyn [him] sone.a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 1898 His westment rewyn al in raggis.c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vii. 55 This mantil..vas reuyn.1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 251 Quhair thay war reiuen in duigis.1611 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1889) 1st Ser. IX. 163 [They] rave the same in small peiceis, and bad the said messenger cary the same revin letters to his majestie.a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 776 In caise of agriement interchanging paperis may be brunt and ravein.1662 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Royal Burgh of Lanark (1893) 189 Appoynts his burges ticket to be reavin with touck of drum att the croce.1895 Williamson MSS 3 Mar. in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. at Riv He's revin aff o da sky noo.

δ. English regional (chiefly northern) 1800s– rove, 1800s– ruv, 1900s– rawve; U.S. regional 1900s– rove; Scottish 1800s rove. 1802 [implied in: Naval Chron. 9 293 A rove-ash oar that will dress clean and light, is too pliant. (at rove adj.)].1871 S. S. Jones Northumberland 239 Thae places has been rove sin I luik'd at the goon afore.1896 J. M. Barrie Sentimental Tommy xix, 553 My gray sark is rove up the back.1896 Longman's Mag. Oct. 577 It wouldn't have rove if it hadn't been a twopenny-halfpenny thing out of a slop-shop.1904 H. Kingsford in Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 129/2 [Worcestershire] They posts are a bit rove.1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/2 He's rawve it i' hoals.1943 W. Faulkner Shingles for Lord in Sat. Evening Post 13 Feb. 15/2 If he had jest swung the frow half as fast as he swung it hard, he would have rove as many shingles as Solon and Homer together.

ε. Scottish (chiefly southern) 1800s ra'an, 1800s reen, 1800s rien, 1800s ri'en, 1800s rine. 1821 A. Scott Poems 98 At mutches ri'en, and tousled hair.1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Ra'an..Torn, rent, riven, Dumfr[iesshire].1856 H. S. Riddell Gospel St. Matthew xxvii. 51 The veil o' the temple was reen a-twae frae the tap til the boddum.1870 R. Chambers Pop. Rhymes Scotl. 104 Tak the riddle and the rine [riven] dish.1899 R. Wallace Country Schoolmaster 352 Rien, contraction for riven.

ζ. English regional (northern) 1800s– roven, 1800s– rovven, 1800s– ruvven; Scottish 1800s rouen. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Rouen..Rent, torn, riven..Roxb[urghshire].1849 Gloss. Prov. Words Teesdale 107 Roven, p[ast] pa[rticiple] of rive.1877 F. Ross et al. Gloss. Words Holderness 116 Ah've rovven mĭ britches wĭ this awd nail.1881 J. Sargisson Joe Scoap's Jurneh 7 He'd..ruvven t' brat off her.1895 Gentleman's Mag. Jan. 518 One of her lugs is roven off.1898 B. Kirkby Lakeland Words 60 T' rocks is roven i' tweea, an' splintered aboot.1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 105/1 T'whawl on't was rovven i' bits.1994 A. Kellett Yorks. Dict. 154/1 Rovven, torn.

η. Scottish (Shetland) 1900s– rave. 1900 Shetland News 16 June 7/1 ‘Da first at I saw wis Geordie apo da kiel o' his back i' da owse room wi' da huggiestaff i' his haand.’ ‘Rave oot?’ ‘Yiss.’

b. Weak.

α. late Middle English ryved, 1500s ryued, 1500s yriv'd (archaic), 1500s–1600s riu'd, 1600s– rived; Scottish pre-1700 ryved, 1900s– rived. ▸ a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 390 There she had ryved hym thorowe, had nat sir Hebes bene.a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxiii. f. cliiii^v Y^e rofe of saynt Mary Bowe in Chepe was also ryued.1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. vi. sig. F2^v That all his mayle yriv'd, and plates yrent, Shew'd all his bodie bare vnto the cruell dent.a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. iii. 6 When the scolding Winds Haue riu'd the knottie Oakes.1681 J. Flavell Method of Grace ii. 39 The tree..was rived asunder.1691 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Peebles (1910) 137 The clerk to extract it and delyver it to the officer to be ryved att the cros by tuik of drum.1782 E. Blower George Bateman I. 216 My heart is rived with agony!1891 M. M. Dowie Girl in Karpathians 258 It is a stake of pine wood..commonly speaking rived off at an early period.1997 D. Glen From Upland Man 8 The loft's being cleart o hey and the heid-stalls rived oot.

β. Scottish 1800s– riven'd. 1829 J. Hay Poems 26 She prin'd her riven'd claithing.1928 J. G. Horne Lan'wart Loon 7 The trystit 'oor, he'd wairned his maik, Was ‘ten’ at Auchen's riven'd aik.

Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymon: Icelandic rífa.

Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic rífa, Norwegian rive, Old Swedish riva (Swedish riva), Old Danish rywæ (Danish rive)), cognate with Old Frisian -rīva (in ūtrīva to tear up, tear out) < the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek ἐρίπνη broken cliff, crag, classical Latin rīpa riverbank.Compare the semantically similar Germanic verbs cited at rive v.³ and wrive v., the forms of which in the various languages are not always easy to distinguish from each other, and which have clearly influenced each other semantically to some extent. In early Scandinavian a strong verb of Class I (compare Old Icelandic rífa , reif , rifum , rifinn ), and assimilated to the same class in English. Weak inflections first appear in the late 15th cent., in standard English eventually supplanting strong forms in the past tense but not completely in the past participle. The north-eastern Scottish γ. forms of the strong past tense show a regular local development of the high rounded vowel.

Now somewhat archaic or literary in standard English, except in senses 9c and 10.

I. Senses relating to tearing, rending, or pulling.

a. To tear apart or in pieces by pulling or tugging; to rend or lacerate. In early use also: †to destroy (obsolete). Now Scottish and English regional (northern).

(a) transitive. literal.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] > tear apart

to-loukc890

to-braidc893

to-tearc893

to-teec893

to-rendc950

to-breakc1200

to-tugc1220

to-lima1225

rivea1250

to-drawa1250

to-tosea1250

drawa1300

rendc1300

to-rit13..

to-rivec1300

to-tusec1300

rakea1325

renta1325

to-pullc1330

to-tightc1330

tirec1374

halea1398

lacerate?a1425

to-renta1425

yryve1426

raga1450

to pull to (or in) piecesc1450

ravec1450

discerp1483

pluck1526

rip1530

decerp1531

rift1534

dilaniate1535

rochec1540

rack1549

teasea1550

berend1577

distract1585

ream1587

distrain1590

unrive1592

unseam1592

outrive1598

divulse1602

dilacerate1604

harrow1604

tatter1608

mammocka1616

uprentc1620

divell1628

divellicate1638

seam-rend1647

proscind1659

skail1768

screeda1785

spret1832

to tear to shreds1837

ribbon1897

a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 15 (MED) Þung [read ȝung] and old and brith an-siene, al he [sc. death] riueth an his streng.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 4161 His kyrtil sal we riue and rend.

?a1425 (?c1350) Northern Passion (Rawl.) l. 2655 (MED) Scho couth noght wele him ken, So was he rugged, raced, and ryuen.

a1500 (c1400) Vision of Tundale (Adv.) (1843) l. 284 Ychon..with oder dyd stryve And with her naylys her chekys dyd ryve.

1522 Worlde & Chylde (de Worde) (1909) sig. B.iv I praye you syr ryue me this cloute.

a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. ii. 329 Monsieur Dosell and the Capitanis.., efter the reading of thame, began to ryve thair awin beardis.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 20 Thay sett vpon thame, and..thame onlie thay ryue with thair teith.

1638 R. Baillie Let. 22 July (1841) I. 76 They sett on him in the church, ryves his gowne,..and so..dismisses him.

1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride iii. i. 36 Then; will I..dash my Disfigured Face, and rive my clotted Hair.

c1715 in J. Maidment Bk. Sc. Pasquils (1868) 393 Dee'l ryve and burst him.

1747 in W. Cramond Plundering of Cullen House (1887) 13 He saw some of the Highlandmen riving the papers.

1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet III. x. 291 What are ye pooin' me that gate for?—Ye will rive my coat.

1862 C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds & Neighbourhood Gloss. 394 Rive us that sheet o' paaper i' two.

a1909 A. Anderson Later Poems (1912) 230 The mair I think the mair I rive my hair.

1929 D. H. Lawrence Compl. Poems (1993) 494 How they rush out and want to rive him to pieces, the good-hearted spaniels!

1979 Bull. Yorks. Dial. Soc. Summer 6 Just empty them pockets. Thoo rives thi cleeas, thoo ruins thi jackets.

(b) transitive. figurative. Also reflexive. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)]

tearc1000

renta1325

reavea1400

lacerate?a1425

raise?a1425

rivea1425

shearc1450

unsoundc1450

ranch?a1525

rechec1540

pilla1555

wreathe1599

intertear1603

shark1611

vulture1628

to tear at1848

spalt1876

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 103 Ȝif rychesse liken þe fleishe, neþeles þei ryven [a1500 Laud reyven] þe soule.

c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) 175 Ye Godys ymage [n]euer xall ryve.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) vii. xi. 111 ‘Allace,’ he said, ‘we ar tobroke and ryve By the fatis.’

1572 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxiii. 44 The malice greit, that ilk to vther beiris, Dois ryfe my bowells.

1789 R. Burns To Author in D. Sillars Poems 10 I'm on Parnassus' brink, Rivan the words tae gar them clink.

1830 J. Galt Lawrie Todd I. i. xi. 80 It was a sad sight to see that mother and that daughter rive themselves asunder.

1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvi. 349 It went through the land,..setting up and pulling down parties, riving sects, mowing down colossal reputations.

1994 Chapman No. 77. 78 She mourned..her mother whose life had been riven into shrapnel over France.

†b. transitive. Chiefly Scottish. To tear up (a letter or similar document) so as to cancel or annul it. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > cancellation, revocation > annul, cancel, revoke [verb (transitive)]

fordoOE

allayOE

withdrawc1290

withclepe13..

again-callc1390

to call againc1390

repealc1390

revokec1400

unmakec1400

rive1415

annulc1425

abroge1427

uncommandc1430

discharge?a1439

retreatc1443

retract1501

cancela1513

abrogate?1520

dissolve1526

extinct1531

rescind1531

abrenounce1537

infringe1543

recall1565

unwrite1577

extinguish1590

exauctorate1593

relinquish1594

unact1594

to strike off1597

undecide1601

unpass1606

to take off1609

to draw back1610

reclaim1615

to put back1616

abrenunciate1618

unrip1622

supersedeate1641

to set off1642

unassure1643

unorder1648

to ask away1649

disdetermine1651

unbespeak1661

undecree1667

reassumea1675

off-break1702

circumduct1726

raise1837

resiliate1838

denounce1841

disorder1852

pull1937

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] > tear paper or cloth, or make ragged

breakOE

rive1415

to-ragc1430

raga1603

shred1613

to rip up1891

1415 in 43rd Ann. Rep. Deputy Keeper Public Rec. (1882) App. i. 583 in Parl. Papers (C. 3425) XXXVI. 1 Skranby toke me a lettre..And I redde hit and rofe hit and kest hit in a govnge.

1480 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1839) I. 73/2 Þe said dauid bowy tuke it again & Rafe & distruyt it, but þe said dauid westis consent.

1566 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 471 That..thair Comptrollar..at the first sycht and presentatioun of thame ryve and cancellat sic writtingis.

a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 776 In caise of agriement interchanging paperis may be brunt and ravein.

a1650 D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1843) II. 506 Their armes were rivin at the Croce, in presence of the regent and the lords.

1691 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Peebles (1910) 137 The clerk to extract it and delyver it to the officer to be ryved att the cros by tuik of drum.

1838 A. Rodger Poems & Songs 26 In Gude's name rive that curst petition Before ye part.

2. intransitive. Chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern). To tear voraciously; to tug at something. Also figurative.

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 4490 A mykil rauen my basket hent. a-boute my heued hit raue and rent.

1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 1148 in Wks. (1931) I The Rauin began rudely to ruge and ryue, Full gormondlyke his emptie throte to feid.

a1779 D. Graham Coll. Writings (1883) II. 54 A wheen useless taupies that can do naething but rive at a tow rock and cut corn.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian x, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. IV. 215 Twa precious saints might pu' sundry wise, like twa cows riving at the same hay-band.

1829 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (new ed.) 248 Rive, to tear membrane from membrane, to eat voraciously without knife or fork. ‘See how he's riving and eating’.

1867 A. Dawson Rambling Recoll. (1868) 8 His neighbour was ‘riving’ at an obstinate sinew.

1935 J. Mackay Vigil & Other Poems 6 You rived at the chain That the aeons had forged.

1993 in Sc. National Dict. New Suppl. (Electronic text) (at cited word) [Argyll] We wir rivin at it for a good half-oor, but could we get it clear o the rock!

2009 Guardian 15 Aug. 29/4 Over the years, my secret began riving at me from my entrails.

3. transitive. With adverb or adverbial phrase: to tear, pull, or tug (a person or thing). Also figurative. Now chiefly poetic, Scottish, and English regional (northern).

a. To tear or pull off or away.

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 9099 (MED) Of his robe he gan to riue.

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 9108 Noþer body, ne þe arme, Bledde neuer blode..But was as drye, with al þe haunche, As of a stok were ryue a braunche.

a1450 Mandeville's Trav. (Bodl. e Mus.) 87 Yif they be takyn awey from the roche where they growyn..so that they ben not reuyn awey by the rotys..they growyn wel.

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Wolf & Wether l. 2545 in Poems (1981) 94 Ane breir busk raif rudelie off the skyn.

a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 36 The clayth that claif to his cleir hyd Thay raif away with ruggis rude.

1680 H. More Apocalypsis Apocalypseos 136 Excommunication, that rives off a member from the church.

1706 in J. Wilson Ann. Hawick (1850) 117 Ryveing off the lock of the Tolbuith door.

1786 R. Burns Poems 219 Your curst wit..Rives 't aff their back.

1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. viii. 124 Ye have riven the thack off seven cottar houses.

1848 Knickerbocker July 31 I wake, with vigor newly fraught, And rive away the sensual chain.

1910 S. R. Crockett Love's Young Dream iii. xxii. 181 He tugged at my tail-coat like to rive it off me.

1936 Times 27 July 10/4 The earthquake..rives off roofs and sends tall buildings crashing with satisfying completeness.

2000 C. Marks Renunciation iv. 74 Hands..that claimed a piece of the New World and rived it away, into the Old.

b. To tear, drag, or pull down, up, or out. Also: †to pull down to the ground (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > removal or displacement > extraction > extract [verb (transitive)] > pull out or up > violently tear out or up

ruska1300

off-teara1393

ripa1400

whop14..

rivea1425

ravec1450

reavec1450

esrache1477

to plough out1591

uptear1593

outrive1598

ramp1607

upthrow1627

tear1667

to tear up1709

evulse1827

efforce1855

tear-out1976

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > bring to the ground/lay low > push or pull down

to-hieldc1275

to bear downc1330

to shove downc1400

rivea1425

reach1483

a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) l. 2467 (MED) Þe scyn and fless bath rafe he down Fro his hals to hys cropoun.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 821 The boore turned hym lyghtly and rove oute the longys and the harte of the horse.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Zeph. ii. 14 The bordes of Cedre shalbe ryuen downe.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 4783 Robbet was þis ronke hold & ryuyn to ground.

1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 43^v Plowing..riueth and plucketh vp by the rootes, all thistles, brambles and weedes.

c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 127 Rigour ryvis the hairt out by the root.

1621 R. Montagu Diatribæ Hist. Tithes 323 An hard and a rough knot, not riuen out by the Author of the History.

1680 T. Otway Hist. Caius Marius v. 55 As Storms let loose, That rive the Trunks of tallest Cedars down.

1706 in J. Wilson Ann. Hawick (1850) 117 Ryveing up the daills of the loft.

1754 T. Gardner Hist. Acct. Dunwich 161 John Arnold..gave Order to..the Sexton to rive it out for the Plumber's Use.

1834 in W. C. Taylor Cabinet of Friendship 75 He would think nae sorrow to rive up every gowan in Clydesdale.

1871 C. Gibbon For Lack of Gold I. xxi. 307 I would rive the heart out of my breast.

1928 Aberdeen Press & Jrnl. 8 Nov. 6 Some fowk 'at reeve them [sc. potatoes] up say they wid be heatin' in the pit.

1997 D. Glen From Upland Man 8 The loft's being cleart o hey and the heid-stalls rived oot.

c. To tear, wrench, or pull away from.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > impelling or driving > pushing and pulling > push and pull [verb (transitive)] > pull > away > away, out, or off violently

rend?c1225

rendc1225

rasea1387

renta1398

renda1400

racea1413

rachec1425

rivec1440

rash1485

rush1485

ranch1579

c1440 (?a1400) Sir Perceval (1930) l. 2157 (MED) Hir clothes ther scho rafe hir fro.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Comm. on Canticles (Univ. Oxf. 64) in Psalter (1884) 518 Deuyls, the whilk cruelly ryuys saules fra god.

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 835 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 121 The tuchet..Raif his taile fra his rig.

1554 J. Knox Faythfull Admon. sig. C5 That God..haue much to do to ryffe or plucke any man backe from their forefathers footesteppes.

1696 A. Telfair True Relation Apparition 9 He intreated his Neighbours to help, and cryed, it would rive the side from him.

1814 Ld. Byron Corsair iii. vi. 73 Thy loved one from thee riven.

1863 S. Baring-Gould Iceland 129 The cold hands came down on Grettir's arms, riving them from their hold.

1908 M. J. Cawein Poems II. 159 And like a weapon, riven from its sheath, The wind sweeps, and the tempest grinds its teeth.

1938 J. Davidman Let. to Comrade 39 Nor [shall] the claws of doom Pluck at my body and rive the shuddering spirit From its last love.

1997 W. Self Great Apes (1998) xv. 263 A buried, phyletic memory, riven from the artist's waking mind.

2000 M. Fitt But n Ben A-go-go xx. 148 The Diamond had peyed millions tae a team o scotlandologists tae rive the ancient stanes fae the sea bed and reset them on the ben.

4. figurative and hyperbolical.

a. transitive. To rend (the heart, soul, etc.) with painful thoughts or feelings.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > cause anguish to or torment [verb (transitive)]

quelmeOE

eatc1000

martyrOE

fretc1175

woundc1175

to-fret?c1225

gnawc1230

to-traya1250

torment1297

renda1333

anguish1340

grindc1350

wringc1374

debreakc1384

ofpinec1390

rivea1400

urn1488

reboil1528

whip1530

cruciate1532

pinch1548

spur-galla1555

agonize1570

rack1576

cut1582

excruciate1590

scorchc1595

discruciate1596

butcher1597

split1597

torture1598

lacerate1600

harrow1603

hell1614

to eat upa1616

arrow1628

martyrize1652

percruciate1656

tear1666

crucify1702

flay1782

wrench1798

kill1800

to cut up1843

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 26015 (MED) Þarfor agh sinful man and wijf On þis maner þair hert to rijf.

a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) 4500 (MED) For verray dool..her hertys felt almost ryve a-sonder.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 149 Those lurdans wote not what thay say; thay ryfe my hede.

1598 T. Tyro Roring Megge sig. B3^v No Ouids art, No Nestors tongue can riue thy flintie heart.

1647 H. More Exorcismus in Wks. (1878) 177 What's this that..Rives my close-straitned heart?

1713 J. Addison Cato ii. v. 28 Why will you rive my Heart with such Expressions?

1795 H. Macneill Scotland's Skaith xlii Jean's condition Rave his very heart in twa.

1817 J. B. Burges Advertisement ii. i. 146 Ye tak the ready course to rive my heart—to treat a peur wumman as she were a dog.

1822 E. Nathan Langreath III. 186 Deeply drawn sighs, which seemed to rive the agonized bosom from whence they issued.

1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xlviii. 74 All thoughts to rive the heart are here, and all are vain.

1931 J. M. Murry Son of Woman ii. 134 He has finally broken something, deliberately riven his secret soul in sunder.

1972 Times 15 May 9/5 For all the surface glitter there are passages to rive the heart.

2006 M. Sharratt Vanishing Point xxix. 287 The memory of the home she would never see again rived her.

b. intransitive. Esp. of the heart: to break or burst with sorrow. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > broken-heartedness > break (of the heart) [verb (intransitive)]

burst?c1225

breakc1405

rivea1425

screevec1450

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 5718 She fightith with hym ay and stryueth That his herte a sondre ryueth.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. 1053 (MED) With þat word, þe kyng Alcamus Of malencolye felt his hert ryue.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. l. 6376 (MED) Alle her sorwes ȝif I shulde telle..Mi penne shuld of verray routhe rive.

1550 T. Lever Fruitfull Serm. in Shroudes sig. A.iiii Thys playne worde..wold make..oure hertes to ryue in peces.

?1596 J. Dickenson Shepheardes Complaint sig. B3 This said, he sighd, as though his heart would riue.

1620 F. Quarles Feast for Wormes xiii. sig. K O kill me (Lord) or lo, my heart will riue.

a1804 J. Tobin Curfew (1807) ii. 37 Adrian, Adrian! how my heart rives at that name!

1870 D. G. Rossetti Poems 142 He prays you, as his heart would rive,..To save his dear son's soul alive.

1907 M. Johnston Goddess of Reason ii. 83 They say for love her heart did rive in twain.

c. intransitive. Scottish and Irish English (northern). Of a person, the stomach, etc.: to split or burst, esp. as a result of laughing or eating excessively.

ΚΠ

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 187 Thay fuffe at it, and blaw, Ay quhill thair belleis ryue.

1706 Blythsome Wedding in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1977) I. 72 There will be meal-kail and castocks With skink to sup till ye rive.

1718 A. Ramsay Christ's-kirk on Green ii. 19 Jock, wi laughing like to rive.

1786 R. Burns To Haggis in Poems & Songs (1968) I. 311 Then auld Guidman, maist like to rive, Bethankit hums.

1827 in G. R. Kinloch Ballad Bk. 68 Ye wad hae riven for laughter.

1884 D. Grant Lays & Legends of North 20 I winna drink anither drap! My head is like to rive.

1929 H. S. Morrison Mod. Ulster 37 As she finished her tenth cup of tea [he] called to her with evident anxiety, ‘Whammel, mother, or you'll rive.’

1955 W. P. Milne Eppie Elrick vii. 86 Better belly rive nur gweed mett be connacht.

1972 J. Ross Select. Caithness Dial. Words in D. Omand Caithness Bk. 254 A'm lek till rive efter 'at feed.

d. intransitive. Chiefly Scottish. To suffer pangs; to be in pain. Frequently in to rive with hunger.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > suffer or cause type of pain [verb (intransitive)]

rive1586

the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > suffer or cause type of pain [verb (intransitive)] > suffer pangs of hunger or thirst

rive1586

clem1600

1586 D. Rowland tr. Lazarillo de Tormes sig. Cviii^v My stomacke began to riue for hunger.

1877 R. De B. Trotter Galloway Gossip Sixty Years Ago 343 A lot of folk riving with hunger.

1916 M. Maclean Songs Roving Celt 15 'Twas late at e'en or I cam' hame wi' hunger rivin' sair.

1967 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 465/1 [Kirkcudbrightshire] The wife says she is rivin wi' hunger.

5. transitive. Scottish and English regional (chiefly northern). To plough (untilled ground); to break up (the ground) for use as arable land. Frequently with out, up. Also intransitive.Quot. 1573 reflects early use in Suffolk. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Caithness, Aberdeenshire, and Angus in 1968.

ΚΠ

1535 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Brechinensis (1856) II. 186 Wilȝam Dempstar [and others]..has rewyn out telit and sawyn ane part tharof [sc. the common].

1536 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. (1883) 394/2 To ryfe out, breke, and teill yeirlie 1000 acris of thair..landis.

1572 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxiii. 271 Now mon thay..Ryue out the Mures, the bestialls gers intak.

1573 P. Moore Almanack C v b Riffe up your ley grounde for Otes.

1699 in A. Watt Early Hist. Kintore (1865) 30 For riving out three furrs out of the comontie.

1787 R. Burns Death & Dr. Hornbook xxiii, in Poems (new ed.) 62 His braw calf-ward whare gowans grew, Sae white an' bonie, Nae doubt they'll rive it wi' the plew.

1787 in W. Cudworth Manningham, Heaton, & Allerton (1896) 330 That they will not..plow, grave, or rive up any Part of the Close of Land.

1816 W. Scott Black Dwarf i, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. I. 29 Ill wad he hae liked to hae seen that braw sunny knowe a' riven out wi' the pleugh.

1856 G. Henderson Pop. Rhymes Berwick 70 Where the scythe cuts, and the sock rives.

1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words 580 Rive, to plough; especially to plough up old or virgin pasture land.

1933 Scots Mag. Feb. 329 So soon's they moved in to some fresh bit farm they'd rive up the earth.

1952 E. Hughes N. Country Life 18th Cent. I. iv. 137 Thomas did not scruple to rive up grass land and grow catch crops.

II. Senses relating to piercing, splitting, or cleaving.

†6. intransitive. With through or (occasionally) into. To pierce, cut, or run through a person or animal. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > cut [verb (intransitive)]

carve?c1225

rivec1275

shearc1275

cutc1400

racea1413

incise?1541

slash1548

slive1558

hackle1577

haggle1577

slice1606

snipa1680

chip1844

bite1849

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > become or make perforated [verb (intransitive)] > make (a) hole(s) > with something sharp > as a sharp instrument

biteOE

rivec1275

piercea1325

thringc1330

soundc1374

thirlc1374

lancec1400

racea1420

entail1590

empierce1797

stab1897

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11948 [He] smat i þere breoste. þat þat spere þurh raf [c1300 Otho þorh rof].

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 13259 Beofs..smot hine..þat þe spere deore rof þorh þan swere.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 2 Kings. ii. 23 Abner smoot him with the spere..and roof thorouȝ [a1382 E. V. stikide hym thurȝ; L. transfodit], and he was deed.

1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 138 Iason toke his swerd & roof into the paunche of the dragon.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 5907 He bere to þe bold with a big sworde, And rof þurgh the Ribbes right to þe hert.

a. transitive. To sever, cleave, or divide, by means of a sword or similar weapon; to pierce (through). Also reflexive and figurative. Now rare and archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > wound > pierce

asnesec880

prickOE

stickOE

through-stitchc1230

threstc1275

rivec1330

dartc1374

gridea1400

tanga1400

prochea1425

launch1460

accloy1543

gag1570

pole1728

spigota1798

assegai1834

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make holes in [verb (reflexive)] > pierce with something sharp

rivec1330

spike1687

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > cleave or split [verb (transitive)]

to-cleavec888

cleavea1100

forcleavec1290

shidec1315

rivec1330

sheara1340

carvec1374

slivea1400

thrusche1483

porfend1490

splet1530

share?1566

spleet1585

splint1591

split1595

diverberate1609

fissure1656

spall1841

balkanize1942

society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > cut or penetrate (of weapon) [verb (transitive)] > strike with pointed weapon > thrust a pointed weapon

putc1275

shovec1275

rivec1330

stickc1390

stub1576

haft1582

uphilt1582

gar1587

embosom1590

emboss1590

flesh1590

imbrue1590

stabc1610

scour1613

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed

shearOE

sting993

stickOE

spita1225

wound?c1225

stitchc1230

pitcha1275

threstc1275

forprick1297

steekc1300

piercec1325

rivec1330

dag?a1400

jag?a1400

lancec1400

pickc1400

tamec1400

forpierce1413

punch1440

launch1460

thringc1485

empiercec1487

to-pierce1488

joba1500

ding1529

stob?1530

probe1542

enthrill1563

inthirlc1580

cloy1590

burt1597

pink1597

lancinate1603

perterebrate1623

puncture1675

spike1687

skiver1832

bepierce1840

gimlet1841

prong1848

javelin1859

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 886 (MED) Schaftes þai gun schake And riuen sheldes briȝt, Crounes þai gun crake.

c1400 (?a1300) King Alexander (Laud 622) l. 2280 Ramel he took on þe wombe, And roof hym þorouȝ als a lombe.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1341 At þe gargulun bigynez on þenne..Ryuez hit vp radly ryȝt to þe byȝt.

a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) 2520 (MED) He..Hent a swerd..And rove hym-silf euen to the herte.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 316 b/2 He sayd yf it be trewe..late a swerd ryue me thurgh my body.

a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) 3372 (MED) Ryche helmes they Roffe and rente.

1568 J. Rowll Cursing 224 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS And blame the scheiris that raif the skreid.

1594 1st Pt. Raigne Selimus sig. C4 Vpon my swords sharpe point standeth pale death Readie to riue in two thy caitiue brest.

1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion vii. 105 Marcely,..Inrag'd and mad with griefe, himselfe in two did riue.

1668 Bp. E. Hopkins Serm. (1685) 57 What torments the conscience feels, when God causes his sword to enter into it, to rive it.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xx. 475 Achilles drove his spear, And rived his skull.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. iii. vii. 207 With fire-words the exasperated rude Titan rives and smites these Girondins.

1873 L. Wallace Fair God vii. xi. 515 A thrust of the sword,—quick, but true, riving both the shield and the arm.

1939 Stud. Philol. 36 574 Death..would rive the heart with his spear and go his silent way.

1958 T. H. White Once & Future King iii. xix. 420 It gave him a dreadful wound in the thigh, riving him to the hough bone.

†b. transitive. To drive (a weapon) through or (occasionally) into a person or thing. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > cut [verb (transitive)] > cut through

shearOE

hacka1325

through-carvec1330

through-cutc1330

detrench1398

rivea1400

trench1483

cross-cut1590

rescind1598

transect1634

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) 7809 (MED) Þourȝe his body my swerd I ref.

c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 1793 This swerd thour out thyn herte shal I ryue.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 69/1 Eche toke other by the heed and roof their swerdes in to eche other sydes.

1790 M. O. Warren Ladies of Castile in Poems iv. v. 157 Sure nature joins to..rive the bolts [of lightning] through my distracted soul.

8. intransitive. To be split; to crack; to open up, to part. Also figurative. Now rare (poetic in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave

chinea700

to-chinec725

cleavea1225

to-cleavec1275

rivec1330

to-slentc1380

to-sundera1393

cracka1400

rifta1400

chapc1420

crevec1450

break1486

slave?1523

chink1552

chop1576

coame1577

cone1584

slat1607

cleft1610

splita1625

checka1642

chicka1642

flaw1648

shale1712

vent1721

spalt1731

star1842

seam1880

tetter1911

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 448 Mani schaft þer gan riue.

a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Serm. on Gospels (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Riven Quen crist deyed..roches raf als dos þe claye.

a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 636 Þaire sheldes sone bigan to ryve, Þaire shaftes cheverd.

c1500 Lyfe Roberte Deuyll 133 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 224 They feared that the house woulde ryue a sonder.

1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. aiij A lutynge for a glasse that ryveth upon the fyre.

1563 T. Sackville in W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) lxxix As though the heauens riued with the noyse.

1589 ‘Pasquill of England’ Countercuffe sig. Aij Theyr Religion like an ancient building, worne with..age, riues, and threatens ruine on euery side.

1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) v. viii. 537 All sorts of ashes, either of Wood or Coale, is a good manure..for ground that is apt to chap or riue.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Berks. 81 The Oake..may be called cowardly, as riving and splitting round about the passage of the bullet.

1777 Witty Exploits G. Buchanan (new ed.) iii. 18 The bell would rive at the touch of a guilty person.

1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel Notes 271 Sutor Wat, ye cannot sew your boots; the heels risp, and the seams rive.

1876 Ld. Tennyson Harold ii. ii. 70 Why let earth rive, gulf in These cursed Normans.

1907 F. B. T. Coutts-Nevill Romance of King Arthur 28 In wedlock should be born A son to Uther, lest the realm should rive.

1951 W. C. Williams Paterson IV. §iii Here's to the baby, May it thrive! Here's to the labia That rive To give it place In a stubborn world.

a. transitive. To split or cleave (a material thing), esp. by means of shock or violent impact.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (transitive)] > crack, split, or fissure

to-slita1250

rivea1400

slatterc1400

chapc1460

chip1508

gaig1584

spleet1585

split1595

chink1599

chawn1602

slent1605

slat1607

sliver1608

speld1616

crevice1624

checka1642

chicka1642

crack1664

splice1664

sleave-

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22636 (MED) Þe deuels vte sal be fordriuen O þat erth þat sal be riuen.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 148 (MED) Ten schippes wer dryuen, þorgh ille auisement, þorgh a tempest ryuen.

1467 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1467/1/4 At na merchandis gudis be revin nor spilt with unresonable stollin.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. UUUvi This dethe..dyd ryue the myghty and stronge wall of the [temple].

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. xcj^v [They] shot..great stones.., the strokes whereof..shaked, crushed and riued y^e walles.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. ii. 29 Ten thousand French haue tane the Sacrament, To ryue their dangerous Artillerie Vpon..English Talbot.

1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures lxxi. 288 After this, he..caused all the lesser Ordnance to be rived asunder, and the greater..to be cloyed.

1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence ii. lxxi. 76 Repentance..quells the Brand by which the Rocks are riven.

1771 J. Beattie Minstrel: Bk. 1st l. 26 Like yonder blasted boughs by lightning riven.

1803 R. Heber Palestine 8 Where the tempest rives the hoary stone.

1868 A. W. Kinglake Invasion of Crimea (ed. 4) IV. v. 170 The taller horsemen who were riving it [sc. the column] deeper and deeper.

1885 Edinb. Rev. July 138 That action can be at once arrested by grouting or running in with cement..the seams that rive the rock.

1907 T. B. Aldrich Poems 234 An age of great events Such as men never saw, nor will again Until the globe be riven by God's fire.

1986 D. Shields Dead Lang. (1990) ix. 65 Moses..whose Ten Commandments tablet God rived in half.

b. transitive. To make (a way) through something by piercing, cleaving, or splitting. Also with out of. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xii. lxxxii. 229 You deere lims.., Through which my cruell blade this flood-gate roue.

1715 J. Browne & W. Oldisworth State Tracts II. 31 Softest Streams thro' Marble Quarries drive, And by Degrees thro' Flints a passage rive.

1857 J. E. Reade Poet. Wks. (new ed.) IV. 90 The great fight was over, cleaving through their host our path was riven.

1864 T. A. Trollope Beppo iv. 215 The walls of rock, through which a road-maker..has riven a passage for the waters of the Cardigliano.

1997 T. Hughes Tales from Ovid 129 The meaty fruit her father implanted Has ripened in the bole. Past its term, It heaves to rive a way out of its mother.

c. transitive. figurative. To divide; to split, esp. into opposing sides. Now usually in past participle.

ΚΠ

1842 Ladies' Garland 6 125/2 The union was riven When a voice from the skies call'd his idol to heaven.

1873 Catholic World Jan. 534/1 He thought to weld a mighty nation into one empire; he has riven it in twain in his unblest attempt.

1904 Korea Rev. Dec. 570 The Koreans saw in this move the entering wedge which would rive the country.

1971 E. Ginzberg Manpower for Devel. xix. 314 Attempts to nationalize the health and employment services, which could have riven his party.

1998 Guardian 22 Sept. 6/8 The avenging, evangelical prosecutor seems never to give a thought to how his relentless chase is riving the nation.

2003 Science 17 Oct. 376/1 The improbable return of hormesis from the scientific wilderness..has riven the toxicology community.

10. Now U.S.

(a) transitive. To split (wood or stone) along the grain with an axe, hatchet, or similar tool. Also with into, up. Also intransitive and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > cut or cleave

rive1440

slit1522

part1923

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 435 Ryvyn, or clyvyn, as men doo woodde, findo.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 692/2 I ryve wodde in to byllettes, or splentes, or suche lyke, je fends.

1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 16 Nitrum is a stone..easie to be riuen.

1622 Bp. J. Hall Contempl. VI. O.T. xvii. 154 That wood which a single yron could not riue, is soone splitted with a double wedge.

1622 Relation Eng. Plantation Plimoth, New Eng. 24 We went on shore, some to fell tymber, some to saw, some to riue, and some to carry.

1670 J. Eachard Grounds Contempt of Clergy 22 As for him that rives Blocks, or carries Packs, there is..no great Intellectual Pensiveness.

1740 E. Spelman tr. Xenophon Exped. Cyrus I. iv. 271 Xenophon was so hardy as to rise naked, and rive Wood.

1793 W. Windham Let. 7 Nov. in E. Burke Corr. (1968) VII. 442 The progress of the Northern armies must of necessity be slow; They are there riving the Block at the Knotty end.

1830 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 43 22 When this politic purpose had been sufficiently answered, it was riven up for fuel.

1849 A. C. Gibson Old Man xi. 133 The slate sheds, where the men are engaged in riving and dressing the slate.

1916 H. K. Benson By-products of Lumber Industry 108 Laths are made by the natives by riving the coarse, fibrous wood..into pieces.., by means of large knives.

1972 E. Wigginton Foxfire Bk. 45 The trunk is cut into two-foot lengths. Then it is split up into ‘bolts’ and the bolts are ‘rived’ into one-half inch thick slices.

1991 Amer. Woodworker June 36/1 The ax rives the wood by following the grain.

(b) transitive. To make (laths, shingles, etc.) by splitting wood in this way. Also with out, off.

ΚΠ

1610 [implied in: 1610 in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1898) 13 524 A lath Ryver. (at lath-river n. at lath n. Compounds 3)].

1618 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1889) IV. 359 For ij men to rive lathes.

1651 in C. R. Lounsbury Illustr. Gloss. Early Southern Archit. & Landscape (1994) 308 To rive all the boards.

1786 in C. R. Lounsbury Illustr. Gloss. Early Southern Archit. & Landscape (1994) 308 Ch. Dickinson began to Rive laths & nail them on.

1846 Ladies' Respository July 224/1 With the froe they rive shingles, and sometimes boards.

1891 M. M. Dowie Girl in Karpathians 258 It is a stake of pine wood..commonly speaking rived off at an early period.

1895 A. Patterson Man & Nature on Broads 22 Years ago, afore laths was riv'.

1938 Mississippi: Guide to Magnolia State (Federal Writers' Project) 476 The builder..rived his shingles of cypress.

a1977 C. Caraway Foothold on Hillside (1986) i. 4 He would rive out long pieces for the rafters.

1992 Amer. Woodworker Feb. 21/1 I rive the turning billets directly from the log to ensure that the grain follows the length of the piece.

b. intransitive. Of wood or stone: to admit of being split along the grain; to split.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > cleave or split [verb (intransitive)] > be able to

rive1530

split1846

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 778/2 Wedge this blocke, it wyll ryve the soner.

1538 T. Elyot Dict. Cuneus, an axe to cutte woode, whiche is smalle and thyn before, and brode & thycke after, that the wodde may ryue the better.

a1699 J. Beaumont Suspirium ad Amorem in Minor Poems (1914) 301 The Flint That's in't Will Rive When Thou Vouchaf'st A Shaft To give The Blow.

1700 Philos. Trans. 1699 (Royal Soc.) 21 437 A Tree we call Cypress..; it is soft and spungy, will not Rive.

1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 119 The body of the willow tree rives into pales.

1811 J. Pinkerton Petralogy I. 432 All like sorts of stone that are composed of granules, will cut and rive in any direction.

1831 J. Hodgson in J. Raine Mem. (1858) II. 212 They rive, according to the term of the quarry-men, into thin..laminæ.

1909 Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters 4 157 A tree that will not rive is very seldom cut.

1973 J. Seymour & S. Seymour Self-sufficiency xviii. 238 It [sc. the sweet chestnut] will rive (split straight—a most important achievement).

2006 N. G. Evans Windsor-chair Making in Amer. ii. 92 Straight-grained hardwood was chosen for turnings. It rived and turned best when relatively ‘green’.

III. Senses relating to robbing or pillaging. Cf. reave v.¹

11.

a. intransitive. To commit robbery; to pillage. Also: to steal from a person. Scottish and English regional (northern) in later use.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > spoliation or depredation > commit depredation [verb (intransitive)]

reaveOE

preyc1325

pillc1390

spoilc1400

spreathc1425

rive1489

poinda1500

to rug and reavea1500

to pill and poll1528

pilfer1548

fleece1575

plunder1642

spulyie1835

1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) xvi. 551 On west half towart Dunferlyng Tuk land and fast begouth to ryve [1487 St. John's Cambr. reif].

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward V f. ix^v There deuyse they newe robberies nightely and steale oute and robbe, riue, and kyll menne.

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Glendower ix Bent my selfe to rob and ryue.

c1638 Tractatus Legum Navalium 64 Luggage is not pluck up fare, for everie on rives from another.

1816 W. Scott Antiquary II. ix. 240 In the auld times o' rugging and riving through the hail country.

1858 J. Rayson Misc. Poems & Ballads 7 I've nought but sarvants riving frae me.

1942 P. Wettstein Phonol. Berwickshire Dial. 83 Rive, (also = steal).

†b. transitive. Scottish. To rob (a person). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > spoliation or depredation > despoil or prey upon [verb (transitive)]

reaveOE

stripa1225

pill?c1225

robc1225

peela1250

despoil1297

raimc1300

spoilc1330

spoila1340

to pull a finch (also pigeon, plover, etc.)c1387

despoil1393

preya1400

spoila1400

spulyiea1400

unspoila1400

riflec1400

poll1490

to pill and poll1528

to poll and pill1528

exspoila1530

pilyie1539

devour?1542

plume1571

rive1572

bepill1574

fleece1575

to prey over1576

pread1577

disvaledge1598

despoliate1607

to make spoil of1613

expilate1624

to peel and poll1641

depredate1651

violatea1657

disvalise1672

to pick feathers off (a person)1677

to make stroy of1682

spoliate1699

pilfer1714

snabble1725

rump1815

vampire1832

sweat1847

ploat1855

vampirize1888

1572 R. Sempill Lament. Commounis Scotl. (single sheet) We commounis all..That had sic peice,..now allace ar rugit, reuin and rent.

c1600 Hist. & Life James VI (1825) 52 The people..war becum of sik dissolute..actions, that nayne was in accompt bot he that could ather kill or reve [ed. 1804 ryve] his nychtbour.

1610 in J. D. Marwick Rec. Convent. Royal Burghs Scotl. (1870) II. 305 Certain pirattis..spoiling and riving all persons be sie.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	rive
释义	riven.¹ Brit. /riːv/, U.S. /riv/ Forms: Middle English reyne (transmission error), Middle English ride (transmission error), Middle English riue, Middle English rye (transmission error), Middle English ryue, Middle English–1500s ryve, 1900s– rive; Scottish pre-1700 rife, pre-1700 riue. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French rive. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman ryve, Anglo-Norman and Old French rive (c1100; Middle French, French rive ) < classical Latin rīpa riverbank (see ripa n.²). Compare Old Occitan riba , Catalan riba (12th cent.), Spanish riba (10th cent.), Portuguese riba (13th cent.), Italian riva (late 13th cent.). Compare also post-classical Latin rivus riverbank (1274 in a British source), probably showing confusion with classical Latin rīvus stream (see rive n.³).Earliest attested in a surname; compare also Walter de la Rive (1237), Hugh de la Ryve (1287), although it is unclear whether these are to be interpreted as reflecting the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word. Compare also rive n.³ and discussion at riveling n. Now rare. (English regional (southern) in later use). A shore, a riverbank; a landing place. Frequently as a mass noun. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > seashore or coast > [noun] sea-warthc888 sea-rimOE sea-strandc1000 sandc1275 rive1296 bankc1350 sea-banka1375 sea-coasta1400 coastc1400 warthc1450 ripec1475 landsidec1515 seashore1526 banksidec1540 brinish brink1594 shorea1616 ore1652 outland1698 sea beach1742 table-shore1849 playa1898 treaty coast1899 treaty shore1901 beach1903 the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > bank > [noun] > of river sidec1275 rive1296 bankc1303 brae1330 riversidea1425 brook-sidec1450 ripec1475 pleyc1503 riverbanka1522 burn-sidec1540 greave1579 wharf1603 watera1800 riva1819 brook-bank1861 riverine1864 hag1886 1296 in W. Hudson Three Earliest Subsidies Sussex (1910) 37 (MED) Robto ate Riue. c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 132 (MED) Bliþe beo we on lyue, Vre schup is on ryue. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 1369 Now bringeþ me atte riue Schip and oþir þing. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vi. l. 1429 Whan they herde hou Uluxes Is londed ther upon the ryve. 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 106 In alle parties a long by the Ryue of the cite. 1480 W. Caxton tr. Ovid Metamorphoses xi. ii To wesche and purge hym, he must goo ayenst the ryve of a flood or ryver. a1500 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Douce) (1890) l. 82 Kyng of Denmark..Was come in to Englond At the rye [Glossary ryve] vppon þe see strond. 1554 G. Makeson Genesis 3 in Innes Rev. (1966) 17 12 Noie..haid no knawlege of grund nor zit of rife bot knew rycht veil ye vattyr gae abak. 1599 A. Hume Epist. to G. Montcrieff in Hymnes sig. H3^v On the riue of Acheron..Awaitting fast quhile Charon take them in. 1911 H. Belloc First & Last 162 There is the knowledge of how to bank rivers which is called ‘throwing the rives’ in the South. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † riven.² Forms: Middle English ryve. Origin: Either (i) a word inherited from Germanic. Or (ii) a borrowing from Frisian. Or (iii) a borrowing from Dutch. Or (iv) a borrowing from Icelandic. Or (v) a borrowing from Norwegian. Or (vi) a borrowing from Swedish. Or (vii) a borrowing from Danish. Etymons: Frisian rīve; Dutch rīve; Icelandic hrífa; Norwegian riva; Swedish riva; Danish riuæ. Etymology: Either cognate with, or borrowed from one of, the following forms in other Germanic languages: Old Frisian rīve (West Frisian riuwe ), Middle Dutch rīve (Dutch rijf ), Old Icelandic hrífa, Norwegian (Nynorsk) riva, Old Swedish riva (Swedish regional riva ), Old Danish riuæ (Danish rive ) < the same Germanic base as rive v.³ Obsolete. rare. = rake n.¹ 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > rake rakeeOE rivec1300 ratell1489 scratchc1619 c1300 in J. L. Fisher Medieval Farming Gloss. (1968) 31/2 Ryve. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 435 Ryve, or rake, rastrum. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020). † riven.³ Forms: late Middle English ryue, 1500s riue. Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from Latin. Or (ii) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: Latin rīvus ; rithe n. Etymology: Either < classical Latin rīvus stream ( < the same Indo-European base as rithe n., with different root extension), or a variant of rithe n. Obsolete. rare. A stream, a rill. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > rill rive1489 purla1552 rilla1552 rilleta1552 strippet1577 prill1603 rillock1893 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes i. xvii. 58 Somtyme..an ost must passe ouer grete watres & ryues [Fr. fleuues et riuieres; L. flumina..maiora.]. 1533–4 Act 25 Hen. VIII c. 7 Anie streites, riuers, riues, or brokes, salte or freshe within the realme. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020). riven.⁴ Brit. /rʌɪv/, U.S. /raɪv/, Scottish English /raɪv/ Forms: 1500s ryue, 1800s– rive (English regional (northern)); Scottish pre-1700 rywe, 1700s– rive, 1800s– riv (Shetland). Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rive v.¹ Etymology: < rive v.¹ Chiefly Scottish. 1. Scottish and English regional (northern). A crack or fissure; a tear or rip; a scratch. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in the Northern Isles, northern Scotland, Angus, West Lothian, and Lanarkshire in 1968. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > [noun] > a crack or breach chinec888 bruche?a1300 crevice1382 scar1390 scorec1400 rimea1425 riftc1425 riving1440 creekc1480 brack1524 rive1527 bruise1530 crack1530 chink1545 chap1553 riff1577 chop1578 chinker1581 coane1584 fraction1587 cranice1603 slifter1607 fracture1641 shake1651 snap1891 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. aiij And so ordred laye it to the ryue of the glasse standynge upon the fyre. 1662 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 611 We will haw the byttis, and rywis, and scrattis in owr bodies. 1788 E. Picken Poems & Epist. 38 A sharp-nos'd hard whun-stane Gied you a rive. 1822 H. Ainslie Pilgrimage to Land of Burns 199 A lang boat..cam scouting out frae the rive in the crab-craigs. 1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words (at cited word) He's getten a big rive in his cwoat tail. c1920 A. Robb Memories of Mormondside (MS) in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 465/2 Them that fechts wi' the cat man thool her rives. 1987 F. Graham New Geordie Dict. 39 Rive, a rent in a garment. 2. Scottish. A bite of food, a mouthful. Also figurative. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in north-eastern Scotland, Midlothian, Lanarkshire, and Kirkcudbrightshire in 1968. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > amounts of food > [noun] > small quantity breadeOE crumbc975 snedec1000 snodec1150 morselc1300 swallow1340 modicumc1400 mouthful?c1450 tasting1526 taste1530 buckone1625 morceau1778 rive1793 nibble?1828 munchet1845 moufful1896 niblet1896 snade1901 nugget1951 nibbly1978 1793 T. Scott Poems 351 Nae mair a rive o' gait, or fowl, Ha'f rough, ha'f roastet on a coal. 1822 J. Hogg Three Perils of Man II. vii. 246 A little hollow place in a wild moor,..where our horses get nothing but a rive o' heather. 1894 J. B. Salmond My Man Sandy (rev. ed.) vi. 57 He took a rive ooten a penny lafe. 1914 J. Leatham Daavit 114 Fin the aul' maids get a wint o' that loat [sc. novels], they'll be doon in full force ti get the first rive o' them. 1941 C. Gavin Black Milestone vii You chaps got a richt rive o' an ett. 3. Scottish. A pull, a tug. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in northern and east central Scotland and Lanarkshire in 1968. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > impelling or driving > pushing and pulling > [noun] > pulling > a pull pullc1390 draw1655 haul1670 shrug1742 rive1809 1809 T. Donaldson Poems 90 She gied them mony a wicked rive. 1855 H. Ainslie Sc. Songs, Ballads, & Poems 67 Sair's the rive that breaks the twist Which binds our hearts in ane. 1895 S. R. Crockett Men of Moss-hags lii. 376 With one rive he tore it from its fastenings. c1920 A. Robb Memories of Mormondside (MS) in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 465/2 The reid-heidet chiel cam and took a rive o' Geordie and said it was rusin' time. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). rivev.¹ Brit. /rʌɪv/, U.S. /raɪv/ Inflections: Past tense rived; past participle riven Brit. /ˈrɪvn/, U.S. /ˈrɪv(ə)n/, rived; Forms: 1. Present stem. α. Middle English–1600s riue, Middle English–1600s ryue, Middle English–1600s ryve, Middle English– rive, late Middle English ryvy (probably transmission error), late Middle English rywe; English regional (northern) 1800s ryve, 1800s– rahve, 1800s– rauve, 1900s– raave, 1900s– rhave; Scottish pre-1700 reve, pre-1700 riue, pre-1700 riwe, pre-1700 ryiue, pre-1700 ryive, pre-1700 ryue, pre-1700 rywe, pre-1700 1700s– rive, pre-1700 1700s– ryve. a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 15 Þung [read ȝung] and old and brith an-siene, al he [sc. death] riueth an his streng.c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 3255 His launce gan to riue And tobrast on peces fiue.c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 2439 I rede thow ryde vttere, Lesse þat þey rywe the with theire rownnd wapyn.a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Comm. on Canticles (Univ. Oxf. 64) in Psalter (1884) 518 Deuyls, the whilk cruelly ryuys saules fra god.c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) i. 16 Lucan..said that the vecht of rome, suld gar it ryue in mony partis.1699 in A. Watt Early Hist. Kintore (1865) 30 For riving out three furrs out of the comontie.1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 119 The body of the willow tree rives into pales.1856 G. Henderson Pop. Rhymes Berwick 70 Where the scythe cuts, and the sock rives.1889 J. Nicholson Folk-speech E. Yorks. 80 Scrat her ees oot, Molly; or else she'll rahve thi hair.1905 W. Watson Glimpses o' Auld Lang Syne 131 Ye're a great feel to ryve and full muck.1939 Stud. Philol. 36 574 Death..would rive the heart with his spear and go his silent way. β. Chiefly northern Middle English rif, Middle English rife, Middle English rijf, Middle English ryfe, Middle English ryff, Middle English ryffe, Middle English–1500s riffe; Scottish pre-1700 rif, pre-1700 rife, pre-1700 riff, pre-1700 riffe, pre-1700 ryf, pre-1700 ryfe, pre-1700 ryff, pre-1700 ryffe, pre-1700 ryif. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 26015 Þarfor agh sinful man and wijf On þis maner þair hert to rijf.c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 362 I sall..ryfe it in sondyre.1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xx. 255 Thair mycht men se men rif thar hare.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 13 To were my shoyn & ryfe my hose. ▸ ?a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 36 Ane rude speir..did his precious body ryff.1573 P. Moore Almanack C vj Riffe up your layed land.1594 J. Colville Orig. Lett. (1858) 115 To keip this man to be ane wage of his awin wood to ryif him.a1600 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 108 To ryfe the lyfe out of my bodie. 2. Past tense. a. Strong. α. Chiefly northern Middle English raf, Middle English rafe, Middle English raffe, Middle English rave, Middle English–1500s raue, late Middle English rayue (northern); English regional (northern) 1800s– rahve, 1800s– rave; Scottish pre-1700 raef, pre-1700 raeff, pre-1700 raf, pre-1700 rafe, pre-1700 raif, pre-1700 raife, pre-1700 raiff, pre-1700 raue, pre-1700 rawe, pre-1700 rayf, pre-1700 1700s– rave, pre-1700 1800s raive, 1800s raeve (Shetland). c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11948 [He] smat i þere breoste. þat þat spere þurh raf [c1300 Otho þorh rof].a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7510 I þair chafftes raue [Gött. raf] in tua.c1450 (a1425) Metrical Paraphr. Old Test. (Selden) l. 5824 The prophett by þe mantyll he hentt, so þat [yt] rayue and worthed to wast.c1480 (a1400) St. Clement 93 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 375 Scho..grat, & rawe hir hare.1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. xlvii. 160 It raue clene in sondre.1558 in C. S. Romanes Sel. Rec. Regality of Melrose (1917) III. 160 Matho violentlie raef the samyn precept furth of our handis.1603 Reg. Privy Counc. Scotl. VI. 589 [He] raive and distroyit it.1621 in C. Innes Black Bk. Taymouth (1855) 372 He raif up sum sauch and haisseill to teill land.1718 A. Ramsay Christ's-kirk on Green iii. 29 Wi her Nails she rave his Face.1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 190 [They] rugg't and rave them out.1871 W. Alexander Johnny Gibb x. 62 But 's wife's freens raive a heap o' 't aff o' 'im fan he wus livin'.1898 R. Blakeborough Wit N. Riding Yorks. 435 He..rahve it reet across.1920 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. (at cited word) [Caithness] 'E win' rave 'e reef off o' the hoose.1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/2 He rāve it ti bits. β. Middle English rof, Middle English rofe, Middle English roff, Middle English roffe, Middle English roof, Middle English roofe, Middle English rooff, Middle English rooffe, Middle English 1600s rove, Middle English–1600s roue; English regional (chiefly northern) 1800s– rauve, 1800s– rov, 1800s– rove, 1800s– ruv, 1900s– rooave; Scottish pre-1700 roif, 1700s roove (north-eastern), 1900s– rove. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 13259 Þe spere..rof þorh þan swere.a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 9287 Hys rolle to-braste and rofe.c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 2346 Fyrst I mansed þe muryly with a mynt one, & roue þe wyth no rof-sore.c1450 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Fairf. 16) (1879) l. 661 He..roof hym-self anoon thurgh-out the herte. ▸ a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 69 She..rove [1485 Caxton rofe] hirselff thorowoute the body.a1525 G. Myll Spectakle of Luf in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 283 [She] set the pomell of the sword to the erd and roif hir self throw the hart.1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Kings xiii. 5 Y^e altare roue.c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 10298 Þai..Rofe hit full Roidly.1631 D. Lloyd Legend Capt. Iones 4 Then came his good sword.., Which pierc't skin, ribs, and riffe, and rove her heart.1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 24 She ran an' skream'd, an' roove out at her hair.1807 in Allan's Tyneside Songs (1891) 90 Aw..Rove my breeks.1869 E. Waugh Snowed-up iii. 61 They rove (tore) his white sheet into ribbins.1877 F. Ross et al. Gloss. Words Holderness Rauve, p[ast] t[ense] of to rive, or tear.1904 J. H. Brown in Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 129/2 [Nottinghamshire] He rove it a two.1995 A. Fenton Craiters ii. 67 I geed tae Lewis fin e win rove in a windae in e lounge. γ. Middle English reefe, Middle English ref, Middle English reffe, Middle English reue; English regional (northern) 1800s– reave, 1800s– reavv; Scottish pre-1700 reaf, pre-1700 reav, pre-1700 reife, pre-1700 reiffe, 1800s reave (north-eastern), 1800s reive (north-eastern), 1800s rieve (north-eastern), 1800s– reeve (north-eastern), 1900s– rev (Orkney). a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 7809 Þourȝe his body my swerd I ref [Vesp. draif].a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 24420 Þe temple fra þe rof it ref [Vesp. raf, Fairf. rafe].a1500 (a1450) Partonope of Blois (BL Add.) (1912) l. 4103 Wyth þe dynt þe sadyll reffe.a1540 (c1460) G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander 545 Sum he reaf with his tuskis and thame ett.1567 in P. F. Tytler Hist. Scotl. (1864) III. 247 I wald ye reif this after the reading.1684 in G. S. Pryde Court Bk. Kirkintilloch (1963) 130 [She] beat the said Jonnet and reav hir cloathes.1828 P. Buchan Anc. Ballads & Songs N. Scotl. II. 262 His father made moan, his mother made moan, But Meggie reave her yellow hair.1862 C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds & Neighbourhood xi Ah..reave me goon.1879 Eleven Years at Farm Work 5 Ane o' them ate taties and butter milk till he reive.1929 J. Milne Dreams o' Buchan 17 But O! it reeve my he'rt in twa.1956 C. M. Costie Benjie's Bodle 189 He cheust glowered at me an' rev on the lacer. δ. English regional 1800s riv. 1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 318 Riv, the preterite of the verb rive. This rhymes to sieve. b. Weak. α. late Middle English–1500s ryued, 1500s 1700s ryved, 1500s–1600s riued, 1500s– rived; English regional 1800s– rahv'd (Yorkshire), 1800s– reived (Northumberland); Scottish pre-1700 riued, pre-1700 ryved, pre-1700 rywed, pre-1700 1800s riv'd, 1900s– rived. 1496 Bk. J. Mandeville (Pynson) sig. cii The roche ryued in two and in that ryft he hyd hym.a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxiii. f. cliiii^v The wynde..ryued..ouer the nomber of C.vi. howses.1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes b iij b It riued a sunder their kyngdome.1595 E. Spenser Astrophel in Colin Clouts come Home Againe sig. F2^v That it both bone and muscles ryued quight.1619 J. Higgins Falles Vnfortunate Princes 271 He shriked so withall, As though the heauens riued with the noise.1669 Rec. Barony Court Holmains 11 Oct. In a dispute..when John ryved Williams coatt.1727 D. Defoe Protestant Monastery 14 She..used me in such a Manner as has riv'd my..Heart.1784 J. Byng Diary 19 July in C. B. Andrews Torrington Diaries (1934) I. 183 Miss Seward's poem..perfectly ryved my heart, and divested me of appetite.1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xx. 475 Achilles drove his spear, And rived his skull.1887 H. Caine Deemster III. xxxvii. 150 [I] rived them [sc. rabbits] asunder.1892 M. C. F. Morris Yorks. Folk-talk 294 T' lads 'as rahv'd t' yat off t' creeaks.1986 D. Shields Dead Lang. (1990) ix. 65 Moses..whose Ten Commandments tablet God rived in half. β. Scottish (north-eastern) 1900s– reeved. 1929 N. M. Campbell in T. W. Paterson Scotch Readings 2nd Ser. 86 The sooter tried to carv't. He reeved and howket wi't a' efterneen. 3. Past participle. a. Strong. α. Middle English iriuen, Middle English rifen (northern), Middle English ryffen (northern), Middle English ryfyn (northern), Middle English ryuyn (in a late copy), Middle English–1500s riuin, Middle English–1500s ryuen, Middle English–1500s ryven, Middle English–1600s riuen, 1500s– riven, 1700s– rivven (English regional); Scottish pre-1700 riffin, pre-1700 rivin, pre-1700 rivine, pre-1700 rivvin, pre-1700 riwin, pre-1700 ryveing, pre-1700 ryven, pre-1700 ryvin, pre-1700 ryvine, pre-1700 rywen, pre-1700 rywine, pre-1700 rywyn, pre-1700 1700s– riven, 1800s rivan (Orkney), 1900s– riv'n, 1900s– rivven, 1900s– ryv'n; N.E.D. (1909) also records a form late Middle English riven. c1300 St. Patrick's Purgatory (Laud) l. 281 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 208 Þis hokes and þis pikes weren faste i-riuen.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 4165 He riuen es Wit beistes wild.a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 3539 Þair sheldes war shiferd and helms rifen.c1480 (a1400) St. Adrian 346 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 282 Þane wes he..rywine & rente.1483 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 89074) (1881) 310/1 To be Ryven, fatiscere.1566 in E. Peacock Eng. Church Furnit. (1866) 48 Torn, broken, and ryven in peces.1621 R. Montagu Diatribæ Hist. Tithes 323 A rough knot, not riuen out.1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence ii. lxxi. 76 The Brand by which the Rocks are riven.1790 A. Wheeler Westmorland Dial. 53 We fand it [sc. goose] rivven ta Bits.1870 T. H. Huxley Lay Serm. (1874) xiv. 342 Riven by the lightenings.1880 W. T. Dennison Orcadian Sketch-bk. 38 Every stappal was rivan oot.1929 Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. at cited word She's like the wifie's pink e'e't tatties, she's sair riv'n oot.1984 J. Seymour Forgotten Arts (1985) 26/2 The best axe handles, or helves, are cut from billets of solid wood riven from a log at least 10 inches thick.1996 M. Flaws & G. Lamb Orkney Dict. 55/2 The wid in the deck o the boat is rivven wi the sun. β. Middle English iryue, Middle English reue, Middle English ryue, 1500s rive (archaic); English regional 1800s– riv', 1800s– riv; Scottish pre-1700 ryfe, pre-1700 ryve. a1325 St. Patrick (Corpus Cambr.) 331 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 97 Þis hokes & þis pikes were vaste iryue.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 1855 Ofte þei wende her shippe wold ha ryue [Vesp. suld riue, Fairf. to rife] Wiþ wynde or wawe or dynt of clyue.a1450 Generides (Pierpont Morgan) (1865) 6001 On the sheld that was reue..such a stroke he yeue.a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) iii. vi. 115 For tha partis..Be fors of storm war in sondir ryfe.a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) vii. ix. 111 Allace..we ar tobroke and ryve By the fatis.1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. xi. sig. X2^v That seem'd a marble rocke asunder could haue riue.1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 318 Our language requires riven, or as we call it riv. The latter word we rhyme to live; Rive to hive.1895 A. Patterson Man & Nature on Broads 22 Years ago, afore laths was riv'.1948 M. Carbery & E. Grey Herts. Heritage 126 'E'd a riv (reeved) the shirt off'n me back ef I'd let 'im. γ. Middle English reuen, Middle English reuin, Middle English reuyn, Middle English reuyne, Middle English reven, Middle English revyn, Middle English revyne, late Middle English reuenen (transmission error); Scottish pre-1700 ravein, pre-1700 ravin, pre-1700 reavin, pre-1700 reaving, pre-1700 refyn, pre-1700 reifen, pre-1700 reiffin, pre-1700 reiuen, pre-1700 reivin, pre-1700 reuin, pre-1700 reuyn, pre-1700 reven, pre-1700 revyn, pre-1700 revyne, pre-1700 rewand, pre-1700 rewen, pre-1700 rewin, pre-1700 rewine, pre-1700 rewyn, pre-1700 rewyne, pre-1700 (1800s Shetland) revin. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 22636 Þe erd þan sal it do to rift And vp vte of þe stede to lift, þe deuils vt sal be for-driuen Of þat erd þat sal be reuin [Vesp. riuen].c1425 (c1400) Laud Troy-bk. 13320 Ther schal be reuen many a scheld.c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 390 Þis..monke..wolde hafe revyn down þe ymage.c1480 (a1400) St. Peter 25 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 7 He wald haf refyn [him] sone.a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 1898 His westment rewyn al in raggis.c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vii. 55 This mantil..vas reuyn.1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 251 Quhair thay war reiuen in duigis.1611 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1889) 1st Ser. IX. 163 [They] rave the same in small peiceis, and bad the said messenger cary the same revin letters to his majestie.a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 776 In caise of agriement interchanging paperis may be brunt and ravein.1662 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Royal Burgh of Lanark (1893) 189 Appoynts his burges ticket to be reavin with touck of drum att the croce.1895 Williamson MSS 3 Mar. in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. at Riv He's revin aff o da sky noo. δ. English regional (chiefly northern) 1800s– rove, 1800s– ruv, 1900s– rawve; U.S. regional 1900s– rove; Scottish 1800s rove. 1802 [implied in: Naval Chron. 9 293 A rove-ash oar that will dress clean and light, is too pliant. (at rove adj.)].1871 S. S. Jones Northumberland 239 Thae places has been rove sin I luik'd at the goon afore.1896 J. M. Barrie Sentimental Tommy xix, 553 My gray sark is rove up the back.1896 Longman's Mag. Oct. 577 It wouldn't have rove if it hadn't been a twopenny-halfpenny thing out of a slop-shop.1904 H. Kingsford in Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 129/2 [Worcestershire] They posts are a bit rove.1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/2 He's rawve it i' hoals.1943 W. Faulkner Shingles for Lord in Sat. Evening Post 13 Feb. 15/2 If he had jest swung the frow half as fast as he swung it hard, he would have rove as many shingles as Solon and Homer together. ε. Scottish (chiefly southern) 1800s ra'an, 1800s reen, 1800s rien, 1800s ri'en, 1800s rine. 1821 A. Scott Poems 98 At mutches ri'en, and tousled hair.1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Ra'an..Torn, rent, riven, Dumfr[iesshire].1856 H. S. Riddell Gospel St. Matthew xxvii. 51 The veil o' the temple was reen a-twae frae the tap til the boddum.1870 R. Chambers Pop. Rhymes Scotl. 104 Tak the riddle and the rine [riven] dish.1899 R. Wallace Country Schoolmaster 352 Rien, contraction for riven. ζ. English regional (northern) 1800s– roven, 1800s– rovven, 1800s– ruvven; Scottish 1800s rouen. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Rouen..Rent, torn, riven..Roxb[urghshire].1849 Gloss. Prov. Words Teesdale 107 Roven, p[ast] pa[rticiple] of rive.1877 F. Ross et al. Gloss. Words Holderness 116 Ah've rovven mĭ britches wĭ this awd nail.1881 J. Sargisson Joe Scoap's Jurneh 7 He'd..ruvven t' brat off her.1895 Gentleman's Mag. Jan. 518 One of her lugs is roven off.1898 B. Kirkby Lakeland Words 60 T' rocks is roven i' tweea, an' splintered aboot.1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 105/1 T'whawl on't was rovven i' bits.1994 A. Kellett Yorks. Dict. 154/1 Rovven, torn. η. Scottish (Shetland) 1900s– rave. 1900 Shetland News 16 June 7/1 ‘Da first at I saw wis Geordie apo da kiel o' his back i' da owse room wi' da huggiestaff i' his haand.’ ‘Rave oot?’ ‘Yiss.’ b. Weak. α. late Middle English ryved, 1500s ryued, 1500s yriv'd (archaic), 1500s–1600s riu'd, 1600s– rived; Scottish pre-1700 ryved, 1900s– rived. ▸ a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 390 There she had ryved hym thorowe, had nat sir Hebes bene.a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxiii. f. cliiii^v Y^e rofe of saynt Mary Bowe in Chepe was also ryued.1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. vi. sig. F2^v That all his mayle yriv'd, and plates yrent, Shew'd all his bodie bare vnto the cruell dent.a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. iii. 6 When the scolding Winds Haue riu'd the knottie Oakes.1681 J. Flavell Method of Grace ii. 39 The tree..was rived asunder.1691 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Peebles (1910) 137 The clerk to extract it and delyver it to the officer to be ryved att the cros by tuik of drum.1782 E. Blower George Bateman I. 216 My heart is rived with agony!1891 M. M. Dowie Girl in Karpathians 258 It is a stake of pine wood..commonly speaking rived off at an early period.1997 D. Glen From Upland Man 8 The loft's being cleart o hey and the heid-stalls rived oot. β. Scottish 1800s– riven'd. 1829 J. Hay Poems 26 She prin'd her riven'd claithing.1928 J. G. Horne Lan'wart Loon 7 The trystit 'oor, he'd wairned his maik, Was ‘ten’ at Auchen's riven'd aik. Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymon: Icelandic rífa. Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic rífa, Norwegian rive, Old Swedish riva (Swedish riva), Old Danish rywæ (Danish rive)), cognate with Old Frisian -rīva (in ūtrīva to tear up, tear out) < the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek ἐρίπνη broken cliff, crag, classical Latin rīpa riverbank.Compare the semantically similar Germanic verbs cited at rive v.³ and wrive v., the forms of which in the various languages are not always easy to distinguish from each other, and which have clearly influenced each other semantically to some extent. In early Scandinavian a strong verb of Class I (compare Old Icelandic rífa , reif , rifum , rifinn ), and assimilated to the same class in English. Weak inflections first appear in the late 15th cent., in standard English eventually supplanting strong forms in the past tense but not completely in the past participle. The north-eastern Scottish γ. forms of the strong past tense show a regular local development of the high rounded vowel. Now somewhat archaic or literary in standard English, except in senses 9c and 10. I. Senses relating to tearing, rending, or pulling. 1. a. To tear apart or in pieces by pulling or tugging; to rend or lacerate. In early use also: †to destroy (obsolete). Now Scottish and English regional (northern). (a) transitive. literal. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] > tear apart to-loukc890 to-braidc893 to-tearc893 to-teec893 to-rendc950 to-breakc1200 to-tugc1220 to-lima1225 rivea1250 to-drawa1250 to-tosea1250 drawa1300 rendc1300 to-rit13.. to-rivec1300 to-tusec1300 rakea1325 renta1325 to-pullc1330 to-tightc1330 tirec1374 halea1398 lacerate?a1425 to-renta1425 yryve1426 raga1450 to pull to (or in) piecesc1450 ravec1450 discerp1483 pluck1526 rip1530 decerp1531 rift1534 dilaniate1535 rochec1540 rack1549 teasea1550 berend1577 distract1585 ream1587 distrain1590 unrive1592 unseam1592 outrive1598 divulse1602 dilacerate1604 harrow1604 tatter1608 mammocka1616 uprentc1620 divell1628 divellicate1638 seam-rend1647 proscind1659 skail1768 screeda1785 spret1832 to tear to shreds1837 ribbon1897 a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 15 (MED) Þung [read ȝung] and old and brith an-siene, al he [sc. death] riueth an his streng. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 4161 His kyrtil sal we riue and rend. ?a1425 (?c1350) Northern Passion (Rawl.) l. 2655 (MED) Scho couth noght wele him ken, So was he rugged, raced, and ryuen. a1500 (c1400) Vision of Tundale (Adv.) (1843) l. 284 Ychon..with oder dyd stryve And with her naylys her chekys dyd ryve. 1522 Worlde & Chylde (de Worde) (1909) sig. B.iv I praye you syr ryue me this cloute. a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. ii. 329 Monsieur Dosell and the Capitanis.., efter the reading of thame, began to ryve thair awin beardis. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 20 Thay sett vpon thame, and..thame onlie thay ryue with thair teith. 1638 R. Baillie Let. 22 July (1841) I. 76 They sett on him in the church, ryves his gowne,..and so..dismisses him. 1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride iii. i. 36 Then; will I..dash my Disfigured Face, and rive my clotted Hair. c1715 in J. Maidment Bk. Sc. Pasquils (1868) 393 Dee'l ryve and burst him. 1747 in W. Cramond Plundering of Cullen House (1887) 13 He saw some of the Highlandmen riving the papers. 1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet III. x. 291 What are ye pooin' me that gate for?—Ye will rive my coat. 1862 C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds & Neighbourhood Gloss. 394 Rive us that sheet o' paaper i' two. a1909 A. Anderson Later Poems (1912) 230 The mair I think the mair I rive my hair. 1929 D. H. Lawrence Compl. Poems (1993) 494 How they rush out and want to rive him to pieces, the good-hearted spaniels! 1979 Bull. Yorks. Dial. Soc. Summer 6 Just empty them pockets. Thoo rives thi cleeas, thoo ruins thi jackets. (b) transitive. figurative. Also reflexive. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] tearc1000 renta1325 reavea1400 lacerate?a1425 raise?a1425 rivea1425 shearc1450 unsoundc1450 ranch?a1525 rechec1540 pilla1555 wreathe1599 intertear1603 shark1611 vulture1628 to tear at1848 spalt1876 a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 103 Ȝif rychesse liken þe fleishe, neþeles þei ryven [a1500 Laud reyven] þe soule. c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) 175 Ye Godys ymage [n]euer xall ryve. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) vii. xi. 111 ‘Allace,’ he said, ‘we ar tobroke and ryve By the fatis.’ 1572 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxiii. 44 The malice greit, that ilk to vther beiris, Dois ryfe my bowells. 1789 R. Burns To Author in D. Sillars Poems 10 I'm on Parnassus' brink, Rivan the words tae gar them clink. 1830 J. Galt Lawrie Todd I. i. xi. 80 It was a sad sight to see that mother and that daughter rive themselves asunder. 1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvi. 349 It went through the land,..setting up and pulling down parties, riving sects, mowing down colossal reputations. 1994 Chapman No. 77. 78 She mourned..her mother whose life had been riven into shrapnel over France. †b. transitive. Chiefly Scottish. To tear up (a letter or similar document) so as to cancel or annul it. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > cancellation, revocation > annul, cancel, revoke [verb (transitive)] fordoOE allayOE withdrawc1290 withclepe13.. again-callc1390 to call againc1390 repealc1390 revokec1400 unmakec1400 rive1415 annulc1425 abroge1427 uncommandc1430 discharge?a1439 retreatc1443 retract1501 cancela1513 abrogate?1520 dissolve1526 extinct1531 rescind1531 abrenounce1537 infringe1543 recall1565 unwrite1577 extinguish1590 exauctorate1593 relinquish1594 unact1594 to strike off1597 undecide1601 unpass1606 to take off1609 to draw back1610 reclaim1615 to put back1616 abrenunciate1618 unrip1622 supersedeate1641 to set off1642 unassure1643 unorder1648 to ask away1649 disdetermine1651 unbespeak1661 undecree1667 reassumea1675 off-break1702 circumduct1726 raise1837 resiliate1838 denounce1841 disorder1852 pull1937 the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)] > tear paper or cloth, or make ragged breakOE rive1415 to-ragc1430 raga1603 shred1613 to rip up1891 1415 in 43rd Ann. Rep. Deputy Keeper Public Rec. (1882) App. i. 583 in Parl. Papers (C. 3425) XXXVI. 1 Skranby toke me a lettre..And I redde hit and rofe hit and kest hit in a govnge. 1480 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1839) I. 73/2 Þe said dauid bowy tuke it again & Rafe & distruyt it, but þe said dauid westis consent. 1566 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 471 That..thair Comptrollar..at the first sycht and presentatioun of thame ryve and cancellat sic writtingis. a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 776 In caise of agriement interchanging paperis may be brunt and ravein. a1650 D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1843) II. 506 Their armes were rivin at the Croce, in presence of the regent and the lords. 1691 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Peebles (1910) 137 The clerk to extract it and delyver it to the officer to be ryved att the cros by tuik of drum. 1838 A. Rodger Poems & Songs 26 In Gude's name rive that curst petition Before ye part. 2. intransitive. Chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern). To tear voraciously; to tug at something. Also figurative. ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 4490 A mykil rauen my basket hent. a-boute my heued hit raue and rent. 1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 1148 in Wks. (1931) I The Rauin began rudely to ruge and ryue, Full gormondlyke his emptie throte to feid. a1779 D. Graham Coll. Writings (1883) II. 54 A wheen useless taupies that can do naething but rive at a tow rock and cut corn. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian x, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. IV. 215 Twa precious saints might pu' sundry wise, like twa cows riving at the same hay-band. 1829 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (new ed.) 248 Rive, to tear membrane from membrane, to eat voraciously without knife or fork. ‘See how he's riving and eating’. 1867 A. Dawson Rambling Recoll. (1868) 8 His neighbour was ‘riving’ at an obstinate sinew. 1935 J. Mackay Vigil & Other Poems 6 You rived at the chain That the aeons had forged. 1993 in Sc. National Dict. New Suppl. (Electronic text) (at cited word) [Argyll] We wir rivin at it for a good half-oor, but could we get it clear o the rock! 2009 Guardian 15 Aug. 29/4 Over the years, my secret began riving at me from my entrails. 3. transitive. With adverb or adverbial phrase: to tear, pull, or tug (a person or thing). Also figurative. Now chiefly poetic, Scottish, and English regional (northern). a. To tear or pull off or away. ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 9099 (MED) Of his robe he gan to riue. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 9108 Noþer body, ne þe arme, Bledde neuer blode..But was as drye, with al þe haunche, As of a stok were ryue a braunche. a1450 Mandeville's Trav. (Bodl. e Mus.) 87 Yif they be takyn awey from the roche where they growyn..so that they ben not reuyn awey by the rotys..they growyn wel. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Wolf & Wether l. 2545 in Poems (1981) 94 Ane breir busk raif rudelie off the skyn. a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 36 The clayth that claif to his cleir hyd Thay raif away with ruggis rude. 1680 H. More Apocalypsis Apocalypseos 136 Excommunication, that rives off a member from the church. 1706 in J. Wilson Ann. Hawick (1850) 117 Ryveing off the lock of the Tolbuith door. 1786 R. Burns Poems 219 Your curst wit..Rives 't aff their back. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. viii. 124 Ye have riven the thack off seven cottar houses. 1848 Knickerbocker July 31 I wake, with vigor newly fraught, And rive away the sensual chain. 1910 S. R. Crockett Love's Young Dream iii. xxii. 181 He tugged at my tail-coat like to rive it off me. 1936 Times 27 July 10/4 The earthquake..rives off roofs and sends tall buildings crashing with satisfying completeness. 2000 C. Marks Renunciation iv. 74 Hands..that claimed a piece of the New World and rived it away, into the Old. b. To tear, drag, or pull down, up, or out. Also: †to pull down to the ground (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > removal or displacement > extraction > extract [verb (transitive)] > pull out or up > violently tear out or up ruska1300 off-teara1393 ripa1400 whop14.. rivea1425 ravec1450 reavec1450 esrache1477 to plough out1591 uptear1593 outrive1598 ramp1607 upthrow1627 tear1667 to tear up1709 evulse1827 efforce1855 tear-out1976 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > bring to the ground/lay low > push or pull down to-hieldc1275 to bear downc1330 to shove downc1400 rivea1425 reach1483 a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) l. 2467 (MED) Þe scyn and fless bath rafe he down Fro his hals to hys cropoun. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 821 The boore turned hym lyghtly and rove oute the longys and the harte of the horse. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Zeph. ii. 14 The bordes of Cedre shalbe ryuen downe. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 4783 Robbet was þis ronke hold & ryuyn to ground. 1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 43^v Plowing..riueth and plucketh vp by the rootes, all thistles, brambles and weedes. c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 127 Rigour ryvis the hairt out by the root. 1621 R. Montagu Diatribæ Hist. Tithes 323 An hard and a rough knot, not riuen out by the Author of the History. 1680 T. Otway Hist. Caius Marius v. 55 As Storms let loose, That rive the Trunks of tallest Cedars down. 1706 in J. Wilson Ann. Hawick (1850) 117 Ryveing up the daills of the loft. 1754 T. Gardner Hist. Acct. Dunwich 161 John Arnold..gave Order to..the Sexton to rive it out for the Plumber's Use. 1834 in W. C. Taylor Cabinet of Friendship 75 He would think nae sorrow to rive up every gowan in Clydesdale. 1871 C. Gibbon For Lack of Gold I. xxi. 307 I would rive the heart out of my breast. 1928 Aberdeen Press & Jrnl. 8 Nov. 6 Some fowk 'at reeve them [sc. potatoes] up say they wid be heatin' in the pit. 1997 D. Glen From Upland Man 8 The loft's being cleart o hey and the heid-stalls rived oot. c. To tear, wrench, or pull away from. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > impelling or driving > pushing and pulling > push and pull [verb (transitive)] > pull > away > away, out, or off violently rend?c1225 rendc1225 rasea1387 renta1398 renda1400 racea1413 rachec1425 rivec1440 rash1485 rush1485 ranch1579 c1440 (?a1400) Sir Perceval (1930) l. 2157 (MED) Hir clothes ther scho rafe hir fro. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Comm. on Canticles (Univ. Oxf. 64) in Psalter (1884) 518 Deuyls, the whilk cruelly ryuys saules fra god. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 835 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 121 The tuchet..Raif his taile fra his rig. 1554 J. Knox Faythfull Admon. sig. C5 That God..haue much to do to ryffe or plucke any man backe from their forefathers footesteppes. 1696 A. Telfair True Relation Apparition 9 He intreated his Neighbours to help, and cryed, it would rive the side from him. 1814 Ld. Byron Corsair iii. vi. 73 Thy loved one from thee riven. 1863 S. Baring-Gould Iceland 129 The cold hands came down on Grettir's arms, riving them from their hold. 1908 M. J. Cawein Poems II. 159 And like a weapon, riven from its sheath, The wind sweeps, and the tempest grinds its teeth. 1938 J. Davidman Let. to Comrade 39 Nor [shall] the claws of doom Pluck at my body and rive the shuddering spirit From its last love. 1997 W. Self Great Apes (1998) xv. 263 A buried, phyletic memory, riven from the artist's waking mind. 2000 M. Fitt But n Ben A-go-go xx. 148 The Diamond had peyed millions tae a team o scotlandologists tae rive the ancient stanes fae the sea bed and reset them on the ben. 4. figurative and hyperbolical. a. transitive. To rend (the heart, soul, etc.) with painful thoughts or feelings. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > cause anguish to or torment [verb (transitive)] quelmeOE eatc1000 martyrOE fretc1175 woundc1175 to-fret?c1225 gnawc1230 to-traya1250 torment1297 renda1333 anguish1340 grindc1350 wringc1374 debreakc1384 ofpinec1390 rivea1400 urn1488 reboil1528 whip1530 cruciate1532 pinch1548 spur-galla1555 agonize1570 rack1576 cut1582 excruciate1590 scorchc1595 discruciate1596 butcher1597 split1597 torture1598 lacerate1600 harrow1603 hell1614 to eat upa1616 arrow1628 martyrize1652 percruciate1656 tear1666 crucify1702 flay1782 wrench1798 kill1800 to cut up1843 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 26015 (MED) Þarfor agh sinful man and wijf On þis maner þair hert to rijf. a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) 4500 (MED) For verray dool..her hertys felt almost ryve a-sonder. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 149 Those lurdans wote not what thay say; thay ryfe my hede. 1598 T. Tyro Roring Megge sig. B3^v No Ouids art, No Nestors tongue can riue thy flintie heart. 1647 H. More Exorcismus in Wks. (1878) 177 What's this that..Rives my close-straitned heart? 1713 J. Addison Cato ii. v. 28 Why will you rive my Heart with such Expressions? 1795 H. Macneill Scotland's Skaith xlii Jean's condition Rave his very heart in twa. 1817 J. B. Burges Advertisement ii. i. 146 Ye tak the ready course to rive my heart—to treat a peur wumman as she were a dog. 1822 E. Nathan Langreath III. 186 Deeply drawn sighs, which seemed to rive the agonized bosom from whence they issued. 1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xlviii. 74 All thoughts to rive the heart are here, and all are vain. 1931 J. M. Murry Son of Woman ii. 134 He has finally broken something, deliberately riven his secret soul in sunder. 1972 Times 15 May 9/5 For all the surface glitter there are passages to rive the heart. 2006 M. Sharratt Vanishing Point xxix. 287 The memory of the home she would never see again rived her. b. intransitive. Esp. of the heart: to break or burst with sorrow. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > broken-heartedness > break (of the heart) [verb (intransitive)] burst?c1225 breakc1405 rivea1425 screevec1450 a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 5718 She fightith with hym ay and stryueth That his herte a sondre ryueth. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. 1053 (MED) With þat word, þe kyng Alcamus Of malencolye felt his hert ryue. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. l. 6376 (MED) Alle her sorwes ȝif I shulde telle..Mi penne shuld of verray routhe rive. 1550 T. Lever Fruitfull Serm. in Shroudes sig. A.iiii Thys playne worde..wold make..oure hertes to ryue in peces. ?1596 J. Dickenson Shepheardes Complaint sig. B3 This said, he sighd, as though his heart would riue. 1620 F. Quarles Feast for Wormes xiii. sig. K O kill me (Lord) or lo, my heart will riue. a1804 J. Tobin Curfew (1807) ii. 37 Adrian, Adrian! how my heart rives at that name! 1870 D. G. Rossetti Poems 142 He prays you, as his heart would rive,..To save his dear son's soul alive. 1907 M. Johnston Goddess of Reason ii. 83 They say for love her heart did rive in twain. c. intransitive. Scottish and Irish English (northern). Of a person, the stomach, etc.: to split or burst, esp. as a result of laughing or eating excessively. ΚΠ 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 187 Thay fuffe at it, and blaw, Ay quhill thair belleis ryue. 1706 Blythsome Wedding in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1977) I. 72 There will be meal-kail and castocks With skink to sup till ye rive. 1718 A. Ramsay Christ's-kirk on Green ii. 19 Jock, wi laughing like to rive. 1786 R. Burns To Haggis in Poems & Songs (1968) I. 311 Then auld Guidman, maist like to rive, Bethankit hums. 1827 in G. R. Kinloch Ballad Bk. 68 Ye wad hae riven for laughter. 1884 D. Grant Lays & Legends of North 20 I winna drink anither drap! My head is like to rive. 1929 H. S. Morrison Mod. Ulster 37 As she finished her tenth cup of tea [he] called to her with evident anxiety, ‘Whammel, mother, or you'll rive.’ 1955 W. P. Milne Eppie Elrick vii. 86 Better belly rive nur gweed mett be connacht. 1972 J. Ross Select. Caithness Dial. Words in D. Omand Caithness Bk. 254 A'm lek till rive efter 'at feed. d. intransitive. Chiefly Scottish. To suffer pangs; to be in pain. Frequently in to rive with hunger. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > suffer or cause type of pain [verb (intransitive)] rive1586 the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > suffer or cause type of pain [verb (intransitive)] > suffer pangs of hunger or thirst rive1586 clem1600 1586 D. Rowland tr. Lazarillo de Tormes sig. Cviii^v My stomacke began to riue for hunger. 1877 R. De B. Trotter Galloway Gossip Sixty Years Ago 343 A lot of folk riving with hunger. 1916 M. Maclean Songs Roving Celt 15 'Twas late at e'en or I cam' hame wi' hunger rivin' sair. 1967 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 465/1 [Kirkcudbrightshire] The wife says she is rivin wi' hunger. 5. transitive. Scottish and English regional (chiefly northern). To plough (untilled ground); to break up (the ground) for use as arable land. Frequently with out, up. Also intransitive.Quot. 1573 reflects early use in Suffolk. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Caithness, Aberdeenshire, and Angus in 1968. ΚΠ 1535 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Brechinensis (1856) II. 186 Wilȝam Dempstar [and others]..has rewyn out telit and sawyn ane part tharof [sc. the common]. 1536 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. (1883) 394/2 To ryfe out, breke, and teill yeirlie 1000 acris of thair..landis. 1572 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxiii. 271 Now mon thay..Ryue out the Mures, the bestialls gers intak. 1573 P. Moore Almanack C v b Riffe up your ley grounde for Otes. 1699 in A. Watt Early Hist. Kintore (1865) 30 For riving out three furrs out of the comontie. 1787 R. Burns Death & Dr. Hornbook xxiii, in Poems (new ed.) 62 His braw calf-ward whare gowans grew, Sae white an' bonie, Nae doubt they'll rive it wi' the plew. 1787 in W. Cudworth Manningham, Heaton, & Allerton (1896) 330 That they will not..plow, grave, or rive up any Part of the Close of Land. 1816 W. Scott Black Dwarf i, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. I. 29 Ill wad he hae liked to hae seen that braw sunny knowe a' riven out wi' the pleugh. 1856 G. Henderson Pop. Rhymes Berwick 70 Where the scythe cuts, and the sock rives. 1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words 580 Rive, to plough; especially to plough up old or virgin pasture land. 1933 Scots Mag. Feb. 329 So soon's they moved in to some fresh bit farm they'd rive up the earth. 1952 E. Hughes N. Country Life 18th Cent. I. iv. 137 Thomas did not scruple to rive up grass land and grow catch crops. II. Senses relating to piercing, splitting, or cleaving. †6. intransitive. With through or (occasionally) into. To pierce, cut, or run through a person or animal. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > cut [verb (intransitive)] carve?c1225 rivec1275 shearc1275 cutc1400 racea1413 incise?1541 slash1548 slive1558 hackle1577 haggle1577 slice1606 snipa1680 chip1844 bite1849 the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > become or make perforated [verb (intransitive)] > make (a) hole(s) > with something sharp > as a sharp instrument biteOE rivec1275 piercea1325 thringc1330 soundc1374 thirlc1374 lancec1400 racea1420 entail1590 empierce1797 stab1897 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11948 [He] smat i þere breoste. þat þat spere þurh raf [c1300 Otho þorh rof]. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 13259 Beofs..smot hine..þat þe spere deore rof þorh þan swere. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 2 Kings. ii. 23 Abner smoot him with the spere..and roof thorouȝ [a1382 E. V. stikide hym thurȝ; L. transfodit], and he was deed. 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 138 Iason toke his swerd & roof into the paunche of the dragon. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 5907 He bere to þe bold with a big sworde, And rof þurgh the Ribbes right to þe hert. 7. a. transitive. To sever, cleave, or divide, by means of a sword or similar weapon; to pierce (through). Also reflexive and figurative. Now rare and archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > wound > pierce asnesec880 prickOE stickOE through-stitchc1230 threstc1275 rivec1330 dartc1374 gridea1400 tanga1400 prochea1425 launch1460 accloy1543 gag1570 pole1728 spigota1798 assegai1834 the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make holes in [verb (reflexive)] > pierce with something sharp rivec1330 spike1687 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > cleave or split [verb (transitive)] to-cleavec888 cleavea1100 forcleavec1290 shidec1315 rivec1330 sheara1340 carvec1374 slivea1400 thrusche1483 porfend1490 splet1530 share?1566 spleet1585 splint1591 split1595 diverberate1609 fissure1656 spall1841 balkanize1942 society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > cut or penetrate (of weapon) [verb (transitive)] > strike with pointed weapon > thrust a pointed weapon putc1275 shovec1275 rivec1330 stickc1390 stub1576 haft1582 uphilt1582 gar1587 embosom1590 emboss1590 flesh1590 imbrue1590 stabc1610 scour1613 the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed shearOE sting993 stickOE spita1225 wound?c1225 stitchc1230 pitcha1275 threstc1275 forprick1297 steekc1300 piercec1325 rivec1330 dag?a1400 jag?a1400 lancec1400 pickc1400 tamec1400 forpierce1413 punch1440 launch1460 thringc1485 empiercec1487 to-pierce1488 joba1500 ding1529 stob?1530 probe1542 enthrill1563 inthirlc1580 cloy1590 burt1597 pink1597 lancinate1603 perterebrate1623 puncture1675 spike1687 skiver1832 bepierce1840 gimlet1841 prong1848 javelin1859 c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 886 (MED) Schaftes þai gun schake And riuen sheldes briȝt, Crounes þai gun crake. c1400 (?a1300) King Alexander (Laud 622) l. 2280 Ramel he took on þe wombe, And roof hym þorouȝ als a lombe. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1341 At þe gargulun bigynez on þenne..Ryuez hit vp radly ryȝt to þe byȝt. a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) 2520 (MED) He..Hent a swerd..And rove hym-silf euen to the herte. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 316 b/2 He sayd yf it be trewe..late a swerd ryue me thurgh my body. a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) 3372 (MED) Ryche helmes they Roffe and rente. 1568 J. Rowll Cursing 224 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS And blame the scheiris that raif the skreid. 1594 1st Pt. Raigne Selimus sig. C4 Vpon my swords sharpe point standeth pale death Readie to riue in two thy caitiue brest. 1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion vii. 105 Marcely,..Inrag'd and mad with griefe, himselfe in two did riue. 1668 Bp. E. Hopkins Serm. (1685) 57 What torments the conscience feels, when God causes his sword to enter into it, to rive it. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xx. 475 Achilles drove his spear, And rived his skull. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. iii. vii. 207 With fire-words the exasperated rude Titan rives and smites these Girondins. 1873 L. Wallace Fair God vii. xi. 515 A thrust of the sword,—quick, but true, riving both the shield and the arm. 1939 Stud. Philol. 36 574 Death..would rive the heart with his spear and go his silent way. 1958 T. H. White Once & Future King iii. xix. 420 It gave him a dreadful wound in the thigh, riving him to the hough bone. †b. transitive. To drive (a weapon) through or (occasionally) into a person or thing. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > cut [verb (transitive)] > cut through shearOE hacka1325 through-carvec1330 through-cutc1330 detrench1398 rivea1400 trench1483 cross-cut1590 rescind1598 transect1634 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) 7809 (MED) Þourȝe his body my swerd I ref. c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 1793 This swerd thour out thyn herte shal I ryue. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 69/1 Eche toke other by the heed and roof their swerdes in to eche other sydes. 1790 M. O. Warren Ladies of Castile in Poems iv. v. 157 Sure nature joins to..rive the bolts [of lightning] through my distracted soul. 8. intransitive. To be split; to crack; to open up, to part. Also figurative. Now rare (poetic in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave chinea700 to-chinec725 cleavea1225 to-cleavec1275 rivec1330 to-slentc1380 to-sundera1393 cracka1400 rifta1400 chapc1420 crevec1450 break1486 slave?1523 chink1552 chop1576 coame1577 cone1584 slat1607 cleft1610 splita1625 checka1642 chicka1642 flaw1648 shale1712 vent1721 spalt1731 star1842 seam1880 tetter1911 c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 448 Mani schaft þer gan riue. a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Serm. on Gospels (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Riven Quen crist deyed..roches raf als dos þe claye. a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 636 Þaire sheldes sone bigan to ryve, Þaire shaftes cheverd. c1500 Lyfe Roberte Deuyll 133 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 224 They feared that the house woulde ryue a sonder. 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. aiij A lutynge for a glasse that ryveth upon the fyre. 1563 T. Sackville in W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) lxxix As though the heauens riued with the noyse. 1589 ‘Pasquill of England’ Countercuffe sig. Aij Theyr Religion like an ancient building, worne with..age, riues, and threatens ruine on euery side. 1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) v. viii. 537 All sorts of ashes, either of Wood or Coale, is a good manure..for ground that is apt to chap or riue. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Berks. 81 The Oake..may be called cowardly, as riving and splitting round about the passage of the bullet. 1777 Witty Exploits G. Buchanan (new ed.) iii. 18 The bell would rive at the touch of a guilty person. 1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel Notes 271 Sutor Wat, ye cannot sew your boots; the heels risp, and the seams rive. 1876 Ld. Tennyson Harold ii. ii. 70 Why let earth rive, gulf in These cursed Normans. 1907 F. B. T. Coutts-Nevill Romance of King Arthur 28 In wedlock should be born A son to Uther, lest the realm should rive. 1951 W. C. Williams Paterson IV. §iii Here's to the baby, May it thrive! Here's to the labia That rive To give it place In a stubborn world. 9. a. transitive. To split or cleave (a material thing), esp. by means of shock or violent impact. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (transitive)] > crack, split, or fissure to-slita1250 rivea1400 slatterc1400 chapc1460 chip1508 gaig1584 spleet1585 split1595 chink1599 chawn1602 slent1605 slat1607 sliver1608 speld1616 crevice1624 checka1642 chicka1642 crack1664 splice1664 sleave- a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22636 (MED) Þe deuels vte sal be fordriuen O þat erth þat sal be riuen. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 148 (MED) Ten schippes wer dryuen, þorgh ille auisement, þorgh a tempest ryuen. 1467 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1467/1/4 At na merchandis gudis be revin nor spilt with unresonable stollin. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. UUUvi This dethe..dyd ryue the myghty and stronge wall of the [temple]. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. xcj^v [They] shot..great stones.., the strokes whereof..shaked, crushed and riued y^e walles. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. ii. 29 Ten thousand French haue tane the Sacrament, To ryue their dangerous Artillerie Vpon..English Talbot. View more context for this quotation 1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures lxxi. 288 After this, he..caused all the lesser Ordnance to be rived asunder, and the greater..to be cloyed. 1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence ii. lxxi. 76 Repentance..quells the Brand by which the Rocks are riven. 1771 J. Beattie Minstrel: Bk. 1st l. 26 Like yonder blasted boughs by lightning riven. 1803 R. Heber Palestine 8 Where the tempest rives the hoary stone. 1868 A. W. Kinglake Invasion of Crimea (ed. 4) IV. v. 170 The taller horsemen who were riving it [sc. the column] deeper and deeper. 1885 Edinb. Rev. July 138 That action can be at once arrested by grouting or running in with cement..the seams that rive the rock. 1907 T. B. Aldrich Poems 234 An age of great events Such as men never saw, nor will again Until the globe be riven by God's fire. 1986 D. Shields Dead Lang. (1990) ix. 65 Moses..whose Ten Commandments tablet God rived in half. b. transitive. To make (a way) through something by piercing, cleaving, or splitting. Also with out of. Now rare. ΚΠ 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xii. lxxxii. 229 You deere lims.., Through which my cruell blade this flood-gate roue. 1715 J. Browne & W. Oldisworth State Tracts II. 31 Softest Streams thro' Marble Quarries drive, And by Degrees thro' Flints a passage rive. 1857 J. E. Reade Poet. Wks. (new ed.) IV. 90 The great fight was over, cleaving through their host our path was riven. 1864 T. A. Trollope Beppo iv. 215 The walls of rock, through which a road-maker..has riven a passage for the waters of the Cardigliano. 1997 T. Hughes Tales from Ovid 129 The meaty fruit her father implanted Has ripened in the bole. Past its term, It heaves to rive a way out of its mother. c. transitive. figurative. To divide; to split, esp. into opposing sides. Now usually in past participle. ΚΠ 1842 Ladies' Garland 6 125/2 The union was riven When a voice from the skies call'd his idol to heaven. 1873 Catholic World Jan. 534/1 He thought to weld a mighty nation into one empire; he has riven it in twain in his unblest attempt. 1904 Korea Rev. Dec. 570 The Koreans saw in this move the entering wedge which would rive the country. 1971 E. Ginzberg Manpower for Devel. xix. 314 Attempts to nationalize the health and employment services, which could have riven his party. 1998 Guardian 22 Sept. 6/8 The avenging, evangelical prosecutor seems never to give a thought to how his relentless chase is riving the nation. 2003 Science 17 Oct. 376/1 The improbable return of hormesis from the scientific wilderness..has riven the toxicology community. 10. Now U.S. a. (a) transitive. To split (wood or stone) along the grain with an axe, hatchet, or similar tool. Also with into, up. Also intransitive and figurative. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > cut or cleave rive1440 slit1522 part1923 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 435 Ryvyn, or clyvyn, as men doo woodde, findo. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 692/2 I ryve wodde in to byllettes, or splentes, or suche lyke, je fends. 1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 16 Nitrum is a stone..easie to be riuen. 1622 Bp. J. Hall Contempl. VI. O.T. xvii. 154 That wood which a single yron could not riue, is soone splitted with a double wedge. 1622 Relation Eng. Plantation Plimoth, New Eng. 24 We went on shore, some to fell tymber, some to saw, some to riue, and some to carry. 1670 J. Eachard Grounds Contempt of Clergy 22 As for him that rives Blocks, or carries Packs, there is..no great Intellectual Pensiveness. 1740 E. Spelman tr. Xenophon Exped. Cyrus I. iv. 271 Xenophon was so hardy as to rise naked, and rive Wood. 1793 W. Windham Let. 7 Nov. in E. Burke Corr. (1968) VII. 442 The progress of the Northern armies must of necessity be slow; They are there riving the Block at the Knotty end. 1830 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 43 22 When this politic purpose had been sufficiently answered, it was riven up for fuel. 1849 A. C. Gibson Old Man xi. 133 The slate sheds, where the men are engaged in riving and dressing the slate. 1916 H. K. Benson By-products of Lumber Industry 108 Laths are made by the natives by riving the coarse, fibrous wood..into pieces.., by means of large knives. 1972 E. Wigginton Foxfire Bk. 45 The trunk is cut into two-foot lengths. Then it is split up into ‘bolts’ and the bolts are ‘rived’ into one-half inch thick slices. 1991 Amer. Woodworker June 36/1 The ax rives the wood by following the grain. (b) transitive. To make (laths, shingles, etc.) by splitting wood in this way. Also with out, off. ΚΠ 1610 [implied in: 1610 in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1898) 13 524 A lath Ryver. (at lath-river n. at lath n. Compounds 3)]. 1618 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1889) IV. 359 For ij men to rive lathes. 1651 in C. R. Lounsbury Illustr. Gloss. Early Southern Archit. & Landscape (1994) 308 To rive all the boards. 1786 in C. R. Lounsbury Illustr. Gloss. Early Southern Archit. & Landscape (1994) 308 Ch. Dickinson began to Rive laths & nail them on. 1846 Ladies' Respository July 224/1 With the froe they rive shingles, and sometimes boards. 1891 M. M. Dowie Girl in Karpathians 258 It is a stake of pine wood..commonly speaking rived off at an early period. 1895 A. Patterson Man & Nature on Broads 22 Years ago, afore laths was riv'. 1938 Mississippi: Guide to Magnolia State (Federal Writers' Project) 476 The builder..rived his shingles of cypress. a1977 C. Caraway Foothold on Hillside (1986) i. 4 He would rive out long pieces for the rafters. 1992 Amer. Woodworker Feb. 21/1 I rive the turning billets directly from the log to ensure that the grain follows the length of the piece. b. intransitive. Of wood or stone: to admit of being split along the grain; to split. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > cleave or split [verb (intransitive)] > be able to rive1530 split1846 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 778/2 Wedge this blocke, it wyll ryve the soner. 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Cuneus, an axe to cutte woode, whiche is smalle and thyn before, and brode & thycke after, that the wodde may ryue the better. a1699 J. Beaumont Suspirium ad Amorem in Minor Poems (1914) 301 The Flint That's in't Will Rive When Thou Vouchaf'st A Shaft To give The Blow. 1700 Philos. Trans. 1699 (Royal Soc.) 21 437 A Tree we call Cypress..; it is soft and spungy, will not Rive. 1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 119 The body of the willow tree rives into pales. 1811 J. Pinkerton Petralogy I. 432 All like sorts of stone that are composed of granules, will cut and rive in any direction. 1831 J. Hodgson in J. Raine Mem. (1858) II. 212 They rive, according to the term of the quarry-men, into thin..laminæ. 1909 Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters 4 157 A tree that will not rive is very seldom cut. 1973 J. Seymour & S. Seymour Self-sufficiency xviii. 238 It [sc. the sweet chestnut] will rive (split straight—a most important achievement). 2006 N. G. Evans Windsor-chair Making in Amer. ii. 92 Straight-grained hardwood was chosen for turnings. It rived and turned best when relatively ‘green’. III. Senses relating to robbing or pillaging. Cf. reave v.¹ 11. a. intransitive. To commit robbery; to pillage. Also: to steal from a person. Scottish and English regional (northern) in later use. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > spoliation or depredation > commit depredation [verb (intransitive)] reaveOE preyc1325 pillc1390 spoilc1400 spreathc1425 rive1489 poinda1500 to rug and reavea1500 to pill and poll1528 pilfer1548 fleece1575 plunder1642 spulyie1835 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) xvi. 551 On west half towart Dunferlyng Tuk land and fast begouth to ryve [1487 St. John's Cambr. reif]. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward V f. ix^v There deuyse they newe robberies nightely and steale oute and robbe, riue, and kyll menne. 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Glendower ix Bent my selfe to rob and ryue. c1638 Tractatus Legum Navalium 64 Luggage is not pluck up fare, for everie on rives from another. 1816 W. Scott Antiquary II. ix. 240 In the auld times o' rugging and riving through the hail country. 1858 J. Rayson Misc. Poems & Ballads 7 I've nought but sarvants riving frae me. 1942 P. Wettstein Phonol. Berwickshire Dial. 83 Rive, (also = steal). †b. transitive. Scottish. To rob (a person). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > spoliation or depredation > despoil or prey upon [verb (transitive)] reaveOE stripa1225 pill?c1225 robc1225 peela1250 despoil1297 raimc1300 spoilc1330 spoila1340 to pull a finch (also pigeon, plover, etc.)c1387 despoil1393 preya1400 spoila1400 spulyiea1400 unspoila1400 riflec1400 poll1490 to pill and poll1528 to poll and pill1528 exspoila1530 pilyie1539 devour?1542 plume1571 rive1572 bepill1574 fleece1575 to prey over1576 pread1577 disvaledge1598 despoliate1607 to make spoil of1613 expilate1624 to peel and poll1641 depredate1651 violatea1657 disvalise1672 to pick feathers off (a person)1677 to make stroy of1682 spoliate1699 pilfer1714 snabble1725 rump1815 vampire1832 sweat1847 ploat1855 vampirize1888 1572 R. Sempill Lament. Commounis Scotl. (single sheet) We commounis all..That had sic peice,..now allace ar rugit, reuin and rent. c1600 Hist. & Life James VI (1825) 52 The people..war becum of sik dissolute..actions, that nayne was in accompt bot he that could ather kill or reve [ed. 1804 ryve] his nychtbour. 1610 in J. D. Marwick Rec. Convent. Royal Burghs Scotl. (1870) II. 305 Certain pirattis..spoiling and riving all persons be sie. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). 'rivev.² Brit. /rʌɪv/, U.S. /raɪv/ Forms: Middle English riue, Middle English ryue, Middle English ryve, Middle English 1700s– rive, late Middle English rife, late Middle English ryfe, 1700s– 'rive; also Scottish pre-1700 reif, pre-1700 rif, pre-1700 ryue, pre-1700 ryve. Past tense. a. Strong Middle English rafe (northern), Middle English raffe (northern), Middle English raue (northern), Middle English rove, late Middle English reue (plural). b. Weak Middle English rifed, Middle English rifede, Middle English riuede, Middle English ryued, Middle English ryuede, Middle English–1500s ryved, late Middle English reued, late Middle English revede, late Middle English reyned (transmission error), 1800s– rived, 1800s– 'rived; also Scottish pre-1700 rywit. Past participle. a. Strong α. early Middle English riue. β. late Middle English reuyn, late Middle English revyn, late Middle English ryuen, late Middle English ryven, late Middle English yryuen. b. Weak Middle English riued, 1500s riude, 1500s ryued, 1900s– 'rived. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: arrive v. Etymology: Aphetic < arrive v. Compare Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French river to arrive, to land (late 12th cent. or earlier), itself either aphetic < ariver arrive v. or directly < rive riverbank (see rive n.¹). archaic and regional in later use. intransitive. To arrive, to land. Also: to travel, to go. In early use frequently with up. ΘΚΠ society > travel > aspects of travel > arrival > arrive [verb (intransitive)] to come toOE comeOE yworthOE lend11.. lightc1225 overtakec1225 redea1275 wina1300 'rivec1300 repaira1325 applyc1384 to come ina1399 arrivec1400 attainc1400 alightc1405 to come to handc1450 unto-comec1450 apport1578 to get through1589 reach1591 to be along1597 land1679 engage1686 to get in1863 to breeze in1930 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > reaching a point or place > reach a point or place [verb (intransitive)] > arrive comeOE to come to townOE yworthOE lend11.. lightc1225 to come anovenonc1275 wina1300 'rivec1300 repaira1325 applyc1384 to come ina1399 rede?a1400 arrivec1400 attainc1400 alightc1405 to come to handc1450 unto-comec1450 apport1578 to be along1597 to drop in1609 to come ona1635 to walk in1656 land1679 engage1686 to come along1734 to get in1863 to turn up1870 to fall in1900 to lob1916 to roll up1920 to breeze in1930 to rock up1975 c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Laud) (1901) l. 140 (MED) Bliþe be we oliue Houre schip hys come ryue. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 920 (MED) Til inglond wil y riue. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 207 Glas was first y-founde bisides Thelomaida in þe cleue bysides þe ryuer..whiles schipmen ryuede [L. applicarent] þere. c1410 tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 87 Þe navy of Danes rove up [?a1475 anon. tr. londed] at Sandwyche. a1425 (?c1375) St. Mary Magdalen (Harl.) l. 478 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 86 Þe weders fand þai gude and gayne, So þat þai raue up in Romayne. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 435 Ryvyn to londe, as schyppys or botys, fro water, applico, appello. c1450 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Arms) (1927) l. 648 Neȝt & day forth þay dreue Vnto grece & þer þay reue. ?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 105 To Ryve vppe, appellere, applicare. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 692/2 In shorte space they ryved at Calays. 1592 W. Wyrley Capitall de Buz in True Vse Armorie 134 We there were riude with vigerous entent With him to fight. a1710 T. Betterton Reve's Tale in G. Ogle Canterbury Tales (1741) 237 Thus they jog on..; till at the Mill they 'rive. 1825 J. A. Hillhouse Hadad iv. i. 125 Better rive at once, Than meet the tender mercies of his son By loitering here. a1871 J. Goldswain Chron. (1946) I. 27 On they forth day late we rived at Uitenhage Trunk. 1917 A. C. Gordon Ommirandy 237 He ain't mo'n lit off'n de boat, an' 'rive at de house, 'fo' he begin. 1993 T. Murphy Thief of Christmas i, in Plays: 2 189 You 'rived in time for the party, Martin John. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † rivev.³ Forms: late Middle English ryve. Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by conversion. Or (ii) a word inherited from Germanic. Etymon: rive n.² Etymology: Either < rive n.² or cognate with (or borrowed from one of) the following forms in Germanic languages: Old Frisian hrīvia, rīwia to rake up (West Frisian riuwje), Middle Dutch rīven to rake up (Dutch rijven), Old Icelandic hrífa to catch, grapple, Swedish riva to rake up, Danish rive to rake up, further etymology uncertain; perhaps < the same Indo-European base as Lithuanian †skripat, Latvian skrīpāt to scratch.Middle Dutch rīven to rasp (Dutch rijven ), Middle Low German rīven , both in sense ‘to rasp’, have been referred to this base, but perhaps belong rather at wrive v. (compare the Germanic forms without w- cited at that entry). Likewise, forms homographic with the Scandinavian verbs cited above occurring in the sense ‘to scratch’, also sometimes attributed to this base, may represent a semantic development of the verbs from Scandinavian languages cited at rive v.¹ Compare discussion at rive v.¹ Obsolete. rare. Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. transitive. = rake v.² ΘΚΠ the world > movement > impelling or driving > pushing and pulling > push and pull [verb (transitive)] > pull > (as) with a rake rakea1420 rive1440 fidder1611 scrabble1899 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 435 Ryvyn, or rakyn, rastro. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.¹1296n.²c1300n.³1489n.⁴1527v.¹a1250v.²c1300v.³1440
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